Volume 314 Biographies 202: Yunnan Tribal Headmen 2

姚安鶴慶武定尋甸麗江元江永昌新化威遠北勝灣甸鎮康大侯瀾滄衛麓川

Yao'an, Heqing, Wuding, Xundian, Lijiang, Yuanjiang, Yongchang, Xinhua, Weiyuan, Beisheng, Wandian, Zhenkang, Dahou, Lancang Guard, and Luchuan

姚安，本漢弄棟、蜻蛉二縣地。唐置姚州都督府，以民多姚姓也。天寶間，南詔蒙氏改為弄棟府。宋時，段氏改姚州。元立統矢千戶所，天歷間，升姚安路。

Yao'an comprised the land of the Han-era counties of Nongdong and Qingling. The Tang established the Yao Prefecture Military Governorship, so named because most of the local people bore the surname Yao. During the Tianbao period, the Meng of Nanzhao redesignated it as Nongdong Prefecture. Under the Song, the Duan regime renamed it Yao Prefecture. The Yuan founded the Tongshi chiliarchy, which in the Tianli reign was elevated to Yao'an Circuit.

洪武十五年定雲南，改為府。十六年，姚安土官自久作亂。官兵往討，師次九十九莊，自久遁去。明年復寇品甸。西平侯沐英奏以土官高保為姚安府同知、高惠為姚安州同知。保、惠從英擊自久，平之。二十年命普定侯陳桓、靖寧侯葉升往雲南總制諸軍，於定邊、姚安等處立營屯種。二十六年，保以襲職，遣其弟貢馬謝恩。

When Yunnan was brought under control in Hongwu 15, the district was reorganized as a prefecture. The following year the Yao'an tribal magistrate Zi Jiu rose in revolt. Imperial forces marched against him but halted at Ninety-Nine Villages while Zi Jiu escaped. He raided Pindian again the year after. Mu Ying, Marquis of Xiping, recommended appointing the tribal headmen Gao Bao and Gao Hui as vice prefect of Yao'an Prefecture and vice magistrate of Yao'an Subprefecture, respectively. Bao and Hui joined Mu Ying's campaign against Zi Jiu and helped put down the rebellion. In Hongwu 20, Chen Huan of Puding and Ye Sheng of Jingning were sent to Yunnan to take overall command of the forces and establish military colonies at Dingbian, Yao'an, and other posts. In Hongwu 26, Bao inherited his post and sent his brother to court with horses to express thanks for the appointment.

宣德九年，姚安土知府高賢遣使貢馬。弘治中，土官高棟與普安叛賊戰，死於板橋驛。嘉靖三十年，土官高鵠當元江之變布政司徐樾遇害，奮身赴救，死之。萬歷中，同知高金以征緬功，賜四品服。所屬大姚縣，有鐵索箐者，本倮種。依山險，以剽掠為業，旁郡皆受其害。弘治間，稍有歸命者，分隸於姚安、姚州。嘉靖中，乃專屬姚安。其渠羅思者，有幻術，造偽印稱亂。萬歷元年，巡撫鄒應龍與總兵官沐昌祚討平之，諸郡乃安。

In Xuande 9, the Yao'an tribal prefect Gao Xian dispatched envoys bearing tribute horses. During Hongzhi, the tribal magistrate Gao Dong was killed at Banqiao Post while fighting Pu'an rebels. In Jiajing 30, when the Yuanjiang uprising claimed the life of Provincial Commissioner Xu Yue, the tribal magistrate Gao Hu rushed to his aid and was killed in the attempt. During Wanli, Vice Magistrate Gao Jin was awarded fourth-rank court dress for his service in the campaign against Burma. Dayao County, under its jurisdiction, was home to the Tiesuo Ravine band, originally a Luo people. They held the mountain passes and lived by raiding, and neighboring districts all suffered at their hands. During Hongzhi, those who began to submit were assigned in part to Yao'an and in part to Yao Subprefecture. Under Jiajing they were placed entirely under Yao'an's jurisdiction. Their chieftain Luo Si practiced occult arts, forged an official seal, and raised the banner of revolt. In Wanli 1, Grand Coordinator Zou Yinglong and Regional Commander Mu Changzuo put down the revolt, and the surrounding districts were pacified.

鶴慶，唐時名鶴川，南詔置謀統郡。元初，置鶴州。至元中，升鶴慶府，尋改為路。

Heqing, known in Tang as Hechuan, was organized by Nanzhao as Moutong Commandery. Early in the Yuan dynasty it was made He Prefecture. In the Zhiyuan period it was elevated to Heqing Prefecture and shortly afterward reorganized as a circuit.

洪武中，大軍平雲南，分兵拔三營、萬戶砦，獲偽參政寶山帖木兒等六十七人。置鶴慶府，以土官高隆署府事。十七年以董賜為知府、高仲為同知、賜子節為安寧知州、楊權為劍川知州。賜率其屬來朝，貢馬及方物，詔賜冠帶並織金文綺、布帛、鈔錠。十八年以賜為雲南前衛世襲指揮僉事。賜，安寧州人，世為酋長。大軍入滇，率眾來降，復從軍討賊有功，故與子節並有世襲知府、知州之命。及賜來朝，以父子俱受顯榮，無以仰報，子幼沖，不達政治，乞還父子所授官，而自為安寧知州。帝曰：「爾能綏靖邊鄙，授爾官以酬爾勛。今辭尊居卑，奈何？」命潁國公傅友德及諸大臣議之。皆以賜既有功，不可聽其辭，而節之官則可免。乃改賜明威將軍雲南前衛世襲指揮僉事，諭曰：「雲南前衛密邇安寧，特命爾是職。爾其綏輯遠人，以安邊鄙，其毋再辭。」

During Hongwu, as the main force pacified Yunnan, detachments seized Sanying and Wanhuzhai and took sixty-seven captives, including the puppet commissioner Baoshan Timur. Heqing Prefecture was then established, with the tribal headman Gao Long placed in charge. In Hongwu 17, Dong Ci was appointed prefect, Gao Zhong vice prefect, Ci's son Jie magistrate of Anning, and Yang Quan magistrate of Jianchuan. Ci came to court with his followers, presenting horses and regional tribute; the throne rewarded him with court dress, brocades, cloth, silk, and banknotes. In Hongwu 18 he was appointed hereditary assistant commander of the Yunnan Front Guard. Ci, a native of Anning, came from a long line of tribal chiefs. When the Ming armies entered Yunnan he submitted with his followers and later distinguished himself in campaigns against rebels, for which both he and his son Jie received hereditary appointments as prefect and magistrate. On coming to court, Ci said that father and son had both been showered with honors for which he could never adequately repay the throne; his son was still young and unfit for office, and he asked to surrender their appointments and accept only the post of Anning magistrate himself. The emperor replied: "You have helped pacify the frontier; we gave you office to reward that service. Now you would refuse the higher post for a lesser one—how can that be allowed?" He then ordered the Duke of Ying, Fu Youde, and the senior ministers to deliberate. They agreed that Ci's services made his resignation impossible to grant, though Jie's appointment might be waived. Ci was reassigned as Bright Might General and hereditary assistant commander of the Yunnan Front Guard, with the instruction: "The Yunnan Front Guard lies close to your home at Anning, and this post was created especially for you. Pacify the peoples beyond and keep the frontier secure, and do not petition to resign again."

二十年，劍川土官楊奴叛。大理衛指揮鄭祥討之，斬八十余人，楊奴遁。未幾，還劍川，復聚蠻為亂，祥復以兵擊斬之。二十四年置鶴慶衛。三十年改鶴慶府為軍民府。永樂十五年，順州知州王義言：「沾被聖化三十余年，聲教所屆，言語漸通，子弟亦有俊秀，請建學教育。」從之。

In Hongwu 20 the Jianchuan tribal magistrate Yang Nu rose in rebellion. Zheng Xiang, commander of Dali Guard, routed him, killing more than eighty men, and Yang Nu fled. Before long he returned to Jianchuan, rallied the tribes again, and Xiang once more marched against him and killed him in battle. Heqing Guard was established in Hongwu 24. In Hongwu 30 Heqing Prefecture was redesignated a military-civilian prefecture. In Yongle 15, Wang Yi, magistrate of Shun Subprefecture, petitioned: "For more than thirty years we have enjoyed the court's civilizing influence; where imperial teaching reaches, our language grows intelligible, and promising youths are appearing among us. We ask permission to found a school. The request was granted.

正統二年，副使徐訓奏鶴慶土知府高倫與弟純屢逞兇惡，屠戮士庶，與母楊氏並叔宣互相賊害。敕黔國公沐昂諭使輸款，如恃強不服，即調軍擒捕。五年復敕昂等曰：「比聞土知府高倫妻劉氏同倫弟高昌等，糾集羅羅、麼些人眾，肆行兇暴。事發，不從逮訊。敕至，即委官至彼勘實，量調官軍擒捕首惡，並逮千戶王蕙及高宣等至京質問。」八年，鶴慶民楊仕潔妻阿夜珠告倫謀殺其子，復命法司移文勘驗。已而大理衛千戶奏報，倫擅率軍馬欲謀害親母，又稱其母告倫不孝及私斂民財，多造兵器，殺戮軍民，支解梟令等罪。遂敕黔國公沐晟等勘覆。及奏至，言倫所犯皆實，罪應死。倫復屢訴，因與叔宣爭襲，又與千戶王蕙爭娶妾，以致挾仇誣陷。所勘殺死，皆病死及強盜拒捕之人。倫母楊亦訴倫無不孝，實由宣等陷害。復敕晟及御史嚴恭確訪。既而奏當倫等皆伏誅。高氏族人無可繼者，帝命於流官中擇人，以綏遠蠻。乃擢瀘州知府林遒節為知府。鶴慶之改流官自此始。

In Zhengtong 2, Vice Commissioner Xu Xun reported that the Heqing tribal prefect Gao Lun and his brother Chun had repeatedly committed atrocities, massacred officials and commoners, and were locked in mutual bloodshed with their mother Lady Yang and uncle Xuan. The throne ordered Mu Ang, Duke of Qian, to demand their submission; if they defied the court by force, troops were to be sent to capture them. In Zhengtong 5 another edict told Ang and his colleagues: "We have learned that Gao Lun's wife Lady Liu, together with his brother Gao Chang and others, have rallied Lolo and Moso followers and are committing widespread violence. When the affair came to light they refused to submit to arrest and questioning. On receipt of this edict, send officials at once to verify the facts on the ground, deploy troops as needed to seize the ringleaders, and bring Battalion Commander Wang Hui, Gao Xuan, and the others to the capital for interrogation." In Zhengtong 8, Ayehu, wife of the Heqing commoner Yang Shijie, accused Gao Lun of plotting to kill her son, and the court again ordered the judiciary to investigate. Soon a Dali Guard battalion commander reported that Lun had mobilized troops without authorization in a plot against his mother, and that Lady Yang had accused him of filial impiety, illegal levies, stockpiling arms, killing soldiers and civilians, and dismembering victims for public display. The court then ordered Mu Sheng, Duke of Qian, and others to conduct a full investigation. Their report confirmed every charge against Lun and recommended the death penalty. Lun appealed repeatedly, explaining that he was feuding with Uncle Xuan over the succession and with Battalion Commander Wang Hui over a concubine, and that his accusers were acting from private grudges. Those said to have been murdered had in fact died of illness or been robbers killed while resisting arrest. Lady Yang also petitioned that her son was not unfilial and had been framed by Xuan and his allies. The court ordered Mu Sheng and Censor Yan Gong to conduct a further, thorough inquiry. They soon reported back recommending execution for Lun and his associates. With no suitable heir in the Gao line, the emperor ordered a regular official appointed to pacify the frontier tribes. Lin Youjie, prefect of Luzhou, was promoted to the post. This marked the beginning of Heqing's transition from tribal to regular administration.

武定，南詔三十七部之一。宋淳熙間，大理段氏以阿歷為羅武部長。三傳至矣格，當元世祖時，為北部土官總管。至元七年改武定路，置南甸縣。

Wuding was one of the thirty-seven tribal divisions of the Nanzhao realm. During the Chunxi reign of the Song, the Duan of Dali appointed Ali chief of the Luowu division. Three generations later Yige served, under Kublai Khan, as overall native commissioner of the northern circuit. In Zhiyuan 7 it was reorganized as Wuding Circuit and Nandian County was established.

洪武十四年，雲南下，武定女土官商勝首先歸附。十五年改為武定軍民府，以勝署府事。十六年，勝遣人來朝，貢馬。詔賜勝誥命、朝服及錦幣、鈔錠。十七年以和曲土官豆派為知州。二十一年發內帑，令於武定、德昌、會川諸處，市馬三千匹。宣德元年，元謀縣故土知縣吾忠子政來朝。

When Yunnan submitted in Hongwu 14, the Wuding tribal magistrate Shang Sheng, a woman, was the first to declare allegiance. The next year it became Wuding Military-Civilian Prefecture, with Sheng placed in charge. In Hongwu 16 she sent envoys to court with tribute horses. The throne rewarded her with a patent of appointment, court dress, brocades, coins, and banknotes. In Hongwu 17 the Hequ tribal headman Dou Pai was appointed subprefectural magistrate. In Hongwu 21 the court released funds from the imperial treasury to purchase three thousand horses at Wuding, Dechang, Huichuan, and other posts. In Xuande 1, Wu Zheng, son of the former Yuanmou tribal magistrate Wu Zhong, came to court.

正德二年四月，武定雨雹，溪水漲，決堤壞田，隕霜露殺麥。七月廢武定所屬之南甸縣改隸和曲州，石舊縣改隸祿勸州。三年，土知府鳳英以從征功，進秩右參政，仍知府事，請賜金帶，部議不可。帝以英有軍功，給之。明年，英貢馬謝恩，賜如例。

In the fourth month of Zhengde 2, Wuding was struck by hail; rivers rose, burst their dikes, and ruined the fields, and frost killed the wheat crop. In the seventh month Nandian County was abolished and annexed to Hequ Subprefecture, and Shijiu County was transferred to Luquan Subprefecture. In Zhengde 3 the tribal prefect Feng Ying was promoted to Right Administrative Vice Commissioner for his campaign service while retaining his prefectural post; he asked for a gold belt, but the ministry ruled against it. The emperor overruled the ministry and granted the belt in recognition of his military service. The following year he sent horses to court in thanks and received the customary rewards.

嘉靖七年，土舍鳳朝文作亂。殺同知以下官吏，劫州印，舉兵與尋甸賊安銓合犯雲南府，撫臣以聞。時安銓未平，朝文復起，滇中大擾。詔以右都御史伍文定為兵部尚書，提督雲、貴、川、湖軍務，調四鎮土漢官軍討賊。五月，黔國公沐紹勛疏言：「臣奉命會同巡撫等調發官軍，分道剿撫。諸賊抗逆，執留所遣官軍二人，所調集各土舍，又重自疑畏。臣謹以便宜榜示，先給冠帶，待後奏請承襲，眾始感奮。於二月進兵，擊斬強賊十余人，賊奔回武定。乞敕部授臣方略，俾獲便宜行事，並宥各土舍往罪，凡有功者，俱許承襲，作其敵愾之氣。」帝納之，賜敕獎勵。賊既敗歸，其黨稍散。初，朝文紿其眾，謂武定知府鳳詔母子已戮，朝廷且盡剿武定蠻眾。至是，鳳詔同其母率眾自會城往，蠻民相顧錯愕，鹹投鳳詔降。朝文計無所出，絕普渡而走，官兵追及，復敗之。朝文率家奴數人，取道沾益州，奔至東川之湯郎箐，為追兵所及，磔死。銓眾猶盛，遁據尋甸故巢，列寨數十。官兵分哨夾攻之，諸寨先後破，乃並力攻拔其必古老巢。銓奔東川，入芒部，為土舍祿慶所執，賊平。是役也，生擒渠賊千余人，斬首二千九百余級，俘獲男婦千二百余，撫散蠻黨二萬有奇，奪器械牛馬無算。捷聞，銓、朝文皆梟示，籍其產，家屬戍邊。

In Jiajing 7 the tribal headman's son Feng Chaowen rose in rebellion. He murdered the vice magistrate and lesser officials, seized the official seal, took up arms, and joined the Xundian rebel An Quan in an assault on Yunnan Prefecture; the provincial governor reported the crisis. With An Quan still at large and Chaowen rising again, central Yunnan was thrown into turmoil. The court appointed Wu Wending, Right Censor-in-Chief, Minister of War, to take overall command in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Huguang, and mobilized tribal and regular forces from four military districts against the rebels. In the fifth month Mu Shaoxun, Duke of Qian, reported: "On orders I have joined the grand coordinator in mobilizing imperial troops and dividing them for simultaneous suppression and pacification. The rebels resisted fiercely, taking two of our officers hostage, while the tribal levies we had called up grew fearful and reluctant. I took emergency measures, posting notices that caps and belts would be granted at once and hereditary succession confirmed later; only then did our allies take heart. In the second month we advanced, killing more than ten of the rebel leaders, and drove the remainder back toward Wuding. I ask that the ministry authorize a general strategy and grant me discretionary powers, pardon the tribal levies' past offenses, and confirm hereditary succession for all who distinguish themselves, so as to inspire them to fight with one heart." The emperor approved and sent an edict of commendation. Once the rebels were beaten back, their followers began to scatter. Earlier Chaowen had deceived his followers, claiming that Prefect Feng Zhao and his mother had been executed and that the court intended to exterminate all the people of Wuding. When Feng Zhao and his mother then marched from the provincial capital with their followers, the tribal people were astonished to see them alive, and all came over to Zhao and surrendered. With no options left, Chaowen fled across the Pudu River, but government troops overtook and defeated him again. Chaowen fled with a handful of household slaves through Zhanyi toward Tanglang Ravine in Dongchuan, where pursuers caught him and had him dismembered. Quan's forces remained strong; he withdrew to his old base in Xundian and fortified several dozen camps. Government forces attacked from several directions; the stockades fell one by one, and then a combined assault overran his main stronghold at Bilaogu. Quan fled into Mangbu in Dongchuan, where the tribal headman's son Lu Qing captured him, and the rebellion was ended. In this campaign more than a thousand rebel leaders were taken alive, nearly three thousand heads were counted, more than twelve hundred captives were seized, over twenty thousand tribesmen were pacified and sent home, and countless weapons, cattle, and horses were captured. On news of victory, the heads of Quan and Chaowen were displayed, their estates were confiscated, and their families were exiled to the border garrisons.

十六年命土知府瞿氏掌印。初，府印自洪武以來俱掌於土官，正德間有司議以畀流官同知，土知府職專巡捕、征糧而已。及鳳詔死，瞿氏以母襲子官，所轄四十七馬頭阿臺等，數請以印屬瞿氏。吏部覆言，系舊例，宜如其請，從之。

In Jiajing 16 the tribal prefect Lady Qu was authorized to hold the official seal. Since Hongwu the prefectural seal had been held by tribal magistrates; in Zhengde officials proposed transferring it to a regular vice prefect, reducing the tribal prefect to patrol and tax duties alone. After Feng Zhao's death, Lady Qu succeeded on behalf of her son, and the forty-seven horse-head chiefs in her domain, including Atai, repeatedly petitioned that she hold the seal. The Ministry of Personnel ruled that precedent supported the request, and the court agreed.

四十二年，瞿氏老，舉鳳詔妻索林自代。比索林襲，遂失事姑禮。瞿氏大恚，乃收異姓兒繼祖入鳳氏宗，挾其甥婿貴州水西土舍安國亨、四川建昌土官鳳氏兵力，欲廢索林，以繼祖嗣。不克，乃具疏自稱為索林囚禁，令繼祖詣闕告之。繼祖歸，詐稱受朝命襲職，驅目兵逼奪府印。索林抱印奔會城，撫按官諭解之。索林歸武定，視事如故，而復聽繼祖留瞿氏所，於是婦姑嫌隙益甚。索林謀誅繼祖，事泄，繼祖遂大發兵圍府，行劫和曲、祿勸等州縣，殺傷調至土官王心一等兵。索林復抱印走雲南，巡撫曹忭下令收印，逮其左右鄭竤系獄，令瞿氏暫理府事；貸繼祖，責其自新。

In Wanli 42 the aging Lady Qu nominated Feng Zhao's widow Suolin as her successor. Once Suolin took office, she neglected the courtesies due her mother-in-law. Enraged, Lady Qu adopted the unrelated Jizu into the Feng line and, backed by her nephew's son-in-law An Guoheng of Guizhou's Shuixi and the Feng tribal chiefs of Sichuan's Jianchang, sought to depose Suolin and install Jizu. Failing in this, she drafted a memorial claiming Suolin had imprisoned her and sent Jizu to the capital to plead her case. Jizu returned claiming a court appointment and used tribal troops to wrest the prefectural seal from Suolin. Suolin fled to the provincial capital with the seal; provincial officials ordered the dispute settled. Suolin resumed office at Wuding but allowed Jizu to stay with Lady Qu, and the feud between the two women deepened. Suolin plotted against Jizu; when the plot was discovered, he raised a large force, besieged the prefectural city, raided Hequ and Luquan, and killed troops led by the tribal headman Wang Xinyi. Suolin fled again to Yunnan with the seal; Cao Kan confiscated the seal, imprisoned her aide Zheng Rong, and temporarily placed Lady Qu in charge of the prefecture; Jizu was pardoned on condition that he reform.

四十四年添設府通判一員。四十五年築武定新城成，巡撫呂光洵遣鄭竤回府復業。鄭竤者，前為索林謀殺繼祖者也。繼祖執而殺之，糾眾攻新城。臨安通判胡文顯督百戶李鰲、土舍王德隆往援，至雞溪子隘，遇伏，鰲及德隆俱死。僉事張澤督尋甸兵二千余馳救，亦敗，澤及千戶劉裕被執。鎮巡官促諸道兵並進，逼繼祖東山寨，圍之。繼祖懼，攜澤及索林走照姑。已，復殺澤。官軍追之急，由直勒渡過江，趨四川，依東川婦家阿科等。巡按劉思問以狀聞，敕雲南、四川會兵討賊。

In Wanli 44 an additional vice commissioner was added to the prefecture. In Wanli 45 the new Wuding city was finished, and Lu Guangxun sent Zheng Rong back to resume his post. Zheng Rong was the same man who had earlier helped Suolin plot Jizu's murder. Jizu seized and killed him, rallied his followers, and assaulted the new city. Hu Wenxian of Lin'an led Li Ao and Wang Delong to relieve the city; at Jixizi Pass they were ambushed and both men were killed. Zhang Ze rushed two thousand Xundian troops to their aid but was defeated; he and Battalion Commander Liu Yu were taken prisoner. Frontier officials converged forces from all circuits, cornering Jizu at Dongshan Stockade. Terrified, Jizu fled to Zhaogu, taking Zhang Ze and Suolin with him. He soon killed Zhang Ze. Hard pressed by government troops, he crossed the Zhile Ford into Sichuan and sought refuge with his Dongchuan in-laws, Ake and others. Liu Siwen reported the affair, and the court ordered Yunnan and Sichuan to mount a joint campaign.

初，繼祖之走東川也，土官鳳氏與之通。已而見滇、蜀官軍與土舍祿紹先等兵皆會，乃背繼祖，發卒七千人來援，繼祖益窮。賊帥者色赴紹先營降，斬繼祖以獻。姚縣土官高繼先復擒其余黨，姚安府同知高欽及第鈞，謀主趙士傑等皆伏誅。守臣議改設流官，猶不欲絕鳳氏，授索林支屬鳳歷子思堯經歷，給莊百余。鳳歷以不得知府怨望，陰結四川七州及水西宣慰安國亨謀作亂。流官知府劉宗寅遣諭之，不聽，遂聚眾稱思堯知府，夜襲府城。城中嚴備不能入，退屯魯墟。宗寅夜出兵，砍其營，賊潰，追至馬刺山，擒鳳歷，伏誅。

When Jizu first fled to Dongchuan, the Feng tribal chiefs had aided him. Seeing Yunnan, Sichuan, and Lu Shaoxian's forces massed, they turned on Jizu and sent seven thousand men to assist the government, leaving Jizu utterly desperate. The rebel leader Zhese surrendered to Lu Shaoxian's camp and presented Jizu's head. Gao Jixian of Yao County captured the remaining rebels; Gao Qin, Di Jun, Zhao Shijie, and other conspirators were executed. Officials debated appointing regular magistrates but, unwilling to end the Feng line entirely, made Siyao, a collateral descendant of Feng Li, administrator and granted him more than a hundred estates. Denied the prefecture, Feng Li secretly allied with seven Sichuan districts and An Guoheng of Shuixi to rebel. Regular Prefect Liu Zongyin sent envoys, but Feng Li refused to listen, proclaimed Siyao prefect, and attacked the city by night. The city was well defended and they could not enter, so they withdrew to Luoxu. Zongyin led a night sortie, routed their camp, pursued them to Maci Mountain, captured Feng Li, and executed him.

萬歷三十五年，繼祖侄阿克久徙金沙江外，賊黨鄭舉等誘阿克作亂，陰結江外會川諸蠻，直陷武定，大肆劫掠。連破元謀、羅次諸城，索府印。會流官知府攜印會城，不能得。賊以無印難號召，劫推官，請冠帶、印信。鎮撫以兵未集，懼，差人以府印授之。賊退入武定，立阿克為知府。鎮撫調集土兵，分五路進剿，克復武定、元謀、羅次、祿豐、嵩明等州縣，擒阿克及其黨至京師，礫於市。武定平，遂悉置流官。

In Wanli 35, Jizu's nephew Ake, long settled beyond the Jinsha, was incited by Zheng Ju and others to rebel with tribes across the river, storm Wuding, and plunder widely. They overran Yuanmou, Luoci, and other towns and demanded the prefectural seal. The regular prefect had carried the seal to the provincial capital, and they could not seize it. Unable to command without the seal, they seized the assistant magistrate and demanded official insignia. With troops not yet gathered, the pacification commissioner, in fear, sent the seal to them. The rebels withdrew to Wuding and installed Ake as prefect. He mobilized native levies in five columns, recaptured Wuding, Yuanmou, Luoci, Lufeng, Songming, and other districts, and sent Ake and his followers to the capital for execution. With Wuding pacified, the prefecture was fully placed under regular administration.

尋甸，古滇國地，獛刺蠻居之，號仲紥溢源部，後為烏蠻裔斯丁所奪，號斯丁部。蒙氏為尋甸，至段氏，改仁德部。元初，置仁德萬戶，後改府。洪武十五年定雲南，仁德土官阿孔等貢馬及方物，改為尋甸軍民府。十六年，土官安陽來朝，貢馬及虎皮、氈衫等物，詔賜衣服、錦綺、鈔錠。十七年以尋甸土官沙琛為知府。二十三年置木密關守禦千戶所於尋甸之甸頭易龍驛，又置屯田所於甸頭裏果馬裏，聯絡耕種，以為邊備。是後，土官皆按期入貢。

Xundian was ancient Dian territory, home to Puci tribes of the Zhongzhai Yiyuan division until seized by the Wuman descendant Siding, who renamed it the Siding division. Nanzhao's Meng made it Xundian; the Duan renamed it the Rende division. Early in the Yuan it became the Rende myriarchy, later a prefecture. When Yunnan submitted in Hongwu 15, Rende's tribal headmen including Akong sent tribute, and the district became Xundian Military-Civilian Prefecture. In Hongwu 16 the tribal magistrate Anyang came to court with horses, tiger skins, and felt garments and received robes, brocade, and banknotes. In Hongwu 17 the Xundian headman Sha Chen was appointed prefect. In Hongwu 23 the Mimi Pass garrison was established at Yilong Post in Xundian, with a military colony at Liguo Mali to secure the frontier. Thereafter the tribal magistrates paid tribute on schedule.

成化十二年，兵部奏，土官舍人安宣聚眾殺掠，命鎮守官相機撫捕。十四年，土知府安晟死，兄弟爭襲，遂改置流官。嘉靖六年，安銓作亂，乃土舍之失職者也，侵掠嵩明、木密、楊林等處。巡撫傅習檄守巡官討之，大敗，賊遂陷尋甸、嵩明，殺指揮王升、唐功等，知府馬性魯棄城走。時武定鳳朝文叛，銓與之合，久之伏誅，事詳前傳。

In Chenghua 12 the Ministry of War reported that An Xuan had gathered followers to raid and ordered frontier officials to pacify or capture him as needed. In Chenghua 14 Prefect An Sheng died; his brothers fought over the succession, and the post was given to a regular official. In Jiajing 6 the disgraced tribal headman's son An Quan rebelled, raiding Songming, Mimi, Yanglin, and other districts. Grand Coordinator Fu Xi ordered an attack; government forces were routed, the rebels seized Xundian and Songming, killed Commanders Wang Sheng and Tang Gong, and Prefect Ma Xinglu fled. Quan joined Feng Chaowen's rebellion at Wuding; he was eventually executed, as recounted above.

麗江，南詔蒙氏置麗水節度。宋時麽些蠻蒙醋據之。元初，置茶罕章宣慰司。至元中，改置麗江路軍民總管府，後改宣撫司。洪武十五年置麗江府。十六年，蠻長木德來朝貢馬，以木德為知府，羅克為蘭州知州。十八年，巨津土酋阿奴聰叛，劫石門關，千戶浦泉戰死。吉安侯陸仲亨率指揮李榮、鄭祥討之，賊戰敗，遁入山谷，捕獲誅之。時木德從征，又從西平侯沐英征景東、定邊，皆有功，予世襲。二十四年，木德死，子初當襲。初守巨津州石門關，與西番接境。既襲職，英請以初弟虧為千夫長，代守石門，從之。二十六年十月，西平侯沐春奏，麗江土民每歲輸白金七百六十兩，皆麽些洞所產，民以馬易金，不諳真偽，請令以馬代輸，從之。三十年改為麗江軍民府，從春請也。永樂十六年，檢校龐文郁言，本府及寶山、巨津、通安、蘭州四州歸化日久，請建學校，從之。

Lijiang: Nanzhao's Meng established the Lishui military commission. In the Song the Mosuo chieftain Meng Cu held the region. Early in the Yuan the Chahanzhang pacification commission was established. In the Zhiyuan period it became the Lijiang military-civilian command, later a pacification office. Lijiang Prefecture was established in Hongwu 15. In Hongwu 16 the tribal elder Mu De presented horses at court and was appointed prefect, with Luo Ke as magistrate of Lan Subprefecture. In Hongwu 18 the Jujin chief Anu Cong rebelled, raided Shimen Pass, and Battalion Commander Pu Quan was killed. Lu Zhongheng, Marquis of Ji'an, led Li Rong and Zheng Xiang against them; the rebels were routed, fled into the hills, and were captured and executed. Mu De served in these campaigns and in Mu Ying's Jingdong and Dingbian expeditions with distinction, earning a hereditary appointment. Mu De died in Hongwu 24; his son Chu was to inherit. Chu had guarded Shimen Pass on the Jujin frontier, facing the western tribes. On succeeding, Mu Ying asked that Chu's brother Kui replace him at Shimen as chiliarch; the court agreed. In Hongwu 26 Mu Chun reported that Lijiang natives paid 760 taels of white gold yearly from Mosuo mines, often trading horses for counterfeit metal; he asked that horses be accepted instead, and the court agreed. In Hongwu 30 it became Lijiang Military-Civilian Prefecture, as Mu Chun had requested. In Yongle 16 Inspector Pang Wenyu petitioned for schools in the prefecture and its four subprefectures, long loyal to the court; permission was granted.

宣德五年，麗江府奏浪滄江寨蠻者保等聚眾劫掠。黔國公沐晟委官撫諭，不服，部議再行招撫。已，蘭州土官羅牙等奏，者保拒命，請發兵討之。帝命黔國公及雲南三司相機行，勿緣細故激變蠻民。正統五年，賜知府木森誥命，加授大中大夫資治少尹，以征麓川功也。成化十一年，知府木嵚奏，鶴慶千夫長趙賢屢糾群賊越境殺掠，乞調旁衛官軍擒剿，命移知守臣計畫。嘉靖三十九年，知府木高進助殿工銀二千八百兩，詔加文職三品服色，給誥命。四十年又進木植銀二千八百兩，詔進一級，授亞中大夫，給誥命。

In Xuande 5 Lijiang reported that Zhebao of the Langcang River stockade had gathered followers to raid. Mu Sheng, Duke of Qian, sent officials to pacify them; when they refused, the ministry ordered further overtures. Soon Luo Ya of Lan Subprefecture reported Zhebao's defiance and asked for troops. The emperor ordered the Duke of Qian and Yunnan's three commissions to act as circumstances required and not provoke the tribes over trifles. In Zhengtong 5 Prefect Mu Sen received a patent of appointment and the title Grand Master of the Palace for his service in the Luchuan campaign. In Chenghua 11 Prefect Mu Qin reported that Heqing chiliarch Zhao Xian repeatedly led raiders across the border and asked neighboring guards for troops; defending officials were ordered to plan a response. In Jiajing 39 Prefect Mu Gao contributed 2,800 taels toward palace construction and received third-rank civil robes and a patent of appointment. In Jiajing 40 he contributed another 2,800 taels in timber and silver and was promoted to Vice Grand Master with a new patent.

萬歷三十一年，巡按御史宋興祖奏：「稅使內監楊榮欲責麗江土官退地，聽采。竊以麗江自太祖令木氏世官，守石門以絕西域，守鐵橋以斷吐蕃，滇南藉為屏藩。今使退地聽采，必失遠蠻之心。即令聽諭，已使國家歲歲有吐藩之防；倘或不聽，豈獨有傷國體。」疏上，事得寢。

In Wanli 31 Censor Song Xingzu reported: "The tax eunuch Yang Rong seeks to force the Lijiang tribal magistrate to yield land for mining. Since the founding emperor made the Mu clan hereditary guardians of Shimen against the west and the Iron Bridge against Tibet, southern Yunnan has relied on them as its shield. Forcing them to yield mining land would surely alienate the frontier tribes. Even if they complied, the state would face perpetual Tibetan threats; and if they refused, would that not damage the state's dignity as well." The memorial was accepted and the scheme abandoned.

三十八年，知府木增以征蠻軍興，助餉銀二萬余兩，乞比北勝土舍高光裕例，加級。部覆賜三品服色，巡按御史劾其違越，請奪新恩，從之。四十七年，增復輸銀一萬助遼餉。泰昌元年，錄增功，賞白金表裏，其子懿及舍目各賞銀幣有差。天啟二年，增以病告，加授左參政致仕。五年，特給增誥命，以旌其忠。雲南諸土官，知詩書好禮守義，以麗江木氏為首雲。

In Wanli 38 Prefect Mu Zeng contributed over 20,000 taels for the tribal campaign and asked promotion by the precedent of Gao Guangyu of Beisheng. The ministry granted third-rank robes, but the censor impeached him for overstepping and the new honor was withdrawn. In Wanli 47 he contributed another 10,000 taels for Liaodong military expenses. In Taichang 1 his service was recognized with white gold and robes; his son Yi and tribal officers received silver and coins in varying amounts. In Tianqi 2 Zeng retired on grounds of illness with the additional rank of Left Administrative Vice Commissioner. In Tianqi 5 he received a special patent commending his loyalty. Among Yunnan's tribal magistrates, none surpassed the Mu of Lijiang in learning, ritual observance, and loyalty.

元江，古西南夷極邊境，曰惠籠甸，又名因遠部。南詔蒙氏以屬銀生節度，徙白蠻蘇、張、周、段等十姓戍之。又開威遠等處，置威遠睒。後和泥侵據其地。宋時，儂智高之黨竄居於此，和泥又開羅槃甸居之，後為麽些、徒蠻、阿僰諸部所據。元時內附。至元中，置元江萬戶府。後於威遠更置元江路，領羅槃、馬籠等十二部，屬臨安、廣西、元江等處宣慰司。

Yuanjiang lay on the ancient southwestern frontier, known as Huilong Ravine and the Yinyuan division. Nanzhao placed it under the Yinsheng commission and settled ten Baiman clans—Su, Zhang, Zhou, Duan, and others—as garrison colonists. They also opened Weiyuan and neighboring districts. Later the Hani invaded and occupied the region. In the Song, Nong Zhigao's followers fled here; the Hani opened Luopan Ravine, later held by Mosuo, Tuman, A'bo, and other tribes. Under the Yuan they submitted to the court. In the Zhiyuan period the Yuanjiang myriarchy was established. Later Yuanjiang Circuit was established at Weiyuan, governing twelve divisions including Luopan and Malong under the Lin'an, Guangxi, and Yuanjiang pacification commissions.

洪武十五年改元江府。十七年，土官那直來朝貢象，以那直為元江知府，賜襲衣冠帶。十八年置因遠羅必甸長官司隸之，以土酋白文玉為副長官。二十年遣經歷楊大用往元江等府練兵，時百夷屢為邊患，帝欲發兵平之故也。二十六年置元江府儒學。二十七年，知府那榮及白文玉等來朝貢。

In the fifteenth year of the Hongwu reign (1382), the district was reorganized as Yuanjiang Prefecture. In the seventeenth year, the native chieftain Na Zhi came to court bearing tribute elephants. He was appointed native prefect of Yuanjiang and invested with the ceremonial regalia of his hereditary rank. In the eighteenth year the Yinyuan Luobidian Native Office was created as a subordinate jurisdiction, and the local chieftain Bai Wenyu was made its deputy headman. In the twentieth year the administrator Yang Dayong was sent to Yuanjiang and neighboring prefectures to train troops, for the frontier tribes had been raiding repeatedly and the emperor intended to launch a campaign against them. In the twenty-sixth year a state Confucian school was founded at Yuanjiang Prefecture. In the twenty-seventh year the prefect Na Rong, Bai Wenyu, and others presented tribute at court.

永樂三年，榮復入朝貢。帝厚加賜予，遂改為元江軍民府，給之印信。榮請躬率兵及饋運，往攻八百，帝嘉勞之。元江府又奏，石屏州洛夾橋，每歲江水沖壞，止令本府修理，民不堪，乞命石屏州協治，從之。九年，那榮率頭目人等來朝，貢馬及金銀器，賜予如例。十二年，故土知府那直子那邦入貢方物。

In the third year of the Yongle reign, Na Rong again journeyed to court with tribute. The emperor showered him with gifts and elevated the district to the Yuanjiang Military-Civilian Prefecture, issuing it new official seals. Na Rong volunteered to lead troops in person and furnish supplies for an expedition against Babai, and the emperor commended him warmly for the offer. Yuanjiang Prefecture also reported that the Luojia Bridge in Shiping Prefecture was destroyed by the river each year, and that forcing Yuanjiang alone to rebuild it had become an intolerable burden on the people. They asked that Shiping share the work, and the request was approved. In the ninth year Na Rong brought a party of local headmen to court with horses and gold and silver ware, and they received the customary gifts in return. In the twelfth year Na Bang, son of the late native prefect Na Zhi, arrived at court with local tribute goods.

宣德五年，黔國公沐晟奏，元江土知府那忠，被賊刀正、刀龍等焚其廨宇及經歷印信。今獲刀龍、刀洽赴京，乞如永樂故事，發遼東安置，以警邊夷，從之。命禮部鑄印給之。正統元年，因遠羅必甸長官司遣人來朝貢馬。正德二年以那端襲土知府。

In the fifth year of Xuande the Duke of Qian, Mu Sheng, reported that the Yuanjiang native prefect Na Zhong's yamen and the seal of his administrator had been burned by the bandits Dao Zheng, Dao Long, and their followers. Dao Long and Dao Qia had now been captured and brought to the capital, and Mu Sheng asked that they be exiled to Liaodong, as in the Yongle period, to serve as a warning to the frontier tribes. The emperor agreed. The Ministry of Rites was commanded to cast a new seal and deliver it to Na Zhong. In the first year of Zhengtong the Yinyuan Luobidian Native Office dispatched envoys to court with horses as tribute. In the second year of Zhengde Na Duan inherited the post of native prefect.

嘉靖二十五年，土舍那鑒殺其侄土知府那憲，奪其印，並收因遠驛印記。巡撫應大猷以聞，命鎮巡官發兵剿之。二十九年，那鑒懼，密約交蠻武文淵謀亂。撫按官胡奎、林應箕，總兵官沐朝弼以聞，請以副使李維、參政胡堯時督兵剿之，制可。那鑒益縱兵攻掠村寨。沐朝弼與巡撫石簡調武定、北勝、亦佐等土、漢兵，分五哨。調兵既集，朝弼與簡駐臨安，分部進兵。破木龍寨，降甘莊，賊勢漸蹙。那鑒遣經歷張維及生儒數人詣南羨監督王養浩所乞降。時左布政徐樾以督餉至南羨，樾迂暗，聞維言，謂鑒誠計窮，乃約翼日今鑒面縛出城來降。左右鹹謂夷詐不可信，樾不聽，如期親率百人往城下受降。鑒縱象馬夷兵突出沖之，樾及左右皆死。巡按趙炳然以聞，並參朝弼、簡及養浩等失事罪。帝降敕切責，褫簡職，養浩等各住俸，克期捕賊贖罪。朝弼與簡乃督集五哨兵，環元江而壁。令南羨哨督兵渡江攻城，選路通哨、甘莊哨各精卒二千佐之。那鑒知二哨精卒悉歸南羨，潛遣兵象乘虛沖路通哨。官兵不意賊至，倉猝燒營走。監督郝維嶽奔入甘莊哨，甘莊亦大潰，督哨李維亦遁，惟余南羨逼城而軍。武定女土官瞿氏、寧州土舍祿紹先、廣南儂兵頭目陸友仁鹹恨那鑒戕主奪嫡，誓死不退。督哨王養浩因激獎之，翼日鼓噪攻城，賊大敗，閉門不出。官兵圍之，鑒乞降。官兵懲徐樾之敗，不應。城中析屋而爨，鬥米銀三四錢。時瘴毒起，大兵乃復撤，期秋末征之，朝弼以事聞。帝定二哨失事諸臣罪，行撫臣厚賞瞿氏、祿紹先、陸友仁等，敕朝弼會同新撫臣鮑象賢鳩兵討賊。

In the twenty-fifth year of Jiajing the native chieftain's son Na Jian murdered his nephew Na Xian, the native prefect, seized the prefectural seal, and took the seal of the Yinyuan courier station as well. Surveillance Commissioner Ying Dayou reported the crime, and the regional commanders were ordered to raise troops and put Na Jian down. In the twenty-ninth year, terrified of capture, Na Jian secretly conspired with the Annamese tribesman Wu Wenyuan to raise a revolt. The provincial commissioners Hu Kui and Lin Yingji and the regional commander Mu Chaobu reported the plot and asked that Vice Commissioner Li Wei and Administration Commissioner Hu Yaoshi lead the punitive force. The court approved. Na Jian then redoubled his raids, sending his men to sack villages and stockades across the region. Mu Chaobu and Surveillance Commissioner Shi Jian gathered native and Han forces from Wuding, Beisheng, Yizuo, and other districts, organizing them into five camps. When the assembled forces were ready, Mu Chaobu and Shi Jian established headquarters at Lin'an and sent the columns forward in separate deployments. They stormed Mulung Stockade and accepted the surrender of Ganzhuang, and the rebels' position steadily collapsed. Na Jian dispatched his administrator Zhang Wei together with several local scholars to Superintendent Wang Yanghao at the Nanyang camp to sue for peace. Left Administration Commissioner Xu Yue had just arrived at Nanyang to oversee supplies. A man of poor judgment, he took Zhang Wei's message at face value, convinced that Na Jian was truly cornered, and agreed that Na Jian would come out of the city the next day, bound and ready to submit. His advisers all warned that tribal envoys could not be trusted, but Xu refused to listen. On the appointed day he went in person to the foot of the city wall with a hundred men to receive the surrender. Na Jian sent elephant riders and tribal cavalry bursting out in a surprise attack, and Xu Yue and every man with him was cut down. Investigating Censor Zhao Bingran reported the disaster and impeached Mu Chaobu, Shi Jian, Wang Yanghao, and the others for their negligence. The emperor sent down a sharp rebuke, dismissed Shi Jian from office, cut the salaries of Wang Yanghao and the rest, and gave them a fixed deadline to capture the rebels and atone for their failure. Mu Chaobu and Shi Jian then rallied the five camps and laid siege to Yuanjiang, ringing the city with fortified camps. They directed the Nanyang camp to cross the river and assault the walls, reinforced by two thousand picked troops from each of the Lutong and Ganzhuang camps. Learning that the Lutong and Ganzhuang camps had stripped themselves of their best men to reinforce Nanyang, Na Jian secretly sent soldiers and war elephants to strike the undefended Lutong camp. The government troops were caught completely off guard; in panic they torched their own camp and fled. Superintendent Hao Weiyue ran for refuge in the Ganzhuang camp, which then broke and fled as well. Camp Commander Li Wei also escaped. Only the force at Nanyang remained, pressing the attack on the city. The Wuding native official Qu Shi, the Ningzhou chieftain's son Lu Shaoxian, and the Guangnan Nong headman Lu Youren all burned with hatred for Na Jian, who had murdered his prince and usurped the succession, and they swore to hold their ground or die. Camp Commander Wang Yanghao stirred them on with praise and exhortation. The next day they stormed the walls with a great clamor, routing the defenders, who shut the gates and refused to come out. The imperial army tightened the siege, and Na Jian pleaded to surrender. Still smarting from Xu Yue's death, the commanders refused even to answer him. Within the walls the people tore down their own houses for firewood, and a single peck of rice fetched three or four qian of silver. As malarial fever spread through the ranks, the main force pulled back again, intending to renew the campaign at the end of autumn. Mu Chaobu reported these developments to the throne. The emperor pronounced sentence on the officers who had lost the two camps, ordered rich rewards for Qu Shi, Lu Shaoxian, Lu Youren, and their comrades, and commanded Mu Chaobu to join the newly appointed Surveillance Commissioner Bao Xiangxian in mustering troops to destroy the rebels.

三十二年，象賢至鎮，調集土、漢兵七萬人，廣集糧運，克期分哨進剿元江，為必取計。那鑒懼，伏藥死。象賢檄百戶汪輔入城，撫諭其眾，擒其賊首，及戕土官那憲之阿捉，殺布政徐樾之光龍、光色等，皆斬首以獻。鑒子恕輸所占那旂、封鑾等村寨，並出所掠鎮沅府印，納象十二只，輸屢歲逋賦。象賢命官民推那氏當立者，眾舉前土官那端從孫從仁。象賢疏言其狀，請廢恕，貸其死，命從仁暫統其眾，加汪輔以千戶職，從之。萬歷十三年以元江土舍那恕招降車裏功，許襲祖職，賞銀幣。領長官司一，曰因遠羅必甸。

In the thirty-second year Bao Xiangxian reached his post, assembled seventy thousand native and Han soldiers, stockpiled provisions on a vast scale, and set a date for a coordinated multi-column assault on Yuanjiang, resolved to take the city at all costs. Na Jian, terrified of what awaited him, swallowed poison and died. Bao Xiangxian ordered Centurion Wang Fu into the city to calm the people and announce the new order. The ringleaders were seized—including Azhuo, who had murdered the native official Na Xian, and Guanglong and Guangse, who had killed Administration Commissioner Xu Yue—and all were beheaded and their heads presented. Na Jian's son Na Shu yielded the stockades he had seized, including Naqi and Fengluan, returned the seal stolen from Zhenyuan Prefecture, delivered twelve elephants, and paid several years of back taxes. Bao Xiangxian told officials and commoners alike to choose the rightful heir among the Na clan. They unanimously named Congren, a grandnephew of the former native official Na Duan. Bao Xiangxian memorialized the full account, asking that Na Shu be stripped of power but spared execution, that Congren be placed in temporary charge of the people, and that Wang Fu be promoted to chiliarch. The court approved. In the thirteenth year of Wanli, Na Shu of Yuanjiang was rewarded with silver and coin and allowed to inherit his ancestral office for his success in bringing Cheli to submission. It had jurisdiction over one native office: Yinyuan Luobidian.

永昌，古哀牢固。漢武帝時，置不韋縣。東漢置瀾滄郡，尋改永昌郡。唐屬姚州，後為南詔蒙氏所據，歷段氏、高氏皆為永昌府。元初，於永昌立三千戶所，隸大理萬戶府。至元間置永昌州，尋為府，隸大理路，置金齒等處宣撫司治。洪武十五年定雲南，立金齒衛。以元雲南右丞觀音保為金齒指揮使，賜姓名李觀。十六年，永昌州土官申保來朝，詔賜錦二匹、織金文綺二匹、衣一襲及钑花銀帶、鞾襪。十七年以申保為永昌府同知。四月，金齒土官段惠遣把事及其子弟來貢，賜綺帛鈔有差。置施甸長官司，以土酋阿幹為副長官，賜冠帶。

Yongchang had been the land of the ancient Ailao people. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, Buwei County was founded there. Under the Eastern Han a Lancang Commandery was set up, which was soon renamed Yongchang Commandery. In Tang times it fell under Yaozhou; later the Nanzhao kingdom of the Meng clan seized it, and under the Duan and Gao dynasties in turn it was known as Yongchang Prefecture. Early in the Yuan dynasty a Three Thousand Households Office was established at Yongchang, under the Dali Ten Thousand Households Office. In the Zhiyuan period Yongchang was first made a prefecture and soon raised to a fu, subordinate to Dali Circuit and administered by the Jinchi Pacification Commission and related offices. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu, after Yunnan was brought under control, the Jinchi Guard was established. The former Yuan Right Grand Councilor of Yunnan, Guanyin Bao, was appointed commander of the Jinchi Guard and given the Chinese name Li Guan. In the sixteenth year the Yongchang native official Shen Bao came to court, and the emperor bestowed on him two lengths of brocade, two lengths of gold-threaded silk, a full set of robes, an engraved silver belt, and boots and socks. In the seventeenth year Shen Bao was made vice prefect of Yongchang. In the fourth month the Jinchi native official Duan Hui sent his steward together with sons and younger brothers to present tribute, and they received graded gifts of silk and paper money. The Shidian Native Office was created, the chieftain A'gan was made its deputy headman, and he was invested with official cap and belt.

十八年置金齒衛指揮使司。二十年，遣使諭金齒衛指揮儲傑、嚴武、李觀曰：「金齒遠在邊僥，土民不遵禮法。爾指揮李觀處事寬厚，名播蠻中，為諸蠻所愛。然其下多恃功放恣，有乖軍律，故特命傑、武輔之。觀之寬，可以綏遠；傑、武之嚴，可以馭下。敕至，其整練諸軍，以觀外變。」

In the eighteenth year the Jinchi Guard Command was formally established. In the twentieth year messengers were sent to the Jinchi commanders Chu Jie, Yan Wu, and Li Guan with these words: "Jinchi lies on the remote frontier, and the native peoples there do not heed ritual or law. Your commander Li Guan is generous in his dealings; his name is known throughout the tribal lands, and the tribes hold him in affection. Yet many of his men, emboldened by past service, grow arrogant and break military discipline; for this reason Jie and Wu have been specially assigned to assist him. Guan's forbearance is suited to winning over distant tribes; Jie and Wu's firmness is suited to keeping the ranks in order. When this edict reaches you, put every unit through rigorous training, and leave external affairs to Guan."

宣德五年設金齒軍民指揮司騰沖州，置土知州一員。時騰沖守禦所土官副千戶張銘言，其地遠在極邊，麓川宣慰思任發不時侵擾，乞設州治。帝從之，即以銘為騰沖知州。八年置騰沖州庫扛關、庫刀關、庫勒關、古湧二關。先是，騰沖州奏，本州路通麓川、緬甸諸處，人民逃徙者多，有誤差發貢獻。舊四百夫長隸騰沖千戶所，其庫扛關等五處，皆軍民兼守。今四百夫已隸本州，止州民守之。乞於五處置巡檢司，以土軍尹黑、張保、李輔、郭節等為巡檢。正統二年以非額革之。嘉靖元年復設永昌軍民府。領州一、縣二。其長官司二，曰施甸，曰鳳溪。

In the fifth year of Xuande Tengchong Prefecture was created within the Jinchi Military-Civilian Command, and one native prefect was appointed to govern it. At the time the Tengchong native deputy chiliarch Zhang Ming reported that his district lay on the outermost frontier and suffered repeated raids from the Lu Chuan pacification commissioner Si Renfa, and he asked that a full prefectural administration be established there. The emperor agreed and at once made Zhang Ming prefect of Tengchong. In the eighth year the Kukang, Kudao, and Kule passes and the two Guyong passes were established in Tengchong Prefecture. Earlier Tengchong Prefecture had reported that its routes linked it to Lu Chuan, Burma, and neighboring regions, and that widespread flight and resettlement had led to mistakes in tribute collection and corvée assignments. Formerly the four-hundred-household chiefs had answered to the Tengchong chiliarch's office, and the five passes, including Kukang, had been garrisoned jointly by soldiers and civilians. Now those chiefs had been transferred to the prefecture's direct control, and only local civilians were left to hold the passes. They asked that inspection offices be set up at all five locations, with the native soldiers Yin Hei, Zhang Bao, Li Fu, Guo Jie, and others appointed as inspectors. In the second year of Zhengtong the offices were abolished because they lay outside the authorized establishment. In the first year of Jiajing the Yongchang Military-Civilian Prefecture was restored. It had jurisdiction over one prefecture and two counties. It oversaw two native offices: Shidian and Fengxi.

新化，本馬龍、他郎二甸，阿僰諸部蠻據之。元憲宗時內附，立為二千戶所，隸寧州萬戶府。至元間，以馬龍等甸管民官並於他郎甸，置司，隸元江路。洪武初，改名馬龍他郎甸長官司，直隸雲南布政司。後升為新化州。十七年以普賜為馬龍他郎甸副長官。宣德八年，故長官普賜弟土舍普寧等來朝，貢馬，賜鈔幣。八月，黔國公沐晟奏，摩沙勒寨萬夫長刀甕及弟刀眷糾蠻兵侵占馬龍他郎甸長官司衙門，殺掠人民，請遣都督同知沐昂討之。帝命遣人撫諭，但得刀甕，毋擾平民。正統二年，晟等奏甕不服招撫，請調附近官土兵，令都督昂剿捕。帝以蠻眾仇殺乃其本性，可仍撫諭之，事遂不竟。其地有馬龍諸山，居摩沙勒江右。兩岸束隘如峽，地勢極險，故改州以鎮之。

Xinhua had originally comprised the Malong and Talang districts, held by the A'bo tribes and other native peoples. Under the Yuan Emperor Xianzong the region submitted to the throne and a Two Thousand Households Office was established there, under the Ningzhou Ten Thousand Households Office. In the Zhiyuan period the civilian administrators of Malong and neighboring districts were consolidated into Talang, an administrative office was created, and it was placed under Yuanjiang Circuit. Early in the Hongwu reign it was renamed the Malong Talang Native Office and made directly subordinate to the Yunnan provincial administration. It was later elevated to Xinhua Prefecture. In the seventeenth year Pu Ci was made deputy headman of the Malong Talang district. In the eighth year of Xuande Pu Ning, brother of the late headman Pu Ci, and others came to court with horses, and received gifts of paper money and coin. In the eighth month the Duke of Qian, Mu Sheng, reported that Dao Weng, ten-thousand-household chief of Mosha Stockade, and his brother Dao Juan had rallied tribal soldiers, overrun the Malong Talang Native Office, and slaughtered and robbed the populace. He asked that Vice Commander Mu Ang be sent to punish them. The emperor ordered envoys to go and offer terms of settlement, demanding only the capture of Dao Weng and strict protection of the civilian population. In the second year of Zhengtong Mu Sheng and his colleagues reported that Dao Weng refused all overtures and asked that neighboring Han and native forces be called up so that Commander Mu Ang could hunt him down. The emperor replied that feuding and bloodshed among the tribes were simply their way of life, and that persuasion should continue; in the end nothing was done. The district takes in the Malong range and stands on the east bank of the Mosha River. The river runs through a gorge so narrow and treacherous on both sides that the place was elevated to a prefecture specifically to hold it by force of arms.

威遠，唐南詔銀生府地，舊為濮落雜蠻所居。大理時，為百夷所據。元至元中，置威遠州。洪武十五年平雲南後，改威遠蠻棚府為威遠州。三十五年，以土官刀算黨為威遠知州。永樂二年，算黨為車裏所擄，奪其地，命西平侯諭之，乃還算黨並侵地。三年，算黨進象馬方物謝，頒降敕諭金字紅牌，賜之金帶、織金文綺、襲衣及銀鈔、錦幣。二十二年，土官刀慶罕等來朝，貢馬及方物，賜慶罕鈔八十錠，纻絲、羅紗，及頭目以下，皆有加。

Weiyuan had been the Yinsheng Prefecture of the Nanzhao kingdom in Tang times, originally home to a mix of Puluo tribal peoples. Under the Dali kingdom it was taken over by the Baiyi tribes. Midway through the Yuan dynasty, in the Zhiyuan period, Weiyuan Prefecture was established. After Yunnan was subdued in the fifteenth year of Hongwu, the Weiyuan Tribal Stockade Prefecture was reorganized as Weiyuan Prefecture. In the thirty-fifth year the native chieftain Dao Suandang was made prefect of Weiyuan. In Yongle 2 the native official Suandang was taken captive by Cheli, which seized his territory. The court ordered the Marquis of Xiping, Mu Sheng, to remonstrate with them, and Cheli then restored Suandang along with the land it had taken. The next year Suandang sent elephants, horses, and local tribute in gratitude. The court issued an edict of instruction and gold-letter red plaques, and bestowed on him a gold belt, brocaded gold-thread silk, an investiture robe, banknotes, and brocade gifts. In the twenty-second year of Yongle, the native official Dao Qinghan and others came to court with horses and local tribute. Qinghan received eighty ingots of banknotes, hemp silk, and gauze; his headmen and subordinates were rewarded additionally as well.

宣德三年，刀慶罕遣頭目招剛、刀著中等來貢，賜予如例，就令賫敕及織金纻絲、紗羅賜之，仍給信符、勘合底簿。八年，威遠州奏其地與車裏接境，累被各土官劫掠，播孟實當要沖，乞置巡檢司，以把事劉禧為巡檢，從之。

In Xuande 3, Dao Qinghan dispatched the headmen Zhao Gang and Dao Zhuozhong to present tribute. They were rewarded according to precedent and instructed to carry back an imperial edict together with brocaded hemp silk and gauze robes; credential tokens and tally registers were issued as well. In the eighth year of Xuande, Weiyuan reported that its lands bordered Cheli and had repeatedly been plundered by neighboring native chiefs. Bomeng stood on a vital crossroads, and the prefecture asked that an inspection station be established with the bailiff Liu Xi as inspector. The court agreed.

正統二年，土知州刀蓋罕遣人貢馬及銀器，賜彩幣等物，並以新信符給之。正統六年給威遠土知州刀蓋罕金牌，命合兵剿麓川叛寇，以捷聞。敕曰：「叛寇思任發侵爾境土，脅爾從逆。爾母招曩猛能秉大義，效忠朝廷，悉出金貲，分賚頭目。爾母子躬擐甲胄，賈勇殺賊，斬其頭目派罕，追逐余賊過江，溺死數千，斬首數百，得其戰艦戰象，仍留兵守賊所據江口地。忠義卓然，深足嘉尚。今特升爾正五品，授奉政大夫、修正庶尹，封爾母為太宜人，俱錫誥命、銀帶及彩幣表裏，酬爾母子勛勞。陶孟、刀孟經等亦賜賚有差。爾宜益勉忠義，以副朕懷。」

In Zhengtong 2 the Weiyuan native prefect Dao Gaihan sent envoys with horses and silver vessels. He received colored silks and other gifts, and new credential tokens were issued in his name. In Zhengtong 6 Dao Gaihan of Weiyuan received a gold tablet and was ordered to combine forces in suppressing the Luchuan rebels. A report of victory followed. The edict ran: "The rebel Si Renfa invaded your lands and forced you to follow him in rebellion. Your mother Zhao Nangmeng held to the greater duty, served the court faithfully, spent all her gold and goods, and distributed rewards among your headmen. You and your mother yourselves put on armor, took the lead in killing the enemy, beheaded their headman Paihan, and pursued the survivors across the river, where thousands drowned. Hundreds of heads were taken, their warships and war elephants captured, and troops were left to hold the river mouth the rebels had seized. Such loyalty and righteousness were outstanding and deeply worthy of praise. Now you are specially promoted to the fifth rank, granted the title Grand Master for Governance of Government and appointed Acting Vice Magistrate, while your mother is enfeoffed as Grand Lady of Grace. Patent edicts, silver belts, and inner and outer colored silks are bestowed on you both in reward for your service. Tao Meng, Dao Mengjing, and others also received rewards according to their rank. You should redouble your loyalty and righteousness to meet my expectations."

時西南諸部多相仇殺，所給金牌、信符，燒毀不存。景泰六年，刀蓋罕、隨乃吾等來朝貢，因命其管屬本州人民，復給與金牌、信符、織金文綺，賜敕諭遣之。成化元年，威遠州土舍刀朔罕遣頭目刀昔思貢象馬並金銀器，賜予如例。其俗勇健，男女走險如飛。境內有河，汲水練炭上即成鹽。無秤鬥，以簍計多寡量之。

At that time the southwestern tribes were constantly at feud with one another, and the gold tablets and credential tokens previously granted had been burned and lost. In Jingtai 6, Dao Gaihan, Sui Naiwu, and others came to court with tribute. They were ordered to resume governing the people of their prefecture, and gold tablets, credential tokens, and brocaded gold-thread silk were restored to them before they were sent home with an edict of instruction. In Chenghua 1 the Weiyuan native chieftain's son Dao Shuohan sent the headman Dao Xisi to court with elephants, horses, and gold and silver vessels. He was rewarded according to precedent. The people were bold and hardy; men and women alike crossed dangerous terrain as swiftly as birds in flight. There was a river in the territory whose water, poured over refined charcoal, yielded salt. They used no scales or bushels, measuring amounts instead by baskets.

北勝，唐貞元中，南詔異牟尋始開其地，名北方睒，徙瀰河白蠻及羅落、麽些諸蠻，以實其地，號成偈睒，又改名善巨郡。宋時，大理段氏改為成紀鎮。元初，內附。至元中，置施州，尋改北勝州。後為府，隸麗江路軍民宣撫司。洪武十五年改為州，隸鶴慶府，後屬瀾滄衛。永樂五年，土官百夫長楊克即牙舊來貢馬，賜鈔幣。宣德四年，土判官高琳子瑛來貢方物，請襲父職。十年，土知府高瑛來朝貢，賜鈔幣。正統七年，以北勝州直隸雲南布政司，設流官吏目一員，以州蠻苦於瀾滄衛官軍侵漁也。

Beisheng: In the Zhenyuan period of Tang, the Nanzhao ruler Yimouxun first opened this region, calling it the Northern District. He moved the White Barbarians of the Mi River and the Luoluo and Mosuo tribes there to settle the land. It was known as Chengjie District and later renamed Shanjun Commandery. Under the Dali Duan regime in Song times it became the Chenji garrison. At the start of the Yuan it submitted to the court. During the Zhiyuan reign Shi Prefecture was established and soon afterward renamed Beisheng Prefecture. It was later made a superior prefecture under the Lijiang Circuit Pacification Commission for Civilians and Military. In Hongwu 15 it was reduced to a prefecture under Heqing Prefecture and later placed under Lancang Guard. In Yongle 5 the native centurion Yang Kejiya came to court with horses and received banknotes and silks. In Xuande 4 the native subprefect Gao Lin's son Ying came to court with local tribute and asked to succeed his father. In the tenth year of Xuande the native prefect Gao Ying came to court with tribute and received banknotes and silks. In Zhengtong 7 Beisheng was placed directly under the Yunnan Provincial Administration Commission and given one regular clerk, because the native people had long suffered from the predations of Lancang Guard troops.

萬歷四十八年，北勝州土同知高世懋死，異母弟世昌襲。其族侄蘭妄稱世昌奸生，訟之官，不聽。世昌懼逼，走麗江避之。尋還至瀾滄，宿客舍，蘭圍而縱火，殺其家七十余人，發其祖父墓，自稱欽授把總，大掠。麗江知府木增請討之，謂法紀弁髦，尾大不掉，不治將有隱憂。上官嘉其義，調增率其部進剿，獲蘭梟之。

In Wanli 48 the Beisheng native vice prefect Gao Shimao died, and his younger half-brother Shichang inherited the post. A clansman named Lan falsely claimed that Shichang was illegitimate and sued before the authorities, but the court refused to hear the case. Fearing pressure from Lan, Shichang fled to Lijiang for refuge. When he later returned to Lancang and stayed at an inn, Lan surrounded the building and set it ablaze, killing more than seventy members of his household, opening his grandfather's tomb, proclaiming himself an imperially commissioned company commander, and launching a great raid. Lijiang Prefect Mu Zeng asked that Lan be punished, warning that law and discipline had been thrown aside, that the situation had grown too large to manage, and that unchecked rebellion would bring hidden trouble. The provincial authorities approved his request and ordered Mu Zeng to lead his troops against Lan, who was captured and executed.

灣甸，蠻名細睒。元中統初，內附，屬鎮康路。洪武十七年置灣甸縣。永樂元年三月設灣甸長官司，以西平侯沐晟奏地近麓川，地廣人稠故也。尋仍改為灣甸州，以土官刀景發為知州，給印章、金牌並置流官吏目一員。四年，帝以灣甸道里險遠，每歲朝貢，令自今三年一貢，著為令。如慶賀、謝恩之類，不拘此例。六年，刀景發遣人來朝，貢馬及方物，賜鈔幣。七年，刀景發子景懸等來朝，貢馬，賜予如例。宣德八年以土官刀景項弟景辦法繼兄職。州有流官吏目一員。州鄰木邦、順寧，日以侵削。成化五年，灣甸州土官舍人景拙法遣使刀胡猛等來朝，貢象馬並金銀器，賜宴並衣服彩幣有差。

Wandian was known in the tribal tongue as Xishan. In the early Zhongtong period of Yuan it submitted and was placed under Zhenkang Circuit. Wandian County was established in Hongwu 17. In the third month of Yongle 1 the Wandian Native Office was established after the Marquis of Xiping, Mu Sheng, reported that the region lay close to Luchuan and was both broad and densely populated. It was soon upgraded again to Wandian Prefecture, with the native official Dao Jingfa as prefect. He received a seal and gold tablet, and one regular clerk was appointed. In the fourth year of Yongle the Emperor, noting that Wandian's route was perilous and remote and that annual tribute was burdensome, ordered tribute once every three years and made the rule permanent. Occasions such as congratulatory missions and expressions of gratitude were exempt from this rule. In the sixth year of Yongle, Dao Jingfa sent envoys to court with horses and local tribute and received banknotes and silks. In the seventh year Dao Jingfa's sons Jingxuan and others came to court with horses and were rewarded according to precedent. In Xuande 8 the native official Dao Jingfa's younger brother Jingbanfa succeeded his brother. The prefecture maintained one regular clerk. Bordering Mohbang and Shunning, the prefecture was steadily whittled away by encroachment. In Chenghua 5 Jingzhuofa, son of the Wandian native official, sent Dao Humeng and others to court with elephants, horses, and gold and silver vessels. They were feasted and given clothing and colored silks according to rank.

萬歷十一年，土官景宗真率弟宗材導木邦叛賊罕虔入寇姚關，宗真死於陣，擒宗材斬之。景真子幼，貸死，降為州判官。後從討猛廷瑞有功，復舊職。灣甸地多瘴。有黑泉，漲時，飛鳥過之輒墮。

In Wanli 11 the native official Jing Zongzhen and his brother Zongcai guided the Mohbang rebel Han Qian in an attack on Yaoguan. Zongzhen fell in battle, and Zongcai was captured and executed. Because Jingzhen's son was still young, his life was spared and he was reduced to subprefectural judge. He later recovered his former office for merit in the campaign against Meng Tingrui. Wandian was a heavily malarial region. There was a Black Spring that, when swollen, caused any bird flying over it to drop from the sky.

鎮康，蠻名石睒，本黑僰所居。元中統初，內附。至元十三年立鎮康路軍民總管府，領三甸。洪武十五年，改為鎮康府，十七年改為州。永樂二年遣官頒信符及金字紅牌於鎮康州。七年以灣甸同知曩光為知州。初，鎮康地隸灣甸，曩光請增設署所，故有是命。九年以中官徐亮使西南蠻，曩光阻道，詔責之，至是，遣人來朝謝罪。十四年，鎮康州長官司遣人貢馬，賜鈔幣。二十一年，知府刀孟廣來朝，貢馬。宣德三年賜鎮康州土目刀門淵等鈔幣有差。成化五年，知州刀門戛遣使貢馬及金銀器，賜予如例，及妻。

Zhenkang, known in the tribal tongue as Shishan, was originally home to the Black Bo. In the early Zhongtong period of Yuan it submitted to the court. In Zhiyuan 13 the Zhenkang Circuit Commission for Civilians and Military was established to govern three districts. In Hongwu 15 it became the superior prefecture of Zhenkang; in Hongwu 17 it was reduced to a prefecture. In Yongle 2 the court sent officials to issue credential tokens and gold-letter red plaques to Zhenkang Prefecture. In the seventh year of Yongle the Wandian vice prefect Nang Guang was appointed prefect of Zhenkang. At first Zhenkang had been administered from Wandian; Nang Guang petitioned for a separate office, which led to this appointment. In the ninth year the eunuch Xu Liang was dispatched to the southwestern tribes, but Nang Guang obstructed his route and was rebuked by imperial edict. He then sent envoys to court to apologize. In the fourteenth year of Yongle the Zhenkang native chieftain's office sent envoys with horses and received banknotes and silks. In the twenty-first year of Yongle Prefect Dao Mengguang came to court with horses. In Xuande 3 the Zhenkang native headmen Dao Menyuan and others received banknotes and silks according to rank. In Chenghua 5 Prefect Dao Menjia sent envoys with horses and gold and silver vessels and was rewarded according to precedent, as was his wife.

鎮康後亦為木邦、順寧所侵削。隆慶間，知州悶坎者，罕虔妻以女，因附虔歸緬。坎敗死，其弟悶恩歸義。恩死，子悶枳襲，木邦思禮誘之歸緬，不從。天啟二年，木邦兵據喳哩江，枳奔姚關，守備遣官撫之，乃退。

Zhenkang later suffered the same steady erosion from Mohbang and Shunning. During the Longqing reign Prefect Menkan married Han Qian's daughter, joined him, and went over to Burma. After Kan was defeated and killed, his younger brother Men'en returned to allegiance. When En died, his son Menzhi succeeded him. Sim Li of Mohbang tried to lure him back to Burma, but he refused. In Tianqi 2 Mohbang troops occupied the Zhali River. Menzhi fled to Yaoguan; the garrison defense commissioner sent an official to reassure him, and the Mohbang forces then withdrew.

大侯，蠻名孟祐，百夷所居。元中統初內附，屬麓川路。洪武二十四年置大侯長官司。永樂二年頒給信符、金字紅牌。三年，大侯長官司長官刀奉偶遣子刀奉董貢馬及銀器，賜鈔幣。六年，長官刀奉偶遣弟不納狂來貢，賜予如例。

Dahou, known in the tribal tongue as Mengyou, was home to the Baiyi. In the early Zhongtong period of Yuan it submitted and was placed under Luchuan Circuit. The Dahou Native Office was established in Hongwu 24. In Yongle 2 credential tokens and gold-letter red plaques were issued to Dahou. In the third year of Yongle the Dahou chieftain Dao Feng'ou sent his son Dao Fengdong with horses and silver vessels and received banknotes and silks. In the sixth year Chieftain Dao Feng'ou sent his younger brother Bunakuang with tribute, and rewards were granted according to precedent.

宣德四年升大侯長官司為大侯州，以土官刀奉漢為知州。時刀奉漢奏：「大侯蠻民復業者多，歲納差發銀二百五十兩。灣甸、鎮康二長官民少，歲納差發銀各百兩，永樂中俱升為州，乞援二州例。」帝諭吏部曰：「大侯民多復業，亦其長官善撫綏也，宜增秩旌之。」故有是命。八年，大侯州入貢，遣內官雲仙往撫之，並賜錦綺有差。

In Xuande 4 the Dahou Native Office was promoted to Dahou Prefecture, with the native official Dao Fenghan as prefect. At that time Dao Fenghan memorialized: "Many of Dahou's tribal people have returned to their fields. The district pays two hundred and fifty taels of silver each year in corvée levies. Wandian and Zhenkang had smaller populations and each paid one hundred taels annually; both were promoted to prefectures in Yongle. I ask that Dahou be treated by the same precedent. The Emperor told the Ministry of Personnel: "That so many of Dahou's people have returned to their fields reflects their chieftain's good governance. His rank should be raised to honor him. Hence the promotion. In the eighth year of Xuande Dahou presented tribute. The eunuch Yun Xian was sent to reassure the district, and brocades were granted according to rank.

正統三年，土官刀奉漢子刀奉送來貢，命賫敕並織金文綺絨錦諸物，賜刀奉漢並及其妻。初，奉漢令把事傅永瑤來朝，貢馬，奏欲與木邦宣慰罕門法共起土兵十萬，協同征剿麓川，乞賜金牌、信符，以安民心。特賜之，復降敕嘉獎。七年，敕刀奉漢子刀奉送襲大侯知州，賜冠帶、印章、彩段表裏，以奉送能率土兵助討麓川也。十一年，大侯知州奉外法等貢銀器、象馬，賜彩幣、衣服有差。十二年敕賜大侯州奉敬法、刀奉送等並其妻彩幣，命來使賫與之。

In Zhengtong 3 Dao Fenghan's son Dao Fengsong came with tribute and was instructed to carry back an imperial edict together with brocaded gold-thread silk, velvet, brocade, and other gifts for Fenghan and his wife. Earlier Fenghan had sent the bailiff Fu Yongyao to court with horses and asked to raise one hundred thousand native troops together with Mohbang Pacification Commissioner Han Menfa to campaign against Luchuan, requesting a gold tablet and credential tokens to reassure his people. The request was specially granted, and an edict of commendation followed. In the seventh year of Zhengtong an edict appointed Dao Fengsong to succeed his father as Dahou prefect and granted him cap and belt, a seal, and inner and outer colored brocades for leading native troops in the campaign against Luchuan. In the eleventh year Dahou Prefect Fengwaifa and others sent silver vessels, elephants, and horses, and received colored silks and clothing according to rank. In the twelfth year an edict granted colored silks to Feng Jingfa, Dao Fengsong, and others of Dahou Prefecture and their wives, and ordered the envoys to carry the gifts back.

萬歷中，土目奉學婿於順寧知府猛廷瑞，後巡撫陳用賓誣奏廷瑞與學反狀，廷瑞斬奉學首以獻，學兄赦守大侯如故。子奉先與其族舍猛麻、奉恭爭殺抗命，次年討平之，改為雲州，設流官。

During the Wanli reign the native headman Feng Xue gave his daughter in marriage to Shunning Prefect Meng Tingrui. Later Grand Coordinator Chen Yongbin falsely reported that Tingrui and Xue were plotting rebellion. Tingrui beheaded Feng Xue and presented his head; Xue's elder brother was pardoned and continued to hold Dahou as before. Feng Xue's son Feng Xian and his clansmen Mengma and Feng Gong then fought and killed in defiance of orders. They were suppressed the next year, the district was renamed Yun Prefecture, and regular officials were installed.

瀾滄，元為北勝州地。洪武中，屬鶴慶府。二十八年置瀾滄衛。二十九年於州南築城，置今衛司。領北勝、浪渠、永寧三州。永樂四年以永寧州升為府。正統七年以北勝州直隸布政司，今衛只領州一。弘治十一年，福建布政李韶以前任雲南參議，知土俗事宜，上疏言四事。一謂瀾滄衛與北勝州同一城，地域廣遠，與四川建昌西番野番相通。邇年西番土舍章輗等倚恃山險，招服野番千余家為莊戶，遂致各番生拗，動輒殺人，州官無兵不能禁止。衛官大廢軍政，恬不加意。又姚安府、大羅衛、賓川州地方有賊穴六七，軍民受害。請添設兵備副使於瀾滄衛城，以姚安、大羅、賓川、鶴麗、大理、洱海、景東諸府州衛所，皆令屬之。於野番則用撫流民法，於賊巢則用立保甲法，朝夕經理，則內外寇患皆可弭矣。因從其議，設兵備副使一員於瀾滄城。

Lancang had been Beisheng Prefecture's territory under the Yuan. Under Hongwu it fell under Heqing Prefecture. Lancang Guard was established in the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu. In the twenty-ninth year a walled city was built south of the prefectural seat and the present guard headquarters was established. The guard governed the three prefectures of Beisheng, Langqu, and Yongning. In Yongle 4 Yongning Prefecture was promoted to a superior prefecture. In Zhengtong 7 Beisheng was placed directly under the Provincial Administration Commission, leaving the guard with only one prefecture under its jurisdiction. In Hongzhi 11 Fujian Provincial Administration Commissioner Li Shao, who had earlier served as Yunnan Assistant Administration Commissioner and knew tribal affairs well, submitted a memorial setting forth four proposals. The first held that Lancang Guard and Beisheng Prefecture shared one walled city, that the region was broad and remote, and that it connected with the wild tribes of the Western Barbarians around Jianchang in Sichuan. In recent years the Western Barbarian native chieftain Zhang Ke and others, trusting in mountain strongholds, had recruited and brought under control more than a thousand wild-tribe households as estate tenants. The tribes grew defiant and killings became commonplace, while the prefectural officials, with no troops at their disposal, could do nothing to stop them. The guard commanders had largely abandoned military administration and paid the matter no heed at all. Meanwhile, in the districts of Yao'an Prefecture, Daluo Guard, and Binchuan Prefecture there were six or seven bandit strongholds, and both soldiers and civilians suffered at their hands. He proposed establishing a vice commissioner of military preparedness at Lancang Guard city and placing Yao'an, Daluo, Binchuan, He-Li, Dali, Erhai, Jingdong, and the other prefectures, subprefectures, guards, and posts under his jurisdiction. The wild tribes should be handled by pacifying displaced people; the bandit lairs by organizing baojia mutual-responsibility units. With constant day-and-night oversight, both internal and external threats could be brought under control. The court accepted the proposal and appointed one vice commissioner of military preparedness at Lancang.

麓川平緬

Luchuan and Ping Mian

麓川、平緬，元時皆屬緬甸。緬甸，古朱波地也。宋寧宗時，緬甸、波斯等國進白象，緬甸之名自此始。緬在雲南之西南，最窮遠。與八百國、占城接境。有城郭室屋，人皆樓居，地產象馬。元時最強盛。元嘗遣使招之，始入貢。

Under the Yuan, both Luchuan and Ping Mian had been subject to Burma. Burma occupied the ancient territory known as Zhupo. During the reign of Song Emperor Ningzong, Burma, Persia, and other states sent white elephants as tribute, and the name Burma dates from that time. Burma lay southwest of Yunnan, farther away than any other neighbor. Its borders met those of Babai and Champa. There were walled towns and houses; the people lived in raised dwellings, and the country produced elephants and horses. Under the Yuan it reached its greatest power. The Yuan had sent envoys to win them over, and only then did they begin sending tribute.

洪武六年遣使田儼、程鬥南、張祎、錢允恭賫詔往諭。至安南，留二年，以道阻不通。有詔召之，惟儼還，余皆道卒。十五年，大兵下雲南，進以大理，下金齒。平緬與金齒壤地相接，土蠻思倫發聞之懼，遂降。因置平緬宣慰使司，以倫發為宣慰使。十七年八月，倫發遣刀令孟獻方物，並上元所授宣慰使司印。詔改平緬宣慰使為平緬軍民宣慰使司，並賜倫發朝服、冠帶及織金文綺、鈔錠。尋改平緬軍民宣慰使司為麓川平緬軍民宣慰使司。麓川與平緬連境，元時分置兩路以統其所部，至是以倫發遣使貢，命兼統麓川之地。

In Hongwu 6 the envoys Tian Yan, Cheng Dou'nan, Zhang Yi, and Qian Yonggong were sent with an imperial edict to announce the court's will. They reached Annam and stayed there two years, the road ahead blocked and impassable. An edict recalled them; only Tian Yan made it back—the others all died on the journey. In the fifteenth year the main army swept into Yunnan, pushed through Dali, and captured Jinchi. Ping Mian bordered Jinchi directly; when the native chieftain Si Lunfa heard the news he was terrified and submitted. A Ping Mian Pacification Commission was accordingly established, and Lunfa was appointed its pacification commissioner. In the eighth month of the seventeenth year Lunfa sent Dao Lingmeng with local tribute and the Yuan-granted seal of the pacification commission. An edict reorganized the commission as the Ping Mian Military-Civilian Pacification Commission and granted Lunfa court robes, cap and belt, brocaded gold-thread silk, and banknotes. It was soon renamed the Luchuan-Ping Mian Military-Civilian Pacification Commission. Luchuan and Ping Mian were adjacent; the Yuan had divided them into two circuits to govern their peoples separately. Now, because Lunfa had sent tribute envoys, he was ordered to govern Luchuan as well.

十八年，倫發反，率眾寇景東。都督馮誠率兵擊之，值天大霧，猝遇寇，失利，千戶王升戰死。

In the eighteenth year Lunfa rose in rebellion and led his forces against Jingdong. Regional Commander Feng Cheng marched against him, but a heavy fog descended and the troops ran into the enemy by surprise. They were defeated, and Company Commander Wang Sheng was killed in action.

二十年，敕諭西平侯沐英等曰：「近御史李原名歸自平緬，知蠻情詭譎，必為邊患。符到，可即於金齒、楚雄、品甸及瀾滄江中道，葺壘深池，以固營柵，多置火銃為守備。寇來。勿輕與戰。又以往歲人至百夷，多貪其財貨，不顧事理，貽笑諸蠻。繼今不許一人往平緬，即文移亦慎答之，毋忽。」明年，倫發誘群蠻入寇馬龍他郎甸之摩沙勒寨。英遣都督寧正擊破之，斬首千五百余級。倫發悉舉其眾，號三十萬，象百余，寇定邊，欲報摩沙勒之役，新附諸蠻皆為盡力。英選師三萬亟趨至，賊列象陣搏戰。英列弩註射，突陣大呼，象多傷，其蠻亦多中矢斃，蠻氣稍縮。次日，英率將士，益置火槍、神機箭，更番射，象奔，賊大敗。搗其寨，斬首三萬余級，降卒萬余人。象死者半，生獲三十有七。倫發遁，以捷聞。帝遣使諭英移師逼景東屯田，固壘以待大軍集，勿輕受其降。

In the twentieth year an edict addressed the Marquis of Xiping, Mu Ying, and others: "Censor Li Yuanyuan has just returned from Ping Mian and reports that the tribes are treacherous and cunning—they will surely become a frontier threat. When this order reaches you, build fortifications and deep moats at once at Jinchi, Chuxiong, Pindian, and along the middle reaches of the Lancang River to strengthen your camps and stockades, and station many fire-lances for defense. If the enemy comes, do not engage them lightly. Moreover, in past years our men who went among the Baiyi often greedily seized their goods without regard for propriety, making themselves a laughingstock among the tribes. Henceforth not one man is to be sent to Ping Mian, and even written communications must be answered with caution. Do not treat this lightly. The following year Lunfa incited the tribes to attack the Mosha'le stockade in Malong Talang Territory. Ying sent Regional Commander Ning Zheng, who routed them and took more than fifteen hundred heads. Lunfa then mobilized his entire force—claiming three hundred thousand men and more than a hundred elephants—and marched on Dingbian to avenge Mosha'le. Every newly submitted tribe fought with all its strength. Ying picked thirty thousand troops and rushed to meet them. The rebels formed an elephant line and gave battle. Ying lined up crossbows for massed fire, then charged the formation with a great shout. Many elephants were wounded and many tribesmen fell to arrows; the enemy's momentum began to falter. The next day Ying led his officers and men forward again, adding fire-guns and divine-machine arrows in rotating volleys. The elephants broke and fled, and the rebels were routed. They overran the enemy stockade, took more than thirty thousand heads, and accepted the surrender of more than ten thousand men. Half the elephants were killed; thirty-seven were taken alive. Lunfa fled, and word of the victory was sent to the throne. The emperor sent envoys telling Ying to shift his army toward Jingdong for garrison farming, hold his fortified camps until the main force assembled, and not accept surrender too readily.

二十二年，倫發遣把事招綱等來言：「往者逆謀，皆由把事刀廝郎、刀廝養所為。乞貸死，願輸貢賦。」雲南守臣以聞。乃遣通政司經歷楊大用賫敕往諭思倫發修臣禮，悉償前日兵費，庶免問罪之師。倫發聽命，遂以象、馬、白金、方物入貢謝罪，大用並令獻叛首刀廝郎等一百三十七人，平緬遂平。自是，三年每來朝貢。二十七年，倫發來朝，貢馬、象、方物。已，遣京衛千戶郭均英往賜思倫發公服、襆頭、金帶、象笏。

In the twenty-second year Lunfa sent the tribal officials Zhao Gang and others to say: "The earlier rebellion was entirely the doing of the tribal officials Dao Silang and Dao Siyang. We beg mercy for our lives and offer to resume paying tribute and taxes. The Yunnan frontier officials reported the message to the court. The court then sent Yang Dayong of the Office of Transmission with an edict instructing Si Lunfa to observe the rites owed a subject, make full restitution for the recent campaign costs, and thereby perhaps avoid a punitive expedition. Lunfa complied. He sent elephants, horses, silver, and local tribute in apology, and Dayong also required him to hand over the rebel ringleaders Dao Silang and the rest—one hundred thirty-seven in all. Ping Mian was thus pacified. Thereafter they came to court with tribute once every three years. In the twenty-seventh year Lunfa came to court with horses, elephants, and local tribute. Shortly afterward Capital Guard Company Commander Guo Junying was sent to bestow on Si Lunfa official robes, a putou cap, a gold belt, and an ivory tablet of office.

二十八年，緬國王使來言，百夷屢以兵侵奪其境。明年，緬使復來訴。帝遣行人李思聰等使緬國及百夷。思倫發聞詔，俯伏謝罪，願罷兵。適其部長刀幹孟叛，思聰聽朝廷威德諭其部眾，叛者稍退。思倫發欲倚使者服其下，強留之，以象、馬、金寶為賂，思聰諭卻之。歸述其山川、人物、風俗、道路之詳，為《百夷傳紀》以進，帝褒之。初，平緬俗不好佛。有僧至自雲南，善為因果報應之說，倫發信之。又有金齒戍卒逃入其境，能為火硫、火炮之具，倫發喜其技能，俾系金帶，與僧位諸部長上。刀幹孟等不服，遂與其屬叛，攻騰沖。倫發率其家走雲南，西平侯沐春遣送至京師。帝憫之，命春為征南將軍，何福、徐凱為副將軍，率雲南、四川諸衛兵往討刀幹孟。並遣倫發歸，駐潞江上，招諭其部眾。賜倫髮黃金百兩、白金百五十兩、鈔五百錠。又敕春曰：「思倫發窮而歸我，當以兵送還。若至雲南，先遣人往諭幹孟毋怙終不臣，必歸而主。倘不從，則聲罪討之。」

In the twenty-eighth year envoys from the King of Burma reported that the Baiyi had repeatedly invaded and seized their lands by force. The following year Burmese envoys came again to press their grievances. The emperor dispatched the courier Li Sicong and others as envoys to Burma and the Baiyi territories. When Si Lunfa heard of the imperial edict he prostrated himself in submission and promised to halt hostilities. At that moment his tribal chief Dao Ganmeng rebelled. Sicong invoked the court's authority and virtue before Ganmeng's followers, and the rebels gradually fell back. Si Lunfa hoped to use the envoy to intimidate his subordinates and forcibly detained him, offering elephants, horses, and gold treasures as bribes. Sicong rebuked him and refused the gifts. On his return he set down in detail their mountains and rivers, people, customs, and routes, compiled the Account of the Baiyi, and presented it to the throne. The emperor commended him. At first the people of Ping Mian had little regard for Buddhism. A monk came from Yunnan who preached skillfully on karma and retribution, and Lunfa came to believe him. A Jinchi garrison soldier also fled into their territory; he knew how to make gunpowder and cannon, and Lunfa was so pleased with his craft that he gave him a gold belt and seated him with the monk above the tribal chiefs. Dao Ganmeng and others would not accept this. They rose in rebellion with their followers and attacked Tengchong. Lunfa fled with his family to Yunnan, and the Marquis of Xiping, Mu Chun, had them escorted to the capital. The emperor took pity on him and appointed Chun Pacifying General of the South, with He Fu and Xu Kai as deputy generals, to lead the guards of Yunnan and Sichuan against Dao Ganmeng. Lunfa was also sent back to encamp on the Lu River and summon his followers to submit. Lunfa received one hundred taels of gold, one hundred fifty taels of silver, and five hundred ingots of banknotes. The emperor also instructed Chun: "Si Lunfa, brought to ruin, has returned to our allegiance. Escort him back with troops. When he reaches Yunnan, send men ahead first to tell Ganmeng not to persist in rebellion to the end but to return and acknowledge his rightful lord. If he refuses, proclaim his crimes and march against him."

時幹孟既逐倫發，亦懼朝廷加兵，乃遣人詣西平侯請入貢，春以聞。三十一年奏：「幹孟欲假朝廷威以拒忽都，其言入貢，未可信。」帝遣人諭春曰：「遠蠻詭詐誠有之，姑從所請，審度其宜，毋失事機。」春以兵送倫發於金齒，使人諭刀幹孟，幹孟不從。遣左軍都督何福、瞿能等，將兵五千討之。逾高良公山，直搗南甸，大破之，殺刀名孟，斬獲甚眾。回兵擊景罕寨。寨憑高據險，堅守不下，官軍糧械俱盡，賊勢益張。福使告急於春，春率五百騎往救，乘夜至潞江，詰旦渡。率騎馳躪，揚塵蔽天。賊不意大軍至，驚懼，遂破之。乘勝擊崆峒寨，賊夜潰。幹孟遣人乞降，事聞，朝廷以其狡詐，命春俟變討之。春尋病卒，幹孟竟不降。又命都督何福往討，未幾，擒幹孟歸，倫發始還平緬，逾年卒。

By then Ganmeng, having already driven out Lunfa, also feared a punitive expedition from the court. He sent men to the Marquis of Xiping asking permission to pay tribute, and Chun reported the request. In the thirty-first year Chun memorialized: "Ganmeng wants to borrow the court's prestige to resist Hudu. His offer of tribute cannot be trusted. The emperor sent word to Chun: "Distant tribes are indeed treacherous, but for now grant his request, weigh the situation carefully, and do not let the moment slip away." Chun escorted Lunfa with troops as far as Jinchi and sent men to instruct Dao Ganmeng, but Ganmeng refused to comply. He dispatched Left Army Regional Commander He Fu, Qu Neng, and others with five thousand troops to suppress him. Crossing Mount Gaolianggong, they drove straight into Nandian, inflicted a crushing defeat, killed Dao Mingmeng, and took a great number of heads and captives. They then wheeled about and attacked Jinghan Stockade. The stockade stood on high ground in rugged terrain and held out stubbornly. Government grain and weapons ran out, and the rebels grew bolder by the day. Fu sent an urgent plea for help. Chun led five hundred cavalry to the rescue, reached the Lu River by night, and crossed at dawn. He charged forward at full gallop, raising a cloud of dust that blotted out the sky. The rebels had not expected the main force to arrive so soon. Panicked, they broke and were defeated. Pressing their advantage, they struck Kongtong Stockade, and the rebels fled under cover of night. Ganmeng sent men begging to surrender. When the report reached the court, he was judged too cunning to trust, and Chun was ordered to wait for a shift in circumstances before moving against him. Chun soon fell ill and died, and in the end Ganmeng never surrendered. Regional Commander He Fu was again ordered to campaign against him. Before long Ganmeng was captured and brought back, Lunfa finally returned to Ping Mian, and the next year he died.

永樂元年，思倫發子散朋來朝，貢馬。賜絨錦、織金文綺、紗羅並傔從鈔有差。二年遣內官張勤等頒賜麓川。麓川、平緬、木邦、孟養俱遣人來貢，各賜之鈔幣。時麓川平緬宣慰使思行發所遣頭目刀門賴訴孟養、木邦數侵其地。禮部請以孟養、木邦朝貢使付法司，正其罪。帝謂蠻眾攻奪常事，執一二人罪之，不足以革其俗，且曲直未明，遽罪其使，失遠人心。命西平侯諭之，遣員外郎左緝使八百國，並使賜麓川平緬宣慰冠帶、襲衣。

In Yongle 1 Si Lunfa's son Sanpeng came to court with horses as tribute. He received velvet brocade, brocaded gold-thread silk, gauze and silk, and banknotes for his attendants in amounts according to rank. In the second year the eunuch Zhang Qin and others were sent to distribute imperial gifts in Luchuan. Luchuan, Ping Mian, Mohbang, and Mengyang all sent tribute envoys, and each received banknotes and currency in return. At that time Dao Menlai, a headman sent by Luchuan-Ping Mian Pacification Commissioner Si Xingfa, complained that Mengyang and Mohbang had repeatedly encroached on his lands. The Ministry of Rites asked that the tribute envoys of Mengyang and Mohbang be handed over to the judiciary for punishment. The emperor replied that raiding and seizure were commonplace among the tribes; punishing one or two men would not change their ways, and since right and wrong were not yet clear, hastily punishing their envoys would alienate distant peoples. He ordered the Marquis of Xiping to remonstrate with them, sent Vice Director Zuo Ji as envoy to Babai, and at the same time dispatched cap-and-belt regalia and investiture robes to the Luchuan-Ping Mian pacification commissioner.

五年，麓川平緬所隸孟外頭目刀發孟來朝，貢象及金器，散朋亦貢馬，各賜鈔幣。六年，思行發貢馬、方物謝，賜金牌、信符。黔國公沐晟言：「麓川、平緬所隸孟外、陶孟，土官刀發孟之地，為頭目刀薛孟侵據，請命思行發諭刀薛孟歸侵地。」從之。七年，行發來貢，遣中官雲仙等賫敕，賜金織文綺、紗羅。至麓川，行發失郊迎禮，仙責之。行發惶懼，九年遣刀門奈來貢謝罪。帝貸之，仍命宴勞其使，並遣賜行發文錦、金織纻絲紗羅。

In the fifth year Dao Fameng, a Mengwai headman under Luchuan-Ping Mian, came to court with elephants and gold vessels, while Sanpeng also sent horses. Each received banknotes and currency. In the sixth year Si Xingfa sent horses and local tribute in gratitude and was granted a gold plaque and credential tokens. Duke of Qian Mu Sheng reported: "The lands of the native official Dao Fameng in Mengwai and Taomeng under Luchuan-Ping Mian have been seized by the headman Dao Xuemeng. We ask that Si Xingfa be ordered to instruct Dao Xuemeng to return the occupied territory. The request was approved. In the seventh year Xingfa sent tribute, and the eunuch Yun Xian and others were dispatched with an edict and gifts of brocaded gold-thread silk and gauze. When they reached Luchuan, Xingfa failed to perform the suburban reception rite, and Xian rebuked him for it. Terrified, Xingfa sent Dao Mennai in the ninth year with tribute to apologize for the offense. The emperor pardoned him, ordered a banquet to honor his envoy, and sent Xingfa brocade, gold-woven silk, gauze, and silk as well.

十一年，行發請以其弟思任發代職，從之。任發遣頭目刀弄發貢象六、馬百匹及金銀器皿等物謝恩。二十年，任發遣使奉表來貢，並謝侵南甸州罪，遣中官雲仙賫賜並敕戒之。洪熙元年遣內官段忠、徐亮以即位詔諭麓川。宣德元年遣使諭西南夷，賜麓川錦綺有差，以其勤修職貢也。時麓川、木邦爭界，各訴於朝，就令使者諭解之，俾安分毋侵越。黔國公沐晟奏，麓川所屬思陀甸火頭曲比為亂，請發兵討，帝命姑撫之。置麓川平緬宣慰司所轄大店地驛丞一員，以土人刀捧怯為之，從宣慰刀暗發奏也。

In Yongle 11, Xingfa asked that his younger brother Si Renfa succeed him, and the request was granted. Renfa dispatched the subordinate chief Daonongfa with six elephants, a hundred horses, and gold and silver vessels to offer tribute in thanks for the imperial favor. In Yongle 20, Renfa sent envoys with a tribute memorial apologizing for encroaching on Nandian Prefecture; the court dispatched the eunuch Yun Xian with gifts and an admonitory edict. In Hongxi 1, the eunuchs Duan Zhong and Xu Liang were sent to announce the new emperor's accession to Luchuan. In Xuande 1, envoys were sent to instruct the southwestern tribes, and Luchuan received brocades and silks in varying measure for its faithful tribute. Luchuan and Mubang were then disputing their border, each appealing to the court, and the envoys were instructed to mediate so that each side would keep to its bounds and refrain from encroachment. The Duke of Qian, Mu Sheng, reported that Qubi, a village headman of Sitodien under Luchuan, had risen in rebellion and asked that troops be sent; the emperor ordered that he be placated for the time being. A post-station director was established at Dadian under the Luchuan-Pingmian Pacification Commission, with the local man Daobengqie appointed to the post at the request of Pacification Commissioner Dao Anfa.

三年，雲南三司奏，麓川宣慰使思任發奪南甸州地，請發兵問罪。帝命晟同三司、巡撫詳計以聞。敕任發保境安民，不得侵鄰疆，陷惡逆，以滋罪咎。晟以任發侵奪南甸、騰沖之罪不可宥，請發官軍五萬及諸土兵討之。帝以交址、四川方用兵，民勞未息，宜再行招諭。不得已，其調雲南土官軍及木邦宣慰諸蠻兵剿之。八年遣內官雲仙賫敕至麓川，賜思任發幣物，諭其勿與木邦爭地抗殺。

In Xuande 3, the three Yunnan commissions reported that Luchuan Pacification Commissioner Si Renfa had seized Nandian Prefecture territory and asked that troops be sent to punish him. The emperor ordered Mu Sheng, together with the three commissions and the grand coordinator, to work out a detailed plan and report back. An edict charged Renfa to guard his territory and keep the people at peace, forbidding encroachment on neighboring lands or descent into treachery that would only multiply his guilt. Mu Sheng held that Renfa's seizures of Nandian and Tengchong could not be forgiven and requested fifty thousand regular troops together with various native levies to suppress him. The emperor replied that Jiaozhi and Sichuan were already at war, the people were still exhausted, and persuasion should be tried once more. Only if there were no alternative should Yunnan native-officer troops and the tribal levies of the Mubang Pacification Commission be mobilized against him. In Xuande 8 the eunuch Yun Xian was sent to Luchuan with an edict, bearing gifts for Si Renfa and instructing him not to fight Mubang over territory.

正統元年，免麓川平緬軍民宣慰司所欠差發銀二千五百兩。以任發奏其地為木邦所侵，百姓希少，無從辦納。部執不可，帝特蠲之。初，洪武間，克平雲南，惟百夷部長思倫發未服，後為頭目刀幹孟所逐，赴京陳訴。命為宣慰，回居麓川。分其地，設孟養、木邦、孟定三府，隸雲南；設潞江、幹崖、大侯、灣甸四長官司，隸金齒。永樂元年升孟養、木邦為宣慰司。孟養宣慰刀木旦與鄰境仇殺而死，緬甸乘機並其地。未幾，緬甸宣慰新加斯又為木邦宣慰所殺。時倫發已死，子行發襲，亦死。次子任發襲為麓川宣慰，狡獪愈於父兄，差發金銀，不以時納，朝廷稍優容之。會緬甸之危，任發侵有其地，遂欲盡復其故地，稱兵擾邊，侵孟定府及灣甸等州，殺掠人民。而南甸知州刀貢罕亦奏麓川奪其所轄羅卜思莊等二百七十八村。於是晟奏：「思任發連年累侵孟定、南甸、幹崖、騰沖、潞江、金齒等處，自立頭目刀珍罕、土官早亨等相助為暴，叛形已著。近又侵及金齒，勢甚猖獗。已遣諸衛馬步官軍至金齒守禦，乞調大兵進討。」朝命選將，廷臣舉右都督方政、都督僉事張榮往雲南，協同鎮守右都督昂率兵討之。任發方修貢冀緩師，而晟遽信其降，無渡江意。任發乃遣眾萬余奪潞江，沿江造船三百艘，欲取雲龍，又殺死甸順、江東等處軍余殆盡。帝以賊勢日甚，責晟等玩寇養患。政亦至軍，欲出戰，晟不可。政造舟欲濟師，晟又不許。政不勝憤，乃獨率麾下與賊將緬簡戰，破賊舊大寨。賊奔景罕，指揮唐清復擊破之。又追之高黎共山下，共斬三千余級。乘勝深入，逼任發上江。上江，賊重地也。政遠攻疲甚，求援於晟，晟怒其違節制渡江，不遣。久之，以少兵往，至夾象石，又不進。政追至空泥，知晟不救，賊出象陣沖擊，軍殲，政死焉。晟聞敗，乃請益軍。帝遣使者責狀，仍調湖廣官軍三萬一千五百人、貴州一萬人、四川八千五百人，令吳亮、馬翔統之，至雲南，聽晟節制，仍敕晟豫籌糧糒。而晟懼罪，暴卒。

In Zhengtong 1, the 2,500 taels of corvée silver owed by the Luchuan-Pingmian Military-Civilian Pacification Commission was remitted. Renfa had reported that Mubang had encroached on his territory, the population was sparse, and the levy could not be paid. The ministry held that remission was improper, but the emperor made a special exemption. Earlier, during Hongwu, when Yunnan was conquered the Baiyi chieftain Si Lunfa alone had not submitted; later he was driven out by the subordinate chief Daoganmeng and came to the capital to plead his case. He was appointed pacification commissioner and returned to Luchuan. His territory was divided, and the three prefectures of Mengyang, Mubang, and Mengding were established under Yunnan; the four native-official districts of Lujiang, Ganyai, Dahou, and Wandian were established under Jinchi. In Yongle 1, Mengyang and Mubang were promoted to pacification commissions. Mengyang Pacification Commissioner Daomudan died in a feud with a neighboring territory, and Burma seized the opportunity to annex his lands. Before long, Burma's Pacification Commissioner Xinjiasi was also killed by the Mubang Pacification Commissioner. By then Lunfa had died; his son Xingfa succeeded him and also died. The second son, Renfa, inherited as Luchuan Pacification Commissioner. He was more cunning than his father and elder brother, and though he failed to pay his gold and silver corvée assessments on time, the court showed him some forbearance. When Burma fell into crisis, Renfa encroached on its territory and then sought to recover all his former lands; he raised troops to harass the frontier, invaded Mengding Prefecture and districts such as Wandian, and killed and plundered the people. Meanwhile Nandian Prefect Daogonghan also reported that Luchuan had seized two hundred and seventy-eight villages under his jurisdiction, including Luobusizhuang. Thereupon Mu Sheng memorialized: "Si Renfa has encroached year after year on Mengding, Nandian, Ganyai, Tengchong, Lujiang, Jinchi, and other places; he has installed subordinates such as Daozhenhan and the native officer Zaohheng to assist in his violence, and the signs of rebellion are already clear. Recently he has also encroached on Jinchi, and his power grows ever more rampant. Cavalry and infantry from the various guards have already been sent to defend Jinchi; I request that a major force be dispatched for a punitive advance. The court ordered commanders to be chosen; court officials recommended Right Cavalry General Fang Zheng and Assistant Regional Commander Zhang Rong for Yunnan, to join Regional Commander Mu Ang in leading troops against him. Renfa was just then sending tribute in hope of delaying the army, but Mu Sheng rashly believed his surrender and had no intention of crossing the river. Renfa then sent more than ten thousand men to seize Lujiang, built three hundred boats along the river, aimed to take Yunlong, and killed nearly all the soldiers at Dianshun, Jiangdong, and other posts. The emperor, seeing the rebels' power grow daily, rebuked Mu Sheng and the others for indulging the enemy and nurturing the threat. Fang Zheng also reached the army and wished to engage, but Mu Sheng forbade it. Zheng built boats intending to ferry troops across, but Mu Sheng again refused. Unable to contain his anger, Zheng alone led his own followers against the rebel general Mianjian and broke the rebels' main old camp. The rebels fled to Jinghan, where Commander Tang Qing routed them again. Pursuing them to the foot of Mount Gaoligong, they cut down more than three thousand in all. Pressing their victory in a deep advance, they drove Renfa back to Shangjiang. Shangjiang was a crucial rebel stronghold. Zheng, exhausted from fighting far from support, asked Mu Sheng for reinforcements; angered that Zheng had crossed the river in violation of orders, Mu Sheng sent none. After a long delay he sent a small force, but when it reached Jiaxiangshi it advanced no farther. Zheng pursued to Kongni; knowing Mu Sheng would not rescue him, the rebels deployed an elephant formation and charged; his army was wiped out and Zheng was killed. When Mu Sheng heard of the defeat, he then requested reinforcements. The emperor sent envoys to demand an accounting and mobilized 31,500 troops from Huguang, 10,000 from Guizhou, and 8,500 from Sichuan under Wu Liang and Ma Xiang; on reaching Yunnan they were to obey Mu Sheng's command, and Mu Sheng was further instructed to prepare rations in advance. But Mu Sheng, fearing punishment, died suddenly.

時任發兵愈橫，犯景東，剽孟定，殺大侯知州刀奉漢等千余人，破孟賴諸寨，孟璉長官司諸處皆降之。任發仍遣人以象馬金銀來修貢，復致番書於雲南總兵官，謂：「始因潞江安撫司線舊法相邀報仇，其後線舊法乃誣己為入寇，致大軍壓境，惶恐無地。今欲遣使謝罪，乞為導奏。」帝降敕許赦其罪。時刑部侍郎何文淵疏請罷麓川師，命下廷臣議。於是行在兵部尚書王驥及英國公張輔等，皆以為「麓川負恩怙惡，在所必誅，須更選將練兵，以昭天討。如思任發早自悔禍，縛詣軍門，生全之恩，取自上裁。」帝然之。已而侍講劉球復以息兵請如文淵議。部覆以麓川之征，已有成命，報聞。

Meanwhile Renfa's forces grew bolder: they struck Jingdong, raided Mengding, killed Dahou Prefect Daofenghan and more than a thousand others, broke the stockades of Menglai and elsewhere, and won the submission of the Menglian native-official district and other places. Renfa still sent men with elephants, horses, gold, and silver to present tribute, and also sent a letter in the tribal script to the Yunnan commander-in-chief, stating: "At first Xian Jiufa of the Lujiang Pacification Office invited me to join in revenge; afterward Xian Jiufa falsely accused me of invasion and brought the great army to my borders, and I have nowhere to turn in my terror. I now wish to send envoys to apologize; please guide and present my memorial. The emperor issued an edict granting pardon for his offenses. At the time Vice Minister of Justice He Wenyuan submitted a memorial requesting withdrawal of the Luchuan expedition, and the matter was sent down for court officials to deliberate. Thereupon the Nanjing Minister of War Wang Ji, the Duke of Ying Zhang Fu, and others all held that "Luchuan has betrayed imperial grace and clung to evil; it must be punished, and fresh generals and trained troops are needed to proclaim Heaven's chastisement. If Si Renfa should repent in time and bind himself to present at the army gate, the grace of sparing his life would rest with Your Majesty's decision. The emperor approved. Before long Court Reader Liu Qiu again petitioned to cease hostilities as He Wenyuan had proposed. The ministry replied that orders for the Luchuan campaign had already been issued and reported accordingly.

六年以定西伯蔣貴為平蠻將軍，都督李安、劉聚副之，以兵部尚書王驥總督雲南軍務，大會諸道兵十五萬討之。時任發遣賊將刀令道等十二人，率眾三萬余，象八十只，抵大侯州，欲奪景東、威遠。而驥將抵金齒，任發遣人乞降，驥受之，密令諸將分道入。右參將冉保從東路攻細甸、灣甸水寨，入鎮康，趨孟定。驥與貴由中路至上江，會騰沖。左參將宮聚自下江據夾象石。至期，合攻之。賊拒守嚴，銃弩飛石，交下如雨。次日，乘風焚其柵，火竟夜不息。官軍力戰，拔上江寨，斬刀放戛父子，擒刀孟項，前後斬馘五萬余，以捷聞。

In Zhengtong 6 the Earl of Dingxi Jiang Gui was appointed Pacification General, with Regional Commanders Li An and Liu Ju as his deputies; Minister of War Wang Ji was made grand coordinator of Yunnan military affairs; and forces from all routes totaling 150,000 were gathered for the punitive campaign. At that time Renfa sent twelve rebel commanders including Daolingdao at the head of more than thirty thousand men and eighty elephants to Dahou Prefecture, intending to seize Jingdong and Weiyuan. Ji was about to reach Jinchi when Renfa sent envoys to sue for surrender; Ji accepted while secretly ordering his generals to advance by separate routes. Right Assistant Regional Commander Ran Bao attacked from the east against the Xidian and Wandian water forts, entered Zhenkang, and pressed toward Mengding. Ji and Gui took the central route to Shangjiang, linking up with Tengchong. Left Assistant Regional Commander Gong Ju came up from the lower river and seized Jiaxiangshi. On the appointed day they joined in the assault. The rebels defended stubbornly; guns, crossbows, and catapult stones rained down together like a storm. The next day they took advantage of the wind to burn the palisades, and the fire blazed through the night without cease. Government troops fought fiercely, took the Shangjiang stockade, beheaded Daofangjia and his son, captured Daomengxiang, and in all cut down more than fifty thousand; victory was reported.

七年，驥率兵渡下江，通高黎貢山道。至騰沖，留都督李安領兵提備。驥由南甸至羅卜思莊，前軍抵杉木籠。時任發率眾二萬余據高山，立硬寨，連環七營，首尾相應。驥遣宮聚、劉聚分左右翼緣嶺上，驥將中軍橫擊之，賊遁。軍進馬鞍山，搗賊寨。寨兩面拒江壁立，周回三十里皆立柵開塹，軍不可進，而賊從間道潛師出馬鞍山後。驥戒中軍毋動，命指揮方瑛率精騎六千突入賊寨，斬首數百級，復誘敗其象陣。而從東路者，合木邦人馬，招降孟通諸寨。元江同知杜凱等亦率車裏及大侯蠻兵五萬，招降孟璉長官司並攻破烏木弄、戛邦等寨，斬首二千三百余級。齊集麓川，守西峨渡，就通木邦信息。百道環攻，復縱火焚其營，賊死不可勝算。任發父子三人並挈其妻孥數人，從間道渡江，奔孟養。搜獲原給虎符、金牌、信符、宣慰司印及所掠騰沖千戶等印三十二。麓川平。捷聞，命還師。時任發敗走孟蒙，復為木邦宣慰所擊，追過金沙江，走孟廣。緬甸宣慰卜剌當亦起兵攻之。帝命木邦、緬甸能效命擒任發獻者，即以麓川地與之。未幾，任發為緬人擒，緬人挾之求地。其子思機發窮困，乞來朝謝罪，先遣其弟招賽入貢，帝命遣還雲南安置。機發窺大兵歸，圖恢復，據麓川出兵侵擾。於是復命王驥、蔣貴等統大軍再征麓川。驥率師至金齒，機發遣頭目刀籠肘偕其子詣軍門求降。驥遣人至緬甸索任發，緬佯諾不遣。驥至騰沖，與蔣貴、沐昂分五營進，緬人亦聚眾待。驥欲乘大師攻之，見其眾盛，未易拔，又恐多一麓川敵，乃宣言犒師，而命貴潛焚其舟數百艘，進師薄之。緬甸堅執前詔，必予地乃出任發，復詭以機發致仇為解。驥乃趨者藍，搗機發巢，破之。機發脫走，俘其妻子部眾，立隴川宣慰司而歸。時思機發竊據孟養，負固不服，自如也。

In Zhengtong 7, Ji led troops across the lower river and opened the route over Mount Gaoligong. Reaching Tengchong, he left Regional Commander Li An to command troops in reserve. Ji went from Nandian to Luobusizhuang, and the vanguard reached Shanmulong. At that time Renfa commanded more than twenty thousand men on the high ground, with seven linked camps that answered to one another from end to end. Ji sent Gong Ju and Liu Ju along the left and right flanks up the ridges while he led the center in a lateral assault, and the rebels fled. The army advanced to Ma'anshan and stormed the rebel stockade. The stockade stood on cliffs facing the river on both sides; for thirty li around palisades and ditches had been built, and the army could not advance, while the rebels slipped troops by secret paths to the rear of Ma'anshan. Ji ordered the center not to stir and commanded Fang Ying to lead six thousand picked cavalry in a rush against the rebel stockade, cutting down several hundred heads and again luring and breaking their elephant formation. Those advancing from the east united with Mubang forces and received the surrender of the Mengtong stockades. Assistant Prefect of Yuanjiang Du Kai and others also led fifty thousand Cheli and Dahou tribal troops, received the surrender of the Menglian native-official district, and broke the stockades of Wumunong, Jiabang, and others, cutting down more than two thousand three hundred heads. They assembled at Luchuan, held Xi'e Crossing, and thereby maintained contact with Mubang. Attacks closed in from a hundred directions; they again set fires to burn the camps, and rebel dead were beyond counting. Renfa, three of his sons, and several wives and children crossed the river by a secret path and fled to Mengyang. They recovered the originally issued tiger tally, gold plaque, credence tally, pacification commission seal, and thirty-two seals plundered from Tengchong Battalion and other offices. Luchuan was pacified. When victory was reported, orders were issued to withdraw the army. When Renfa was defeated he fled to Mengmeng, was again struck by the Mubang Pacification Commissioner, pursued beyond the Jinsha River, and fled to Menguang. Burma's Pacification Commissioner Boladang also raised troops to attack him. The emperor decreed that whichever of Mubang or Burma could capture Renfa and deliver him would receive Luchuan's territory. Before long Renfa was seized by the Burmese, who held him hostage to demand territory. His son Si Jifa, reduced to desperation, begged to come to court and apologize; he first sent his younger brother Zhaosai to offer tribute, and the emperor ordered him sent back to Yunnan for resettlement. Jifa, seeing that the main army had withdrawn, plotted restoration, held Luchuan, and sent troops on raids. Thereupon Wang Ji, Jiang Gui, and others were again commissioned to lead a great army on a second campaign against Luchuan. Ji led the army to Jinchi; Jifa sent the subordinate chief Daolongzhou with his son to the army gate to surrender. Ji sent men to Burma to demand Renfa, but the Burmese feigned agreement and did not hand him over. Ji reached Tengchong; he, Jiang Gui, and Mu Ang advanced in five camps, while the Burmese also gathered their forces and waited. Ji wished to attack while his main force was at full strength, but seeing their numbers were great and not easily overcome, and fearing another Luchuan-style enemy, he announced a reward for the troops while secretly ordering Gui to burn several hundred of their boats and advance to press them closely. Burma stubbornly held to the earlier decree, insisting that land must be granted before Renfa would be released, and again dissembled, offering Jifa's feud as an excuse. Ji then hastened to Zhelan, stormed Jifa's lair, and destroyed it. Jifa escaped; his wife, children, and followers were captured; the Longchuan Pacification Commission was established, and they returned. At the time Si Jifa secretly held Mengyang, clinging stubbornly to refusal to submit, unchanged as before.

十一年，緬甸始以任發及其妻孥三十二人獻至雲南。任發於道中不食，垂死。千戶王政斬之，函首京師。其子機發屢乞降，遣頭目刀孟永等修朝貢，獻金銀。言蒙朝廷調兵征討，無地逃死，乞貸余生，詞甚哀。帝命受其貢，因敕總兵官沐斌及參贊軍務侍郎楊寧等，以朝廷既貸思機發以不死，經畫善後長策以聞，並賜敕諭思機發。十二年，總兵官黔國公沐斌奏：「臣遣千戶明庸賫敕招諭思機發，以所遣弟招賽未歸，疑懼不敢出。近緬甸以機發掠其牛馬、金銀，欲進兵攻取。臣等議遣人分諭木邦、緬甸諸宣慰司，令集蠻兵，克期過江，分道討機發。臣等率官軍萬人駐騰沖，以助其勢。賊四面受敵，必成擒矣。」從之。已，命授機發弟招賽為頭目，給冠帶、月糧、房屋，隸錦衣衛，其從人俱令於馴象所供役。先是，招賽安置雲南，其黨有欲稱亂者，乃命招賽來京，且冀以招徠機發也。帝既命雲南出兵剿機發，及沐斌等至騰沖，督諸軍追捕，機發終不出，潛匿孟養，遣其徒來貢。許以恩貸，復不至。斌以春瘴作，江漲不可渡，糧亦乏，引兵還。帝以斌師出無功，復命兵部尚書靖遠伯王驥總督軍務，都督同知宮聚佩平蠻將軍印，率南京、雲南、湖廣、四川、貴州官軍、土軍十三萬人往討之。至是，驥凡三征麓川矣。帝密諭驥曰：「萬一思機發遠遁，則先擒刀變蠻，平其巢穴。或遁入緬地，緬人黨蔽，亦相機擒之。庶蠻眾知懼，大軍不為徒出。」又敕諭斌，軍事悉與驥會議而行。又敕諭木邦、緬甸、南甸、幹崖、隴川等宣慰司罕蓋發等，各整兵備船，積糧以俟調度。

In the eleventh year, Burma at last delivered Ren Fa, his wife, and his children—thirty-two people in all—to Yunnan as captives. On the journey Ren Fa refused all food and was at the point of death. Chiliarch Wang Zheng executed him and sent his head, boxed for transport, to the capital. His son Ji Fa repeatedly begged to surrender, sending the headman Dao Mengyong and others to resume tribute missions with offerings of gold and silver. He pleaded that the court's mobilization had left him nowhere to flee or perish, and begged only to be spared; his words were heartbreakingly plaintive. The emperor accepted his tribute and instructed the regional commander Mu Bin, Vice Minister Yang Ning, and others supervising the campaign to devise a long-term settlement now that Si Ji Fa had been spared, report their plan, and deliver an edict of instruction to him. In the twelfth year the regional commander, Duke of Qinguo Mu Bin, memorialized: "I sent Chiliarch Ming Yong with an edict to summon Si Ji Fa, but because the younger brother I had sent, Zhao Sai, had not yet returned, he was fearful and suspicious and dared not show himself. Recently Burma, incensed that Ji Fa had plundered its cattle, horses, gold, and silver, has been preparing to march against him. We propose sending envoys to the Mu Bang and Burma pacification commissions, ordering them to muster tribal troops, cross the river on a fixed date, and pursue Ji Fa by separate routes. We ourselves will lead ten thousand government troops to garrison Tengchong and reinforce their advance. Attacked on every side, the rebels will surely be taken. The court approved the plan. Shortly afterward Zhao Sai, Ji Fa's younger brother, was made a headman, granted cap and belt, monthly rations, and a dwelling, and assigned to the Embroidered Uniform Guard; all his followers were ordered to serve at the elephant-taming office. Earlier, when Zhao Sai had been settled in Yunnan, some of his followers had plotted rebellion, so the court summoned him to the capital, hoping thereby to win Ji Fa over as well. After the emperor ordered Yunnan to dispatch troops against Ji Fa, Mu Bin and his officers reached Tengchong and directed the pursuit—but Ji Fa still would not appear. He hid in Mengyang and sent envoys to present tribute. Clemency was promised, yet he still did not come. With the spring miasma rising, the river swollen and impassable, and supplies exhausted, Bin withdrew his army. Because Bin's campaign had achieved nothing, the emperor again appointed the Minister of War and Earl of Jingyuan, Wang Ji, to supervise the expedition overall, and Vice Commissioner Gong Ju, bearing the seal of General Who Pacifies the Barbarians, to lead one hundred thirty thousand government and native troops from Nanjing, Yunnan, Huguang, Sichuan, and Guizhou against him. By then Wang Ji had campaigned against Luchuan three times in all. The emperor secretly instructed Wang Ji: "If Si Ji Fa should flee beyond reach, first capture Dao Bianman and destroy his stronghold. If he flees into Burmese territory and the Burmese shield him, seize him when the opportunity arises. Then the tribes will know fear, and the great army will not have marched in vain. He also instructed Bin that all military affairs were to be decided jointly with Wang Ji. He also instructed Han Gaifa and the other chiefs of the Mu Bang, Burma, Nadian, Ganya, and Longchuan pacification commissions to ready troops, prepare boats, and stock provisions against the day they would be called up.

十四年，驥率諸將自騰沖會師，由幹崖造舟，至南牙山舍舟陸行，抵沙壩，復造舟至金沙江。機發於西岸埋柵拒守。大軍順流下至管屯，適木邦、緬甸兩宣慰兵十余萬亦列於沿江兩岸，緬甸備舟二百余為浮梁濟師，並力攻破其柵寨，得積谷四十萬余石。軍飽，銳氣增倍。賊領眾至鬼哭山，築大寨於兩峰上，築二寨為兩翼，又築七小寨，綿亙百餘里。官軍分道並進，皆攻拔之，斬獲無算，而思機發、思卜發復奔遁。

In the fourteenth year Wang Ji assembled his generals at Tengchong, built boats at Ganya, left them at Nanya Mountain to march overland to Shaba, and built boats again to reach the Jinsha River. Ji Fa had buried stockades on the west bank to block their advance. The main army sailed downstream to Guantun. At the same time more than one hundred thousand troops from the Mu Bang and Burma pacification commissions lined both banks of the river. Burma prepared over two hundred boats as floating bridges to ferry the army across, and together they stormed Ji Fa's stockades, seizing more than four hundred thousand shi of stored grain. Well fed, the army's fighting spirit doubled. The rebels led their forces to Ghost-Wailing Mountain, built a great camp atop two peaks with two wing camps, and seven smaller camps besides, stretching more than one hundred li. Government troops advanced on every route at once, stormed every camp, and killed and captured beyond count—but Si Ji Fa and Si Bu Fa escaped again.

時王師逾孟養至孟那。孟養在金沙江西，去麓川千餘里，諸部皆震詟曰：「自古，漢人無渡金沙江者，今王師至此，真天威也。」驥還兵，其部眾復擁任發少子思祿據孟養地為亂。驥等慮師老，度賊不可滅，乃與思祿約，許土目得部勒諸蠻，居孟養如故，立石金沙江為界，誓曰「石爛江枯，爾乃得渡」。思祿亦懼，聽命，乃班師。捷聞，帝為告廟雲。

By then the imperial army had pushed beyond Mengyang to Mengna. Mengyang lay west of the Jinsha River, more than a thousand li from Luchuan, and every tribe trembled in awe. "Since antiquity," they said, "no Han army has crossed the Jinsha River. That the imperial host has come this far is truly the majesty of Heaven. Wang Ji withdrew, but his followers had rallied Ren Fa's youngest son Si Lu, who seized Mengyang and raised rebellion. Fearing the army was exhausted and the rebels could not be destroyed, Wang Ji and his officers made terms with Si Lu: a native headman would command the tribes and remain in Mengyang as before; stones were set at the Jinsha River as the boundary, with the oath, "Only when the stones rot and the river runs dry may you cross." Si Lu, afraid himself, submitted, and the army withdrew. When news of victory arrived, the emperor reported it to the ancestral temples with libations of wine.

景泰元年，雲南總兵官沐璘奏：「緬甸宣慰已擒獲思機發，又將思卜發放歸孟養，恐緬人復挾為奇貨，不若緩之，聽其自獻便。」從之。五年，緬人索舊地，左參將胡誌等諭以銀戛等處地方與之，乃送思機發及其妻孥六人至金沙江村，誌等檻送京師。南寧伯毛福壽以聞，乃誅思機發於京師。七年，任發子思卜發奏：「臣父兄犯法，時臣幼無知。今不敢如父兄所為，甚畏朝廷法，謹備差發銀五百兩、象三、馬六及方物等，遣使人入貢，惟天皇帝主哀憐。」因賜敕戒諭，並賚思卜發與妻錦幣及其使鈔幣有差。

In Jingtai 1 the Yunnan regional commander Mu Lin memorialized: "Burma has already captured Si Ji Fa and has also released Si Bu Fa back to Mengyang. We fear the Burmese will treat him as a bargaining chip again; it would be better to wait and let them surrender him of their own accord. The court agreed. In the fifth year the Burmese demanded their former territory; Left Deputy Commander Hu Zhi and others granted them the lands around Yinga and other places, whereupon they delivered Si Ji Fa and his wife and children—six people in all—to Jinshajiang Village, and Hu Zhi and his officers sent them to the capital in the cangue. The Baron of Nanning, Mao Fushou, reported the matter, and Si Ji Fa was executed in the capital. In the seventh year Ren Fa's son Si Bu Fa memorialized: "My father and elder brother broke the law; at the time I was young and knew nothing of it. Now I dare not follow their example. I greatly fear the court's law, and respectfully send five hundred taels of assigned tribute silver, three elephants, six horses, and local products with envoys to present tribute. May the Son of Heaven in his mercy show compassion. The court issued an edict of admonition and instruction, bestowed brocade silks on Si Bu Fa and his wife, and rewarded his envoys with banknotes according to rank.

成化元年，總兵官沐瓚等以思任發之孫思命發至京師，乃逆賊遺孽，不可留，請發沿海登州衛安置，月給米二石，從之。麓川亡。先是，麓川之初平也，分其地立隴川宣撫使司，因以恭項為宣撫使。恭項者，故麓川部長，首先歸順效力有功，因命於麓川故地開設宣撫。已，頭目曩渙等復來歸，願捕賊自效。帝命還守本土，有功，即加敘。諸凡來歸者視此例。遂以刀歪孟為本司同知，刀落曩為副使，隴帚為僉事，俱賜冠帶，從宣撫恭項請也。恭項子恭立來貢，給賜如例，並授恭立為長史。未幾，隴川宣撫失印，請再給。帝責恭項以不能宣揚國威，反失印，罪應不宥，姑從寬頒給。時板蹇據者藍寨，侵擾隴川，百夫長刀門線、刀木立進兵圍之，斬板蹇等二十三人。命賜有功者皆為冠帶把事，並賚織金文綺。

In Chenghua 1 the regional commander Mu Zan and others reported that Si Ren Fa's grandson Si Ming Fa had come to the capital and, as a remnant of the rebel line, could not be kept there. They asked that he be settled at the coastal Dengzhou Guard with two shi of grain monthly. The request was approved. Luchuan was extinguished. When Luchuan was first pacified, its territory was divided and the Longchuan Pacification Superintendency was established, with Gong Xiang as pacification superintendent. Gong Xiang had been a Luchuan tribal chief who was first to submit and render distinguished service; he was therefore ordered to establish a pacification office in the former Luchuan lands. Shortly afterward the headman Nang Huan and others also returned and submitted, offering to capture rebels to prove their loyalty. The emperor ordered them back to their native lands; merit would be rewarded with immediate promotion. All who returned to submit would be treated by this precedent. Thereupon Dao Waimeng was made vice superintendent, Dao Luonang deputy superintendent, and Longzhou assistant superintendent; all received caps and belts, at Pacification Superintendent Gong Xiang's request. Gong Xiang's son Gong Li came to present tribute and received gifts according to precedent; Gong Li was also appointed chief secretary. Before long the Longchuan pacification superintendent lost his seal and asked for a replacement. The emperor rebuked Gong Xiang for failing to uphold the dignity of the state and losing the seal—a crime that should not have been forgiven—but for the moment granted a replacement as an act of leniency. At that time Banjian held Zhelan Stockade and raided Longchuan; the centurions Dao Menxian and Dao Muli besieged it and beheaded Banjian and twenty-two others. An order granted all who had merit the title of capped and belted steward and bestowed brocade woven with gold thread.

正統十一年，木邦宣慰罕蓋發來求麓川故地。有司以已設隴川宣撫司，建官分管，以孟止地予之，報可。十二年敕諭恭項，言：「比者，總兵奏爾與百夫長刀木立相仇殺，人民懷怨，欲謀害爾父子。今遷爾於雲南，俾不失所，且遣官護爾家屬完聚，其體憫恤，無懷疑懼。」既而總兵官言：「隴川致亂，皆由恭項暴殺無辜，刻虐蠻人。同知刀歪孟為蠻眾信服，乞安置項於別衛，以刀歪孟代。」帝以恭項來歸，屈法宥之，命於曲靖安置，並遣敕往諭。

In Zhengtong 11 the Mu Bang Pacification Commissioner Han Gaifa came seeking the former lands of Luchuan. The relevant offices replied that since the Longchuan Pacification Superintendency had already been established with officials to administer the divided territory, the lands of Mengzhi would be given to him. The court approved. In the twelfth year an edict instructed Gong Xiang: "The regional commander has recently reported that you and the centurion Dao Muli have been feuding and killing one another, that the people resent you, and that they plot to harm you and your son. You are now transferred to Yunnan so that you may not be left destitute, and officials will escort your family so they may be reunited in safety. Accept this compassion and do not give way to suspicion or fear. Shortly afterward the regional commander reported: "The turmoil in Longchuan was entirely due to Gong Xiang's wanton slaughter of innocents and cruel oppression of the tribal people. Vice Superintendent Dao Waimeng enjoys the trust of the tribes; we ask that Xiang be settled in another guard and Dao Waimeng installed in his place. Because Gong Xiang had once submitted to the court, the emperor bent the law to forgive him, ordered his settlement at Qujing, and sent an edict of instruction.

景泰七年，隴川宣撫多外悶遣人貢象、馬及金銀器皿、方物，賜彩幣、襲衣如例。仍命賫敕賜之，以多外悶初修朝貢故也。成化十九年，以隴川宣撫司多歪孟子亨法代職。初，隴川與木邦相鄰，爭地仇殺，構兵不息。嘉靖中，土舍多鯨刃兄自襲，下鎮巡官按問，伏辜，還職兄子多參。詔貰其罪，並戒木邦罕孟毋得復黨鯨爭職。

In Jingtai 7 the Longchuan Pacification Superintendent Duo Waimen sent envoys with tribute elephants, horses, silver vessels, and local products; colored silks and bestowal robes were granted according to precedent. An edict was also sent with gifts, because Duo Waimen had just resumed tribute to the court. In Chenghua 19 Duowaimeng's son Meng Zhengfa inherited the Longchuan Pacification Superintendency by right of succession. At first Longchuan bordered Mu Bang; the two fought over territory in endless feuds and raids, raising armies without cease. During the Jiajing reign the native garrison officer Duojing murdered his elder brother and seized office by force. A circuit patrol official investigated; Duojing confessed, and his elder brother's son Duocan was restored to office. An edict pardoned Duojing's crime and warned Han Meng of Mu Bang not to support him again in the struggle for office.

萬歷初，緬甸莽瑞體叛，來招隴川宣撫多士寧，士寧不從。其記室嶽鳳者，江西撫州人，黠而多智，商於隴川，士寧信任之，妻以妹。鳳曲媚士寧，陰奪其權，與三宣六慰各土舍罕拔等歃血盟，誘士寧往擺古，歸附緬酋。陰使其子曩烏鴆士寧並殺其妻女，奪印投緬，受緬偽命，代士寧為宣撫。及瑞體死，子應裏嗣，鳳父子臣服之。誘敗官軍，獻士寧母胡氏及親族六百余人於應裏，盡殺之，多氏之宗幾盡。初，鳳之附於緬也，為瑞體招諸部，拒中國，傷官軍，逆勢浸成，緬深倚之。久之，以緬不足恃。而鄧川土知州何鈺，鳳友婿也，初使人招鳳，鳳執使獻緬。及是，鈺復開示百方，與之盟誓。時官軍亦大集，諸將劉綎、鄧子龍各率勁師至，環壁四面。鳳懼，乃令妻子及部曲來降。綎責令獻金牌、符印及蠻莫、猛密地。乃以送鳳妻子還隴川為名，分兵趨沙木籠山，先據其險，而自領大兵馳入隴川。鳳度無可脫，遂詣軍門降。綎復率兵進緬，緬將先遁，留少兵隴川，綎攻之，鳳子曩烏亦降，綎乃攜鳳父子往攻蠻莫，蠻莫賊知鳳降，馳報應裏，發兵圖隴川。綎乘機掩殺，賊窘，乞降，縛緬人及象馬來獻。遂招撫孟養賊，賊將乘象走，追獲之。復移師圍孟璉，生擒其魁，隴川平。獻俘於朝，帝為告謝郊廟，時萬歷十二年九月也。逾年復鑄隴川宣撫司及孟定府印，升孟密安撫為宣撫司。添設安撫司二，曰蠻莫，曰耿馬；長官司二，曰孟璉，曰孟養；千戶所二，一居姚關，一居孟淋砦，皆名之曰鎮安；並鑄印記，建大將行署於蠻莫。從雲南巡撫劉世曾之議也。於是，多士寧之子思順襲隴川宣撫使。

At the beginning of the Wanli reign Mang Ruiti of Burma rebelled and tried to recruit the Longchuan Pacification Superintendent Duoshining, but Shining refused. His secretary Yue Feng was a man from Fuzhou in Jiangxi, cunning and resourceful. He had traded in Longchuan; Shining trusted him and gave him his younger sister in marriage. Feng flattered Shining to his face while secretly usurping his authority. With the native garrison officers of the Three Pacifications and Six Pacifications, Han Ba and others, he swore a blood oath, lured Shining to Baigu, and brought him to submit to the Burmese chief. Secretly he had his son Nangwu poison Shining and murder his wife and daughters; he seized the seal, defected to Burma, received a false commission from the Burmese, and replaced Shining as pacification superintendent. When Ruiti died his son Yingli succeeded, and Feng and his son submitted to him. He lured and defeated government troops, then presented Shining's mother Lady Hu and more than six hundred clansmen to Yingli, who killed them all; the Duo clan was nearly wiped out. At first, when Feng joined Burma, he rallied the tribes for Ruiti, resisted the court, and harried government troops; the rebellion gathered strength, and Burma came to rely on him deeply. In time he came to see that Burma was not to be relied on. The native prefect of Dengchuan, He Yu, was Feng's friend by marriage. At first He Yu sent men to recruit Feng, but Feng seized the envoys and handed them over to the Burmese. Now He Yu tried every means to win him over and made sworn alliance with him. By then government troops had massed in strength; the generals Liu Ting and Deng Zilong each led crack forces to the scene and encircled the rebels on every side. Frightened, Feng sent his wife, children, and followers to surrender. Liu Ting ordered him to surrender his gold plaques, tally seals, and the territories of Manmo and Mengmi. Under the pretense of escorting Feng's wife and children back to Longchuan, he sent detachments to seize the heights of Shamuolong Mountain while he himself led the main force in a dash into Longchuan. Seeing no escape, Feng came to the army gate and surrendered. Liu Ting marched against Burma; the Burmese generals fled first, leaving a small force in Longchuan that Liu Ting attacked. Feng's son Nangwu also surrendered. Liu Ting then took Feng and his son to attack Manmo; when the Manmo rebels learned of Feng's surrender, they hurried word to Yingli, who sent troops to seize Longchuan. Liu Ting seized the moment and struck by surprise; hard pressed, the rebels begged to surrender and bound the Burmese men they held, presenting elephants and horses. He then offered terms to the Mengyang rebels; a rebel general fled on an elephant and was pursued and captured. The army shifted to besiege Menglian, captured the ringleader alive, and Longchuan was pacified. Captives were presented at court, and the emperor offered thanksgiving at the suburban altars and ancestral temples—it was the ninth month of Wanli 12. The following year new seals were cast for the Longchuan Pacification Superintendency and Mengding Prefecture, and the Mengmi Pacification Superintendency was promoted to a pacification commission. Two pacification superintendencies were added: Manmo and Gengma; Two native chief offices were added: Menglian and Mengyang; Two chiliarchies were added, one at Yaoguan and one at Menglin Stockade, both named Zhen'an; Seals were cast for all, and a field headquarters of the commanding general was established at Manmo. This followed the proposal of Liu Shiceng, Grand Coordinator of Yunnan. Thereupon Duoshining's son Sisun inherited the post of Longchuan Pacification Superintendent.

二十九年，莽應裏分道入犯，一入遮放、芒市，一入臘撒蠻顙，一入杉木籠，並出隴川。多思順不敵，奔猛卯。緬初以猛卯同知多俺為向導，寇東路。至是大軍遣木邦罕欽擒多俺殺之。未幾，思順死，蠻莫思正乘喪襲隴川，據其妻罕氏。三十五年，思順子安民以守將索賂，叛入緬。已而緬聽撫，遣安民歸。安民久據蠻灣，桀驁甚，署永騰參將周會遣二指揮襲之，敗績。王師亟討，其族人挾其弟多安靖誅之以獻。時安靖尚幼，勢孤，詔俟其長給之印。安民弟安邦治亦附緬，後寄居蠻莫。其地有馬安、摩黎、羅木等山，極險峻，麓川之所恃為巢穴者也。

In the twenty-ninth year Mang Yingli invaded by separate routes: one force entered Zhefang and Mangshi, one Lasaman, one Shanmugong—all through Longchuan. Duosishun could not hold them and fled to Mengmao. Burma had first used the Mengmao vice magistrate Duo'an as guide for the eastern route. The main army then dispatched Han Qin of Mu Bang to capture and kill Duo'an. Soon after Sishun died, Sizheng of Mangmo seized the occasion to attack Longchuan and take his widow Lady Han. In Wanli 35, Sishun's son Anmin rebelled and fled to Burma after garrison commanders extorted bribes from him. Burma soon accepted overtures and sent Anmin back. Anmin had long held Manwan and grown defiant; Acting Assistant Commander Zhou Hui of Yongteng sent two commanders against him and was defeated. As imperial forces closed in, his kinsmen killed him with his younger brother Duo Anjing and presented his head. Anjing was still young and without support; the court ordered that the seal be withheld until he came of age. Anmin's brother Anbangzhi also sided with Burma and later lived in exile at Mangmo. The region holds the forbidding mountains of Ma'an, Moli, and Luomu—the strongholds that had long served Luchuan as its refuge.

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