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卷七十六 志第五十二 職官五

Volume 76 Treatises 52: Official Posts 5

Chapter 76 of 明史 · History of Ming
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Chapter 76
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1
Dukes, marquises, and earls; chief commandants for imperial sons-in-law (with ceremonial guests appended); the five chief military commissions; the capital garrison; capital guards; the Embroidered Uniform Guard (with archery and related guards); Nanjing garrison command; Nanjing five chief military commissions; Nanjing guards; princely household guards (with ceremonial guard offices); regional commander-in-chief; garrison command; regional military commissions (with traveling commissions); every guard and battalion; pacification commissions; pacification superintendent commissions; comforting commissions; pacification and suppression commissions; native official posts (with native chieftain posts); military-civilian prefectures (with native prefectures and subprefectures).
2
祿 祿 祿
Dukes, marquises, and earls formed three ranks, conferred on meritorious ministers and imperial relatives by marriage; titles could be either non-hereditary or hereditary. Meritorious ministers received iron certificates. There were four grades of ennoblement title: those who had aided the founding emperor in establishing the realm were styled "Loyal in Founding the State, Aiding the Mandate, and Advancing Sincerity"; those who had followed the Yongle Emperor in raising troops were styled "Loyal to Heaven in Pacifying Disorder and Advancing Sincerity"; all others were styled either "Loyal to Heaven in Supporting the Mandate and Advancing Sincerity" or "Loyal to Heaven in Supporting the Guard and Advancing Sincerity." For military ministers the epithet was "minister who proclaims his strength"; for civil ministers, "minister who upholds correctness." Annual stipends were graded according to merit. Those already ennobled who rendered further service might retain their title or be promoted, with increased stipends. Men of talent and character might be appointed superintendent of the capital garrison, chief secretary in a Five Armies Commission, Nanjing garrison commander, or dispatched as regional commander-in-chief; otherwise they merely received stipends and attended court as honorary officials. Heirs who succeeded while still young were all sent to study at the Directorate of Education. In Jiajing 8 (1529) it was decreed that titles granted to imperial affines by marriage must not pass by hereditary succession; where one or two generations of inheritance were allowed, that was a special grace.
3
祿
The chief commandant for an imperial son-in-law ranked above an earl. Whoever married the emperor's senior paternal aunt, paternal aunt, or daughter received the title chief commandant for the imperial son-in-law. Marriages to a commandery princess, county princess, or the lesser noble ladies of commandery, county, or township rank conferred the title ceremonial guest. Annual stipends varied by rank, and none of these men might participate in state affairs. Early in the dynasty, some chief commandants for imperial sons-in-law commanded armies on garrison duty or headed ministry offices. Under Emperor Jianwen, Mei Yin was regional commander-in-chief at Huai'an and Li Jian left deputy general. Under the Yongle Emperor, Li Rang directed the traveling ministry at Beijing. Under Hongxi, Mu Xin; under Xuande, Song Hu—both held Nanjing garrison command. Under Zhengtong, Zhao Hui directed the left office of the Nanjing ministry. Otherwise they only offered sacrifice at the Xiaoling mausoleum, presided over temple rites, or acted in the Court of the Imperial Clan. When given an appointment, they usually discharged that one duty alone. Enfeoffments such as Li Zhen as Marquis of Enqin, Wang Ning as Marquis of Yongchun, and Cui Yuan as Marquis of Jingshan—marquisates granted through favor rather than merit—were irregular.
4
祿
The five commissions—Central, Left, Right, Forward, and Rear—each had left and right commanders-in-chief (first rank), vice commanders-in-chief (second rank), and assistant commanders-in-chief (third rank); grace and merit appointments carried stipends but had no fixed establishment. Subordinate to each commission was a Registry: one Registrar (fifth rank) and one Secretary (seventh rank).
5
·
The commissions managed military affairs, each overseeing its regional commissions, guards, and battalions (see the Treatise on Military Affairs, "Guards and Battalions") and reporting to the Ministry of War. For every military post—hereditary, appointive, native succession, preferential maintenance or grants—the subordinate office reported to its commission, which referred the matter to the Ministry of War for selection. After selection, the commission notified the regional commissions, guards, and battalions below. Head officers were appointed on nomination by the Ministry of Personnel, with patents issued accordingly. Patents and edicts, pay and rations, land and naval drill, quarters and banner service (including examinations), intelligence, musters and replacements, frontier maps and registers, garrison agriculture, arms, transport, and fuel—all were routed through the appropriate offices and coordinated by the commissions. Provincial and circuit regional commanders-in-chief and their deputies were normally filled by substantive or acting commanders of the three grades, or by dukes, marquises, and earls. On major campaigns they were given seals bearing titles such as General, Grand General, Forward General, or Deputy General and took command in the field; when the campaign ended, the seals were surrendered. The men who held the commission seals and served as chief secretaries were almost always dukes, marquises, or earls. Only occasionally was a veteran who actually held the rank of commander-in-chief appointed—fewer than one in ten.
6
使 使
When the founding emperor first took Jiqing, he established a traveling Bureau of Military Affairs and directed it personally. He also set up generalissimo headquarters for the various wings. The bureau was soon abolished and replaced by the Chief Military Commission. Zhu Wenzheng became chief commander with authority over all military affairs; marshals, staff officers, registrars, and secretaries were appointed. Left and right commanders-in-chief, vice commanders, assistant commanders, registrars, and secretaries were added (one of each), along with judicial officers. Regulations fixed the chief commander at second rank, left and right commanders at third rank, vice commanders at fourth, assistant commanders at fifth, registrars at sixth, and secretaries at eighth; at wing headquarters the generalissimo was third rank, vice generalissimo fourth, deputy fifth, registrar eighth, secretary ninth, and registrar-clerk ninth; the Commission for Military Pacification was placed under the Chief Military Commission, having previously been a fourth-rank office under the Secretariat. The wing generalissimo headquarters were soon abolished. In Wu 1 the system was revised: the chief commander was abolished; left and right commanders-in-chief became chiefs (first rank), vice commanders second rank, assistant commanders third—all ranks were raised. Subordinates were Counselors (fourth rank), Registrars, Judicial Officers (fifth rank), Secretaries (seventh rank), and Registrar-Clerks (seventh rank). In Hongwu 9 the vice commander was abolished and Counselor became Chief Adjudicator. In Hongwu 12 assistant commanders were raised to second rank and chief adjudicators to third. In Hongwu 13 the commission became five commissions, each overseeing capital guards and battalions; the Embroidered Uniform Guard, personal guards, and imperial guard were excluded. Outside the capital, the Central Commission's judicial officer served as judicial officer for all five commissions. In Hongwu 15 the Five Armies Ten Guards Staff Office was set up with left and right staff officers. In Hongwu 17 each army appointed two left and right judicial officers and one records controller (ninth rank). In Hongwu 23 the Five Armies judicial officers were raised to fifth rank to oversee military justice. Five offices were created, each with five seventh-rank officers—Investigating Humanity, Righteousness, Rites, Wisdom, and Trustworthiness—who handled that army's cases. In Hongwu 29 the Five Armies Registry Office was established solely to manage documents. Under Jianwen the judicial officers and five offices were abolished. In Yongle 1 the Beijing Rear Garrison traveling commission was established with left and right commanders, vice and assistant commanders (no fixed quota), one registrar, and one secretary. It was later split into five commissions called the Traveling Five Chief Military Commissions. In year 18 the designation "Traveling [at court]" was dropped. For offices at Yingtian, the prefix "Nanjing" was added. (closing the designation.) In Hongxi 1 the "Traveling" designation was restored and the traveling rear commission re-established. In Xuande 3 it was abolished again. In Zhengtong 6 the "Traveling [at court]" designation was removed again. (closing the designation.)
7
西
The capital garrison: in Yongle 22 three great camps were created—the Five Armies Camp, Divine Engine Camp, and Three Thousand Camp. The Five Armies and Divine Engine camps each had a central army plus left and right vanguard, flank, and rear divisions; the Five Armies and Three Thousand camps each had five administrative offices. Each camp was supervised by two meritorious ministers appointed as superintendents. Officers over camps and their vanguard and flank units were called camp superintendent and office superintendent. Vanguard and flank officers were likewise usually drawn from meritorious ministers. Company commanders, office commanders, and placard officers were also appointed. Additional camps—Huntsmen, Junior Officers, Retainers, Devoted Loyalty, and Effective Righteousness—were all attached to the Five Armies Camp. In Jingtai 1 picked elites from the three camps formed the Ten Regiment Camps, under a regional commander, a superintendent, and a supervising eunuch. The earlier organization was termed the Old Camps. The three Old Camps had six superintendents; two of them also commanded the Regiment Camps. In Chenghua 3 the Regiment Camps became twelve; each was subdivided—the Five Armies and Three Thousand overseeing cavalry, the Divine Engine firearms. Each camp's commander was selected from commanders-in-chief, regional commanders, or titled nobles, under a single superintendent. Under Zhengde, elite regiment troops formed Eastern and Western Staff Halls with their own regional commanders and deputy generals. In Jiajing 29 the staff halls were abolished and the three camps reunited; the Three Thousand Camp became Divine Pivot, with deputies, assistants, mobile officers, adjutants, camp superintendents, signal chiefs, staff officers, and thousand- and company-commanders. Five Armies Camp—Battle Company 1: one left deputy general; Battle Company 2: one drill-brave deputy commander; Chariot Company 3: one deputy commander; Chariot Company 4: one mobile commander; Garrison Defense 5: one assistant mobile commander; Battle Company 6: one right deputy general; Battle Company 7: one drill-brave deputy commander; Chariot Company 8: one deputy commander; Chariot Company 9: one mobile commander; Garrison Defense 10: one assistant mobile commander; Reserve Company: one camp superintendent, one chief signal officer. These were appointed from the center. One supervising firearms signal officer, eleven staff officers, four campaign thousand-man commanders, twenty camp thousand-man commanders, eight vanguard company commanders, and one hundred thirty-eight company commanders. These were all selected within the camp. Divine Pivot Camp—Battle Company 1: one left deputy general; Battle Company 2: one drill-brave deputy commander; Chariot Company 3: one deputy commander; Chariot Company 4: one mobile commander; Garrison Defense 5: one assistant mobile commander; Battle Company 6: one right deputy general; Chariot Company 7: one drill-brave deputy commander; Ceremonial Company 8: one deputy commander; Garrison Defense 9: one assistant mobile commander; Garrison Defense 10: one assistant mobile commander; Reserve Company: one camp superintendent, one chief signal officer. These were appointed from above. One supervising firearms signal officer, eleven staff officers, twenty thousand-man commanders, six vanguard company commanders, and one hundred fifty-seven company commanders. These were all selected within the camp. Divine Engine Camp—Battle Company 1: one left deputy general; Battle Company 2: one drill-brave deputy commander; Chariot Company 3: one mobile commander; Chariot Company 4: one assistant mobile commander; Garrison Defense 5: one assistant mobile commander; Battle Company 6: one right deputy general; Chariot Company 7: one drill-brave deputy commander; Garrison Defense 8: one assistant mobile commander; Garrison Defense 9: one assistant mobile commander; Garrison Defense 10: one assistant mobile commander; Reserve Company: one camp superintendent, one chief signal officer. These were appointed from above. One supervising firearms signal officer, eleven staff officers, twenty thousand-man commanders, six vanguard company commanders, and one hundred twenty-eight company commanders. These were all selected within the camp. Across the three great camps there were five hundred eighty-six officers in total. A single regional commander-in-chief served as superintendent over all three. Later the superintendent was renamed governor, and a seal was cast inscribed "Governor of Capital Garrison Military Affairs." which Qiu Luan was ordered to wear. One vice minister was added to assist in capital garrison military affairs. Touring censorate and ministry officials were to rotate annually, and all eunuch offices were abolished. Touring supervising secretaries were added but soon abolished too. Early in Longqing the governor became superintendent again, "assist" became "inspect," and "inspect" soon became superintendent again. In month 2 of year 4 the garrison was reorganized: each camp got a superintendent, each supervised by a right censor-in-chief. In month 9 the six superintendents were abolished and one governor of military affairs restored. Early in Tianqi one assistant was added; later one assistant post was cut again. Early in Chongzhen one assistant was added once more.
8
使使 使使
Each capital guard command had one commander (third rank), two vice commanders (third rank), and four assistant commanders (fourth rank). A Pacification Office with two fifth-rank pacifiers; subordinates were a Registry (seventh-rank registrar), secretary (eighth rank), clerk (ninth rank), and one granary commissioner and deputy each. Subordinate thousand-man battalions varied in number.
9
祿 使 宿
Capital guards comprised imperial-attendance guards and Nanjing and Beijing guards, all of equal rank. Every guard had its seal-holder and chief secretary. Grace appointments carrying stipends had no fixed establishment. There were twenty-six imperial-attendance personal guard commands. Namely the Embroidered Uniform Guard, Archery Guard, and Forward Golden Crow Guard. the Rear Golden Crow Guard; Left and Right Feathered Forest Guards; the Military Household Guard and its Left, Right, Forward, and Rear branches; and the Left Tiger Guard. These twelve were the Upper Guards, established under Hongwu. Next came the Left and Right Golden Crow Guards, Forward Feathered Forest Guard, the Yanshan guards, Left Daxing Guard, Jiyang Guard, Jizhou Guard, and Tongzhou Guard. These ten were the Upper Ten Guards, established under Yongle. the Left and Right Soaring Dragon Guards and Left and Right Martial Dragon Guards. They were established in Xuande 8. They rotated as palace guards, protecting the inner precincts, and did not report to the five commissions. Thirty-three capital guards were subordinate to the five commissions. the Left Garrison Guard, Zhennan Guard, Right Valiant Cavalry Guard, Dragon-Tiger Guard, and Left and Right Shenyang Guards—under the Left Army Commission. the Right Garrison Guard, Right Tiger Guard, and Wude Guard—under the Right Army Commission. the Central Garrison Guard, Shence Guard, Yingtian Guard, Heyang Guard, and the Horse Pasture and Foreign Horse Pasture battalions—all under the Central Army Commission. the Forward Garrison Guard, Longxiang Guard, and Baotao Guard—under the Forward Army Commission. the Rear Garrison Guard, Yingyang, Xingwu, Central and Forward Daning, Huizhou, Fuyu, Kuanhe, Left Shenwu, Right/Forward/Rear Righteousness, Right/Forward/Rear Valor, Central Wucheng, and Left Weizhou Guards—under the Rear Army Commission. Another fifteen capital guards were neither personal guards nor under the commissions. the Central, Left, and Right Wugong Guards—because they were artisan guards, they reported to the Ministry of Works. Next were the Left and Right Yongqing Guards, Pengcheng Guard, and the mausoleum guards from Changling through Zhaoling.
10
使使 使使使使 使 宿 宿宿宿 使 使使
Early in the dynasty the Command of Personal Guards before the Throne was set up, with Feng Guoyong as commander-in-chief. It became the Golden Crow Bodyguard Personal Guard Protectorate, with a second-rank protector, sixth-rank registrar, seventh-rank secretary, and registrar-clerk. The registrar-clerk was eighth rank. Each guard also had a personal guard command with third-rank commander and vice commander, fourth-rank deputy, seventh-rank registrar, eighth-rank secretary, ninth-rank registrar-clerk, and fifth- and sixth-rank battalion and company officers. Seventeen personal guard commands were then created—Wude, Longxiang, Baotao, Feilong, Weiwu, Guangwu, Xingwu, Yingwu, Yingyang, Xiaoqi, Shenwu, Xiongwu, Fengxiang, Tianche, Zhenwu, Xuanwu, and Yulin—the origin of personal guard units. The Golden Crow Bodyguard Personal Guard Protectorate was soon abolished. Under Hongwu and Yongle more personal guards were added as the Upper Twenty-Two Guards, sharing rotating palace duty. Only the Embroidered Uniform Guard handled inspection, arrest, and imperial prison cases under a commander or regional commander—unlike every other guard. The five garrison guards began as the Commission for Military Pacification overseeing palace security—first under the Secretariat, then the Chief Military Commission—with fourth-rank commissioner, fifth-rank vice commissioner, and eighth-rank secretary; later renamed the Palace Guard Pacification Office. In Hongwu 3 they became garrison guard commands guarding city gates and patrolling the imperial city and walls. Later raised to the Garrison Command overseeing ten guards: Tianche, Baotao, Feixiong, Yingyang, Jiangyin, Guangyang, Henghai, Longjiang, and Left and Right Naval Guards. In year 8 they reverted to garrison guards; eight became personal guard commands, only the naval guards remaining ordinary commands. All of them reported to the Chief Military Commission. In year 11 the Central Garrison Guard was created and Left, Right, Forward, and Rear Garrison Guards added, still personal guards. In Hongwu 13 they were distributed among the five commissions.
11
祿 簿 宿 輿
The Embroidered Uniform Guard handled bodyguard duty, arrest, and prisons, usually under a meritorious kinsman as commander or regional commander; grace posts had no fixed quota. At audiences and tours it supplied ceremonial guards and led 1,507 Great Han generals and other escorts. For palace duty it rotated shifts. At dawn and dusk audiences, plowing rites, and sacrificial duties it wore flying-fish robes and spring knives at the emperor's side. It secretly investigated criminals in streets and drains and inspected them regularly. For decrees, inquests, prisoner records, and trials it worked with the three judicial offices. Five Armies quarters trials and spear drill were jointly overseen with the Ministry of War. It oversaw seventeen battalion offices in all. Five offices—Central, Left, Right, Forward, and Rear—commanded troops. Those five split into ten departments for carriage, canopy, fans, banners, flags, halberds, axes, spears, bows, and horses, each with officers for ceremonial equipage. Six upper personal guard offices commanded generals, strongmen, and military artisans. An Elephant Training Office raised keepers for court display, palanquins, and carrying treasure.
12
使 使使 使
Early Ming established the seventh-rank Archguard Office commanding guardsmen under the military commission. Later it became the third-rank Archguard Command. It was soon renamed the Commandant's Office. In Hongwu 3 it became the Personal Guard Commandant's Office over five guards, with the Ceremonial Guard Office subordinate. In year 4 the Ceremonial Guard Office was fixed at fifth rank with one commissioner and two vice commissioners. In Hongwu 15 the Ceremonial Guard Office was abolished and the Embroidered Uniform Guard created at third rank with seven sixth-rank chair attendants. A Registry handled documents in and out; a Pacification Office handled the guard's criminal cases and military artisans. In Hongwu 17 the guard commander was fixed at third rank. In Hongwu 20, because guard officials often abused prisoners, torture gear was burned, prisoners were sent to the Ministry of Justice, all prisons were ordered back to the three judicial offices, and the guard prison was abolished. The Yongle Emperor restored it. Soon a Northern Pacification Office was added solely for imperial prison cases. Under Chenghua seals were issued so closed cases could be reported directly without the guard, which could not intervene. The old office became the Southern Pacification Office for military artisans only.
13
宿 簿
The Archery Guard began as the Archery Battalion, made a guard in Hongwu 18. It managed great ceremonial drums, banners, and flags, leading strongmen on rotating palace guard with the procession. Guardsmen and strongmen were drafted from sturdy commoners. Guardsmen bore ceremonial regalia, summoned officials before the carriage, ran errands, and reported to the Embroidered Uniform Guard. Strongmen handled drums and banners on imperial outings, guarded the four gates, and reported to the Archery Guard. They officiated annually at sacrifices to the Six Banners Spirit (eighth month at the altar, twelfth month outside Chengtian Gate) and commanded five battalion offices.
14
使
The Forward Military Household Guard led juvenile troops who rotated with swords on palace duty. Early Ming had sword-bearing attendants. Under Hongwu the Military Household and other guards all trained juvenile troops in martial skills. In Yongle 13 juvenile troops were chosen for the heir apparent and the Forward Military Household Guard was created with five commanders, ten vice commanders, twenty assistant commanders, ten guard pacifiers, and five registrars. It oversaw twenty-five battalion offices in all.
15
Nineteen guards including Golden Crow and Feathered Forest handled patrol duty over 102 battalion offices.
16
The four Soaring Dragon and Martial Dragon guards led strongmen on direct and escort duty, commanding 32 battalion offices.
17
Nanjing's five commissions had left and right commanders, vice commanders, and assistants—not always fully staffed. Seal-holders and chief secretaries were drawn from ennobled merit holders and third-grade commanders. They managed Nanjing guards and battalions and reported to the Nanjing Ministry of War. The great drill ground and river defense were divided among the commissions by imperial order. The Central Commission alone held the city gate keys. Gate officers were abolished in Hongwu 18; gate locks and bronze tokens went to the Central Military Commission. Subordinates were one registrar and one secretary.
18
使 使
Nanjing had forty-nine guard commands, organized like capital guards. Thirty-two reported to the five commissions. Under the Left Commission: Left Garrison, Zhennan, Left Naval, Right Valiant Cavalry, Dragon-Tiger, Left Dragon-Tiger, Yingwu, Right Longjiang, and Left and Right Shenyang Guards. Under the Right Commission: Right Garrison, Right Tiger, Right Naval, Wude, and Guangwu Guards. Under the Central Commission: Central Garrison, Shence, Guangyang, Guangtian, Heyang Guards, and Horse Pasture battalion. Under the Forward Commission: Forward Garrison, Left Longjiang, Longxiang, Feixiong, Tianche, Baotao, and Left Baotao Guards. Under the Rear Commission: Rear Garrison, Henghai, Yingyang, Xingwu, and Jiangyin Guards. Seventeen personal guards: Golden Crow (forward, rear, left, right), Feathered Forest (left, right, forward), Military Household branches, Left Tiger, Embroidered Uniform, Archery, Jianghuai, Jizhou, and Xiaoling Mausoleum Guards. Together with the Left Commission's ten, Right's five, Forward's seven, and Rear's five, all were under the Central Commission. All guards together commanded 118 battalions.
19
使
Princely household guard commands mirrored capital guards.
20
調 使
Each princely establishment had a Ceremonial Guard Office. One fifth-rank ceremonial commissioner, two fifth-rank vice commissioners, and six sixth-rank ritual staff officers. Ceremonial guards handled bodyguard regalia. Household guards defended against emergencies and protected the prince's residence. When called to campaign, they obeyed the court. Early Ming princely establishments had Military Protection Offices. In Hongwu 3 Ceremonial Guard Offices were set up with commissioner and vice commissioner equal in rank to chief and vice thousand-man chiefs; six ritual staff officers equal to company officers. In year 4 ritual staff officers became ritual bearers. In year 5 each prince received three household guard commands with five battalions each (left, right, forward, rear, central), two thousand-man chiefs and ten company officers per battalion. Two Huntsmen battalions were added, each with one thousand-man chief. In Hongwu 9 the Military Protection Offices were abolished. Under Jianwen it became the Ceremonial Regalia Office with an added clerk. Yongle restored the former system.
21
調
Regional commanders, deputy commanders, deputy generals, mobile commanders, garrison commanders, and company commanders had no rank and no fixed establishment. Regional commanders guarded whole regions; route commanders guarded single routes; garrison commanders held cities or forts; co-garrison commanders shared a city with the chief. Other titles included superintendent, coordinator, inspector, defense preparer, shift leader, and anti-pirate commander.
22
西西西 西西 西
Regional and deputy commanders were usually dukes, marquises, earls, or commanders-in-chief. Sealed generals included Pacification South (Yunnan), Forward Pacification West (Datong), Pacification of the Miao (Huguang and Liangguang), Forward Subjugation of Barbarians (Liaodong), Subjugation of the North (Xuanfu), Pacification of the Qiang (Gansu), Pacification West (Ningxia and Yan-sui), and Deputy General (Jiaozhi). The seals were issued in Hongxi 1. Jizhen, Guizhou, Huguang, Sichuan, and Huai'an grain transport could not use the sealed General title. Under Xuande regional commanders were added for Shanxi and Shaanxi. Under Jiajing Liangguang split into Guangdong and Guangxi, Huguang into two, Fujian and Baoding deputies became regional commanders, and Zhejiang gained a regional commander. Under Wanli commanders were added at Lintao and Shanhai. Under Tianqi Deng-Lai was added. By Chongzhen posts multiplied beyond counting and their authority was no longer what it once was. Early Ming even deputies and company commanders were often ennobled commanders; later that practice disappeared.
23
西 調
Jizhou had one regional commander—an old post. In Longqing 2 the post became superintendent of drill with garrison duty, based at Santun Camp. There were three co-garrison deputy commanders. Eastern-route deputy (Longqing 2) at Jianchang Camp over Yanhe, Taitou, Shimenzhai, and Shanhaiguan. Central-route deputy (Wanli 4) at Santun Camp over Malanyu, Songpengyu, Xifengkou, and Taipingzhai. Western-route deputy (Longqing 3) at Shixia Camp over Qiangziling, Caojiazhai, Gubeikou, and Shitangling. Eleven route deputies: Tongzhou, Shanhaiguan, Shimenzhai, Yanhe, Shitangling, Taitou, Taipingzhai, Malanyu, Qiangziling, Gubeikou, and Xifengkou. Six mobile commanders, three southern-troop mobile commanders, seven shift mobile commanders, eight camp officers, eight garrison commanders, one company commander, and twenty-six coordinators.
24
調
One Changping regional commander (old post) with deputy and supervising military minister. In Jiajing 38 the deputy was abolished and the supervisor became regional commander at Changping under the governor-general. Three route deputies: Juyongguan, Huanghuazhen, and Henglingkou. Two mobile commanders, three camp officers, ten garrison commanders, and one coordinator.
25
調
One Liaodong regional commander (old post) at Guangning. In Longqing 1 he wintered at Liaoyang east of the Liao to direct defense and support Haizhou and Shenyang. One co-garrison deputy; Liaoyang deputy (formerly route commander, Jiajing 45) at Liaoyang over Kaifeng, Haizhou, Xianshan, and Shenyang. Five route garrison deputy generals were appointed. Kaifeng; Right Jin-Yi; Right Hai-Gai; Ningyuan; and Kuandian Fort deputies. Eight mobile commanders, five garrison commanders, one camp staff officer, and nineteen defense preparers.
26
Baoding had one regional commander. Hongzhi 18 first created a Baoding deputy, later a deputy general. Zhengde 9 restored route garrison deputy. Jiajing 20 made it regional garrison commander. Jiajing 30 established the regional commander-in-chief. Wanli 1 ordered spring and autumn stationing at Futuyu and move to Zijingguan on alarm for relief. Four route deputies: Zijingguan, Longgu Passes, Mashuikou, and Daomaguan. Six mobile commanders, one camp staff officer, seven garrison commanders, seven company commanders, and two Zhongshun officials.
27
西西
One Xuanfu regional commander (old post) at Xuanfu town. One co-garrison deputy (formerly at town, Jiajing 28 at Yongning). Seven route deputies: North Dushi-Maying; East Huailai-Yongning; Upper West Wanquan Right; South Shun-Sheng-Wei-Guang; Central Geyubao; Lower West Chaigoubao; South Mountain. Three mobile commanders, two camp staff officers, thirty-one garrison commanders, and two shift defense preparers. Abolished in Wanli 8.
28
西西
One Datong regional commander (old post) at Datong town. One co-garrison deputy (formerly left deputy, Wanli 5 without "left") at Left Guard city. Nine route deputies (East, North-East, Central, West, North-West, Jingping, Xinpingbao, Governor's Left Flank, Weiyuan)—abolished Wanli 8. Two mobile commanders, four palace-entry mobile commanders, two camp staff officers, and thirty-nine garrison commanders.
29
西 西
One Shanxi regional commander (formerly deputy, Jiajing 20) at Ningwu Pass. Autumn defense at Yangfangkou; winter defense at Piantou Pass. One co-garrison deputy (Jiajing 44), first at Piantou, later Laoyingbao. Six route deputies: East Daizhou Left; West Piantou Right; Taiyuan Left; Central Liminbao Right; Hequ County; Beiloukou. One mobile commander, one camp staff officer, thirteen garrison commanders, and two defense officers.
30
調 西
One Yan-sui regional commander (old post) at the garrison town. One co-garrison deputy (Dingbian Right, Jiajing 41) garrisoning Anding and Zhenjing and coordinating the Great Wall passes. Six route deputies: Gushan; East Right; West Left; Central; Qingping; Yulin-Baoning. Two mobile commanders, four palace-entry mobile commanders, eleven garrison commanders, and one camp staff officer.
31
西
One Ningxia regional commander (old post) at the garrison town. One co-garrison deputy (also old post) at the same garrison town. Four route deputies: East Right, West Left, Lingzhou Left, and North Route Pinglucheng. Three mobile commanders, one palace-entry mobile commander, three garrison commanders (cut Wanli 8), two defense shift leaders (cut Wanli 9), two camp staff officers, one town regional commissioner manager, two shift commissioners (cut Wanli 9), and one waterworks and farming commissioner.
32
西
One Gansu regional commander (old post) at the garrison town. One co-garrison deputy (Gansu Left, old post; Jiajing 44 at Gaotai; Longqing 4 back at garrison town). One route deputy (Liangzhou Right, old post). Four route deputies: Zhuanglang Left, Suzhou Right, Xining, and Zhenfan; four mobile commanders; one camp staff officer; eleven garrison commanders; four shift defense commissioners.
33
西 西西
One Shaanxi regional commander—first at Huicheng, later Guyuan. One route deputy (Taomin, Wanli 6) at Taozhou. Five route deputies: Hezhou, Lanzhou, Jinglu, Shaanxi, and Jiewen-Xigu. Four mobile commanders, two camp staff officers, and eight garrison commanders.
34
One Sichuan regional commander (Longqing 5) at Jianwu Battalion. One route deputy (Songpan, old post); two co-garrison deputies: Songpan East Left and South Right. Two mobile commanders and six garrison commanders.
35
One Yunnan regional commander (old post) at Yunnan prefecture. Three route deputies: Linyuan, Yongchang, and Shunmeng; two garrison commanders. The grand coordinator had one camp staff officer.
36
西
One Guizhou regional commander (old post; Jiajing 32 added superintendent of Mayang area) at Tongren. Two route deputies: Superintendent Qinglang Right and Superintendent Sichuan-Guizhou West Left. Seven garrison commanders and one grand coordinator staff officer.
37
西
One Guangxi regional commander (formerly deputy, Jiajing 45) at Guilin. Five route deputies: Xunwu Left, Liuqing Right, Yongning, Si'en, and Zhaoping. Three garrison commanders and one camp officer.
38
One Huguang regional commander (abolished Jiajing 10, restored 12, cut Wanli 8, restored 12) at the provincial capital. Three route deputies: Liping, Zhen, and Yunyang. Eleven garrison commanders and one company commander.
39
西
One Guangdong regional commander. Formerly the Pacification of the Miao General and Liangguang commander. Split off in Jiajing 45; based at Chaozhou. One co-garrison deputy (Chaozhang, Wanli 3) at Nan'ao. Seven route deputies: Chaozhou, Qiongya, Leilian, East Mountain, West Mountain, Guangzhou coastal defense superintendent, and Huizhou. One drill mobile commander, five garrison commanders, two camp staff officers, and four company commanders.
40
One Langshan superintendent deputy (Jiajing 37) at Tongzhou. One Jiangnan deputy (formerly regional commander at Fushan, later Zhenjiang and Yizhen). Cut in Jiajing 8. Restored in Jiajing 19. Cut again in Jiajing 29. Jiajing 32 made it a deputy commander at Jinshan Guard. Jiajing 43 moved it to Wusong. Two route deputies: Xuzhou and Jinshan. One mobile commander, six garrison commanders, one Fengyang gate staff officer, and thirteen company commanders.
41
One Zhejiang regional commander (Jiajing 34) directing Zhe-Zhi coastal defense. Jiajing 35 became garrison commander of Zhe-Zhi. Jiajing 42 became Zhejiang garrison commander—first at Dinghai, later the provincial capital. Four route deputies: Hang-Jia-Hu, Ning-Shao, Wen-Chu, and Tai-Jin-Yan. Two mobile commanders, one chief arrest commissioner, and seven company commanders.
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One Jiangxi route deputy (South-Gan, Jiajing 43) at Huichang county. Four garrison commanders and six company commanders.
43
One Fujian regional commander (formerly deputy, Jiajing 42) at Funing. One route deputy (South Route); three garrison commanders; seven company commanders; one camp officer.
44
One Shandong regional commander (added under Tianqi). One governor's anti-Japanese defense commissioner and four Jizhen shift commissioners. Three Henan garrison commanders each with four Jizhen shift commissioners.
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The grain transport governor held the post of regional commander-in-chief. Yongle 2 created regional and deputy commanders for naval transport troops. When naval transport ended they supervised grain transport alone. Tianshun 1 added concurrent river management. One transport-assisting deputy general (Tianshun 1) and twelve company commanders across Nanjing, Jiangnan, north Yangtze, Zhongdu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Huguang, and Jiangxi.
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The Garrison Commands. One second-rank chief garrison commander, one third-rank vice commander, and two third-rank vice commanders. Subordinates: a Registry with sixth-rank registrar and seventh-rank secretary. A Judicial Office with sixth-rank judge, seventh-rank vice judge, and one clerk each. They guarded and protected Zhongdu and Xingdu. Hongwu 2 made Linhuai the Central Capital and created a garrison guard under the Fengyang traveling commission. Hongwu 14 created the Central Capital Garrison Command over eight guards: Fengyang, Central Fengyang, Right Fengyang, Imperial Mausoleum, Left Garrison, Central Garrison, Changhuai, and Huaiyuan. For imperial mausoleum protection: one chief commander and left and right vice commanders. Subordinates from registrar down were as listed above. Jiajing 18 made Jingzhou Left Guard into Xianling Guard and created the Xingdu Garrison Command over Xianling and Chengtian guards, organized like Zhongdu.
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The Regional Military Commissions. One second-rank regional commander, two third-rank vice commanders, and four fourth-rank assistants. Subordinates: Registry with sixth-rank registrar and seventh-rank secretary. Judicial Office with sixth-rank judge, seventh-rank vice judge, and one clerk. A Prison Office with a ninth-rank keeper. Granary and fodder grounds with ninth-rank commissioner and deputy each. Traveling regional commissions had the same organization as regular commissions.
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Regional commissions ran military affairs in their area, leading guards and battalions under the five commissions and the Ministry of War. Appointive and permitted hereditary posts were inspected yearly by provincial governors and surveillance commissioners; military administration was reviewed every five years. Usually one directed as seal-holder, one drilled troops, and one managed garrison farming as chief secretary. Patrol, ordnance, transport, capital drill, and defense posts were filled by selection; otherwise officers were stipend-only. Traveling regional commanders on anti-pirate garrison duty could not erect staffs or take the high seat. In court documents they ranked after provincial administration and surveillance commissions. Registrars and secretaries handled documents. Judges tried criminal cases.
49
使 調 西使 使西西西西西 西西 西西西
Early Ming created traveling provincial military commissions modeled on the chief commissions. Regional guard commands were also created. Hongwu 4 added judicial offices to regional guards for officer and soldier lawsuits. Because regional guards controlled whole regions, appointments came from the court and were not hereditary. Hongwu 7 established the Xi'an traveling regional guard command at Hezhou. Hongwu 8 month 10 changed all regional guards to commissions—thirteen conversions including Yanshan to Beiping, Xi'an to Shaanxi, Taiyuan to Shanxi, Hangzhou to Zhejiang, and others listed. Guangxi, Dingliao, and Henan guards became Guangxi, Liaodong, and Henan commissions. Three traveling commissions: Xi'an to Shaanxi Traveling, Datong to Shanxi Traveling, Jianning to Fujian Traveling. Hongwu 15 added Guizhou and Yunnan commissions. Later Beiping became a traveling commission. Yongle 1 made it Daning Commission. Under Xuande Wanquan Commission was added. There were sixteen regional commissions nationwide. Beyond the thirteen provinces were Liaodong, Daning, and Wanquan. Sichuan Traveling Commission was at Jianchang and Huguang Traveling at Yunyang. There were five traveling commissions nationwide.
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Early Ming also placed Military Pacification Commissions in each province with fourth-rank commissioner, fifth-rank vice commissioner, and secretary. Eighth rank. In Wu 1 commissioners became fifth rank, vice commissioners sixth, and secretaries records controllers under abbreviated rules. It was abolished in Hongwu 6.
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Guard commands followed the same organization as capital guards. Ranks matched outer guards; each reported to a regional, traveling regional, or garrison command. Posts were mostly hereditary, with some appointive exceptions. Succession, promotion, grants, maintenance, and battalion affairs went from seal-holder and chief secretary to the regional commission, then the supervising commission and Ministry of War. Provincial governors and surveillance commissioners inspected them yearly; military administration was reviewed every five years. Only the seal-holder and chief secretary managed guard affairs. Commander, vice commander, or assistant—whoever was chosen for ability held the post. Active duties—garrison farming, inspection, drill, patrol, transport, defense, outbound patrol, palace entry, garrison duty, and ordnance—were called serving in management; Officers without posts who only drilled were called stipend-only with assigned drill. On campaign they led subordinates under their assigned commander.
52
調 西西西 西 西西
Thousand-man battalions: one fifth-rank chief, two fifth-rank vice chiefs, two sixth-rank pacifiers, and one clerk. They commanded ten company offices with ten sixth-rank company officers. Promotion, transfer, and new establishments had no fixed quota. Each battalion had twenty platoon leaders and one hundred squad leaders. Garrison-defense and military-civilian battalions used the same offices. Each battalion had one seal-holder and one chief secretary who managed troops. Thousand-man and company chiefs could be probationary or fully appointed. One seal-holder often held multiple seals. Military administration ran guard to battalion; thousand-man chiefs over company officers; company officers over platoon and squad leaders who led soldiers. Without prison duties the pacifier managed troops; if a company post was vacant he filled it. Garrison-defense battalions reported directly to the regional commission, not to guards. All guards and battalions reported to regional commissions, which reported to the five chief commissions. Zhejiang, Shandong, and Liaodong commissions were under the Left Army Commission. Shaanxi, Shaanxi Traveling, Sichuan, Sichuan Traveling, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou were under the Right Army Commission. Zhongdu Garrison Command and Henan Commission were under the Central Army Commission. Xingdu Garrison, Huguang, Huguang Traveling, Fujian, Fujian Traveling, Jiangxi, and Guangdong were under the Forward Army Commission. Daning, Wanquan, Shanxi, and Shanxi Traveling were under the Rear Army Commission.
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Early Ming created thousand-man battalions with fifth-rank chiefs and vice chiefs, pacifiers, and sixth-rank company officers. Ten-thousand-man offices were added with fourth-rank chiefs and vice chiefs, eighth-rank secretaries, and ninth-rank registrar-clerks. Because the title did not match reality, ten-thousand-man offices were abolished in favor of commanders and thousand-man chiefs. Forces were graded by size: 5,000 men to a command, 1,000 to a battalion, 100 to a company, 50 to a platoon, 10 to a squad. Hongwu 2 created timed company offices of two hundred swift marchers under a company officer. Hongwu 7 fixed the guard and battalion system. Previously one guard had ten battalions, each battalion ten companies, each company two platoon leaders, each platoon five squads of ten soldiers. The revision gave each guard five battalions (forward, rear, central, left, right): about 5,600 men per guard, 1,120 per battalion, 112 per company, with two platoon leaders and ten squad leaders per company. Hongwu 20 required dedicated seal-holder and chief secretary; the commander held the seal while vice and assistant each led a battalion. Battalion officers were responsible if soldiers lacked skill or weapons were defective. Hongwu 23 added Military-Civilian commands and battalions; there were 547 guards and 2,593 battalions nationwide. From guard commander down offices were mostly hereditary and soldiers succeeded father to son—a dynastic norm.
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Pacification Commissions: third-rank commissioner, fourth-rank vice and deputy, fifth-rank assistant. A Registry with seventh-rank registrar and eighth-rank secretary. The secretary was eighth rank.
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Pacification Superintendent Commissions: fourth-rank superintendent, fifth-rank vice and deputy, sixth-rank assistant. Registry with eighth-rank registrar, ninth-rank secretary, and ninth-rank registrar-clerk. The registrar-clerk was ninth rank.
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Comforting Commissions: fifth-rank commissioner, sixth-rank vice and deputy, seventh-rank assistant. Subordinates: one ninth-rank clerk. The clerk was ninth rank.
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Pacification and Suppression Commissions: fifth-rank commissioner and sixth-rank vice commissioner. Subordinates: one ninth-rank clerk. The clerk was ninth rank.
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Native Official posts: sixth-rank chief, seventh-rank vice chief, and one clerk. Barbarian Native Official posts had chief and vice chief of the same ranks. Additional posts included barbarian officials, Miao officials, thousand-man chiefs, and vice thousand-man chiefs.
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Military-Civilian prefectures and native prefectures and counties mirrored regular local government offices.
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Hongwu 7 southwestern tribes presented tribute; many kept Yuan appointments under new levy and corvée rules. Over time there were 11 pacification commissions, 1 pacification and suppression commission, 10 superintendent commissions, 19 comforting commissions, and 173 native official posts. Prefectural chiefs and deputies could be native or appointive; pacification registrars were usually appointive, prefectural deputies mostly appointive. By local custom they gathered tribes, guarded frontiers, maintained tribute, and supplied levies without disloyalty. Inter-tribal feuds were reported to await the emperor's order. There were also three frontier tribal regional commands, 385 guard commands, 3 pacification commissions, 6 pacification and suppression commissions, 4 ten-thousand-man offices, 41 battalions, 7 relay stations, 7 territories, and 1 stockade—see the Treatise on Military Affairs. Native officials were appointed over those territories as well.
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