1
公侯伯駙馬都尉附儀賓五軍都督府京營京衛錦衣衛附旗手等衛南京守備南京五軍都督府南京衛王府護衛附儀衛司總兵官留守司都司附行都司各衛各所宣慰司宣撫司安撫司招討司長官司附蠻夷長官司軍民府附土州土縣
Dukes, marquises, and earls; chief commandants for imperial sons-in-law (with ceremonial guests appended); the five chief military commissions; the capital garrison; capital guards; the Embroidered Uniform Guard (with archery and related guards); Nanjing garrison command; Nanjing five chief military commissions; Nanjing guards; princely household guards (with ceremonial guard offices); regional commander-in-chief; garrison command; regional military commissions (with traveling commissions); every guard and battalion; pacification commissions; pacification superintendent commissions; comforting commissions; pacification and suppression commissions; native official posts (with native chieftain posts); military-civilian prefectures (with native prefectures and subprefectures).
2
公、侯、伯,凡三等,以封功臣及外戚,皆有流有世。 功臣則給鐵券,封號四等:佐太祖定天下者,曰開國輔運推誠; 從成祖起兵,曰奉天靖難推誠; 餘曰奉天翊運推誠,曰奉天翊衛推誠。 武臣曰宣力武臣,文臣曰守正文臣。 歲祿以功為差。 已封而又有功,仍爵或進爵,增祿。 其才而賢者,充京營總督,五軍都督府掌僉書,南京守備,或出充鎮守總兵官,否則食祿奉朝請而已。 年幼而嗣爵者,鹹入國子監讀書。 嘉靖八年,定外戚封爵毋許世襲,其有世襲一二代者,出特恩。
Dukes, marquises, and earls formed three ranks, conferred on meritorious ministers and imperial relatives by marriage; titles could be either non-hereditary or hereditary. Meritorious ministers received iron certificates. There were four grades of ennoblement title: those who had aided the founding emperor in establishing the realm were styled "Loyal in Founding the State, Aiding the Mandate, and Advancing Sincerity"; those who had followed the Yongle Emperor in raising troops were styled "Loyal to Heaven in Pacifying Disorder and Advancing Sincerity"; all others were styled either "Loyal to Heaven in Supporting the Mandate and Advancing Sincerity" or "Loyal to Heaven in Supporting the Guard and Advancing Sincerity." For military ministers the epithet was "minister who proclaims his strength"; for civil ministers, "minister who upholds correctness." Annual stipends were graded according to merit. Those already ennobled who rendered further service might retain their title or be promoted, with increased stipends. Men of talent and character might be appointed superintendent of the capital garrison, chief secretary in a Five Armies Commission, Nanjing garrison commander, or dispatched as regional commander-in-chief; otherwise they merely received stipends and attended court as honorary officials. Heirs who succeeded while still young were all sent to study at the Directorate of Education. In Jiajing 8 (1529) it was decreed that titles granted to imperial affines by marriage must not pass by hereditary succession; where one or two generations of inheritance were allowed, that was a special grace.
3
駙馬都尉,位在伯上。 凡尚大長公主、長公主、公主,並曰駙馬都尉。 其尚郡主、縣主、郡君、縣君、鄉君者,並曰儀賓。 歲祿各有差,皆不得與政事。 明初,駙馬都尉有典兵出鎮及掌府部事者。 建文時,梅殷為鎮守淮安總兵官,李堅為左副將軍。 成祖時,李讓掌北京行部事。 仁宗時沐昕,宣宗時宋琥,並守備南京。 英宗時,趙輝掌南京左府事。 其餘惟奉祀孝陵,攝行廟祭,署宗人府事。 往往受命,一充其任。 若恩親侯李貞,永春侯王甯,京山侯崔元,以恩澤封侯,非制也。
The chief commandant for an imperial son-in-law ranked above an earl. Whoever married the emperor's senior paternal aunt, paternal aunt, or daughter received the title chief commandant for the imperial son-in-law. Marriages to a commandery princess, county princess, or the lesser noble ladies of commandery, county, or township rank conferred the title ceremonial guest. Annual stipends varied by rank, and none of these men might participate in state affairs. Early in the dynasty, some chief commandants for imperial sons-in-law commanded armies on garrison duty or headed ministry offices. Under Emperor Jianwen, Mei Yin was regional commander-in-chief at Huai'an and Li Jian left deputy general. Under the Yongle Emperor, Li Rang directed the traveling ministry at Beijing. Under Hongxi, Mu Xin; under Xuande, Song Hu—both held Nanjing garrison command. Under Zhengtong, Zhao Hui directed the left office of the Nanjing ministry. Otherwise they only offered sacrifice at the Xiaoling mausoleum, presided over temple rites, or acted in the Court of the Imperial Clan. When given an appointment, they usually discharged that one duty alone. Enfeoffments such as Li Zhen as Marquis of Enqin, Wang Ning as Marquis of Yongchun, and Cui Yuan as Marquis of Jingshan—marquisates granted through favor rather than merit—were irregular.
4
中軍、左軍、右軍、前軍、後軍五都督府,每府左、右都督,正一品都督同知,從一品都督僉事,正二品,恩功寄祿,無定員。 其屬,經歷司,經歷,從五品都事,從七品各一人。
The five commissions—Central, Left, Right, Forward, and Rear—each had left and right commanders-in-chief (first rank), vice commanders-in-chief (second rank), and assistant commanders-in-chief (third rank); grace and merit appointments carried stipends but had no fixed establishment. Subordinate to each commission was a Registry: one Registrar (fifth rank) and one Secretary (seventh rank).
5
都督府掌軍旅之事,各領其都司、衛所,詳見《兵志·衛所》中以達於兵部。 凡武職,世官流官、土官襲替、優養、優給,所屬上之府,移兵部請選。 既選,移府,以下之都司、衛所。 首領官聽吏部選授,給由亦如之。 凡武官誥敕、俸糧、水陸步騎操練、官舍旗役並試、軍情聲息、軍伍勾補、邊腹地圖、文冊、屯種、器械、舟車、薪葦之事,並移所司而綜理之。 凡各省、各鎮鎮守總兵官,副總兵,並以三等真、署都督及公、侯、伯充之。 有大徵討,則掛諸號將軍或大將軍、前將軍、副將軍印總兵出,既事,納之。 其各府之掌印及僉書,率皆公、侯、伯。 間有屬老將之實為都督者,不能十一也。
The commissions managed military affairs, each overseeing its regional commissions, guards, and battalions (see the Treatise on Military Affairs, "Guards and Battalions") and reporting to the Ministry of War. For every military post—hereditary, appointive, native succession, preferential maintenance or grants—the subordinate office reported to its commission, which referred the matter to the Ministry of War for selection. After selection, the commission notified the regional commissions, guards, and battalions below. Head officers were appointed on nomination by the Ministry of Personnel, with patents issued accordingly. Patents and edicts, pay and rations, land and naval drill, quarters and banner service (including examinations), intelligence, musters and replacements, frontier maps and registers, garrison agriculture, arms, transport, and fuel—all were routed through the appropriate offices and coordinated by the commissions. Provincial and circuit regional commanders-in-chief and their deputies were normally filled by substantive or acting commanders of the three grades, or by dukes, marquises, and earls. On major campaigns they were given seals bearing titles such as General, Grand General, Forward General, or Deputy General and took command in the field; when the campaign ended, the seals were surrendered. The men who held the commission seals and served as chief secretaries were almost always dukes, marquises, or earls. Only occasionally was a veteran who actually held the rank of commander-in-chief appointed—fewer than one in ten.
6
初,太祖下集慶,即置行樞密院,自領之。 又置諸翼統軍元帥府。 尋罷樞密院,改置大都督府。 以硃文正為大都督,節制中外諸軍事,設司馬、參軍、經歷、都事等官。 又增設左、右都督,同知,副使,僉事,照磨各一人,並設斷事官。 定制,大都督從一品,左、右都督正二品,同知都督從二品,副都督正三品,僉都督從三品,經歷從五品,都事從七品; 統軍元帥府元帥正三品,同知元帥從三品,副使正四品,經歷正七品,知事從八品,照磨正九品; 又以都鎮撫司隸大都督府,先是屬中書省秩從四品。 尋罷統軍元帥府。 吳元年,更定官制,罷大都督不設,以左、右都督為長官,正一品同知都督,從一品副都督,正二品僉都督,從二品俱升品秩。 其屬,設參議,正四品經歷,斷事官,從五品都事,正七品照磨從七品洪武九年,罷副都督,改參議為掌判官。 十二年,升都督僉事為正二品,掌判官為正三品。 十三年,始改都督府為五軍都督府,分領在京各衛所,惟錦衣等親軍,上直衛不隸五府。 及在外各都司、衛所,以中軍都督府斷事官為五軍斷事官。 十五年,置五軍十衛參軍府,設左、右參軍。 十七年,五軍各設左、右斷事二人,提控案牘一人,並從九品二十三年,升五軍斷事官為正五品,總治五軍刑獄。 分為五司,司設稽仁、稽義、稽禮、稽智、稽信五人,俱正七品,各理其軍之刑獄。 二十九年,置五軍照磨所,專掌文牘。 建文中,革斷事及五司官。 永樂元年,設北京留守行後軍都督府,置左、右都督,都督同知,都督僉事,無定員,經歷、都事各一人。 後又分五府,稱行在五軍都督府。 十八年,除「行在。」 字,在應天者加「南京。」 字。 洪熙元年,復稱行在,仍設行後府。 宣德三年又革。 正統六年,復除「行在。」 字。
When the founding emperor first took Jiqing, he established a traveling Bureau of Military Affairs and directed it personally. He also set up generalissimo headquarters for the various wings. The bureau was soon abolished and replaced by the Chief Military Commission. Zhu Wenzheng became chief commander with authority over all military affairs; marshals, staff officers, registrars, and secretaries were appointed. Left and right commanders-in-chief, vice commanders, assistant commanders, registrars, and secretaries were added (one of each), along with judicial officers. Regulations fixed the chief commander at second rank, left and right commanders at third rank, vice commanders at fourth, assistant commanders at fifth, registrars at sixth, and secretaries at eighth; at wing headquarters the generalissimo was third rank, vice generalissimo fourth, deputy fifth, registrar eighth, secretary ninth, and registrar-clerk ninth; the Commission for Military Pacification was placed under the Chief Military Commission, having previously been a fourth-rank office under the Secretariat. The wing generalissimo headquarters were soon abolished. In Wu 1 the system was revised: the chief commander was abolished; left and right commanders-in-chief became chiefs (first rank), vice commanders second rank, assistant commanders third—all ranks were raised. Subordinates were Counselors (fourth rank), Registrars, Judicial Officers (fifth rank), Secretaries (seventh rank), and Registrar-Clerks (seventh rank). In Hongwu 9 the vice commander was abolished and Counselor became Chief Adjudicator. In Hongwu 12 assistant commanders were raised to second rank and chief adjudicators to third. In Hongwu 13 the commission became five commissions, each overseeing capital guards and battalions; the Embroidered Uniform Guard, personal guards, and imperial guard were excluded. Outside the capital, the Central Commission's judicial officer served as judicial officer for all five commissions. In Hongwu 15 the Five Armies Ten Guards Staff Office was set up with left and right staff officers. In Hongwu 17 each army appointed two left and right judicial officers and one records controller (ninth rank). In Hongwu 23 the Five Armies judicial officers were raised to fifth rank to oversee military justice. Five offices were created, each with five seventh-rank officers—Investigating Humanity, Righteousness, Rites, Wisdom, and Trustworthiness—who handled that army's cases. In Hongwu 29 the Five Armies Registry Office was established solely to manage documents. Under Jianwen the judicial officers and five offices were abolished. In Yongle 1 the Beijing Rear Garrison traveling commission was established with left and right commanders, vice and assistant commanders (no fixed quota), one registrar, and one secretary. It was later split into five commissions called the Traveling Five Chief Military Commissions. In year 18 the designation "Traveling [at court]" was dropped. For offices at Yingtian, the prefix "Nanjing" was added. (closing the designation.) In Hongxi 1 the "Traveling" designation was restored and the traveling rear commission re-established. In Xuande 3 it was abolished again. In Zhengtong 6 the "Traveling [at court]" designation was removed again. (closing the designation.)
7
京營,永樂二十二年,置三大營,曰五軍營,曰神機營,曰三千營。 五軍、神機各設中軍、左右哨、左右掖; 五軍、三千各設五司。 每營俱選勳臣二人提督之。 其諸營管哨、掖官,曰坐營,曰坐司。 各哨、掖官,亦率以勳臣為之。 又設把總、把司、把牌等官。 又有圍子手、幼官、舍人、殫忠、效義諸營,俱附五軍營中。 景泰元年選三營精銳立十團營,蒞以總兵,統以總督,監以內臣。 其舊設者,號為老營。 三老營凡六提督,內選其二領團營。 成化三年,分團營為十二,每營又各分五軍、三千統騎兵,神機統火器。 其各營統領,俱擇都督、都指揮或列爵充之,以總督統轄之。 正德中,又選團營精銳,置東西兩官廳,另設總兵、參將統領。 嘉靖二十九年,革團營官廳,仍並三大營,改三千曰神樞,設副、參、遊、佐、坐營、號頭、中軍、千把總等官。 五軍營:戰兵一營,左副將一; 戰兵二營,練勇參將一; 車兵三營,參將一; 車兵四營,遊擊將軍一; 城守五營,佐擊將軍一; 戰兵六營,右副將一; 戰兵七營,練勇參將一; 車兵八營,參將一; 車兵九營,遊擊將軍一; 城守十營,佐擊將軍一; 備兵坐營官一,大號頭官一。 已上部推。 監槍號頭官一,中軍官十一,隨徵千總四,隨營千總二十,選鋒把總八,把總一百三十八。 已上俱營推。 神樞營:戰兵一營,左副將一; 戰兵二營,練勇參將一; 車兵三營,參將一; 車兵四營,遊擊將軍一; 城守五營,佐擊將軍一; 戰兵六營,右副將一; 車兵七營,練勇參將一; 執事八營,參將一; 城守九營,佐擊將軍一; 城守十營,佐擊將軍一; 備兵坐營官一,大號頭官一。 已上部推。 監槍號頭官一,中軍官十一,千總二十,選鋒把總六,把總一百五十七。 已上俱營推。 神機營:戰兵一營,左副將一; 戰兵二營,練勇參將一; 車兵三營,遊擊將軍一; 車兵四營,佐擊將軍一; 城守五營,佐擊將軍一; 戰兵六營,右副將一; 車兵七營,練勇參將一; 城守八營,佐擊將軍一; 城守九營,佐擊將軍一; 城守十營,佐擊將軍一; 備兵坐營官一,大號頭官一。 已上部推。 監槍號頭官一,中軍官十一,千總二十,選鋒把總六,把總一百二十八。 已上俱營推。 通計三大營,共五百八十六員。 統以提督總兵官一員。 已,改提督曰總督,鑄「總督京營戎政。」 印,俾仇鸞佩之。 更設侍郎一人,協理京營戎政。 定巡視科道官歲一代更,悉革內侍官。 增設巡視主事,尋亦革。 隆慶初,仍以總督為提督,改協理為閱視,尋並改閱視為提督。 四年二月,更京營制,三營各設提督,又各設右都御史一員提督之。 九月,罷六提督,仍復總督戎政一人。 天啟初,增設協理一人,已,仍革一人。 崇禎初,復增一人。
The capital garrison: in Yongle 22 three great camps were created—the Five Armies Camp, Divine Engine Camp, and Three Thousand Camp. The Five Armies and Divine Engine camps each had a central army plus left and right vanguard, flank, and rear divisions; the Five Armies and Three Thousand camps each had five administrative offices. Each camp was supervised by two meritorious ministers appointed as superintendents. Officers over camps and their vanguard and flank units were called camp superintendent and office superintendent. Vanguard and flank officers were likewise usually drawn from meritorious ministers. Company commanders, office commanders, and placard officers were also appointed. Additional camps—Huntsmen, Junior Officers, Retainers, Devoted Loyalty, and Effective Righteousness—were all attached to the Five Armies Camp. In Jingtai 1 picked elites from the three camps formed the Ten Regiment Camps, under a regional commander, a superintendent, and a supervising eunuch. The earlier organization was termed the Old Camps. The three Old Camps had six superintendents; two of them also commanded the Regiment Camps. In Chenghua 3 the Regiment Camps became twelve; each was subdivided—the Five Armies and Three Thousand overseeing cavalry, the Divine Engine firearms. Each camp's commander was selected from commanders-in-chief, regional commanders, or titled nobles, under a single superintendent. Under Zhengde, elite regiment troops formed Eastern and Western Staff Halls with their own regional commanders and deputy generals. In Jiajing 29 the staff halls were abolished and the three camps reunited; the Three Thousand Camp became Divine Pivot, with deputies, assistants, mobile officers, adjutants, camp superintendents, signal chiefs, staff officers, and thousand- and company-commanders. Five Armies Camp—Battle Company 1: one left deputy general; Battle Company 2: one drill-brave deputy commander; Chariot Company 3: one deputy commander; Chariot Company 4: one mobile commander; Garrison Defense 5: one assistant mobile commander; Battle Company 6: one right deputy general; Battle Company 7: one drill-brave deputy commander; Chariot Company 8: one deputy commander; Chariot Company 9: one mobile commander; Garrison Defense 10: one assistant mobile commander; Reserve Company: one camp superintendent, one chief signal officer. These were appointed from the center. One supervising firearms signal officer, eleven staff officers, four campaign thousand-man commanders, twenty camp thousand-man commanders, eight vanguard company commanders, and one hundred thirty-eight company commanders. These were all selected within the camp. Divine Pivot Camp—Battle Company 1: one left deputy general; Battle Company 2: one drill-brave deputy commander; Chariot Company 3: one deputy commander; Chariot Company 4: one mobile commander; Garrison Defense 5: one assistant mobile commander; Battle Company 6: one right deputy general; Chariot Company 7: one drill-brave deputy commander; Ceremonial Company 8: one deputy commander; Garrison Defense 9: one assistant mobile commander; Garrison Defense 10: one assistant mobile commander; Reserve Company: one camp superintendent, one chief signal officer. These were appointed from above. One supervising firearms signal officer, eleven staff officers, twenty thousand-man commanders, six vanguard company commanders, and one hundred fifty-seven company commanders. These were all selected within the camp. Divine Engine Camp—Battle Company 1: one left deputy general; Battle Company 2: one drill-brave deputy commander; Chariot Company 3: one mobile commander; Chariot Company 4: one assistant mobile commander; Garrison Defense 5: one assistant mobile commander; Battle Company 6: one right deputy general; Chariot Company 7: one drill-brave deputy commander; Garrison Defense 8: one assistant mobile commander; Garrison Defense 9: one assistant mobile commander; Garrison Defense 10: one assistant mobile commander; Reserve Company: one camp superintendent, one chief signal officer. These were appointed from above. One supervising firearms signal officer, eleven staff officers, twenty thousand-man commanders, six vanguard company commanders, and one hundred twenty-eight company commanders. These were all selected within the camp. Across the three great camps there were five hundred eighty-six officers in total. A single regional commander-in-chief served as superintendent over all three. Later the superintendent was renamed governor, and a seal was cast inscribed "Governor of Capital Garrison Military Affairs." which Qiu Luan was ordered to wear. One vice minister was added to assist in capital garrison military affairs. Touring censorate and ministry officials were to rotate annually, and all eunuch offices were abolished. Touring supervising secretaries were added but soon abolished too. Early in Longqing the governor became superintendent again, "assist" became "inspect," and "inspect" soon became superintendent again. In month 2 of year 4 the garrison was reorganized: each camp got a superintendent, each supervised by a right censor-in-chief. In month 9 the six superintendents were abolished and one governor of military affairs restored. Early in Tianqi one assistant was added; later one assistant post was cut again. Early in Chongzhen one assistant was added once more.
8
京衛指揮使司,指揮使一人,正三品指揮同知二人,從三品指揮僉事四人。 正四品鎮撫司,鎮撫二人,從五品其屬,經歷司,經歷,從七品知事,正八品吏目,從九品倉大使、副使各一人。 所轄千戶所,多寡各不等。
Each capital guard command had one commander (third rank), two vice commanders (third rank), and four assistant commanders (fourth rank). A Pacification Office with two fifth-rank pacifiers; subordinates were a Registry (seventh-rank registrar), secretary (eighth rank), clerk (ninth rank), and one granary commissioner and deputy each. Subordinate thousand-man battalions varied in number.
9
京衛有上直衛,有南、北京衛,品秩並同。 各有掌印,有僉書。 其以恩廕寄祿,無定員。 凡上直衛親軍指揮使司,二十有六。 曰錦衣衛,曰旗手衛,曰金吾前衛。 曰金吾後衛,曰羽林左衛,曰羽林右衛,曰府軍衛,曰府軍左衛,曰府軍右衛,曰府軍前衛,曰府軍後衛,曰虎賁左衛。 是為上十二衛,洪武中置。 曰金吾左衛,曰金吾右衛,曰羽林前衛,曰燕山左衛,曰燕山右衛,曰燕山前衛,曰大興左衛,曰濟陽衛,曰濟州衛,曰通州衛。 是為上十衛,永樂中置。 曰騰驤左衛,曰騰驤右衛,曰武驤左衛,曰武驤右衛。 宣德八年置。 番上宿衛名親軍,以護宮禁,不隸五都督府。 其京衛隸都督府者,三十有三。 曰留守左衛,曰鎮南衛,曰驍騎右衛,曰龍虎衛,曰瀋陽左衛,曰瀋陽右衛,隸左軍都督府。 曰留守右衛,曰虎賁右衛,曰武德衛,隸右軍都督府。 曰留守中衛,曰神策衛,曰應天衛,曰和陽衛,及牧馬千戶所、蕃牧千戶所,俱隸中軍都督府。 曰留守前衛,曰龍驤衛,曰豹韜衛,隸前軍都督府。 曰留守後衛,曰鷹揚衛,曰興武衛,曰大寧中衛,曰大寧前衛,曰會州衛,曰富峪衛,曰寬河衛,曰神武左衛,曰忠義右衛,曰忠義前衛,曰忠義後衛,曰義勇右衛,曰義勇前衛,曰義勇後衛,曰武成中衛,曰蔚州左衛,隸後軍都督府。 又京衛非親軍而不隸都督府者,十有五。 曰武功中衛,曰武功左衛,曰武功右衛,已上三衛以匠故,隸工部。 曰永清左衛,曰永清右衛,曰彭城衛,曰長陵衛,曰獻陵衛,曰景陵衛,曰裕陵衛,曰茂陵衛,曰泰陵衛,曰康陵衛,曰永陵衛,曰昭陵衛。
Capital guards comprised imperial-attendance guards and Nanjing and Beijing guards, all of equal rank. Every guard had its seal-holder and chief secretary. Grace appointments carrying stipends had no fixed establishment. There were twenty-six imperial-attendance personal guard commands. Namely the Embroidered Uniform Guard, Archery Guard, and Forward Golden Crow Guard. the Rear Golden Crow Guard; Left and Right Feathered Forest Guards; the Military Household Guard and its Left, Right, Forward, and Rear branches; and the Left Tiger Guard. These twelve were the Upper Guards, established under Hongwu. Next came the Left and Right Golden Crow Guards, Forward Feathered Forest Guard, the Yanshan guards, Left Daxing Guard, Jiyang Guard, Jizhou Guard, and Tongzhou Guard. These ten were the Upper Ten Guards, established under Yongle. the Left and Right Soaring Dragon Guards and Left and Right Martial Dragon Guards. They were established in Xuande 8. They rotated as palace guards, protecting the inner precincts, and did not report to the five commissions. Thirty-three capital guards were subordinate to the five commissions. the Left Garrison Guard, Zhennan Guard, Right Valiant Cavalry Guard, Dragon-Tiger Guard, and Left and Right Shenyang Guards—under the Left Army Commission. the Right Garrison Guard, Right Tiger Guard, and Wude Guard—under the Right Army Commission. the Central Garrison Guard, Shence Guard, Yingtian Guard, Heyang Guard, and the Horse Pasture and Foreign Horse Pasture battalions—all under the Central Army Commission. the Forward Garrison Guard, Longxiang Guard, and Baotao Guard—under the Forward Army Commission. the Rear Garrison Guard, Yingyang, Xingwu, Central and Forward Daning, Huizhou, Fuyu, Kuanhe, Left Shenwu, Right/Forward/Rear Righteousness, Right/Forward/Rear Valor, Central Wucheng, and Left Weizhou Guards—under the Rear Army Commission. Another fifteen capital guards were neither personal guards nor under the commissions. the Central, Left, and Right Wugong Guards—because they were artisan guards, they reported to the Ministry of Works. Next were the Left and Right Yongqing Guards, Pengcheng Guard, and the mausoleum guards from Changling through Zhaoling.
10
明初,置帳前總制親軍都指揮使司,以馮國用為都指揮使。 後改置金吾侍衛親軍都護府,設都護,從二品經歷,正六品知事,從七品照磨。 從八品。 又置各衛親軍指揮使司,設指揮使,正三品同知指揮使,從三品副使,正四品經歷,正七品知事,正八品照磨,正九品千戶所正千戶,正五品副千戶,從五品鎮撫、百戶。 正六品因置武德、龍驤、豹韜、飛龍、威武、廣武、興武、英武、鷹揚、驍騎、神武、雄武、鳳翔、天策、振武、宣武、羽林十七衛親軍指揮使司,此設親軍衛之始。 尋罷金吾侍衛親軍都護府。 洪武、永樂間,增設親軍諸衛,名為上二十二衛,分掌宿衛。 而錦衣衛主巡察、緝捕、理詔獄,以都督、都指揮領之,蓋特異於諸衛焉。 留守五衛,舊為都鎮撫司,總領禁衛,先屬中書省,改隸大都督府,設都鎮撫,從四品副鎮撫,從五品知事,從八品尋改宿衛鎮撫司,設宿衛鎮撫、宿衛知事。 洪武三年,改為留守衛指揮使司,專領軍馬守禦各城門,及巡警皇城與城垣造作之事。 後升為留守都衛,統轄天策、豹韜、飛熊、鷹揚、江陰、廣洋、橫海、龍江、水軍左、右十衛。 八年,復為留守衛,與天策等八衛俱為親軍指揮使司,惟水軍左、右二衛為指揮使司。 並隸大都督府。 十一年,改為留守中衛,增置留守左、右、前、後四衛,仍為親軍。 十三年,始分隸五都督府。
Early in the dynasty the Command of Personal Guards before the Throne was set up, with Feng Guoyong as commander-in-chief. It became the Golden Crow Bodyguard Personal Guard Protectorate, with a second-rank protector, sixth-rank registrar, seventh-rank secretary, and registrar-clerk. The registrar-clerk was eighth rank. Each guard also had a personal guard command with third-rank commander and vice commander, fourth-rank deputy, seventh-rank registrar, eighth-rank secretary, ninth-rank registrar-clerk, and fifth- and sixth-rank battalion and company officers. Seventeen personal guard commands were then created—Wude, Longxiang, Baotao, Feilong, Weiwu, Guangwu, Xingwu, Yingwu, Yingyang, Xiaoqi, Shenwu, Xiongwu, Fengxiang, Tianche, Zhenwu, Xuanwu, and Yulin—the origin of personal guard units. The Golden Crow Bodyguard Personal Guard Protectorate was soon abolished. Under Hongwu and Yongle more personal guards were added as the Upper Twenty-Two Guards, sharing rotating palace duty. Only the Embroidered Uniform Guard handled inspection, arrest, and imperial prison cases under a commander or regional commander—unlike every other guard. The five garrison guards began as the Commission for Military Pacification overseeing palace security—first under the Secretariat, then the Chief Military Commission—with fourth-rank commissioner, fifth-rank vice commissioner, and eighth-rank secretary; later renamed the Palace Guard Pacification Office. In Hongwu 3 they became garrison guard commands guarding city gates and patrolling the imperial city and walls. Later raised to the Garrison Command overseeing ten guards: Tianche, Baotao, Feixiong, Yingyang, Jiangyin, Guangyang, Henghai, Longjiang, and Left and Right Naval Guards. In year 8 they reverted to garrison guards; eight became personal guard commands, only the naval guards remaining ordinary commands. All of them reported to the Chief Military Commission. In year 11 the Central Garrison Guard was created and Left, Right, Forward, and Rear Garrison Guards added, still personal guards. In Hongwu 13 they were distributed among the five commissions.
11
錦衣衛,掌侍衛、緝捕、刑獄之事,恆以勳戚都督領之,恩廕寄祿無常員。 凡朝會、巡幸,則具鹵簿儀仗,率大漢將軍共一千五百七員等侍從扈行。 宿衛則分番入直。 朝日、夕月、耕耤、視牲,則服飛魚服,佩繡春刀,侍左右。 盜賊奸宄,街途溝洫,密緝而時省之。 凡承製鞫獄錄囚勘事,偕三法司。 五軍官舍比試並槍,同兵部蒞視。 統所凡十有七。 中、左、右、前、後五所,領軍士。 五所分鑾輿、擎蓋、扇手、旌節、幡幢、班劍、斧鉞、戈戟、弓矢、馴馬十司,各領將軍校尉,以備法駕。 上中、上左、上右、上前、上後、中後六親軍所,分領將軍、力士、軍匠。 馴象所,領象奴養象,以供朝會陳列、駕輦、馱寶之事。
The Embroidered Uniform Guard handled bodyguard duty, arrest, and prisons, usually under a meritorious kinsman as commander or regional commander; grace posts had no fixed quota. At audiences and tours it supplied ceremonial guards and led 1,507 Great Han generals and other escorts. For palace duty it rotated shifts. At dawn and dusk audiences, plowing rites, and sacrificial duties it wore flying-fish robes and spring knives at the emperor's side. It secretly investigated criminals in streets and drains and inspected them regularly. For decrees, inquests, prisoner records, and trials it worked with the three judicial offices. Five Armies quarters trials and spear drill were jointly overseen with the Ministry of War. It oversaw seventeen battalion offices in all. Five offices—Central, Left, Right, Forward, and Rear—commanded troops. Those five split into ten departments for carriage, canopy, fans, banners, flags, halberds, axes, spears, bows, and horses, each with officers for ceremonial equipage. Six upper personal guard offices commanded generals, strongmen, and military artisans. An Elephant Training Office raised keepers for court display, palanquins, and carrying treasure.
12
明初,置拱衛司,秩正七品,管領校尉,屬都督府。 後改拱衛指揮使司,秩正三品。 尋又改為都尉司。 洪武三年,改為親軍都尉府,管左、右、中、前、後五衛軍士,而設儀鸞司隸焉。 四年,定儀鸞司為正五品,設大使一人,副使二人。 十五年,罷儀鸞司,改置錦衣衛,秩從三品,其屬有禦椅等七員,皆正六品。 設經歷司,掌文移出入; 鎮撫司,掌本衛刑名,兼理軍匠。 十七年,改錦衣衛指揮使為正三品。 二十年,以治錦衣衛者多非法淩虐,乃焚刑具,出繫囚,送刑部審錄,詔內外獄鹹歸三法司,罷錦衣獄。 成祖時復置。 尋增北鎮撫司,專治詔獄。 成化間,刻印畀之,獄成得專達,不關白錦衣,錦衣官亦不得干預。 而以舊所設為南鎮撫司,專理軍匠。
Early Ming established the seventh-rank Archguard Office commanding guardsmen under the military commission. Later it became the third-rank Archguard Command. It was soon renamed the Commandant's Office. In Hongwu 3 it became the Personal Guard Commandant's Office over five guards, with the Ceremonial Guard Office subordinate. In year 4 the Ceremonial Guard Office was fixed at fifth rank with one commissioner and two vice commissioners. In Hongwu 15 the Ceremonial Guard Office was abolished and the Embroidered Uniform Guard created at third rank with seven sixth-rank chair attendants. A Registry handled documents in and out; a Pacification Office handled the guard's criminal cases and military artisans. In Hongwu 17 the guard commander was fixed at third rank. In Hongwu 20, because guard officials often abused prisoners, torture gear was burned, prisoners were sent to the Ministry of Justice, all prisons were ordered back to the three judicial offices, and the guard prison was abolished. The Yongle Emperor restored it. Soon a Northern Pacification Office was added solely for imperial prison cases. Under Chenghua seals were issued so closed cases could be reported directly without the guard, which could not intervene. The old office became the Southern Pacification Office for military artisans only.
13
旗手衛,本旗手千戶所,洪武十八年改置。 掌大駕金鼓、旗纛,帥力士隨駕宿衛。 校尉、力士,僉民間壯丁為之。 校尉專職擎執鹵簿儀杖,及駕前宣召官員,差遣幹辦,隸錦衣衛。 力士專領金鼓、旗幟,隨駕出入,及守衛四門,隸旗手衛。 凡歲祭旗頭六纛之神,八月於壇,十二月於承天門外,皆衛官蒞事,統所五。
The Archery Guard began as the Archery Battalion, made a guard in Hongwu 18. It managed great ceremonial drums, banners, and flags, leading strongmen on rotating palace guard with the procession. Guardsmen and strongmen were drafted from sturdy commoners. Guardsmen bore ceremonial regalia, summoned officials before the carriage, ran errands, and reported to the Embroidered Uniform Guard. Strongmen handled drums and banners on imperial outings, guarded the four gates, and reported to the Archery Guard. They officiated annually at sacrifices to the Six Banners Spirit (eighth month at the altar, twelfth month outside Chengtian Gate) and commanded five battalion offices.
14
府軍前衛,掌統領幼軍,輪番帶刀侍衛。 明初,有帶刀舍人。 洪武時,府軍等衛皆有習技幼軍。 永樂十三年,為皇太孫特選幼軍,置府軍前衛,設官屬,指揮使五人,指揮同知十人,指揮僉事二十人,衛鎮撫十人,經歷五人。 統所二十有五。
The Forward Military Household Guard led juvenile troops who rotated with swords on palace duty. Early Ming had sword-bearing attendants. Under Hongwu the Military Household and other guards all trained juvenile troops in martial skills. In Yongle 13 juvenile troops were chosen for the heir apparent and the Forward Military Household Guard was created with five commanders, ten vice commanders, twenty assistant commanders, ten guard pacifiers, and five registrars. It oversaw twenty-five battalion offices in all.
15
金吾、羽林等十九衛,掌守衛巡警,統所凡一百有二。
Nineteen guards including Golden Crow and Feathered Forest handled patrol duty over 102 battalion offices.
16
騰驤等四衛,掌帥力士直駕、隨駕,統所三十有二。
The four Soaring Dragon and Martial Dragon guards led strongmen on direct and escort duty, commanding 32 battalion offices.
17
南京五軍都督府,左、右都督,都督同知,都督僉事,不全設。 其掌印、僉書,皆以勳爵及三等都督為之。 分掌南京衛所,以達於南京兵部。 凡管領大教場及江上操備等事,各府奉敕分掌之。 城門之管鑰,中府專掌之。 初設城門郎,洪武十八年革,以門禁鎖鑰銅牌,命中軍都督府掌之。 其屬,經歷、都事各一人。
Nanjing's five commissions had left and right commanders, vice commanders, and assistants—not always fully staffed. Seal-holders and chief secretaries were drawn from ennobled merit holders and third-grade commanders. They managed Nanjing guards and battalions and reported to the Nanjing Ministry of War. The great drill ground and river defense were divided among the commissions by imperial order. The Central Commission alone held the city gate keys. Gate officers were abolished in Hongwu 18; gate locks and bronze tokens went to the Central Military Commission. Subordinates were one registrar and one secretary.
18
南京衛指揮使司,設官詳京衛凡四十有九。 分隸五都督府者三十有二。 曰留守左衛,曰鎮南衛,曰水軍左衛,曰驍騎右衛,曰龍虎衛,曰龍虎左衛,曰英武衛,曰龍江右衛,曰瀋陽左衛,曰瀋陽右衛,隸左府。 曰留守右衛,曰虎賁右衛,曰水軍右衛,曰武德衛,曰廣武衛,隸右府。 曰留守中衛,曰神策衛,曰廣洋衛,曰廣天衛,曰和陽衛,及牧馬千戶所,隸中府。 曰留守前衛,曰龍江左衛,曰龍驤衛,曰飛熊衛,曰天策衛,曰豹韜衛,曰豹韜左衛,隸前府。 曰留守後衛,曰橫海衛,曰鷹揚衛,曰興武衛,曰江陰衛,隸後府。 又親軍衛指揮使司十有七:曰金吾前衛,曰金吾後衛,曰金吾左衛,曰金吾右衛,曰羽林左衛,曰羽林右衛,曰羽林前衛,曰府軍衛,曰府軍左衛,曰府軍右衛,曰府軍後衛,曰虎賁左衛,曰錦衣衛,曰旗手衛,曰江淮衛,曰濟州衛,曰孝陵衛。 與左府所屬十衛,右府所屬五衛,前府所屬七衛,後府所屬五衛,並聽中府節制。 各衛領所一百一十有八。
Nanjing had forty-nine guard commands, organized like capital guards. Thirty-two reported to the five commissions. Under the Left Commission: Left Garrison, Zhennan, Left Naval, Right Valiant Cavalry, Dragon-Tiger, Left Dragon-Tiger, Yingwu, Right Longjiang, and Left and Right Shenyang Guards. Under the Right Commission: Right Garrison, Right Tiger, Right Naval, Wude, and Guangwu Guards. Under the Central Commission: Central Garrison, Shence, Guangyang, Guangtian, Heyang Guards, and Horse Pasture battalion. Under the Forward Commission: Forward Garrison, Left Longjiang, Longxiang, Feixiong, Tianche, Baotao, and Left Baotao Guards. Under the Rear Commission: Rear Garrison, Henghai, Yingyang, Xingwu, and Jiangyin Guards. Seventeen personal guards: Golden Crow (forward, rear, left, right), Feathered Forest (left, right, forward), Military Household branches, Left Tiger, Embroidered Uniform, Archery, Jianghuai, Jizhou, and Xiaoling Mausoleum Guards. Together with the Left Commission's ten, Right's five, Forward's seven, and Rear's five, all were under the Central Commission. All guards together commanded 118 battalions.
19
王府護衛指揮使司,設官如京衛。
Princely household guard commands mirrored capital guards.
20
王府儀衛司。 儀衛正一人,正五品儀衛副二人,從五品典仗六人。 正六品儀衛,掌侍衛儀仗。 護衛,掌防禦非常,護衛王邸。 有徵調,則聽命於朝。 明初,諸王府置護軍府。 洪武三年,置儀衛司,司設正、副各一人,秩比正、副千戶; 司仗六人,秩比百戶。 四年,改司仗為典仗。 五年,置親王護衛指揮使司,每王府設三護衛,衛設左、右、前、後、中五所,所千戶二人,百戶十人。 又設圍子手二所,每所千戶一人。 九年,罷護軍府。 建文中,改儀衛司為儀仗司,增置吏目一人。 成祖初復舊制。
Each princely establishment had a Ceremonial Guard Office. One fifth-rank ceremonial commissioner, two fifth-rank vice commissioners, and six sixth-rank ritual staff officers. Ceremonial guards handled bodyguard regalia. Household guards defended against emergencies and protected the prince's residence. When called to campaign, they obeyed the court. Early Ming princely establishments had Military Protection Offices. In Hongwu 3 Ceremonial Guard Offices were set up with commissioner and vice commissioner equal in rank to chief and vice thousand-man chiefs; six ritual staff officers equal to company officers. In year 4 ritual staff officers became ritual bearers. In year 5 each prince received three household guard commands with five battalions each (left, right, forward, rear, central), two thousand-man chiefs and ten company officers per battalion. Two Huntsmen battalions were added, each with one thousand-man chief. In Hongwu 9 the Military Protection Offices were abolished. Under Jianwen it became the Ceremonial Regalia Office with an added clerk. Yongle restored the former system.
21
總兵官、副總兵、參將、遊擊將軍、守備、把總,無品級,無定員。 總鎮一方者為鎮守,獨鎮一路者為分守,各守一城一堡者為守備,與主將同守一城者為協守。 又有提督、提調、巡視、備禦、領班、備倭等名。
Regional commanders, deputy commanders, deputy generals, mobile commanders, garrison commanders, and company commanders had no rank and no fixed establishment. Regional commanders guarded whole regions; route commanders guarded single routes; garrison commanders held cities or forts; co-garrison commanders shared a city with the chief. Other titles included superintendent, coordinator, inspector, defense preparer, shift leader, and anti-pirate commander.
22
凡總兵、副總兵,率以公、侯、伯、都督充之。 其總兵掛印稱將軍者,雲南曰徵南將軍,大同曰徵西前將軍,湖廣曰平蠻將軍,兩廣曰徵蠻將軍,遼東曰徵虜前將軍,宣府曰鎮朔將軍,甘肅曰平羌將軍,寧夏曰徵西將軍,交阯曰副將軍,延綏曰鎮西將軍。 諸印,洪熙元年制頒。 其在薊鎮、貴州、湖廣、四川及亻贊運淮安者,不得稱將軍掛印。 宣德間,又設山西、陝西二總兵。 嘉靖間,分設廣東、廣西、貴州、湖廣二總兵為四,改設福建、保定副總兵為總兵,又添設浙江總兵。 萬曆間,又增設於臨洮、山海。 天啟間,增設登萊。 至崇禎時,益紛不可紀,而位權亦非復當日。 蓋明初,雖參將、遊擊、把總,亦多有充以勳戚都督等官,至後則杳然矣。
Regional and deputy commanders were usually dukes, marquises, earls, or commanders-in-chief. Sealed generals included Pacification South (Yunnan), Forward Pacification West (Datong), Pacification of the Miao (Huguang and Liangguang), Forward Subjugation of Barbarians (Liaodong), Subjugation of the North (Xuanfu), Pacification of the Qiang (Gansu), Pacification West (Ningxia and Yan-sui), and Deputy General (Jiaozhi). The seals were issued in Hongxi 1. Jizhen, Guizhou, Huguang, Sichuan, and Huai'an grain transport could not use the sealed General title. Under Xuande regional commanders were added for Shanxi and Shaanxi. Under Jiajing Liangguang split into Guangdong and Guangxi, Huguang into two, Fujian and Baoding deputies became regional commanders, and Zhejiang gained a regional commander. Under Wanli commanders were added at Lintao and Shanhai. Under Tianqi Deng-Lai was added. By Chongzhen posts multiplied beyond counting and their authority was no longer what it once was. Early Ming even deputies and company commanders were often ennobled commanders; later that practice disappeared.
23
鎮守薊州總兵官一人,舊設。 隆慶二年,改為總理練兵事務兼鎮守,駐三屯營。 協守副總兵三人。 東路副總兵,隆慶二年添設,駐建昌營,管理燕河營、臺頭營、石門寨、山海關四路。 中路副總兵,萬曆四年改設,駐三屯營,帶管馬蘭峪、鬆棚峪、喜峯口、太平寨四路。 西路副總兵,隆慶三年添設,駐石匣營,管理牆子嶺、曹家寨、古北口、石塘嶺四路。 分守參將十一人,曰通州參將,曰山海關參將,曰石門寨參將,曰燕河營參將,曰石塘嶺參將,曰臺頭營參將,曰太平寨參將,曰馬蘭峪參將,曰牆子嶺參將,曰古北口參將,曰喜峯口參將。 遊擊將軍六人,統領南兵遊擊將軍三人,領班遊擊將軍七人,坐營官八人,守備八人,把總一人,提調官二十六人。
Jizhou had one regional commander—an old post. In Longqing 2 the post became superintendent of drill with garrison duty, based at Santun Camp. There were three co-garrison deputy commanders. Eastern-route deputy (Longqing 2) at Jianchang Camp over Yanhe, Taitou, Shimenzhai, and Shanhaiguan. Central-route deputy (Wanli 4) at Santun Camp over Malanyu, Songpengyu, Xifengkou, and Taipingzhai. Western-route deputy (Longqing 3) at Shixia Camp over Qiangziling, Caojiazhai, Gubeikou, and Shitangling. Eleven route deputies: Tongzhou, Shanhaiguan, Shimenzhai, Yanhe, Shitangling, Taitou, Taipingzhai, Malanyu, Qiangziling, Gubeikou, and Xifengkou. Six mobile commanders, three southern-troop mobile commanders, seven shift mobile commanders, eight camp officers, eight garrison commanders, one company commander, and twenty-six coordinators.
24
鎮守昌平總兵官一人,舊設副總兵,又有提督武臣。 嘉靖三十八年,裁副總兵,以提督改為鎮守總兵,駐昌平城,聽總督節制。 分守參將三人,曰居庸關參將,曰黃花鎮參將,曰橫嶺口參將。 遊擊將軍二人,坐營官三人,守備十人,提調官一人。
One Changping regional commander (old post) with deputy and supervising military minister. In Jiajing 38 the deputy was abolished and the supervisor became regional commander at Changping under the governor-general. Three route deputies: Juyongguan, Huanghuazhen, and Henglingkou. Two mobile commanders, three camp officers, ten garrison commanders, and one coordinator.
25
鎮守遼東總兵官一人,舊設,駐廣寧。 隆慶元年,令冬月移駐河東遼陽適中之地,調度防禦,應援海州、瀋陽。 協守副總兵一人,遼陽副總兵舊為分守,嘉靖四十五年改為協守,駐遼陽城,節制開原、海州、險山、瀋陽等處。 分守參將五人。 曰開原參將,曰錦義右參將,曰海蓋右參將,曰寧遠參將,曰寬奠堡參將。 遊擊將軍八人,守備五人,坐營中軍官一人,備禦十九人。
One Liaodong regional commander (old post) at Guangning. In Longqing 1 he wintered at Liaoyang east of the Liao to direct defense and support Haizhou and Shenyang. One co-garrison deputy; Liaoyang deputy (formerly route commander, Jiajing 45) at Liaoyang over Kaifeng, Haizhou, Xianshan, and Shenyang. Five route garrison deputy generals were appointed. Kaifeng; Right Jin-Yi; Right Hai-Gai; Ningyuan; and Kuandian Fort deputies. Eight mobile commanders, five garrison commanders, one camp staff officer, and nineteen defense preparers.
26
鎮守保定總兵官一人。 弘治十八年,初設保定副總兵,後改為參將。 正德九年,復為分守副總兵。 嘉靖二十年,改為鎮守。 三十年,改設鎮守總兵官。 萬曆元年,令春秋兩防移駐浮圖峪,遇有警,移駐紫荊關,以備入援。 分守參將四人,曰紫荊關參將,曰龍固二關參將,曰馬水口參將,曰倒馬關參將。 遊擊將軍六人,坐營中軍官一人,守備七人,把總七人,忠順官二人。
Baoding had one regional commander. Hongzhi 18 first created a Baoding deputy, later a deputy general. Zhengde 9 restored route garrison deputy. Jiajing 20 made it regional garrison commander. Jiajing 30 established the regional commander-in-chief. Wanli 1 ordered spring and autumn stationing at Futuyu and move to Zijingguan on alarm for relief. Four route deputies: Zijingguan, Longgu Passes, Mashuikou, and Daomaguan. Six mobile commanders, one camp staff officer, seven garrison commanders, seven company commanders, and two Zhongshun officials.
27
鎮守宣府總兵官一人,舊設,駐宣府鎮城。 協守副總兵一人,副總兵舊亦駐鎮城,嘉靖二十八年移駐永寧城。 分守參將七人,曰北路獨石馬營參將,曰東路懷來永寧參將,曰上西路萬全右衛參將,曰南路順聖蔚廣參將,曰中路葛峪堡參將,曰下西路柴溝堡參將,曰南山參將。 遊擊將軍三人,坐營中軍官二人,守備三十一人,領班備禦二人。 萬曆八年革。
One Xuanfu regional commander (old post) at Xuanfu town. One co-garrison deputy (formerly at town, Jiajing 28 at Yongning). Seven route deputies: North Dushi-Maying; East Huailai-Yongning; Upper West Wanquan Right; South Shun-Sheng-Wei-Guang; Central Geyubao; Lower West Chaigoubao; South Mountain. Three mobile commanders, two camp staff officers, thirty-one garrison commanders, and two shift defense preparers. Abolished in Wanli 8.
28
鎮守大同總兵官一人,舊設,駐大同鎮城。 協守副總兵一人,舊為左副總兵,萬曆五年去左字,駐左衛城。 分守參將九人,曰東路參將,曰北東路參將,曰中路參將,曰西路參將,曰北西路參將,曰井坪城參將,曰新坪堡參將,曰總督標下左掖參將,曰威遠城參將,萬曆八年革。 遊擊將軍二人,入衛遊擊四人,坐營中軍官二人,守備三十九人。
One Datong regional commander (old post) at Datong town. One co-garrison deputy (formerly left deputy, Wanli 5 without "left") at Left Guard city. Nine route deputies (East, North-East, Central, West, North-West, Jingping, Xinpingbao, Governor's Left Flank, Weiyuan)—abolished Wanli 8. Two mobile commanders, four palace-entry mobile commanders, two camp staff officers, and thirty-nine garrison commanders.
29
鎮守山西總兵官一人,舊為副總兵,嘉靖二十年改設,駐甯武關。 防秋移駐陽方口,防冬移駐偏關。 協守副總兵一人,嘉靖四十四年添設,初駐偏關,後移駐老營堡。 分守參將六人,曰東路代州左參將,曰西路偏頭關右參將,曰太原左參將,曰中路利民堡右參將,曰河曲縣參將,曰北樓口參將。 遊擊將軍一人,坐營中軍官一人,守備十三人,操守二人。
One Shanxi regional commander (formerly deputy, Jiajing 20) at Ningwu Pass. Autumn defense at Yangfangkou; winter defense at Piantou Pass. One co-garrison deputy (Jiajing 44), first at Piantou, later Laoyingbao. Six route deputies: East Daizhou Left; West Piantou Right; Taiyuan Left; Central Liminbao Right; Hequ County; Beiloukou. One mobile commander, one camp staff officer, thirteen garrison commanders, and two defense officers.
30
鎮守延綏總兵官一人,舊設,駐鎮城。 協守副總兵一人,定邊右副總兵,嘉靖四十一年添設,分守安定、鎮靜等處,提調大牆及牆口等處。 分守參將六人,曰孤山參將,曰東路右參將,曰西路左參將,曰中路參將,曰清平參將,曰榆林保寧參將。 遊擊將軍二人,入衛遊擊四人,守備十一人,坐營中軍官一人。
One Yan-sui regional commander (old post) at the garrison town. One co-garrison deputy (Dingbian Right, Jiajing 41) garrisoning Anding and Zhenjing and coordinating the Great Wall passes. Six route deputies: Gushan; East Right; West Left; Central; Qingping; Yulin-Baoning. Two mobile commanders, four palace-entry mobile commanders, eleven garrison commanders, and one camp staff officer.
31
鎮守寧夏總兵官一人,舊設,駐鎮城。 協守副總兵一人,亦舊設,同駐鎮城。 分守參將四人,曰東路右參將,曰西路左參將,曰靈州左參將,曰北路平虜城參將。 遊擊將軍三人,入衛遊擊一人,萬曆八年革守備三人,備禦領班二人,萬曆九年革,坐營中軍官二人,管理鎮城都司一人,領班都司二人萬曆九年革管理水利屯田都司一人。
One Ningxia regional commander (old post) at the garrison town. One co-garrison deputy (also old post) at the same garrison town. Four route deputies: East Right, West Left, Lingzhou Left, and North Route Pinglucheng. Three mobile commanders, one palace-entry mobile commander, three garrison commanders (cut Wanli 8), two defense shift leaders (cut Wanli 9), two camp staff officers, one town regional commissioner manager, two shift commissioners (cut Wanli 9), and one waterworks and farming commissioner.
32
鎮守甘肅總兵官一人,舊設,駐鎮城。 協守副總兵一人,甘肅左副總兵,舊設,嘉靖四十四年,移駐高臺防禦,隆慶四年,回駐鎮城。 分守副總兵一人,涼州右副總兵,舊設。 分守參將四人,曰莊浪左參將,曰肅州右參將,曰西寧參將,曰鎮番參將遊擊將軍四人,坐營中軍官一人,守備十一人,領班備禦都司四人。
One Gansu regional commander (old post) at the garrison town. One co-garrison deputy (Gansu Left, old post; Jiajing 44 at Gaotai; Longqing 4 back at garrison town). One route deputy (Liangzhou Right, old post). Four route deputies: Zhuanglang Left, Suzhou Right, Xining, and Zhenfan; four mobile commanders; one camp staff officer; eleven garrison commanders; four shift defense commissioners.
33
鎮守陝西總兵官一人,舊駐會城,後移駐固原。 分守副總兵一人,洮泯副總兵,萬曆六年改設,駐洮州。 分守參將五人,曰河州參將,曰蘭州參將,曰靖虜參將,曰陝西參將,曰階文西固參將。 遊擊將軍四人,坐營中軍官二人,守備八人。
One Shaanxi regional commander—first at Huicheng, later Guyuan. One route deputy (Taomin, Wanli 6) at Taozhou. Five route deputies: Hezhou, Lanzhou, Jinglu, Shaanxi, and Jiewen-Xigu. Four mobile commanders, two camp staff officers, and eight garrison commanders.
34
鎮守四川總兵官一人,隆慶五年添設,駐建武所。 分守副總兵一人,松潘副總兵,舊設協守參將二人,曰松潘東路左參將,曰松潘南路右參將。 遊擊將軍二人,守備六人。
One Sichuan regional commander (Longqing 5) at Jianwu Battalion. One route deputy (Songpan, old post); two co-garrison deputies: Songpan East Left and South Right. Two mobile commanders and six garrison commanders.
35
鎮守雲南總兵官一人,舊設,駐雲南府。 分守參將三人,曰臨元參將,曰永昌參將,曰順蒙參將,守備二人。 巡撫中軍坐營官一人。
One Yunnan regional commander (old post) at Yunnan prefecture. Three route deputies: Linyuan, Yongchang, and Shunmeng; two garrison commanders. The grand coordinator had one camp staff officer.
36
鎮守貴州總兵官一人,舊設,嘉靖三十二年,加提督麻陽等處地方職銜,駐銅仁府。 分守參將二人,曰提督清浪右參將,曰提督川貴迤西左參將。 守備七人,巡撫中軍官一人。
One Guizhou regional commander (old post; Jiajing 32 added superintendent of Mayang area) at Tongren. Two route deputies: Superintendent Qinglang Right and Superintendent Sichuan-Guizhou West Left. Seven garrison commanders and one grand coordinator staff officer.
37
鎮守廣西總兵官一人,舊為副總兵,嘉靖四十五年改設,駐桂林府。 分守參將五人,曰潯梧左參將,曰柳慶右參將,曰永寧參將,曰思恩參將,曰昭平參將。 守備三人,坐營官一人。
One Guangxi regional commander (formerly deputy, Jiajing 45) at Guilin. Five route deputies: Xunwu Left, Liuqing Right, Yongning, Si'en, and Zhaoping. Three garrison commanders and one camp officer.
38
鎮守湖廣總兵官一人,舊設,嘉靖十年罷,十二年復設,萬曆八年又罷,十二年仍復設,駐省城。 分守參將三人,曰黎平參將,曰鎮參將,曰鄖陽參將。 守備十一人,把總一人。
One Huguang regional commander (abolished Jiajing 10, restored 12, cut Wanli 8, restored 12) at the provincial capital. Three route deputies: Liping, Zhen, and Yunyang. Eleven garrison commanders and one company commander.
39
鎮守廣東總兵官一人。 舊為徵蠻將軍、兩廣總兵官。 嘉靖四十五年分設,駐潮州府。 協守副總兵一人,潮漳副總兵,萬曆三年添設,駐南澳。 分守參將七人,曰潮州參將,曰瓊崖參將,曰雷廉參將,曰東山參將,曰西山參將,曰督理廣州海防參將,曰惠州參將。 練兵遊擊將軍一人,守備五人,坐營中軍官二人,把總四人。
One Guangdong regional commander. Formerly the Pacification of the Miao General and Liangguang commander. Split off in Jiajing 45; based at Chaozhou. One co-garrison deputy (Chaozhang, Wanli 3) at Nan'ao. Seven route deputies: Chaozhou, Qiongya, Leilian, East Mountain, West Mountain, Guangzhou coastal defense superintendent, and Huizhou. One drill mobile commander, five garrison commanders, two camp staff officers, and four company commanders.
40
提督狼山副總兵一人,嘉靖三十七年添設,駐通州。 鎮守江南副總兵一人,舊系總兵官,駐福山港,後移駐鎮江、儀真二處。 嘉靖八年裁革。 十九年復設。 二十九年仍革。 三十二年,改設副總兵,駐金山衛。 四十三年移駐吳淞。 分守參將二人,曰徐州參將,曰金山參將。 遊擊將軍一人,守備六人,鳳陽軍門中軍官一人,把總十三人。
One Langshan superintendent deputy (Jiajing 37) at Tongzhou. One Jiangnan deputy (formerly regional commander at Fushan, later Zhenjiang and Yizhen). Cut in Jiajing 8. Restored in Jiajing 19. Cut again in Jiajing 29. Jiajing 32 made it a deputy commander at Jinshan Guard. Jiajing 43 moved it to Wusong. Two route deputies: Xuzhou and Jinshan. One mobile commander, six garrison commanders, one Fengyang gate staff officer, and thirteen company commanders.
41
鎮守浙江總兵官一人,嘉靖三十四年設,總理浙直海防。 三十五年,改鎮守浙直。 四十二年,改鎮守浙江,舊駐定海縣,後移駐省城。 分守參將四人,曰杭嘉湖參將,曰寧紹參將,曰溫處參將,曰臺金嚴參將。 遊擊將軍二人,總捕都司一人,把總七人。
One Zhejiang regional commander (Jiajing 34) directing Zhe-Zhi coastal defense. Jiajing 35 became garrison commander of Zhe-Zhi. Jiajing 42 became Zhejiang garrison commander—first at Dinghai, later the provincial capital. Four route deputies: Hang-Jia-Hu, Ning-Shao, Wen-Chu, and Tai-Jin-Yan. Two mobile commanders, one chief arrest commissioner, and seven company commanders.
42
分守江西參將一人,曰南贛參將,嘉靖四十三年改設,駐會昌縣。 守備四人,把總六人。
One Jiangxi route deputy (South-Gan, Jiajing 43) at Huichang county. Four garrison commanders and six company commanders.
43
鎮守福建總兵官一人,舊為副總兵,嘉靖四十二年改設,駐福寧州。 分守參將一人,曰南路參將守備三人,把總七人,坐營官一人。
One Fujian regional commander (formerly deputy, Jiajing 42) at Funing. One route deputy (South Route); three garrison commanders; seven company commanders; one camp officer.
44
鎮守山東總兵官一人,天啟中增設。 總督備倭都司一人,領薊鎮班都司四人。 又河南守備三人,領薊鎮班都司四人。
One Shandong regional commander (added under Tianqi). One governor's anti-Japanese defense commissioner and four Jizhen shift commissioners. Three Henan garrison commanders each with four Jizhen shift commissioners.
45
總督漕運總兵官一人。 永樂二年,設總兵、副總兵,統領官軍海運。 後海運罷,專督漕運。 天順元年又令兼理河道。 協同督運參將一人,天順元年設把總十二人,南京二,江南直隸二,江北直隸二,中都一,浙江二,山東一,湖廣一,江西一。
The grain transport governor held the post of regional commander-in-chief. Yongle 2 created regional and deputy commanders for naval transport troops. When naval transport ended they supervised grain transport alone. Tianshun 1 added concurrent river management. One transport-assisting deputy general (Tianshun 1) and twelve company commanders across Nanjing, Jiangnan, north Yangtze, Zhongdu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Huguang, and Jiangxi.
46
留守司。 正留守一人,正二品副留守一人,正三品指揮同知二人。 從三品其屬,經歷司,經歷,正六品都事。 正七品斷事司,斷事,正六品副斷事,正七品吏目各一人。 掌中都、興都守禦防護之事。 洪武二年,詔以臨濠為中都,置留守衛指揮使司,隸鳳陽行都督府。 十四年,始置中都留守司,統鳳陽等八衛,鳳陽衛,鳳陽中衛,鳳陽右衛,皇陵衛,留守左衛,留守中衛,長淮衛,懷遠衛。 防護皇陵,設留守一人,左、右副留守各一人。 屬官經歷以下,如前所列。 嘉靖十八年,改荊州左衛為顯陵衛,置興都留守司,統顯陵、承天二衛,防護顯陵,設官如中都焉。
The Garrison Commands. One second-rank chief garrison commander, one third-rank vice commander, and two third-rank vice commanders. Subordinates: a Registry with sixth-rank registrar and seventh-rank secretary. A Judicial Office with sixth-rank judge, seventh-rank vice judge, and one clerk each. They guarded and protected Zhongdu and Xingdu. Hongwu 2 made Linhuai the Central Capital and created a garrison guard under the Fengyang traveling commission. Hongwu 14 created the Central Capital Garrison Command over eight guards: Fengyang, Central Fengyang, Right Fengyang, Imperial Mausoleum, Left Garrison, Central Garrison, Changhuai, and Huaiyuan. For imperial mausoleum protection: one chief commander and left and right vice commanders. Subordinates from registrar down were as listed above. Jiajing 18 made Jingzhou Left Guard into Xianling Guard and created the Xingdu Garrison Command over Xianling and Chengtian guards, organized like Zhongdu.
47
都指揮使司。 都指揮使一人,正二品都指揮同知二人,從二品都指揮僉事四人。 正三品其屬,經歷司,經歷,正六品都事。 正七品斷事司,斷事,正六品副斷事,正七品吏目各一人。 司獄司,司獄。 從九品倉庫、草場,大使、副使各一人。 行都指揮使司,設官與都指揮使司同。
The Regional Military Commissions. One second-rank regional commander, two third-rank vice commanders, and four fourth-rank assistants. Subordinates: Registry with sixth-rank registrar and seventh-rank secretary. Judicial Office with sixth-rank judge, seventh-rank vice judge, and one clerk. A Prison Office with a ninth-rank keeper. Granary and fodder grounds with ninth-rank commissioner and deputy each. Traveling regional commissions had the same organization as regular commissions.
48
都司,掌一方之軍政,各率其衛所以隸於五府,而聽於兵部。 凡都司並流官,或得世官,歲撫、按察其賢否,五歲考選軍政而廢置之。 都指揮使及同知僉事,常以一人統司事,曰掌印,一人練兵,一人屯田,曰僉書。 巡捕、軍器、漕運、京操、備禦諸雜務,並選充之,否則曰帶俸。 凡備倭守備行都指揮事者,不得建牙、升公座。 凡朝廷吉凶表箋,序銜布、按二司上。 經歷、都事,典文移。 斷事,理刑獄。
Regional commissions ran military affairs in their area, leading guards and battalions under the five commissions and the Ministry of War. Appointive and permitted hereditary posts were inspected yearly by provincial governors and surveillance commissioners; military administration was reviewed every five years. Usually one directed as seal-holder, one drilled troops, and one managed garrison farming as chief secretary. Patrol, ordnance, transport, capital drill, and defense posts were filled by selection; otherwise officers were stipend-only. Traveling regional commanders on anti-pirate garrison duty could not erect staffs or take the high seat. In court documents they ranked after provincial administration and surveillance commissions. Registrars and secretaries handled documents. Judges tried criminal cases.
49
明初,置各行省行都督府,設官如都督府。 又置各都衛指揮使司。 洪武四年,置各都衛斷事司,以理軍官、軍人詞訟。 又以都衛節制方面,職系甚重,從朝廷選擇升調,不許世襲。 七年,置西安行都衛指揮使司於河州。 八年十月,詔各都衛並改為都指揮使司,凡改設都司十有三,燕山都衛為北平都司,西安都衛為陝西都司,太原都衛為山西都司,杭州都衛為浙江都司,江西都衛為江西都司,青州都衛為山東都司,成都都衛為四川都司,福州都衛為福建都司,武昌都衛為湖廣都司,廣東都衛為廣東都司。 廣西都衛為廣西都司,定遼都衛為遼東都司,河南都衛為河南都司。 行都司三,西安行都衛為陝西行都司,大同都衛為山西行都司,建甯都衛為福建行都司。 十五年,增置貴州、雲南二都司。 後以北平都司為北平行都司。 永樂元年改為大寧都司。 宣德中,增置萬全都司。 計天下都司凡十有六。 十三省都司外,有遼東、大寧、萬全三都司。 又於建昌置四川行都司,於鄖陽置湖廣行都司。 計天下行都司凡五。
Early Ming created traveling provincial military commissions modeled on the chief commissions. Regional guard commands were also created. Hongwu 4 added judicial offices to regional guards for officer and soldier lawsuits. Because regional guards controlled whole regions, appointments came from the court and were not hereditary. Hongwu 7 established the Xi'an traveling regional guard command at Hezhou. Hongwu 8 month 10 changed all regional guards to commissions—thirteen conversions including Yanshan to Beiping, Xi'an to Shaanxi, Taiyuan to Shanxi, Hangzhou to Zhejiang, and others listed. Guangxi, Dingliao, and Henan guards became Guangxi, Liaodong, and Henan commissions. Three traveling commissions: Xi'an to Shaanxi Traveling, Datong to Shanxi Traveling, Jianning to Fujian Traveling. Hongwu 15 added Guizhou and Yunnan commissions. Later Beiping became a traveling commission. Yongle 1 made it Daning Commission. Under Xuande Wanquan Commission was added. There were sixteen regional commissions nationwide. Beyond the thirteen provinces were Liaodong, Daning, and Wanquan. Sichuan Traveling Commission was at Jianchang and Huguang Traveling at Yunyang. There were five traveling commissions nationwide.
50
明初,又於各行省置都鎮撫司,設都鎮撫,從四品副鎮撫,從五品知事。 從八品吳元年改都鎮撫正五品,副鎮撫正六品,知事為提控案牘,省注。 洪武六年罷。
Early Ming also placed Military Pacification Commissions in each province with fourth-rank commissioner, fifth-rank vice commissioner, and secretary. Eighth rank. In Wu 1 commissioners became fifth rank, vice commissioners sixth, and secretaries records controllers under abbreviated rules. It was abolished in Hongwu 6.
51
衛指揮使司,設官如京衛。 品秩並同外衛各統於都司、行都司或留守司。 率世官,或有流官。 凡襲替、升授、優給、優養及屬所軍政,掌印、僉事報都指揮使司,達所隸都督府,移兵部。 每歲撫、按察其賢否,五歲一考選軍政,廢置之。 凡管理衛事,惟屬掌印、僉書。 不論指揮使、同知、僉事,考選其才者充之。 分理屯田、驗軍、營操、巡捕、漕運、備禦、出哨、入衛、戍守、軍器諸雜務,曰見任管事; 不任事入隊,曰帶俸差操。 徵行,則率其屬,聽所命主帥調度。
Guard commands followed the same organization as capital guards. Ranks matched outer guards; each reported to a regional, traveling regional, or garrison command. Posts were mostly hereditary, with some appointive exceptions. Succession, promotion, grants, maintenance, and battalion affairs went from seal-holder and chief secretary to the regional commission, then the supervising commission and Ministry of War. Provincial governors and surveillance commissioners inspected them yearly; military administration was reviewed every five years. Only the seal-holder and chief secretary managed guard affairs. Commander, vice commander, or assistant—whoever was chosen for ability held the post. Active duties—garrison farming, inspection, drill, patrol, transport, defense, outbound patrol, palace entry, garrison duty, and ordnance—were called serving in management; Officers without posts who only drilled were called stipend-only with assigned drill. On campaign they led subordinates under their assigned commander.
52
所,千戶所,正千戶一人,正五品副千戶二人,從五品,鎮撫二人,從六品其屬,吏目一人。 所轄百戶所凡十,共百戶十人,正六品。 升授、改調、增置無定員。 總旗二十人,小旗百人。 其守禦千戶所,軍民千戶所設官並同。 凡千戶,一人掌印,一人僉書,曰管軍。 千戶、百戶,有試,有實授。 其掌印,恆以一人兼數印。 凡軍政,衛下於所,千戶督百戶,百戶下總旗、小旗,率其卒伍以聽令。 鎮撫無獄事,則管軍,百戶缺,則代之。 其守禦千戶所,不隸衛,而自達於都司。 凡衛所皆隸都司,而都司又分隸五軍都督府。 浙江都司、山東都司、遼東都司,隸左軍都督府。 陝西都司、陝西行都司、四川都司、四川行都司、廣西都司、雲南都司、貴州都司,隸右軍都督府。 中都留守司、河南都司,隸中軍都督府。 興都留守司、湖廣都司、湖廣行都司、福建都司、福建行都司、江西都司、廣東都司,隸前軍都督府。 大寧都司、萬全都司、山西都司、山西行都司,隸後軍都督府。
Thousand-man battalions: one fifth-rank chief, two fifth-rank vice chiefs, two sixth-rank pacifiers, and one clerk. They commanded ten company offices with ten sixth-rank company officers. Promotion, transfer, and new establishments had no fixed quota. Each battalion had twenty platoon leaders and one hundred squad leaders. Garrison-defense and military-civilian battalions used the same offices. Each battalion had one seal-holder and one chief secretary who managed troops. Thousand-man and company chiefs could be probationary or fully appointed. One seal-holder often held multiple seals. Military administration ran guard to battalion; thousand-man chiefs over company officers; company officers over platoon and squad leaders who led soldiers. Without prison duties the pacifier managed troops; if a company post was vacant he filled it. Garrison-defense battalions reported directly to the regional commission, not to guards. All guards and battalions reported to regional commissions, which reported to the five chief commissions. Zhejiang, Shandong, and Liaodong commissions were under the Left Army Commission. Shaanxi, Shaanxi Traveling, Sichuan, Sichuan Traveling, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou were under the Right Army Commission. Zhongdu Garrison Command and Henan Commission were under the Central Army Commission. Xingdu Garrison, Huguang, Huguang Traveling, Fujian, Fujian Traveling, Jiangxi, and Guangdong were under the Forward Army Commission. Daning, Wanquan, Shanxi, and Shanxi Traveling were under the Rear Army Commission.
53
明初,置千戶所,設正千戶,正五品副千戶,從五品鎮撫、百戶。 正六品又立各萬戶府,設正萬戶,正四品副萬戶,從四品知事,從八品照磨。 正九品尋以名不稱實,遂罷萬戶府,而設指揮使及千戶等官。 核諸將所部有兵五千者為指揮使,千人者為千戶,百人者為百戶,五十人為總旗,十人為小旗。 洪武二年,置刻期百戶所,選能疾行者二百人,以百戶領之。 七年,申定衛所之制。 先是,內外衛所,凡一衛統十千戶,一千戶統十百戶,百戶領總旗二,總旗領小旗五,小旗領軍十。 至是更定其制,每衛設前、後、中、左、右五千戶所,大率以五千六百人為一衛,一千一百二十人為一千戶所,一百一十二人為一百戶所,每百戶所設總旗二人,小旗十人。 二十年,始命各衛立掌印、僉書,專職理事,以指揮使掌印,同知、僉事各領一所。 士卒有武藝不嫻、器械不利者,皆責所領之官。 二十三年,又設軍民指揮使司、軍民千戶所,計天下內外衛凡五百四十有七,所凡二千五百九十有三。 自衛指揮以下其官多世襲,其軍士亦父子相繼,為一代定制。
Early Ming created thousand-man battalions with fifth-rank chiefs and vice chiefs, pacifiers, and sixth-rank company officers. Ten-thousand-man offices were added with fourth-rank chiefs and vice chiefs, eighth-rank secretaries, and ninth-rank registrar-clerks. Because the title did not match reality, ten-thousand-man offices were abolished in favor of commanders and thousand-man chiefs. Forces were graded by size: 5,000 men to a command, 1,000 to a battalion, 100 to a company, 50 to a platoon, 10 to a squad. Hongwu 2 created timed company offices of two hundred swift marchers under a company officer. Hongwu 7 fixed the guard and battalion system. Previously one guard had ten battalions, each battalion ten companies, each company two platoon leaders, each platoon five squads of ten soldiers. The revision gave each guard five battalions (forward, rear, central, left, right): about 5,600 men per guard, 1,120 per battalion, 112 per company, with two platoon leaders and ten squad leaders per company. Hongwu 20 required dedicated seal-holder and chief secretary; the commander held the seal while vice and assistant each led a battalion. Battalion officers were responsible if soldiers lacked skill or weapons were defective. Hongwu 23 added Military-Civilian commands and battalions; there were 547 guards and 2,593 battalions nationwide. From guard commander down offices were mostly hereditary and soldiers succeeded father to son—a dynastic norm.
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土官,宣慰使司,宣慰使一人,從三品同知一人,正四品副使一人,從四品僉事一人。 正五品經歷司,經歷一人,從七品都事一人。 正八品
Pacification Commissions: third-rank commissioner, fourth-rank vice and deputy, fifth-rank assistant. A Registry with seventh-rank registrar and eighth-rank secretary. The secretary was eighth rank.
55
宣撫司,宣撫使一人,從四品同知一人,正五品副使一人,從五品僉事一人。 正六品經歷司,經歷一人,從八品知事一人,正九品照磨一人。 從九品
Pacification Superintendent Commissions: fourth-rank superintendent, fifth-rank vice and deputy, sixth-rank assistant. Registry with eighth-rank registrar, ninth-rank secretary, and ninth-rank registrar-clerk. The registrar-clerk was ninth rank.
56
安撫司,安撫使一人,從五品同知一人,正六品副使一人,從六品僉事一人。 正七品其屬,吏目一人。 從九品
Comforting Commissions: fifth-rank commissioner, sixth-rank vice and deputy, seventh-rank assistant. Subordinates: one ninth-rank clerk. The clerk was ninth rank.
57
招討司,招討使一人,從五品副招討一人。 正六品其屬,吏目一人。 從九品
Pacification and Suppression Commissions: fifth-rank commissioner and sixth-rank vice commissioner. Subordinates: one ninth-rank clerk. The clerk was ninth rank.
58
長官司,長官一人,正六品副長官一人,從七品其屬,吏目一人。 未入流蠻夷長官司,長官、副長官各一人。 品同上又有蠻夷官、苗民官及千夫長、副千夫長等官。
Native Official posts: sixth-rank chief, seventh-rank vice chief, and one clerk. Barbarian Native Official posts had chief and vice chief of the same ranks. Additional posts included barbarian officials, Miao officials, thousand-man chiefs, and vice thousand-man chiefs.
59
軍民府、土州、土縣,設官如府州縣。
Military-Civilian prefectures and native prefectures and counties mirrored regular local government offices.
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洪武七年,西南諸蠻夷朝貢,多因元官授之,稍與約束,定徵徭差發之法。 漸為宣慰司者十一,為招討司者一,為宣撫司者十,為安撫司者十九,為長官司者百七十有三。 其府州縣正貳屬官,或土或流,大率宣慰等司經歷皆流官,府州縣佐貳多流官。 皆因其俗,使之附輯諸蠻,謹守疆土,修職貢,供徵調,無相攜貳。 有相仇者,疏上聽命於天子。 又有番夷都指揮使司三,衛指揮使司三百八十五,宣慰司三,招討司六,萬戶府四,千戶所四十一,站七,地面七,寨一,詳見《兵志·衛所》中。 並以附寨番夷官其地。
Hongwu 7 southwestern tribes presented tribute; many kept Yuan appointments under new levy and corvée rules. Over time there were 11 pacification commissions, 1 pacification and suppression commission, 10 superintendent commissions, 19 comforting commissions, and 173 native official posts. Prefectural chiefs and deputies could be native or appointive; pacification registrars were usually appointive, prefectural deputies mostly appointive. By local custom they gathered tribes, guarded frontiers, maintained tribute, and supplied levies without disloyalty. Inter-tribal feuds were reported to await the emperor's order. There were also three frontier tribal regional commands, 385 guard commands, 3 pacification commissions, 6 pacification and suppression commissions, 4 ten-thousand-man offices, 41 battalions, 7 relay stations, 7 territories, and 1 stockade—see the Treatise on Military Affairs. Native officials were appointed over those territories as well.