1
南京宗人府吏部戶部附總督糧儲禮部兵部刑部工部都察院附提督操江通政司大理寺詹事府翰林院國子監太常寺光祿寺太僕寺鴻臚寺尚寶司六科行人司欽天監太醫院五城兵馬司應天府附上元江寧二縣已上南京官王府長史司布政司按察司各道行太僕寺苑馬寺都轉運鹽使司鹽課提舉司市舶提舉司茶馬司府州縣儒學巡檢司驛稅課司倉庫織染局河泊所附閘壩官批驗所遞運所鐵冶所醫學陰陽學僧綱司道紀司
The Nanjing Court of the Imperial Clan; the Ministry of Personnel; the Ministry of Revenue (with appended Supervisor of Grain Storage); the Ministry of Rites; the Ministry of War; the Ministry of Justice; the Ministry of Works; the Censorate (with appended Supervisor of River Training); the Office of Transmission; the Court of Judicial Review; the Household of the Heir Apparent; the Hanlin Academy; the Directorate of Education; the Court of Imperial Sacrifices; the Court of Imperial Entertainments; the Court of the Imperial Stud; the Court of State Ceremonial; the Imperial Seals Office; the Six Offices of Scrutiny; the Reception Office; the Directorate of Astronomy; the Imperial Medical Institute; the Five-City Military Patrol Office; Yingtian Prefecture (with Shangyuan and Jiangning counties)—the above are Nanjing offices; princely chief steward offices; provincial administration commissions; provincial surveillance commissions; circuit offices; traveling offices of the imperial stud; stud farms; salt transport commissions; salt tax offices; maritime trade offices; tea and horse offices; prefectures, departments, and counties; Confucian schools; inspection posts; courier stations; tax offices; warehouses; dyeing offices; river fisheries offices (with sluice and dam officials); inspection and verification offices; relay transport offices; ironworks; medical schools; schools of yin-yang; Buddhist registry offices; and Taoist registry offices.
2
南京宗人府。 經歷司，經歷一人。 南京官品秩，俱同北京。
The Nanjing Court of the Imperial Clan. A Registry with one Registrar. Official ranks and grades at Nanjing were identical to those at Beijing.
3
吏部。 尚書一人，右侍郎一人。 六部侍郎，至弘治後始專設右。 萬曆三年俱革。 十一年復設。 天啟中，每部增侍郎一人。 崇禎間革。 其屬，司務廳，司務一人。 文選、考功、驗封、稽勳四清吏司，各郎中一人，主事一人。 驗封、稽勳二司主事，後並革。 凡南京官，六年考察，考功掌之，不由北吏部。
Ministry of Personnel. One Minister and one Right Vice Minister. Right-hand vice minister posts in the Six Ministries were not established until after the Hongzhi reign. In Wanli year 3 (1575) all were abolished. In year 11 (1583) they were restored. Under the Tianqi emperor each ministry gained an extra vice minister. Under Chongzhen they were abolished again. Subordinate offices included a Clerks Office with one Clerk. Four Pure Officials Bureaus—Personnel Selection, Merit Evaluation, Seal Verification, and Merit Records—each had one Bureau Director and one Section Chief. The section chiefs of the Seal Verification and Merit Records Bureaus were later abolished. All Nanjing officials underwent six-year merit evaluations supervised by the Merit Evaluation Bureau, not by the Beijing Ministry of Personnel.
4
戶部。 尚書一人，右侍郎一人，司務一人，照磨一人。 十三司，郎中十三人，員外郎九人，浙江、江西、湖廣、廣東、廣西、福建、山西、陝西、雲南九司各一人，嘉靖三十七年，革山西、陝西三司員外郎各一人，隆慶中又革廣西、雲南二司員外郎各一人。 主事十七人，山西、廣東、廣西、雲南四司各二人，隆慶三年革廣東司主事一人。 所轄，寶鈔提舉司，提舉一人。 廣積庫、承運庫、贓罰庫、甲乙丙丁戊五字形檔、寶鈔廣惠庫、軍儲倉，各大使一人。 長安門倉、東安門倉、西安門倉、北安門倉各副使一人。 龍江鹽倉檢校批驗所，大使一人。 隆慶三年，革寶鈔司提舉、軍儲倉大使。
Ministry of Revenue. One Minister, one Right Vice Minister, one Clerk, and one Copying Clerk. Thirteen bureaus had thirteen Bureau Directors and nine Vice Bureau Directors; Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Yunnan each had one vice director. In Jiajing year 37 (1558) one vice director was cut from each of the three Shanxi and Shaanxi bureaus; under Longqing one was cut from Guangxi and Yunnan as well. There were seventeen Section Chiefs; Shanxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan each had two. In Longqing year 3 (1569) one Guangdong section chief was abolished. Its jurisdiction included a Paper Money Tax Office with one Tax Commissioner. The Guangji, Chengyun, and Fines and Confiscations warehouses; archives for the five character-forms jia, yi, bing, ding, and wu; the Baochao Guanghui warehouse; and Military Grain Storage each had one Grand Commissioner. The Chang'an Gate, East Gate, West Gate, and North Gate warehouses each had one Deputy Commissioner. The Longjiang Salt Warehouse Inspection and Verification Office had one Grand Commissioner. In Longqing year 3 the Paper Money Tax Commissioner and Military Grain Storage Grand Commissioner were abolished.
5
總督糧儲一人。 嘉靖以前，特設都御史。 二十六年革，以戶部右侍郎加都御史銜領之。
One Supervisor of Grain Storage. Before Jiajing a Censor-in-Chief was specially appointed to the post. In year 26 (1547) the special post was abolished; the Right Vice Minister of Revenue, with the additional title of Censor-in-Chief, took over.
6
禮部。 尚書一人，右侍郎一人，司務一人。 儀制、祠祭、主客、精膳四司，各郎中一人。 儀制、祠祭二司，各主事一人。 所轄，鑄印局，副使一人。 教坊司，右韶舞一人，左右司樂各一人。
Ministry of Rites. One Minister, one Right Vice Minister, and one Clerk. Four bureaus—Rites and Protocol, Sacrificial Worship, Receiving Guests, and Fine Foods—each had one Bureau Director. The Rites and Protocol and Sacrificial Worship bureaus each had one Section Chief. Its jurisdiction included a Seal-Casting Office with one Deputy Commissioner. The Office of the Imperial Music Bureau had one Right Master of Elegant Dance and one Left and one Right Director of Music.
7
兵部。 尚書參贊機務一人，右侍郎一人，司務一人。 武選、職方、車駕、武庫四司，郎中四人，員外郎二人，武選、武庫無員外郎。 主事五人。 車駕主事二人。 所轄典牧所，提領一人。 正八品。 會同館、大勝關，各大使一人。 按參贊機務，自宣德八年黃福始。 成化二十三年，始奉敕諭，專以本部尚書參贊機務，同內外守備官操練軍馬，撫恤人民，禁戢盜賊，振舉庶務，故其職視五部為特重云。
Ministry of War. One Minister assisting in state affairs, one Right Vice Minister, and one Clerk. Four bureaus—Military Selection, Bureau of Appointments, Chariots and Escorts, and Military Stores—had four Bureau Directors and two Vice Bureau Directors; Military Selection and Military Stores had no vice directors. Five Section Chiefs. The Chariots and Escorts bureau had two Section Chiefs. Its jurisdiction included a Pasturage Office with one Superintendent. At rank 8a. The Hall of Joint Harmony and Dasheng Pass each had one Grand Commissioner. Assisting in state affairs began with Huang Fu in Xuande year 8 (1433). In Chenghua year 23 (1487) an imperial edict directed that only this ministry's Minister should assist in state affairs, working with inner and outer garrison commanders to drill troops, comfort the people, suppress banditry, and revive routine administration—hence the post was considered especially weighty among the five ministries.
8
刑部。 尚書一人，右侍郎一人，司務、照磨各一人。 十三司郎中十三人，員外郎五人，惟浙江、江西、河南、陝西、廣東五司設。 主事十四人，廣東司二人。 分掌南京諸司，及公、侯、伯、五府、京衛所刑名之事。 司獄二人。
Ministry of Justice. One Minister, one Right Vice Minister, one Clerk, and one Copying Clerk. Thirteen Bureau Directors and five Vice Bureau Directors; only Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Shaanxi, and Guangdong had vice directors. Fourteen Section Chiefs, two in the Guangdong bureau. They oversaw Nanjing offices and criminal cases involving dukes, marquises, earls, the Five Commissions, and capital guard units. Two Prison Superintendents.
9
工部。 尚書一人，右侍郎一人，司務一人。 營繕、虞衡、都水、屯田四司，郎中四人，員外郎二人，營繕司一人，都水司一人，嘉靖三十七年，革都水員外郎。 主事八人。 營繕司三人，屯田司一人，餘各二人。 所轄，營繕所，所正、所副、所丞各一人。 龍江、清江二提舉司，各提舉一人。 副提舉後革。 文思院、寶源局、軍器局、織染所、龍江抽分竹木局、瓦屑壩抽分竹木局，各大使一人。 嘉靖三十七年，革文思院大使。
Ministry of Works. One Minister, one Right Vice Minister, and one Clerk. Four bureaus—Construction, Forestry and Timber, Hydraulics, and Colonization—had four Bureau Directors and two Vice Bureau Directors (one each in Construction and Hydraulics); in Jiajing year 37 the Hydraulics vice director was abolished. Eight Section Chiefs. Construction had three, Colonization one, and the others two each. Its jurisdiction included a Construction Office with one Director, one Deputy Director, and one Assistant Director. The Longjiang and Qingjiang tax offices each had one Tax Commissioner. Deputy tax commissioners were later abolished. The Wensi Academy, Baoyuan Bureau, Armory, Dyeing Office, Longjiang Bamboo and Timber Levy Office, and Waxieba Bamboo and Timber Levy Office each had one Grand Commissioner. In Jiajing year 37 the Wensi Academy Grand Commissioner was abolished.
10
都察院。 右都御史一人，右副都御史一人，右僉都御史一人，司務、經歷、都事、照磨各一人，司獄二人。 嘉靖三十七年，革司獄一人。 隆慶四年，革都事。 浙江、江西、河南、山東、山西、陝西、四川、雲南、貴州九道，各御史二人。 福建、湖廣、廣東、廣西四道，各御史三人。 嘉靖後不全設，恆以一人兼數道。 凡刷卷、巡倉、巡江、巡城、屯田、印馬、巡視糧儲、監收糧斛、點閘軍士、管理京營、比驗軍器，皆敘而差之。 清軍，則偕兵部、兵科。 核後湖黃冊，則偕戶部、戶科。
The Censorate. One Right Censor-in-Chief, one Right Vice Censor-in-Chief, one Right Assistant Censor-in-Chief, one Clerk, one Registrar, one Secretariat Clerk, one Copying Clerk, and two Prison Superintendents. In Jiajing year 37 one Prison Superintendent was abolished. In Longqing year 4 (1570) the Secretariat Clerk was abolished. Nine circuits—Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou—each had two censors. Four circuits—Fujian, Huguang, Guangdong, and Guangxi—each had three censors. After Jiajing posts were not fully filled; one censor often held several circuits at once. Reviewing dossiers, inspecting granaries, river and city patrols, colonization, branding horses, grain storage inspection, grain collection supervision, sluice troop musters, capital garrison management, and weapons verification were all assigned by rotation. Troop musters were conducted jointly with the Ministry of War and the War Office of Scrutiny. Auditing the Houhu yellow registers was conducted jointly with the Ministry of Revenue and the Revenue Office of Scrutiny.
11
提督操江一人。 以副僉都御史為之，領上、下江防之事。
One Supervisor of River Training. A Vice Assistant Censor-in-Chief held the post and directed upper and lower Yangzi river defense.
12
通政使司。 通政使一人，右通政一人，右參議一人，掌收呈狀，付刑部審理。 經歷一人。
Office of Transmission. One Commissioner of Transmission, one Right Commissioner, and one Right Assistant Commissioner received memorials and petitions and forwarded them to the Ministry of Justice for adjudication. One Registrar.
13
大理寺。 卿一人，右寺丞一人，司務一人，左、右寺正各一人，左、右評事各三人。 隆慶三年，革左、右評事各一人。
Court of Judicial Review. One Director, one Right Assistant Director, one Clerk, one Left and one Right Court President, and three Left and three Right Reviewers. In Longqing year 3 one Left and one Right Reviewer were abolished.
14
詹事府。 主簿一人。
Household of the Heir Apparent. One Recorder.
15
翰林院。 學士一人，不常置，以翰林坊局官署職。 孔目一人。
Hanlin Academy. One Academician, not regularly appointed; Hanlin bureau officials served in an acting capacity. One Archivist.
16
國子監。 祭酒一人，司業一人，監丞一人，典簿一人，博士三人，助教六人，學正五人，學錄二人，典籍一人，學饌一人。 嘉靖三十七年，革助教二人及掌饌。 隆慶四年，革博士一人，學正一人。
Directorate of Education. One Chancellor, one Vice Chancellor, one Supervisor, one Registrar, three Doctors, six Teaching Assistants, five Rectors, two Registrars of Studies, one Keeper of the Classics, and one Steward of Student Meals. In Jiajing year 37 two Teaching Assistants and the Steward of Meals were abolished. In Longqing year 4 one Doctor and one Rector were abolished.
17
太常寺。 卿一人，少卿一人，典簿一人，博士一人，協律郎二人，贊禮郎七人，嘉靖中，革贊禮郎一人。 司樂二人。 各祠祭署合奉祀八人，祀丞七人。 天、地壇奉祀一、祀丞一。 山川壇、耤田奉祀一。 祖陵奉祀、祀丞各一。 皇陵奉祀、祀丞各二。 孝陵、揚王墳、徐王墳各奉祀一，祀丞一。 嘉靖後，革天地壇、祖陵、揚王墳三祠祭署祀丞。
Court of Imperial Sacrifices. One Director, one Vice Director, one Registrar, one Doctor, two Masters of Harmonics, and seven Masters of Ceremonial; under Jiajing one Master of Ceremonial was abolished. Two Directors of Music. All sacrificial offices together had eight Sacrificial Officers and seven Assistant Sacrificial Officers. The Altars of Heaven and Earth each had one Sacrificial Officer and one Assistant Sacrificial Officer. The Altars of Mountains and Rivers and the Sacred Plough Field each had one Sacrificial Officer. The Ancestral Mausoleum had one Sacrificial Officer and one Assistant Sacrificial Officer. The Imperial Mausoleum had two Sacrificial Officers and two Assistant Sacrificial Officers. Xiaoling, the tomb of Prince Yang, and the tomb of Prince Xu each had one Sacrificial Officer and one Assistant Sacrificial Officer. After Jiajing the Assistant Sacrificial Officers at the Altars of Heaven and Earth, Ancestral Mausoleum, and Prince Yang's tomb were abolished.
18
光祿寺。 卿一人，少卿一人，隆慶四年，革少卿。 典簿一人。 大官、珍羞、良醞、掌醢四署，各署正一人，署丞一人。 嘉靖中，革良醞、掌醢二署署丞。 萬曆中，革珍羞署丞。
Court of Imperial Entertainments. One Director and one Vice Director; in Longqing year 4 the Vice Director was abolished. One Registrar. Four offices—Grand Cuisine, Delicacies, Fine Brew, and Condiments—each had one Office Director and one Assistant Director. Under Jiajing the Assistant Directors of the Fine Brew and Condiments offices were abolished. Under Wanli the Assistant Director of the Delicacies office was abolished.
19
太僕寺。 卿一人，少卿二人，寺丞二人，隆慶中，革少卿一人，寺丞一人。 主簿一人。
Court of the Imperial Stud. One Director, two Vice Directors, and two Assistant Directors; under Longqing one vice director and one assistant director were abolished. One Recorder.
20
鴻臚寺。 卿一人，主簿一人。 司儀、司賓二署，各署丞一人，鳴贊四人，序班九人。
Court of State Ceremonial. One Director and one Recorder. Two offices—Rites and Reception—each had one Assistant Director, plus four Masters of Acclamation and nine Masters of Order.
21
尚寶司。 卿一人。
Imperial Seals Office. One Director.
22
吏、戶、禮、兵、刑、工六科。 給事中六人。 又戶科給事中一人，管理後湖黃冊。
Six Offices of Scrutiny—Personnel, Revenue, Rites, War, Justice, and Works. Six Supervising Secretaries. In addition, one Revenue Office Supervising Secretary managed the Houhu yellow registers.
23
行人司。 左司副一人。
Reception Office. One Left Vice Director.
24
欽天監。 監正一人，監副一人，主簿一人。 五官正一人，五官靈臺郎二人，五官監候一人，五官司曆一人。
Directorate of Astronomy. One Director, one Vice Director, and one Recorder. One Director of the Five Offices, two Masters of the Spirit Terrace, one Observer of the Heavens, and one Keeper of the Calendar.
25
太醫院。 院判一人，吏目一人。 惠民藥局、生藥庫，各大使一人。
Imperial Medical Institute. One Vice Director and one Clerical Officer. The Public Welfare Pharmacy and Raw Medicines Storehouse each had one Grand Commissioner.
26
五城兵馬司。 指揮各一人，副指揮各三人，吏目各一人。 萬曆中，革副指揮每城二人。
Five-City Military Patrol Office. Each city had one Commander, three Deputy Commanders, and one Clerical Officer. Under Wanli two Deputy Commanders per city were abolished.
27
應天府。 府尹一人，府丞一人，治中一人，通判二人，推官一人，經歷、知事、照磨、檢校各一人。 儒學教授一人，訓導六人。 所轄，上元、江寧二縣，各知縣一人，縣丞一人，主簿一人，典史一人。 司獄司，司獄一人。 織染局，大使一人，左、右副使各一人。 都稅司、宣課司，凡四，龍江、江東、聚寶門、太平門。 稅課局，凡二，龍江、龍潭。 各大使一人，副使或一人或二人。 龍江遞運所，大使、副使各一人。 批驗所，大使一人。 河泊所，官一人。 龍江關、石灰山關，各大使一人，副使四人。 洪武三年，改應天府知府為府尹，秩正三品，賜銀印。 十三年，始立儒學。
Yingtian Prefecture. One Prefect, one Vice Prefect, one Administrative Director, two Vice Prefects for Circuit Affairs, one Investigating Censor, one Registrar, one Administrative Clerk, one Copying Clerk, and one Reviser. One Confucian Instructor and six Assistant Instructors. Its jurisdiction included Shangyuan and Jiangning counties, each with one Magistrate, one Assistant Magistrate, one Recorder, and one Clerical Officer. A Prison Office with one Prison Superintendent. A Dyeing Office with one Grand Commissioner and one Left and one Right Deputy Commissioner. Four metropolitan tax and collection offices at Longjiang, Jiangdong, Jubao Gate, and Taiping Gate. Two tax offices at Longjiang and Longtan. Each had one Grand Commissioner and one or two Deputy Commissioners. The Longjiang Relay Transport Office had one Grand Commissioner and one Deputy Commissioner. An Inspection and Verification Office with one Grand Commissioner. A River Fisheries Office with one official. Longjiang Pass and Shihuishan Pass each had one Grand Commissioner and four Deputy Commissioners in all. In Hongwu year 3 the Yingtian prefect was retitled Prefect of the Capital at rank 3a and granted a silver seal. In year 13 a Confucian school was first established.
28
南京官，自永樂四年成祖往北京，置行部尚書，備行在九卿印以從。 是時，皇太子監國，大小庶務悉以委之。 惟封爵、大辟、除拜三品以上文武職，則六科都給事中以聞，政本故在南也。 十八年，官屬悉移而北，南京六部所存惟禮、刑、工三部，各一侍郎，在南之官加「南京。」 字於職銜上。 仁宗時補設官屬，除「南京。」 字。 正統六年，定制復如永樂時。
From Yongle year 4, when the Chengzu emperor went to Beijing, traveling ministers were appointed with the seals of the nine chief ministers of the traveling court. The heir apparent then supervised the state, and all routine affairs were entrusted to him. Only enfeoffments, capital punishments, and appointments to posts of rank 3a and above were reported by the supervising secretaries-in-chief of the Six Offices—hence the political foundation remained in the south. In year 18 all officials moved north; of the Nanjing Six Ministries only Rites, Justice, and Works remained, each with one vice minister; officials who stayed in the south had the prefix "Nanjing added to their titles. Under Renzong the establishment was restored and the prefix "Nanjing was dropped. In Zhengtong year 6 the regulations were fixed again as under Yongle.
29
王府長史司。 左、右長史各一人。 正五品。 其屬典簿一人，正九品。 所轄審理所，審理正一人，正六品； 副一人，正七品。 典膳所，典膳正一人，正八品； 副一人，從八品。 奉祠所，奉祠正一人，正八品； 副一人，從八品。 典樂一人，正九品典寶所，典寶正一人，正八品副一人，從八品紀善所，紀善二人，正八品良醫所，良醫正一人，正八品副一人，從八品典儀所，典儀正一人，正九品副一人，從九品工正所，工正一人，正八品副一人，從八品。 以上各所副官，嘉靖四十四年並革。 伴讀四人，從九品，後止設一人。 教授無定員，從九品引禮舍二人，後革二人。 倉大使、副使各一人，庫大使、副使各一人。 倉、庫副使後俱革。 郡王府，教授一人，從九品典膳一人。 正八品鎮國將軍教授一人。 從九品
Princely Chief Steward Office. One Left and one Right Chief Steward. At rank 5a. Subordinates included one Registry Clerk at rank 9a. Its jurisdiction included an Adjudication Office with one Director of Adjudication at rank 6a; one Deputy at rank 7a. a Banquet Office with one Director of Banquets at rank 8a; one Deputy at rank 8b. a Sacrificial Office with one Director of Sacrifices at rank 8a; one Deputy at rank 8b. One Director of Music at rank 9a; a Treasures Office with one Director at rank 8a and one Deputy at rank 8b; a Rectors Office with two Rectors at rank 8a; a Physicians Office with one Chief Physician at rank 8a and one Deputy at rank 8b; a Ceremonial Office with one Director at rank 9a and one Deputy at rank 9b; and a Works Office with one Master of Works at rank 8a and one Deputy at rank 8b. In Jiajing year 44 all deputy officials in the above offices were abolished. Four Reading Companions at rank 9b; later only one was kept. Instructors without fixed numbers at rank 9b; two Masters of Ceremonial Introduction, later both abolished. Each warehouse and storehouse had one Grand Commissioner and one Deputy Commissioner. Warehouse and storehouse deputy commissioners were later all abolished. For commandery princely establishments: one Instructor at rank 9b and one Director of Banquets at rank 8a; for state-stabilizing generals, one Instructor at rank 9b.
30
長史，掌王府之政訟，輔相規諷以匡王失，率府僚各供乃事，而總其庶務焉。 凡請名、請封、請婚、請恩澤，及陳謝、進獻表啟、書疏，長史為王奏上。 若王有過，則詰長史。 曾經過犯之人，毋得選用是職。 審理，掌推按刑獄，禁詰橫暴，無幹國紀。 典膳，掌祭祀、賓客，王若妃之膳羞。 奉祠，掌祭祀樂舞。 典寶，掌王寶符牌。 紀善，掌諷導禮法，開諭古誼，及國家恩義大節，以詔王善。 良醫，掌醫。 典儀，掌陳儀式。 工正，掌繕造修葺宮邸、廨舍。 伴讀，掌侍從起居，陳設經史。 教授，掌以德義迪王，校勘經籍。 凡宗室年十歲以上，入宗學，教授與紀善為之師。 引禮，掌接對賓客，贊相威儀。
The Chief Steward oversaw the princely establishment's administration and litigation, advised the prince to correct his faults, led the staff in their duties, and managed all routine affairs. Requests for names, enfeoffments, marriages, and favors, as well as thanks, presentations, memorials, and letters, were submitted by the Chief Steward on the prince's behalf. If the prince erred, the Chief Steward was held accountable. Persons with prior offenses were not to be appointed to this office. The Director of Adjudication investigated criminal cases, restrained violence and oppression, and did not interfere in national law. The Director of Banquets oversaw sacrifices, guests, and the prince's and consort's meals. The Director of Sacrifices oversaw sacrificial music and dance. The Director of Treasures kept the prince's seals, tallies, and plaques. The Rector guided the prince in ritual and law, expounded ancient principles and the great principles of state favor and righteousness, and instructed him in virtue. The Chief Physician supervised medicine. The Director of Ceremonial arranged ceremonial observances. The Master of Works supervised construction and repair of palaces and offices. The Reading Companion attended the prince's daily life and presented the classics and histories. The Instructor guided the prince with virtue and righteousness and collated the canonical texts. Imperial clansmen aged ten and above entered the Clan School, with Instructors and Rectors as their teachers. The Master of Ceremonial Introduction received guests and assisted in dignified observance.
31
洪武三年，置王相府，左、右相各一人，正二品左、右傅各一人。 從二品參軍府，參軍一人，正五品錄事二人，正七品紀善一人。 正七品各以其品秩列朝官之次。 又置典簽司、諮議官。 尋以王府武相皆勳臣，令居文相上，王相府官屬仍與朝官更互除授。 是年置王府教授。 四年，更定官制。 左、右相，正二品，文武傅，從二品，參軍，從五品，錄事，正七品，審理正，正六品，副，正七品，紀善，正七品，各署典祠正、典寶正、典儀正、典膳正、典服正、工正、醫正，並正七品，副，並從七品，牧正，正八品，副，從八品，引禮舍人，省注。 九年，改參軍為長史，罷王傅府及典簽司、諮議官，增設伴讀四人，選老成明經慎行之士任之，侍讀四人，收掌文籍，少則缺之。 尋改王相府所屬奉祠、典寶、典膳、良醫、工正各所正並紀善俱正八品，副，從八品。 十三年，並罷王相府，升長史司為正五品，置左、右長史各一人，典簿一人，定王府孳牲所、倉庫等官俱為雜職。 二十八年，置靖江王府諮議所，諮議、記室、教授各一人。 建文中，增置親王賓輔二人，伴讀、伴講、伴書各一人，長史三人。 郡王賓友二人，教授一人，記室二人，直史一人，左、右直史各一人，吏目一人，典印、典祠、典禮、典饌、典藥五署官各一人，典儀二人，引禮舍人二人，儀仗司，吏目一人。 其賓輔、三伴、賓友、教授進見時，侍坐，稱名而不稱臣，禮如賓師。 成祖初，復舊制，改靖江王府諮議所為長史司。 萬曆間，周府設宗正一人。 後各府亦漸置。 郡王府增設教授一人。 又洪武七年，公主府設家令一人，正七品司丞一人，正八品錄事一人。 正九品二十三年，改家令司為中使司，以內使為之。
In Hongwu year 3 the Princely Chancellor's Office was established with one Left and one Right Chancellor at rank 2a and one Left and one Right Tutor at rank 2b. A Staff Office at rank 2b with one Staff Officer at rank 5a, two Recorders at rank 7a, and one Rector at rank 7a. At rank 7a each was ranked among court officials according to grade. A Registry Office and advisory officials were also established. Soon the military chancellors, all meritorious officials, were ordered to rank above the civil chancellors; princely staff still alternated appointments with court officials. That year princely Instructors were established. In year 4 the official system was revised. Left and Right Chancellors at rank 2a; civil and military Tutors at rank 2b; Staff Officer at rank 5b; Recorders at rank 7a; Director of Adjudication at rank 6a with Deputy at rank 7a; Rector at rank 7a; directors of sacrifices, treasures, ceremonial, banquets, garments, works, and medicine at rank 7a with deputies at rank 7b; Pasturage Director at rank 8a with Deputy at rank 8b; Masters of Ceremonial Introduction as noted by the ministry. In year 9 Staff Officer became Chief Steward; the Tutors' Office, Registry Office, and advisory officials were abolished; four Reading Companions were added, chosen from mature and prudent scholars; four Attendant Readers kept the documents, fewer if not needed. Soon directors of sacrifices, treasures, banquets, physicians, and works and the Rectors were all set at rank 8a, deputies at rank 8b. In year 13 the Princely Chancellor's Office was abolished; the Chief Steward Office was raised to rank 5a with one Left and one Right Chief Steward and one Registry Clerk; sacrificial livestock, warehouse, and similar posts were fixed as miscellaneous offices. In year 28 the Jingjiang princely Advisory Office was established with one Advisor, one Secretary, and one Instructor. Under Jianwen two Guest Ministers were added for imperial princes, plus one Reading, Lecturing, and Writing Companion each and three Chief Stewards. For commandery princes: two Guest Friends, one Instructor, two Secretaries, one Direct Historian with Left and Right assistants, one Clerical Officer, one official each in the Seal, Sacrifice, Rites, Food, and Medicine offices, two Directors of Ceremonial, two Masters of Ceremonial Introduction, and an Equipage Office with one Clerical Officer. When received in audience, Guest Ministers, the three Companions, Guest Friends, and Instructors sat beside the prince, were addressed by name rather than as subjects, and were treated as guests and teachers. At the start of Chengzu's reign the old system was restored and the Jingjiang Advisory Office became a Chief Steward Office. Under Wanli the Zhou princely establishment appointed one Director of the Imperial Lineage. Later other establishments gradually did the same. Commandery princely establishments gained an additional Instructor. In Hongwu year 7 princess establishments had one Household Director at rank 7a, one Assistant Director at rank 8a, and one Recorder at rank 8b. At rank 9a; in year 23 the Household Director's Office became the Palace Attendants Office, staffed by inner eunuchs.
32
承宣佈政使司。 左、右布政使各一人，從二品； 左、右參政，從三品； 左、右參議，無定員。 從四品。 參政、參議因事添設，各省不等，詳諸道。 經歷司，經歷一人，從六品； 都事一人，從七品。 照磨所，照磨一人，從八品； 檢校一人，正九品。 理問所，理問一人，從六品； 副理問一人，從七品； 提控案牘一人。 司獄司，司獄一人，從九品。 庫大使一人，從九品； 副使一人。 倉大使一人，從九品； 副使一人。 雜造局、軍器局、寶泉局、織染局，各大使一人，從九品副使一人。 所轄衙門各省不同，詳見雜職。
Provincial Administration Commission. One Left and one Right Administration Commissioner at rank 2b; Left and Right Vice Commissioners at rank 3b; Left and Right Assistant Commissioners without fixed numbers, at rank 4b. Vice and Assistant Commissioners were added as needed; numbers varied by province—see the circuits. a Registry with one Registrar at rank 6b; one Secretariat Clerk at rank 7b. a Copying Office with one Copying Clerk at rank 8b; one Reviser at rank 9a. an Adjudication Office with one Adjudicator at rank 6b; one Deputy Adjudicator at rank 7b; one Controller of Documents. a Prison Office with one Prison Superintendent at rank 9b. one Storehouse Grand Commissioner at rank 9b; one Deputy Commissioner. one Warehouse Grand Commissioner at rank 9b; one Deputy Commissioner. Miscellaneous Manufactures, Armory, Mint, and Dyeing bureaus each had one Grand Commissioner at rank 9b and one Deputy Commissioner. Subordinate offices varied by province; see Miscellaneous Posts for details.
33
布政使，掌一省之政，朝廷有德澤、禁令，承流宣播，以下於有司。 凡僚屬滿秩，廉其稱職、不稱職，上下其考，報撫、按以達於吏部、都察院。 三年，率其府州縣正官朝覲京師，以聽察典。 十年，會戶版以登民數、田數。 賓興貢，合省之士而提調之。 宗室、官吏、師生、軍伍，以時班其祿俸、廩糧。 祀典神祗，謹其時祀。 民鰥寡孤獨者養之，孝弟貞烈者表揚之，水旱疾疫災祲，則請於上蠲振之。 凡貢賦役，視府州縣土地人民豐瘠多寡而均其數。 凡有大興革及諸政務，會都、按議，經畫定而請於撫、按若總督。 其國慶國哀，遣僚貳朝賀弔祭於京師。 天子即位，則左布政使親至。 參政、參議分守各道，及派管糧儲、屯田、清軍、驛傳、水利、撫民等事，並分司協管京畿。 兩京不設布、按，無參政，參議、副使、僉事，故於旁近布、按分司帶管，詳見各道。 經歷、都事，典受發文移，其詳巡按、巡鹽御史文書，用經歷印。 照磨、檢校典勘理卷宗。 理問典刑名。
The Administration Commissioner governed the province; court favors and prohibitions were received and proclaimed down to local offices. When subordinates completed their terms, he assessed their competence, adjusted their evaluations, and reported through the grand coordinator and surveillance commissioner to the Ministry of Personnel and Censorate. Every three years he led prefectural, departmental, and county chiefs to the capital for inspection. Every ten years he compiled household registers to record population and land. For the provincial examinations he assembled and supervised the province's scholars. He distributed salaries and grain rations on schedule to the imperial clan, officials, teachers and students, and troops. He ensured timely observance of statutory sacrifices to the gods. He supported widowers, widows, orphans, and the solitary; commended the filial, fraternal, and chaste; and requested relief from the throne for flood, drought, plague, or calamity. He equalized tribute, taxes, and corvée according to each prefecture's, department's, and county's land and population. For major reforms and government affairs, he met with metropolitan and surveillance officials, settled plans, and submitted them to the grand coordinator, surveillance commissioner, or governor-general. For national celebrations or mourning he sent deputies to the capital to offer congratulations or condolences. When the emperor took the throne, the Left Administration Commissioner came in person. Vice and Assistant Commissioners guarded each circuit and handled grain storage, colonization, troop musters, courier relay, hydraulics, and civilian pacification, and also assisted in governing the capital region by rotation. The two capitals had no administration or surveillance commissions; nearby commissions supervised by rotation—see the circuits. The Registrar and Secretariat Clerk received and dispatched documents; touring censor and salt censor documents used the registrar's seal. The Copying Clerk and Reviser collated dossiers. The Adjudicator supervised criminal cases.
34
初，太祖下集慶，自領江南行中書省。 戊戌，置中書分省於婺州。 後每略定地方，即置行省，其官自平章政事以下，大略與中書省同。 設行省平章政事，從一品左、右丞，正二品參知政事。 從二品左、右司，郎中，從五品員外郎，從六品都事、檢校，從七品照磨、管勾。 從八品理問所，正理問，正四品副理問，正五品，知事，從八品尋改知事為提控案牘。 省注洪武九年，改浙江、江西、福建、北平、廣西、四川、山東、廣東、河南、陝西、湖廣、山西諸行省俱為承宣佈政使司，罷行省平章政事，左、右丞等官，改參知政事為布政使，秩正二品，左、右參政，從二品，改左、右司為經歷司。 十三年改布政使，正三品，參政，從三品。 十四年，增置左、右參議，正四品。 尋增設左、右布政使各一人。 十五年，置雲南布政司。 二十二年，定秩從二品。 建文中，升正二品，裁一人。 成祖復舊制。 永樂元年以北平布政司為北京。 五年，置交阯布政司。 十一年，置貴州布政司。 止設使一人，餘官如各布政司。 宣德三年，罷交址布政司，除兩京外，定為十三布政司。 初置籓司，與六部均重。 布政使入為尚書、侍郎，副都御史每出為布政使。 宣德、正統間猶然，自後無之。
When the Taizu emperor took Jiqing, he personally headed the Jiangnan Branch Secretariat. On the wuxu day a branch secretariat was established at Wuzhou. Whenever a region was pacified, a branch secretariat was established with officials largely mirroring the central secretariat. Posts included a branch Chief Minister at rank 1b, Left and Right Vice Ministers at rank 2a, and Administrative Vice Ministers at rank 2b. Left and Right Bureaus at rank 2b; Bureau Directors at rank 5b; Vice Bureau Directors at rank 6b; Secretariat Clerks and Revisers at rank 7b; Copying Clerks and Controllers at rank 8b. An Adjudication Office at rank 8b with Chief Adjudicator at rank 4a, Deputy at rank 5a, and Clerk at rank 8b—later retitled Controller of Documents. In Hongwu year 9 all branch secretariats became Provincial Administration Commissions; branch chief and vice ministers were abolished; administrative vice ministers became Administration Commissioners at rank 2a with vice commissioners at rank 2b; bureaus became registries. In year 13 the commissioner was set at rank 3a and the vice commissioner at rank 3b. In year 14 Left and Right Assistant Commissioners at rank 4a were added. Soon one Left and one Right Administration Commissioner were added. In year 15 the Yunnan Administration Commission was established. In year 22 the rank was fixed at 2b. Under Jianwen it was raised to rank 2a and one post was cut. Chengzu restored the old system. In Yongle 1 the Beiping Administration Commission became Beijing. In year 5 the Jiaozhi Administration Commission was established. In year 11 the Guizhou Administration Commission was established. Only one commissioner was appointed; other officials matched other commissions. In Xuande year 3 Jiaozhi was abolished; apart from the two capitals, thirteen administration commissions were fixed. When first established, provincial commissions were equal in weight to the Six Ministries. Administration commissioners entered the capital as ministers and vice ministers; vice censors-in-chief often went out as administration commissioners. This remained so through Xuande and Zhengtong; afterward it ceased.
35
提刑按察使司。 按察使一人，正三品副使，正四品僉事無定員。 正五品。 詳見諸道。 經歷司，經歷一人，正七品知事一人。 正八品照磨所，照磨一人，正九品檢校一人。 從九品司獄司，司獄一人，從九品
Provincial Surveillance Commission. One Surveillance Commissioner at rank 3a; Vice Commissioners at rank 4a; Assistant Commissioners without fixed numbers at rank 5a. See the circuits for details. a Registry with one Registrar at rank 7a and one Administrative Clerk at rank 8a; a Copying Office with one Copying Clerk at rank 9a and one Reviser at rank 9b; a Prison Office with one Prison Superintendent at rank 9b.
36
按察使，掌一省刑名按劾之事。 糾官邪，戢奸暴，平獄訟，雪冤抑，以振揚風紀，而澄清其吏治。 大者暨都、布二司會議，告撫、按，以聽於部、院。 凡朝覲慶吊之禮，具如布政司。 副使、僉事，分道巡察，其兵備、提學、撫民、巡海、清軍、驛傳、水利、屯田、招練、監軍，各專事置，並分員巡備京畿。
The Surveillance Commissioner supervised a province's criminal investigation and impeachment. He corrected corrupt officials, restrained violence, settled lawsuits, redressed injustice, upheld discipline, and clarified local governance. Major cases were discussed with metropolitan and administration commissions, reported to the grand coordinator and surveillance commissioner, and referred to the ministries and censorate. Court audiences and congratulatory or condolence rites followed the same procedures as the administration commission. Vice and Assistant Commissioners patrolled by circuit; military preparedness, education, civilian pacification, coastal patrol, troop musters, courier relay, hydraulics, colonization, recruitment, and military supervision each had dedicated posts, with staff also rotating to patrol the capital region.
37
明初，置提刑按察司。 吳元年，置各道按察司，設按察使，正三品，副使，正四品，僉事，正五品。 十三年，改使秩正四品，尋罷。 十四年復置，並置各道按察分司。 十五年，又置天下府州縣按察分司。 以儒士王存中等五百三十一人為試僉事，人按二縣。 凡官吏賢否、軍民利病，皆得廉問糾舉。 十六年，盡罷試僉事，改按察使為從三品，副使二人，從四品，僉事從五品，多寡從其分道之數。 二十二年，復定按察使為正三品。 二十九年，改置按察分司為四十一道。 直隸六：曰淮西道，曰淮東道，曰蘇鬆道，曰建安徽寧道，曰常鎮道，曰京畿道。 浙江二：曰浙東道，曰浙西道，四川三：曰川東道，曰川西道，曰黔南道。 山東三：曰濟南道、曰海右道，曰遼海東寧道。 河南二：曰河南道，曰河北道。 北平二：曰燕南道，曰燕北道。 陝西五：曰關內道，曰關南道，曰河西道，曰隴右道，曰西寧道。 山西三：曰冀甯道，曰冀北道，曰河東道。 江西三：曰嶺北道，曰兩江道，曰湖東道，廣東三：曰嶺南道，曰海南道，曰海北道。 廣西三：曰桂林蒼梧道，曰左江道，曰右江道。 福建二：曰建寧道，曰福寧道。 湖廣四：曰武昌道，曰荊南道，曰湖南道，曰湖北道。 三十年，始置雲南按察司。 先是，命布政司兼理。 建文時，改為十三道肅政按察司。 成祖初，復舊。 永樂五年，置交阯按察司，又增設各按察司僉事。 因督軍衛屯糧，增浙江、江西、廣東、廣西、湖廣、河南、雲南、四川各一人，陝西、福建、山東、山西各二人。 此增設監司之始。 十二年，置貴州按察司。 宣德五年革交阯按察司。 除兩京不設，共十三按察司。 正統三年，增設理倉副使、僉事，又設僉事與布政司參議各一員於甘肅，監收倉糧。 八年，增設僉事，專理屯田。 景泰二年，增巡河僉事。 自後，各省因事添設，或置或罷，不可勝紀。 今總布、按二司所分諸道詳左。
At the beginning of the Ming the Provincial Surveillance Commission was established. In Wu 1 circuit surveillance commissions were established with commissioners at rank 3a, vice commissioners at rank 4a, and assistant commissioners at rank 5a. In year 13 the commissioner's rank was changed to 4a, then soon abolished. In year 14 it was restored and circuit surveillance branch offices were established. In year 15 surveillance branch offices were also established in all prefectures, departments, and counties. 531 scholars including Wang Cunzhong were appointed trial Assistant Commissioners, each overseeing two counties. They could investigate and impeach officials' merit or fault and troops' and civilians' welfare or harm. In year 16 trial Assistant Commissioners were abolished; the commissioner was set at rank 3b, two vice commissioners at rank 4b, and assistant commissioners at rank 5b in numbers matching the circuits. In year 22 the Surveillance Commissioner was again fixed at rank 3a. In year 29 surveillance branch offices were reorganized into forty-one circuits. Direct administration, six: Huai West, Huai East, Su-Song, Jian'an-Huaining, Chang-Zhen, and Capital Region circuits. Zhejiang, two: Zhe East and Zhe West; Sichuan, three: Chuan East, Chuan West, and Qian South. Shandong, three: Jinan, Hai Right, and Liaohai-Dongning. Henan, two: Henan and Hebei. Beiping, two: Yan South and Yan North. Shaanxi, five: Guan Inner, Guan South, Hexi, Long Right, and Xining. Shanxi, three: Ji Ning, Ji North, and Hedong. Jiangxi, three: Ling North, Two Rivers, and Hu East; Guangdong, three: Ling South, Hainan, and Hai North. Guangxi, three: Guilin-Cangwu, Left River, and Right River. Fujian, two: Jianning and Funing. Huguang, four: Wuchang, Jing South, Hunan, and Hubei. In year 30 the Yunnan Surveillance Commission was first established. Previously the administration commission had handled it concurrently. Under Jianwen it was retitled the Thirteen-Circuit Rectifying Surveillance Commission. At the start of Chengzu's reign the old name was restored. In Yongle year 5 the Jiaozhi Surveillance Commission was established and Assistant Commissioners were added to each commission. To supervise garrison colony grain, one Assistant Commissioner was added in each of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Huguang, Henan, Yunnan, and Sichuan, and two in each of Shaanxi, Fujian, Shandong, and Shanxi. This marked the beginning of adding supervisory circuit officials. In year 12 the Guizhou Surveillance Commission was established. In Xuande year 5 the Jiaozhi Surveillance Commission was abolished. Apart from the two capitals, which had none, there were thirteen surveillance commissions in all. In Zhengtong year 3 Vice Commissioners and Assistant Commissioners for granary management were added, and one Assistant Commissioner and one Administration Commissioner Counselor were posted to Gansu to supervise granary receipts. In year 8 Assistant Commissioners were added to manage colonization exclusively. In Jingtai year 2 Assistant Commissioners for river patrol were added. Thereafter each province added posts as circumstances required, establishing or abolishing them beyond count. The circuits under the administration and surveillance commissions are listed below.
38
布政司、參政、參議，分司諸道、督糧道。 十三布政司各一員，俱駐省城。 督冊道，江西、陝西等間設。 分守道：浙江杭嘉湖道，寧紹臺道，金衢嚴道，溫處道。 俱駐省江西南瑞道，駐省湖東道，駐廣信湖西道，駐臨江饒南九江道，駐九江贛南道。 駐南安山東濟南道，東兗道，海右道。 俱駐省山西冀寧道，駐省河東道，駐蒲州冀北道，駐大同冀南道。 駐汾州陝西關內道，駐省關西道，駐鳳翔西寧道，駐涼州關南道，駐興安，河西道，駐慶陽隴右道。 駐鞏昌河南大樑道，駐省河南道，駐河南汝南道，駐南陽河北道。 駐懷慶湖廣武昌道，下荊南道，駐鄖陽上荊南道，兼兵備，駐澧州。 荊西道，兼兵備，駐安陸。 上湖南道，下湖南道，上江防道，或駐荊州、岳州。 下江防道。 福建興泉道，駐泉州福寧道，駐興化漳南道，駐漳州建南道，駐延平汀漳道。 駐上杭縣廣東嶺東道，駐潮州嶺西道，駐高州羅定道，兼兵備，駐羅定州。 嶺北道，嶺南道。 駐南雄四川川西道，川北道，駐保寧上下川東道，駐涪州上川南道，雅州、嘉定二署。 下川南道，敘州、瀘州署廣西桂平道，駐省蒼梧道，駐梧州左江道，駐潯州右江道，駐柳州貴州安平道，貴寧道，駐省新鎮道，駐平越思仁道，駐思南雲南臨安道，騰沖道，瀾滄道。 以上或參政，或參議
Provincial Administration Commission Vice Commissioners and Counselors overseeing circuits, including grain-supervision circuits. Each of the thirteen administration commissions had one grain-supervision post, all stationed at the provincial capital. Register-supervision circuits were occasionally established in Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and elsewhere. Defense circuits—Zhejiang: Hang-Jia-Hu, Ning-Shao-Tai, Jin-Qu-Yan, and Wen-Chu. All stationed at the provincial capital. Jiangxi: Nan-Rui Circuit, stationed at the provincial capital; Hu East Circuit, stationed at the provincial capital; Hu West Circuit, stationed at Guangxin; Rao South-Jiujiang Circuit, stationed at Linjiang; Gan South Circuit, stationed at Jiujiang. Gan South Circuit, stationed at Nan'an. Shandong: Jinan, Dong-Yan, and Hai You circuits. All stationed at the provincial capital. Shanxi: Ji Ning Circuit, stationed at the provincial capital; Hedong Circuit, stationed at the provincial capital; Ji North Circuit, stationed at Puzhou; Ji South Circuit, stationed at Datong. Ji South Circuit, stationed at Fenzhou. Shaanxi: Guan Inner Circuit, stationed at the provincial capital; Guan West Circuit, stationed at the provincial capital; Xining Circuit, stationed at Fengxiang; Guan South Circuit, stationed at Liangzhou; Hexi Circuit, stationed at Xing'an; Long Right Circuit, stationed at Qingyang. Long Right Circuit, stationed at Gongchang. Henan: Da Liang Circuit, stationed at the provincial capital; Henan Circuit, stationed at the provincial capital; Runan Circuit, stationed at Henan; Hebei Circuit, stationed at Nanyang. Hebei Circuit, stationed at Huaqing. Huguang: Wuchang Circuit; Lower Jing South Circuit; Upper Jing South Circuit, also charged with military preparedness, stationed at Yunxiang and Lizhou. Jing West Circuit, also charged with military preparedness, stationed at Anlu. Upper Hunan, Lower Hunan, and Upper River Defense circuits; optionally stationed at Jingzhou or Yuezhou. Lower River Defense Circuit. Fujian: Xing-Quan Circuit, stationed at Quanzhou; Funing Circuit, stationed at Xinghua; Zhang South Circuit, stationed at Zhangzhou; Jian South Circuit, stationed at Yanping; Ting-Zhang Circuit. Ting-Zhang Circuit, stationed at Shanghang County. Guangdong: Ling East Circuit, stationed at Chaozhou; Ling West Circuit, stationed at Gaozhou; Luoding Circuit, also charged with military preparedness, stationed at Luoding Prefecture. Ling North and Ling South circuits. Ling North and Ling South circuits, stationed at Nanxiong. Sichuan: Chuan West and Chuan North circuits; Upper and Lower Chuan East circuits, stationed at Baoning; Upper Chuan South Circuit, stationed at Fuzhou; two deputy posts at Yazhou and Jiading. Lower Chuan South Circuit; deputy posts at Xuzhou and Luzhou. Guangxi: Guiping Circuit, stationed at the provincial capital; Cangwu Circuit, stationed at Wuzhou; Left River Circuit, stationed at Xunzhou; Right River Circuit, stationed at Liuzhou. Guizhou: Anping and Gui Ning circuits, stationed at the provincial capital; Xin-Zhen Circuit, stationed at Pingyue; Si-Ren Circuit, stationed at Sinan. Yunnan: Lin'an, Tengchong, and Lancang circuits. The above were held either by Vice Commissioners or Counselors.
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按察司副使、僉事分司諸道。 提督學道，清軍道，驛傳道，十三布政司俱各一員，惟湖廣提學二員，浙江、山西、陝西、福建、廣西、貴州清軍兼驛傳，江西右布政使清軍。
Provincial Surveillance Commission Vice Commissioners and Assistant Commissioners oversaw circuits. Education-supervision, troop-muster, and courier-relay circuits: each of the thirteen administration commissions had one of each; Huguang alone had two education supervisors; in Zhejiang, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Fujian, Guangxi, and Guizhou troop musters also handled courier relay; in Jiangxi the Right Administration Commissioner handled troop musters.
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分巡道：浙江杭嚴道，寧紹道，嘉湖道，金衢道。 江西饒南九江道，駐饒州湖西道，駐吉安南昌道，湖東道，嶺北道。 山東兗州道，駐沂州濟寧道，青州海防道，濟南道，移德州海右道，駐省海道，駐萊州登萊道，遼海道。 山西冀甯道，冀南道，駐潞安雁門道。 陝西關內道，駐邠州，關西道。 駐平涼隴右道，駐秦州河西道，駐鄜州西寧道。 河南大樑道，汝南道，駐信陽州河南道，駐汝州河北道。 駐磁州湖廣武昌道，荊西道，駐沔陽上荊南道，下荊南道，湖北道，上湖南道，下湖南道，沅靖道。 福建巡海道，兼理糧儲福寧道，興泉道，駐泉州建南道，駐建甯武平道，漳南道，駐上杭縣建寧道，海道，駐漳州汀漳道。 廣東嶺東道，駐惠州嶺西道，駐肇慶嶺南道，駐省海北道，駐雷州海南道。 駐瓊州四川上東道，駐重慶下東道，駐達州川西道，川北道，駐保甯下川南道，上川南道。 廣西府江兵巡道。 駐平樂桂林兵巡道，駐省蒼梧兵巡道，駐梧州，移鬱林州。 左江兵巡道，駐南寧右江兵巡道，駐賓州。 上五道俱兼兵備。 貴州貴甯道，思石道，駐銅仁都清道。 兼兵備，駐都勻雲南安普道，臨沅道，洱海道，金滄道。
Patrol circuits—Zhejiang: Hang-Yan, Ning-Shao, Jia-Hu, and Jin-Qu. Jiangxi: Rao South-Jiujiang Circuit, stationed at Raozhou; Hu West Circuit, stationed at Ji'an; Nanchang Circuit; Hu East Circuit; Ling North Circuit. Shandong: Yanzhou Circuit, stationed at Yizhou; Jining Circuit; Qingzhou Coastal Defense Circuit; Jinan Circuit; Hai You Circuit moved to Dezhou; Hai Circuit, stationed at the provincial capital and Laizhou; Deng-Lai Circuit; Liao Hai Circuit. Shanxi: Ji Ning and Ji South circuits; Yanmen Circuit, stationed at Lu'an. Shaanxi: Guan Inner Circuit, stationed at Binzhou; Guan West Circuit. Long Right Circuit, stationed at Pingliang; Hexi Circuit, stationed at Qinzhou; Xining Circuit, stationed at Fuzhou. Henan: Da Liang and Runan circuits; Henan Circuit, stationed at Xinyang Prefecture; Hebei Circuit, stationed at Ruzhou. Hebei Circuit, stationed at Cizhou. Huguang: Wuchang Circuit; Jing West Circuit; Upper Jing South Circuit, stationed at Mianyang; Lower Jing South Circuit; Hubei Circuit; Upper Hunan Circuit; Lower Hunan Circuit; Yuan-Jing Circuit. Fujian: Coastal Patrol Circuit; Funing Circuit, also managing grain storage; Xing-Quan Circuit, stationed at Quanzhou; Jian South Circuit, stationed at Jianning; Wuping Circuit; Zhang South Circuit, stationed at Shanghang County; Jianning Circuit; Hai Circuit, stationed at Zhangzhou; Ting-Zhang Circuit. Guangdong: Ling East Circuit, stationed at Huizhou; Ling West Circuit, stationed at Zhaoqing; Ling South Circuit, stationed at the provincial capital; Hai North Circuit, stationed at Leizhou; Hainan Circuit. Hainan Circuit, stationed at Qiongzhou. Sichuan: Upper East Circuit, stationed at Chongqing; Lower East Circuit, stationed at Dazhou; Chuan West Circuit; Chuan North Circuit, stationed at Baoning; Lower Chuan South Circuit; Upper Chuan South Circuit. Guangxi: Fuyang River Military Patrol Circuit. Fuyang River Military Patrol Circuit, stationed at Pingle. Guilin Military Patrol Circuit, stationed at the provincial capital; Cangwu Military Patrol Circuit, stationed at Wuzhou, later moved to Yulin Prefecture. Left River Military Patrol Circuit, stationed at Nanning; Right River Military Patrol Circuit, stationed at Binzhou. All five circuits above also handled military preparedness. Guizhou: Gui Ning and Si-Shi circuits; Du-Qing Circuit, stationed at Tongren. Du-Qing Circuit, also charged with military preparedness, stationed at Duyun. Yunnan: An-Pu, Linyuan, Erhai, and Jin-Cang circuits.
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整飭兵備道：浙江寧紹道，嘉興道，溫處道，臺海道。 江西南瑞道，廣建道，駐建昌山東臨清道，武德道，駐武定州曹濮道，駐曹州沂州道，遼東道。 山西雁北道，駐代州大同道，二員，一駐大同，一駐朔州。 陽和道，潞安道，岢嵐道。 陝西肅州道，固原道，臨洮道，駐蘭州洮岷道，駐岷州靖遠道，榆林中路道，榆林東路道，駐神木縣寧夏河西道，駐寧夏寧夏河東兵糧道，駐花馬池莊浪道，漢羌道，潼關道。 湖廣辰沅道。 河南睢東道。 福建兵備道，巡海道。 廣東南韶道，南雄道。 四川松潘道，威茂道，建昌道，重夔道，安綿道，敘瀘道。 廣西，分巡兼兵備。 五道俱見分巡貴州威清道，駐安順畢節道。 雲南曲靖道。
Military preparedness circuits—Zhejiang: Ning-Shao, Jiaxing, Wen-Chu, and Tai-Hai. Jiangxi: Nan-Rui and Guang-Jian circuits; Guang-Jian Circuit, stationed at Jianchang. Shandong: Linqing, Wu-De, and Cao-Pu circuits; Wu-De Circuit, stationed at Wuding Prefecture; Cao-Pu Circuit, stationed at Caozhou; Yizhou Circuit; Liaodong Circuit. Shanxi: Yan North Circuit, stationed at Daizhou; Datong Circuit, two posts—one stationed at Datong, one at Shuozhou. Yanghe, Lu'an, and Kelan circuits. Shaanxi: Suzhou, Guyuan, and Lintao circuits; Tao-Min Circuit, stationed at Lanzhou; Jingyuan Circuit, stationed at Minzhou; Yulin Middle Route Circuit; Yulin East Route Circuit; Ningxia Hexi Circuit, stationed at Shenmu County; Ningxia Hedong Grain-Military Circuit, stationed at Ningxia; Zhuanglang Circuit, stationed at Huamachi; Han-Qiang Circuit; Tongguan Circuit. Huguang: Chen-Yuan Circuit. Henan: Sui East Circuit. Fujian: Military Preparedness and Coastal Patrol circuits. Guangdong: Nan-Shao and Nanxiong circuits. Sichuan: Songpan, Wei-Mao, Jianchang, Chong-Kui, An-Mian, and Xu-Lu circuits. Guangxi: patrol circuits also charged with military preparedness. All five Guangxi circuits above are listed under patrol circuits. Guizhou: Wei-Qing Circuit, stationed at Anshun; Bi-Jie Circuit. Yunnan: Qujing Circuit.
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其外又有協堂道，副使，河南、浙江間設。 水利道，浙江屯田道，江西、河南、四川三省屯田兼驛傳。 管河道，河南鹽法道，撫治道，陝西撫治商洛道，湖廣又有撫民、撫苗道。 監軍道，因事，不常設招練道。 山東間設其北直隸之道寄銜于山東者，則為密雲道，大名道，天津道，霸州道； 寄銜於山西者，則為易州道，口北道，昌平道，井陘道，薊州、永平等道。 南直隸之道寄銜于山東者，太倉道，潁州道，徐州道； 寄銜浙江、江西、湖廣者，蘇鬆道，漕儲道，常鎮道，廬鳳道，徽甯池太道，淮揚道。
Beyond these there were also Assistant Hall circuits, held by Vice Commissioners and occasionally established in Henan and Zhejiang. Hydraulics circuits; a Zhejiang colonization circuit; in Jiangxi, Henan, and Sichuan colonization also handled courier relay. Canal-management circuits; a Henan salt-law circuit; pacification circuits; a Shaanxi Shang-Luo pacification circuit; Huguang also had civilian pacification and Miao pacification circuits. Military supervision circuits were established as events required and not kept permanently; recruitment-and-training circuits. Occasionally established in Shandong: North Zhili circuits nominally affiliated to Shandong were Miyun, Daming, Tianjin, and Bazhou circuits; those nominally affiliated to Shanxi were Yizhou, Koubei, Changping, Jingxing, Jizhou, Yongping, and other circuits. South Zhili circuits nominally affiliated to Shandong were Taicang, Yingzhou, and Xuzhou circuits; those nominally affiliated to Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Huguang were Su-Song, Grain-Storage, Chang-Zhen, Lu-Feng, Hui-Ning-Chi-Tai, and Huai-Yang circuits.
43
按明初制，恐守令貪鄙不法，故於直隸府州縣設巡按御史，各布政司所屬設試僉事。 已罷試僉事，改按察分司四十一道，此分巡之始也。 分守起於永樂間，每令方面官巡視民瘼。 後遂定右參政、右參議分守各屬府州縣。 兵道之設，仿自洪熙間，以武臣疏於文墨，遣參政副使沈固、劉紹等往各總兵處整理文書，商榷機密，未嘗身領軍務也。 至弘治中，本兵馬文升慮武職不修，議增副僉一員敕之。 自是兵備之員盈天下。 兩京不設布、按二司，故督學以御史。 後置守、巡諸員無所屬，則寄銜於鄰近省布、按司官。
Under the early Ming system, fearing that prefects and magistrates would be greedy and lawless, touring censors were established in directly administered prefectures, departments, and counties, and trial Assistant Commissioners were established under each administration commission. After trial Assistant Commissioners were abolished, surveillance branch offices were reorganized into forty-one patrol circuits—the origin of patrol circuits. Defense circuits began in the Yongle period, when regional officials were regularly ordered to inspect popular grievances. Later Right Vice Commissioners and Right Counselors were assigned to defend the prefectures, departments, and counties under their charge. Military circuits were modeled on the Hongxi period: because military officers were weak in paperwork, Vice Commissioners Shen Gu, Liu Shao, and others were sent to each regional commander's headquarters to organize documents and discuss secret plans—they never personally commanded troops. By the Hongzhi period Minister of War Ma Wensheng, fearing neglect of military duties, proposed adding one Vice Assistant Commissioner with an imperial commission. From this time military preparedness posts filled the empire. Because the two capitals had no administration or surveillance commissions, education supervision was assigned to censors. Later, when defense and patrol officials had no commission of their own, nominal affiliation was given to administration or surveillance officials in neighboring provinces.
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行太僕寺。 卿一人，從三品少卿一人，正四品寺丞無定員，正六品其屬，主簿一人，從七品掌各邊衛所營堡之馬政，以聽於兵部。 凡騎操馬匹印烙、亻表散、課掌、孳牧，以時督察之。 歲春秋，閱視其增耗、齒色，三歲一稽比，布、按二司不得與。 有瘠損，則聽兵部參罰。 苑馬寺亦如之。
Traveling Office of the Imperial Stud. One Director at rank 3b, one Vice Director at rank 4a, and Assistant Directors without fixed numbers at rank 6a; subordinates included one Recorder at rank 7b, managing horse administration for frontier garrison guards and fortresses, subject to the Ministry of War. Branding, equal distribution, levy oversight, and breeding of all cavalry drill horses were supervised on schedule. Each spring and autumn growth, decline, and tooth color were inspected; every three years a full comparison was made; administration and surveillance commissions were not permitted to participate. If horses were emaciated or lost, the Ministry of War could impeach and punish those responsible. Stud Farms followed the same procedures.
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洪武三十年，置行太僕寺於山西、北平、陝西、甘肅、遼東。 山西、北平、陝西，每寺設少卿一人，丞三人； 甘肅、遼東，每寺設少卿、丞各一人，擇致仕指揮、千百戶為之。 永樂四年，許令寺官按治所轄衛所鎮撫首領官吏。 十八年，以北京行太僕寺為太僕寺。 宣德七年，發雜犯死罪應充軍者，於陝西行太僕寺養馬。 弘治十年，簡推素有才望者補本寺官，視太僕寺官升擢。 嘉靖三年，從御史陳講請，增設陝西、甘肅二寺各少卿一員，分管延綏、寧夏。 二十九年，令寺官遇聖節，輪年齎進表文。
In Hongwu year 30 traveling Offices of the Imperial Stud were established in Shanxi, Beiping, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Liaodong. In Shanxi, Beiping, and Shaanxi, each office had one Vice Director and three Assistant Directors; in Gansu and Liaodong, each office had one Vice Director and one Assistant Director, chosen from retired commanders and company and battalion officers. In Yongle year 4 office officials were permitted to investigate and punish guard and battalion pacification officers and leading officials under their jurisdiction. In year 18 the Beijing traveling Office of the Imperial Stud became the Court of the Imperial Stud. In Xuande year 7 persons convicted of mixed capital offenses who were to be sent to military service were dispatched to the Shaanxi traveling Office of the Imperial Stud to raise horses. In Hongzhi year 10 persons of established talent and reputation were selected to fill these offices, with promotion treated the same as Court of the Imperial Stud officials. In Jiajing year 3, at Censor Chen Jiang's request, one Vice Director was added to each of the Shaanxi and Gansu offices to supervise Yan-Sui and Ningxia separately. In year 29 office officials were ordered to take turns presenting memorials on imperial festivals.
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苑馬寺。 卿一人，從三品少卿一人，正四品寺丞無定員，正六品其屬，主簿一人，從七品各牧監，監正一人，正九品監副一人，從九品錄事一人。 各苑，圉長一人。 從九品掌六監二十四苑之馬政，而聽於兵部。 凡苑，視廣狹為三等：上苑牧馬萬匹，中苑七千，下苑四千。 凡牧地，曰草場，曰荒地，曰熟地，嚴禁令而封表之。 凡牧人，曰恩軍，曰隊軍，曰改編之軍，曰充發之軍，曰召募之軍，曰抽選之軍，皆籍而食之。 凡馬駒，歲籍其監苑之數，上於兵部，以聽考課。 監正、副掌監苑之牧事，圉長帥羣長而阜蕃馬匹。
Stud Farms. One Director at rank 3b, one Vice Director at rank 4a, and Assistant Directors without fixed numbers at rank 6a; subordinates included one Recorder at rank 7b; each stud farm had one Superintendent at rank 9a, one Assistant Superintendent at rank 9b, and one Clerk. Each stud had one Stable Master. Stable Masters at rank 9b managed horse administration for six superintendencies and twenty-four studs, subject to the Ministry of War. Studs were graded in three classes by area: upper studs pastured ten thousand horses, middle studs seven thousand, and lower studs four thousand. Pasture land was classified as meadow, wasteland, or cultivated land; strict prohibitions were enforced and boundaries marked. Herdsmen were classified as favor troops, company troops, reorganized troops, conscripted troops, recruited troops, and selected troops; all were registered and provisioned. Each year the number of foals in each superintendent's stud was registered and reported to the Ministry of War for performance evaluation. Superintendents and assistant superintendents managed pasturing in their superintendencies and studs; Stable Masters led herd leaders in breeding and multiplying the horses.
47
永樂四年，置苑馬寺凡四：北直隸、遼東、平涼、甘肅。 五年，增設北直隸苑馬寺六監二十四苑。 順義、長春、鹹和、馴良四苑，隸清河監。 水州、隆萃、大牧、遂甯，隸金臺監。 汧池、鹿鳴、龍河、長興，隸涿鹿監。 遼陽、龍山、萬安、蕃昌，隸盧龍監。 清流、廣蕃、龍泉、松林，隸香山監。 河陽、崇義、興甯、永成，隸通州監。 六年增甘肅、平涼二寺監。 每寺各六監二十四苑。 十八年，革北京苑馬寺，併入太僕。 正統四年，革甘肅苑馬寺，改牧恩軍於黑水口，隸長樂監。 弘治二年革平涼寺丞一員。 十七年，都御史楊一清奏請行太僕、苑馬二寺員缺，簡選才望參政、副使補升卿，參議、僉事補升少卿，以振馬政。 十八年又請添設寺員。 嘉靖三十二年，以遼東寺卿張思兼轄金、復、蓋州三衛軍民。 四十二年，又命帶理兵備事。
In Yongle year 4 four Stud Farms were established, in North Zhili, Liaodong, Pingliang, and Gansu. In year 5 six superintendencies and twenty-four studs were added to the North Zhili Stud Farm. The Shunyi, Changchun, Xianhe, and Xunliang studs were subject to the Qinghe Superintendent. Shuizhou, Longcui, Damu, and Suining were subject to the Jintai Superintendent. Qianchi, Luming, Longhe, and Changxing were subject to the Zhuolu Superintendent. Liaoyang, Longshan, Wan'an, and Fanchang were subject to the Lulong Superintendent. Qingliu, Guangfan, Longquan, and Songlin were subject to the Xiangshan Superintendent. Heyang, Chongyi, Xingning, and Yongcheng were subject to the Tongzhou Superintendent. In year 6 superintendencies were added to the Gansu and Pingliang Stud Farms. Each farm had six superintendencies and twenty-four studs. In year 18 the Beijing Stud Farm was abolished and merged into the Court of the Imperial Stud. In Zhengtong year 4 the Gansu Stud Farm was abolished; favor troops were reassigned to pasture at Heishui Pass under the Changle Superintendent. In Hongzhi year 2 one Assistant Director of the Pingliang Stud Farm was abolished. In year 17 Censor-in-Chief Yang Yiqing memorialized that vacant posts in the Court of the Imperial Stud and Stud Farms be filled by promoting talented Administration Vice Commissioners and Surveillance Vice Commissioners to Director and Administration Counselors and Regional Inspectors to Vice Director, to revitalize horse administration. In year 18 he again requested additional posts in the farms. In Jiajing year 32 Liaodong Stud Farm Director Zhang Si was concurrently charged with governing the military and civilian populations of the Jin, Fu, and Gaizhou guards. In year 42 he was also ordered to manage military preparedness affairs concurrently.
48
都轉運鹽使司。 都轉運使一人，從三品同知一人，從四品副使一人，從五品判官無定員。 從六品其屬，經歷司，經歷一人，從七品知事一人，從八品庫大使、副使各一人。 所轄，各場鹽課司大使、副使，各鹽倉大使、副使，各批驗所大使、副使，並一人。 俱未入流
Salt Transport Commission. One Grand Transport Commissioner at rank 3b, one Vice Commissioner at rank 4b, one Assistant Commissioner at rank 5b, and Transport Judges without fixed numbers. Subordinates at rank 6b included one Registry Director at rank 7b and one Registry Clerk at rank 8b in the Experience Office, and one Storehouse Grand Commissioner and one Deputy Commissioner. Under its jurisdiction each Salt Tax Office, salt warehouse, and inspection and verification office had one Grand Commissioner and one Deputy Commissioner. All were outside the regular rank stream.
49
都轉運使。 掌鹽監之事。 同知、副判分司之。 都轉運鹽使司凡六：曰兩淮，曰兩浙，曰長蘆，曰河東，曰山東，曰福建。 分司十四：泰州、淮安、通州隸兩淮，嘉興、松江、甯紹、溫臺隸兩浙，滄州、青州隸長蘆，膠萊、濱樂隸山東，解鹽東場、西場、中場隸河東。 分副使若副判蒞之，督各場倉鹽課司，以總於都轉運使，共奉巡鹽御史或鹽法道臣之政令。 福建、山東無巡鹽御史，餘詳《食貨志·鹽法》中。
Grand Transport Commissioner. He managed salt production and supervision affairs. The Vice Commissioner and Transport Judge divided supervision of subordinate offices. There were six Salt Transport Commissions: Liang-Huai, Liang-Zhe, Changlu, Hedong, Shandong, and Fujian. There were fourteen branch offices: Taizhou, Huai'an, and Tongzhou under Liang-Huai; Jiaxing, Songjiang, Ning-Shao, and Wen-Tai under Liang-Zhe; Cangzhou and Qingzhou under Changlu; Jiaolai and Binle under Shandong; and the eastern, western, and middle solution-salt fields under Hedong. Branch assistant commissioners or transport judges presided over them, supervising field offices, warehouses, and Salt Tax Offices and reporting to the Grand Transport Commissioner, jointly obeying the touring salt censor or salt-law circuit official. Fujian and Shandong had no touring salt censor; for the rest see "Salt Laws" in the Treatise on Food and Money.
50
鹽課提舉司。 提舉一人，從五品同提舉一人，從六品副提舉無定員。 從七品其屬，吏目一人，從九品庫大使、副使一人。 所轄，各鹽倉大使、副使，各場、各井鹽課司大使、副使，並一人。 提舉司凡七：曰四川，曰廣東海北，廉州曰黑鹽井，楚雄曰白鹽井，姚安曰安寧，曰五井，大理曰察罕腦兒。 又有遼東煎鹽提舉司。 提舉，正七品，同提舉，正八品，副提舉，正九品。 其職掌皆如都轉運司。
Salt Tax Office. One Tax Commissioner at rank 5b, one Vice Tax Commissioner at rank 6b, and Assistant Tax Commissioners without fixed numbers at rank 7b. Subordinates included one Clerical Officer at rank 9b and one Storehouse Grand Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner. Under its jurisdiction each salt warehouse, field, and well Salt Tax Office had one Grand Commissioner and one Deputy Commissioner. There were seven Salt Tax Offices: Sichuan; Guangdong Haibei; Heiyan Well at Lianzhou; Baiyan Well at Chuxiong; Anning and Wujing at Yao'an; and Chahan Naor in Dali. There was also the Liaodong Boiled-Salt Tax Office. For this office the Tax Commissioner was rank 7a, the Vice Tax Commissioner rank 8a, and the Assistant Tax Commissioner rank 9a. Their duties were the same as those of the Salt Transport Commission.
51
明初，置都轉運司於兩淮。 吳元年，置兩浙都轉運司於杭州，定都轉運使秩正三品，設同知，正四品副使，正五品運判，正六品經歷，正七品知事，正八品照磨、綱官，正九品鹽場設司令，從七品司丞，從八品百夫長。 省注洪武二年置長蘆、河東二都轉運司，及廣東海北鹽課提舉司，尋又置山東、福建二都轉運司。 三年，又於陝西察罕腦兒之地置鹽課提舉司，後漸增置各處。 建文中，改廣東提舉為都轉運司。 永樂初復故。 十四年，初命御史巡鹽。 景泰三年，罷長蘆、兩淮巡鹽御史，命撫、按官兼理。 已復遣御史，其無御史者，分按察司理之。 又洪武中，於四川置茶鹽都轉運司，洪武五年置，設官如都轉運鹽使司。 十年罷。 納溪、白渡二鹽馬司，洪武五年置，以常選官為司令，內使為司丞。 十三年罷，尋復置。 十五年，改設大使、副使各一人。 後並革。 又有順龍鹽馬司，亦革。
At the beginning of the dynasty a Salt Transport Commission was established in Liang-Huai. In Wu 1 the Liang-Zhe Salt Transport Commission was established at Hangzhou; the Grand Transport Commissioner was fixed at rank 3a, with a Vice Commissioner at rank 4a, Assistant Commissioner at rank 5a, Transport Judge at rank 6a, Registry Director at rank 7a, Archivist and Transport Overseer at rank 8a, Salt Field Commander at rank 9a, Assistant Director at rank 7b, and Company Officer at rank 8b. Provincial note: in Hongwu year 2 the Changlu and Hedong Salt Transport Commissions and the Guangdong Haibei Salt Tax Office were established; soon after the Shandong and Fujian Salt Transport Commissions were also established. In year 3 a Salt Tax Office was also established at Chahan Naor in Shaanxi; later such offices were gradually added in various places. During the Jianwen reign the Guangdong Salt Tax Office was changed to a Salt Transport Commission. At the beginning of Yongle the previous arrangement was restored. In year 14 censors were first dispatched to tour salt regions. In Jingtai year 3 touring salt censors for Changlu and Liang-Huai were abolished and grand coordinators and surveillance commissioners were ordered to handle the duty concurrently. Later censors were again dispatched; where there was no censor, the provincial surveillance commission divided responsibility. Also in the Hongwu reign a Tea and Salt Transport Commission was established in Sichuan in Hongwu year 5, with officials appointed like those of the Salt Transport Commission. It was abolished in year 10. The Naxi and Baidu Salt-and-Horse offices were established in Hongwu year 5, with regularly selected officials as commanders and eunuchs as assistant directors. They were abolished in year 13, then soon reestablished. In year 15 they were reorganized with one Grand Commissioner and one Deputy Commissioner each. Later both were abolished. There was also the Shunlong Salt-and-Horse Office, which was also abolished.
52
市舶提舉司。 提舉一人，從五品副提舉二人。 從六品其屬，吏目一人。 從九品掌海外諸蕃朝貢市易之事，辨其使人表文勘合之真偽，禁通番，徵私貨，平交易，閑其出入而慎館穀之。
Maritime Trade Office. One Trade Commissioner at rank 5b and two Vice Trade Commissioners at rank 6b. Subordinates included one Clerical Officer. At rank 9b he managed tribute and trade from overseas foreign states, verified envoys' memorials and inspection tallies, prohibited unauthorized contact with foreigners, levied contraband, balanced transactions, regulated entry and exit, and carefully provisioned guest lodging.
53
吳元年，置市舶提舉司。 洪武三年，罷太倉、黃渡市舶司。 七年，罷福建之泉州、浙江之明州、廣東之廣州三市舶司。 永樂元年復置，設官如洪武初制，尋命內臣提督之。 嘉靖元年，給事中夏言奏倭禍起於市舶，遂革福建、浙江二市舶司，惟存廣東市舶司。
In Wu 1 the Maritime Trade Office was established. In Hongwu year 3 the Taicang and Huangdu maritime trade offices were abolished. In year 7 the maritime trade offices at Quanzhou in Fujian, Mingzhou in Zhejiang, and Guangzhou in Guangdong were abolished. In Yongle 1 they were reestablished with officials as in the early Hongwu system; soon eunuchs were ordered to supervise them. In Jiajing 1 Supervising Secretary Xia Yan memorialized that Japanese piracy troubles originated in maritime trade, so the Fujian and Zhejiang maritime trade offices were abolished, leaving only the Guangdong office.
54
茶馬司。 大使一人，正九品副使一人，從九品掌市馬之事。 洪武中，置洮州、秦州、河州三茶馬司，設司令、司丞。 十五年改設大使、副使各一人，尋罷洮州茶馬司，以河州茶馬司兼領之。 三十年，改秦州茶馬司為西寧茶馬司。 又洪武中，置四川永甯茶馬司，後革，復置雅州碉門茶馬司。 又於廣西置慶遠裕民司，洪武七年置，設大使一人，從八品，副使一人，正九品。 市八番溪洞之馬，後亦革。
Tea and Horse Office. One Grand Commissioner at rank 9a and one Deputy Commissioner at rank 9b managed horse-trading affairs. In the Hongwu reign three Tea and Horse Offices were established at Taozhou, Qinzhou, and Hezhou, with commanders and assistant directors. In year 15 they were reorganized with one Grand Commissioner and one Deputy Commissioner each; soon the Taozhou office was abolished and the Hezhou Tea and Horse Office took charge of its duties. In year 30 the Qinzhou Tea and Horse Office was renamed the Xining Tea and Horse Office. Also in the Hongwu reign the Yongning Tea and Horse Office was established in Sichuan; later abolished, then the Diaomen Tea and Horse Office at Yazhou was reestablished. Also in Guangxi the Qingyuan Yumin Office was established in Hongwu year 7, with one Grand Commissioner at rank 8b and one Deputy Commissioner at rank 9a. It traded horses from the eight fan tribes of the streams and caves; later it too was abolished.
55
府。 知府一人，正四品同知，正五品通判無定員，正六品推官一人。 正七品其屬，經歷司經歷一人，正八品知事一人。 正九品照磨所，照磨一人，從九品檢校一人。 司獄司，司獄一人。 所轄別見
Prefecture. One Prefect at rank 4a, one Vice Prefect at rank 5a, Magistrates without fixed numbers at rank 6a, and one Push Officer at rank 7a. Subordinates included one Registry Director at rank 8a and one Registry Clerk at rank 9a in the Experience Office. The Archives Office had one Archivist at rank 9a and one Proofreader at rank 9b. The Prison Office had one Prison Director. Jurisdiction is listed separately.
56
知府，掌一府之政，宣風化，平獄訟，均賦役，以教養百姓。 每三歲，察屬吏之賢否，上下其考，以達於省，上吏部。 凡朝賀、弔祭，視布政使司，直隸府得專達。 凡詔赦、例令、勘答刂至，謹受之，下所屬奉行。 所屬之政，皆受約束於府，劑量輕重而令之，大者白於撫、按、布、按，議允乃行。 凡賓興科貢，提調學校，修明祀典之事，鹹掌之。 若籍帳、軍匠、驛遞、馬牧、盜賊、倉庫、河渠、溝防、道路之事，雖有專官，皆總領而稽覈之。 同知、通判分掌清軍、巡捕、管糧、治農、水利、屯田、牧馬等事。 無常職，各府所掌不同，如延安、延綏同知又兼牧民，餘不盡載。 無定員。 邊府同知有增至六、七員者。 推官理刑名，贊計典。 各府推官，洪武三年始設。 經歷、照磨、檢校受發上下文移，磨勘六房宗卷。
The Prefect managed a prefecture's affairs, spread moral influence, adjudicated litigation, equalized levies and corvée, and nurtured and taught the people. Every three years he assessed subordinate officials' competence, adjusted their evaluations, and reported through the province to the Ministry of Personnel. For court congratulations and mourning sacrifices he followed the Provincial Administration Commission; directly administered prefectures could report directly. When imperial amnesties, regulations, and official dispatches arrived, he received them reverently and ordered subordinates to carry them out. All subordinate administration was bound by the prefecture; he weighed matters by importance and issued orders; major matters were reported to the grand coordinator, surveillance commissioner, and administration and surveillance commissions, and executed only after agreement. He fully managed provincial examinations, coordinated schools, and maintained sacrificial statutes. For household registers, military artisans, courier relay, horse pasturing, banditry, warehouses, rivers, ditches, embankments, and roads—though there were specialized officials—he oversaw and audited them all. The Vice Prefect and Magistrate divided responsibility for troop muster rolls, patrol and arrest, grain management, agriculture, waterworks, military colonies, and horse pasturing. They had no fixed duties; each prefecture differed, as when the Yan'an and Yansui vice prefects also herded the people—not all are recorded here. Without fixed numbers. In border prefectures vice prefects were sometimes increased to six or seven. The Push Officer handled criminal cases and assisted in fiscal administration. Push Officers in all prefectures were first established in Hongwu year 3. Registry Directors, Archivists, and Proofreaders sent and received documents up and down and audited the main files of the six sections.
57
明初，改諸路為府。 洪武六年，分天下府三等：糧二十萬石以上為上府，知府秩從三品； 二十萬石以下為中府，知府正四品； 十萬石以下為下府，知府，從四品。 已，並為正四品。 七年，減北方府州縣官三百八人。 十三年，選國子學生二十四人為府州縣官。 六月罷各府照磨。 二十七年復置。 自宣德三年棄交阯布政司，計天下府凡一百五十有九。
At the beginning of the dynasty all lu circuits were changed to prefectures. In Hongwu year 6 prefectures nationwide were divided into three grades: upper prefectures with more than 200,000 shi of grain had prefects at rank 3b; middle prefectures with less than 200,000 shi had prefects at rank 4a; lower prefectures with less than 100,000 shi had prefects at rank 4b. Later all were made rank 4a. In year 7 three hundred eight officials in northern prefectures, departments, and counties were reduced. In year 13 twenty-four students of the Imperial Academy were selected as prefecture, department, and county officials. In the sixth month Archivists in all prefectures were abolished. In year 27 (1394) they were restored. After the Jiaozhi Provincial Administration Commission was abandoned in Xuande year 3 (1428), prefectures nationwide numbered one hundred fifty-nine.
58
州。 知州一人，從五品同知，從六品判官無定員，從七品。 裏不及三十而無屬縣，裁同知、判官。 有屬縣，裁同知。 其屬，吏目一人，從九品。 所轄別見。
Department. One Department Magistrate at rank 5b, one Vice Magistrate at rank 6b, and Assistant Magistrates without fixed numbers at rank 7b. If registered households totaled less than thirty li and there were no subordinate counties, the Vice Magistrate and Assistant Magistrates were cut. If there were subordinate counties, only the Vice Magistrate was cut. Subordinates included one Clerical Officer at rank 9b. Jurisdiction is listed separately.
59
知州，掌一州之政。 凡州二：有屬州，有直隸州。 屬州視縣，直隸州視府，而品秩則同。 同知、判官，俱視其事州之繁簡，以供厥職。 計天下州凡二百三十有四。
The Department Magistrate managed a department's affairs. Departments fell into two types: subordinate departments and directly controlled departments. Subordinate departments were treated like counties and directly controlled departments like prefectures, though their ranks were identical. Vice Magistrates and Assistant Magistrates were both appointed according to how demanding the department was, that they might fulfill their posts. Departments nationwide numbered two hundred thirty-four.
60
縣。 知縣一人，正七品縣丞一人，正八品主簿一人，正九品其屬，典史一人。 所轄別見
County. One County Magistrate at rank 7a, one Assistant Magistrate at rank 8a, one Recorder at rank 9a; subordinates included one Clerical Officer. Jurisdiction is listed separately.
61
知縣，掌一縣之政。 凡賦役，歲會實徵，十年造黃冊，以丁產為差。 賦有金谷、布帛及諸貨物之賦，役有力役、僱役、借債不時之役，皆視天時休咎，地利豐耗，人力貧富，調劑而均節之。 歲歉則請於府若省蠲減之。 凡養老、祀神、貢士、讀法、表善良、恤窮乏、稽保甲、嚴緝捕、聽獄訟，皆躬親厥職而勤慎焉。 若山海澤藪之產，足以資國用者，則按籍而致貢。 縣丞、主簿分掌糧馬、巡捕之事。 典史典文移出納。 如無縣丞，或無主簿，則分領丞簿職。 縣丞、主簿，添革不一。 若編戶不及二十里者並裁。
The County Magistrate managed a county's affairs. For levies and corvée he annually reconciled actual collections; every ten years he compiled the Yellow Register, distinguishing households by adult males and property. Levies covered grain, money, cloth, and other goods; corvée covered labor service, hired service, and emergency levies—all balanced according to the season's fortune, the land's yield, and the people's means. In years of famine he petitioned the prefecture or province for remission or reduction. Whether caring for the aged, sacrificing to the gods, recommending scholars, reading the law aloud, commending the virtuous, relieving the poor, auditing the baojia rolls, tightening pursuit of criminals, or hearing lawsuits—he attended to each duty himself, with diligence and care. Where products of mountains, seas, marshes, and wetlands could serve the state's needs, he registered them and forwarded tribute according to the rolls. The Assistant Magistrate and Recorder divided grain supplies, horses, and patrol and arrest. The Clerical Officer kept documents and handled receipts and disbursements. If there was no Assistant Magistrate or no Recorder, the Clerical Officer assumed their duties. Assistant Magistrates and Recorders were added or abolished without uniform rule. Where registered households totaled less than twenty li, both posts were abolished.
62
吳元年，定縣三等：糧十萬石以下為上縣，知縣從六品； 六萬石以下為中縣，知縣正七品； 三萬石以下為下縣，知縣從七品。 已，並為正七品。 凡新授郡縣官，給道里費。 洪武元年，徵天下賢才為府州縣職，敕命厚賜，以勵其廉恥，又敕諭之至於再。 三十七年，定府州縣條例八事，頒示天下，永為遵守。 是時，天下府州縣官廉能正直者，必遣行人齎敕往勞，增秩賜金。 仁、宣之際猶然，英、憲而下日罕。 自後益重內輕外，此風絕矣。 計天下縣凡一千一百七十有一。
In the Wu reign year counties were graded in three tiers: upper counties, with grain levies below 100,000 shi, had county magistrates at rank 6b; middle counties, with less than 60,000 shi, had county magistrates at rank 7a; lower counties, with less than 30,000 shi, had county magistrates at rank 7b. Later all were standardized at rank 7a. All newly appointed prefecture and county officials were granted travel expenses. In Hongwu 1 (1368) the court summoned talented men from across the realm to serve in prefectures, departments, and counties, issuing edicts with generous gifts to stir their sense of honor, and repeating its admonitions again and again. In year 37 (1404) eight regulations for prefectures, departments, and counties were established and issued to the realm as rules to be observed in perpetuity. At that time, whenever a local official in a prefecture, department, or county proved honest, capable, and upright, the court sent an envoy bearing an imperial edict to praise him, raising his rank and bestowing gold. Under the Hongxi and Xuande reigns this still held; from the Yingzong and Xianzong reigns onward it grew rare. Thereafter the court prized the inner administration over the outer provinces ever more heavily, until the custom died out altogether. Counties nationwide numbered one thousand one hundred seventy-one.
63
儒學。 府，教授一人，從九品訓導四人。 州，學正一人，訓導三人。 縣，教諭一人，訓導二人。 教授、學正、教諭，掌教誨所屬生員，訓導佐之。 凡生員廩膳、增廣，府學四十人，州學三十人，縣學二十人，附學生無定數。 儒學官月課士子之藝業而獎勵之。 凡學政遵臥碑，咸聽於提學憲臣提調，府聽於府，州聽於州，縣聽於縣。 其殿最視鄉舉之有無多寡。
Confucian schools. At prefectures: one Professor and four Assistant Instructors. At departments: one Director of Studies and three Assistant Instructors. At counties: one Instructor and two Assistant Instructors. Professors, Directors of Studies, and Instructors taught the students under their charge; Assistant Instructors assisted. Stipendiary and expanded-enrollment students numbered forty at prefectural schools, thirty at departmental schools, and twenty at county schools; supplementary students had no fixed quota. Each month Confucian school officials examined the students' literary work and rewarded merit. All educational affairs followed the Sleeping Stele and were directed by the education intendant; prefectural schools answered to the prefecture, departmental schools to the department, and county schools to the county. Their merit ratings depended on how many candidates they sent up in provincial examinations.
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巡檢司。 巡檢、副巡檢，俱從九品主緝捕盜賊，盤詰奸偽。 凡在外各府州縣關津要害處俱設，俾率徭役弓兵警備不虞。 初，洪武二年，以廣西地接瑤、僮，始於關隘沖要之處設巡檢司，以警奸盜，後遂增置各處。 十三年二月，特賜敕諭之，尋改為雜職。
Inspection posts. Inspectors and Deputy Inspectors, both at rank 9b, chiefly pursued bandits and thieves and interrogated the suspicious. They were established at passes and strategic points throughout the outer prefectures, departments, and counties, leading corvée archers to guard against sudden trouble. At first, in Hongwu year 2 (1369), because Guangxi bordered Yao and Zhuang territory, inspection posts were established at critical passes to guard against thieves and bandits; later they were added throughout the realm. In the second month of year 13 (1380) they received a special imperial admonition; soon afterward they were reclassified as miscellaneous posts outside the regular ranks.
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驛。 驛丞典郵傳迎送之事。 凡舟車、夫馬、廩糗、庖饌、裯帳，視使客之品秩，僕夫之多寡，而謹供應之。 支直於府若州縣，而籍其出入。 巡檢、驛丞，各府州縣有無多寡不同。
Courier stations. Station Directors managed postal relay and the receiving and sending of travelers. Boats, carts, porters, horses, grain rations, kitchens, bedding, and tents were all carefully furnished according to the traveler's rank and the size of his retinue. Expenses were drawn from the prefecture, department, or county, and all income and outgo were recorded. Inspection posts and station directors varied in number among prefectures, departments, and counties.
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稅課司。 府曰司，縣曰局。 大使一人，從九品典稅事。 凡商賈、僧屠、雜市，皆有常徵，以時榷而輸其直於府若縣。 凡民間貿田宅，必操契券請印，乃得收戶，則徵其直百之三。 明初，改在京官店為宣課司，府州縣官店為通課司，後改通課司為稅課司、局。
Tax offices. At prefectures they were called offices; at counties, bureaus. One Grand Commissioner at rank 9b managed tax affairs. Merchants, monks, butchers, and miscellaneous markets all paid fixed levies; taxes were collected in season and the proceeds forwarded to the prefecture or county. Whenever common people traded fields or houses, they had to present deeds for official stamping before registration could be accepted; then a levy of three percent of the price was collected. At the beginning of the dynasty, capital official shops became the Revenue Collection Office; prefectural, departmental, and county official shops became the General Revenue Office; later the General Revenue Office was renamed tax offices and bureaus.
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倉。 大使一人，府從九品，州縣未入流副使一人，庫大使一人。 州縣設。
Warehouses. One Grand Commissioner—at prefectures rank 9b; at departments and counties outside the regular ranks—one Deputy Commissioner, and one Storehouse Grand Commissioner. Established at departments and counties.
68
織染雜造局。 大使一人，從九品，州織染局未入流。 副使一人。
Dyeing and miscellaneous manufacture offices. One Grand Commissioner at rank 9b; at departmental dyeing offices, outside the regular ranks. One Deputy Commissioner.
69
河泊所官，掌收魚稅； 閘官、壩官，掌啟閉蓄泄。 洪武十五年，定天下河泊所凡二百五十二。 歲課糧五千石以上至萬石者，設官三人； 千石以上設二人； 三百石以上設一人。
River fisheries officials collected the fish tax; sluice officials and dam officials controlled opening, closing, storage, and release. In Hongwu year 15 (1382) river fisheries offices nationwide were fixed at two hundred fifty-two. Where annual revenue in grain reached five thousand shi or more up to ten thousand shi, three officials were established; where it reached one thousand shi or more, two; where it reached three hundred shi or more, one.
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批驗所。 大使一人，副使一人，掌驗茶鹽引。
Inspection and verification offices. One Grand Commissioner and one Deputy Commissioner verified tea and salt transit permits.
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遞運所。 大使一人，副使一人，掌運遞糧物。 洪武九年始置。 先是，在外多以衛所戍守軍士傳送軍囚，太祖以其有妨練習守禦，乃命兵部增置各處遞運所，以便遞送。 設大使、副使各一人，驗夫多寡，設百夫長以領之。 後汰副使，革百夫長。
Relay transport offices. One Grand Commissioner and one Deputy Commissioner transported relay goods and grain. First established in Hongwu year 9 (1376). Previously, outside the capital garrison troops of guard units were often used to escort military prisoners; the Founding Emperor, finding this interfered with drill and frontier defense, ordered the Ministry of War to add relay transport offices throughout the realm to facilitate transport. One Grand Commissioner and one Deputy Commissioner were established; according to the number of porters, centurions were appointed to command them. Later the Deputy Commissioner was abolished and the centurions removed.
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鐵冶所。 大使一人，副使一人。 洪武七年初置。 凡十三所，每所置大使、副使各一人。 初，大使，正八品，副使，正九品，後俱為未入流。
Ironworks. One Grand Commissioner and one Deputy Commissioner. First established in Hongwu year 7 (1374). Thirteen offices in all; each had one Grand Commissioner and one Deputy Commissioner. At first the Grand Commissioner was rank 8a and the Deputy Commissioner rank 9a; later both were placed outside the regular ranks.
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醫學。 府，正科一人。 從九品州，典科一人。 縣，訓科一人。 洪武十七年置，設官不給祿。
Medical schools. At prefectures: one Chief Physician. At departments: one Associate Physician at rank 9b. At counties: one Instructor in Medicine. Established in Hongwu year 17 (1384); posts were created but no salary was provided.
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陰陽學。 府，正術一人。 從九品州，典術一人。 縣，訓術一人。 亦洪武十七年置，設官不給祿。
Schools of yin-yang. At prefectures: one Chief Master of Arts. At departments: one Associate Master of Arts at rank 9b. At counties: one Instructor in Arts. Also established in Hongwu year 17; posts were created but no salary was provided.
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府僧綱司，都綱一人，從九品副都綱一人。 州僧正司，僧正一人。 縣僧會司，僧會一人。 府道紀司，都紀一人，從九品副都紀一人。 州道正司，道正一人。 縣道會司，道會一人。 俱洪武十五年置，設官不給祿。
At prefectures the Buddhist Registry Office had one Chief Abbot at rank 9b and one Deputy Chief Abbot. At departments the Buddhist Rectory Office had one Abbot. Each county had a Buddhist Association Office with one Buddhist Association Head. Each prefecture had a Taoist Registry Office with one Chief Taoist Registrar and one Deputy Chief Taoist Registrar at rank 9b. Each department had a Taoist Rectory Office with one Taoist Director. Each county had a Taoist Association Office with one Taoist Association Head. All were established in Hongwu year 15; officials were appointed but received no salary.