Volume 315 Biographies 203: Yunnan Tribal Headmen 3

緬甸〈（二宣慰司）〉幹崖〈（宣撫）〉潞江南甸〈（二宣撫司）〉芒市者樂甸茶山孟璉〈（即猛臉）〉裏麻鈕兀東倘瓦甸促瓦散金木邦〈（孟密安撫司附）〉孟養車裏老撾八百〈（二宣慰司）〉

Burma (two Pacification Commissions)]〉 Ganya (Pacification Commissioner)]〉 Lujiang Nandian (two Pacification Commission offices)]〉 Mang City, Zheledian, Chashan, and Menglian (that is, Mengmian)]〉 Liman, Niuwu, Dongdang, Wadian, Cuwa, Sanjin, and Mobang (attached to the Mengmi Pacification Commission)]〉 Mengyang, Cheli, Laos, and Babai (two Pacification Commissions)]〉

緬甸〈（二宣慰司）〉

Burma (two Pacification Commissions)]〉

緬甸，古朱波地。宋寧宗時，緬甸、波斯等國進白象，緬甸通中國自此始。地在雲南西南，最窮遠。有城郭廬舍，多樓居。元至元中，屢討之，乃入貢。

Burma was the territory of ancient Pyu. In the reign of Emperor Ningzong of Song, Burma, Persia, and other states presented white elephants, and Burma's contact with China began from that time. Its lands lay southwest of Yunnan, at the farthest remove. There were walled towns and houses, and people mostly dwelt in raised buildings. In the Zhiyuan period of the Yuan, the court campaigned against them repeatedly until they submitted tribute.

明太祖即位，遣使賫詔諭之。至安南，留二年，以道阻不能達而返，使者多道卒。洪武二十六年，八百國使人入貢，言緬近其地，以遠不能自達。帝乃令西平侯沐春遣使至八百國王所，諭意。於是緬始遣其臣板南速剌至，進方物，勞賜之。二十七年置緬中宣慰使司，以土酋卜剌浪為使。二十八年，卜剌浪遣使貢方物，訴百夷思倫發侵奪境土。二十九年復來訴。帝遣行人李思聰、錢古訓諭緬及百夷各罷兵守土，倫發聽命。會有百夷部長刀幹孟之亂，逐倫發，以故事得已。

When the Ming founder took the throne, he sent envoys bearing edicts to announce his rule to them. They reached Annam and stayed two years, but the route was impassable and they could not get through; most of the envoys perished on the journey home. In Hongwu year 26, envoys from Babai presented tribute and reported that Burma lay near them but was too distant to reach the court on its own. The emperor then ordered the Marquis of Xiping, Mu Chun, to send envoys to the king of Babai to convey his wishes. Burma then sent its minister Bannansula for the first time with local products, and the court received him with gifts of reward. In year 27 the Central Burma Pacification Commission was established, with the native chieftain Bolang as commissioner. In year 28 Bolang sent tribute and complained that the Baiyi leader Si Lunfa had invaded and seized his territory. In year 29 he appealed again. The emperor sent the itinerant officials Li Sicong and Qian Guxun to instruct Burma and the Baiyi to cease fighting and hold their own lands; Lunfa obeyed. Just then the Baiyi sub-chief Dao Ganmeng rebelled and drove out Lunfa, and the affair was settled by events.

永樂元年，緬酋那羅塔遣使入貢。因言緬雖遐裔，願臣屬中國，而道經木邦、孟養，多阻遏。乞命以職，賜冠服、印章，庶免欺陵。詔設緬甸宣慰使司，以那羅塔為宣慰使，遣內臣張勤往賜冠帶、印章。於是緬有二宣慰使，皆入貢不絕。五年，那羅塔遣使貢方物，謝罪。先是，孟養宣慰使刀木旦與戛裏相攻，那羅塔乘釁襲之，殺刀木旦及其長子，遂據其地。事聞，詔行人張洪等賫敕諭責。那羅塔懼，歸其境土，而遣人詣闕謝罪。帝諭禮部曰：「蠻既服辜，其釋不問。」仍給以信符，令三年一朝貢。初，卜剌浪分其地，使長子那羅塔管大甸，次子馬者速管小甸。卜剌浪死，那羅塔盡收其弟土地人民。已而其弟復入小甸，遣人來朝，且訴其情。敕諭那羅塔兄弟和好如初，毋幹天討。六年，那羅塔復遣人入貢，謝罪，並謝賜金牌、信符，勞賜遣之。七年復遣中官雲仙等賫敕賜緬酋金織文綺。十二年，緬人來言為木邦侵掠。帝以那羅塔素強橫，遣人諭之，使修好鄰封，各守疆界。

In Yongle 1 the Burma chieftain Narata sent envoys with tribute. He said that though Burma was a distant realm, it wished to become a subject of China, but the route through Mobang and Mengyang was often blocked. He asked to be granted office, robes, and a seal so that he might be spared harassment. An edict established the Burma Pacification Commission with Narata as commissioner, and the palace eunuch Zhang Qin was sent to bestow hat, belt, and seal. Burma then had two pacification commissioners, and tribute from both never ceased. In year 5 Narata sent envoys with local products to apologize. Earlier the Mengyang commissioner Dao Mudan and Gali had been at war; Narata seized the chance to attack, killed Dao Mudan and his eldest son, and seized their lands. When word reached the court, an edict ordered the itinerant official Zhang Hong and others to deliver an imperial reprimand. Narata was afraid, restored the seized territory, and sent a man to the capital to apologize. The emperor told the Ministry of Rites: "The barbarians have repented; let the matter drop. Grant them credentials of trust and require tribute once every three years." At first Bolang had divided his domain, putting his eldest son Narata in charge of Greater Dian and his second son Mazesu in charge of Lesser Dian. When Bolang died, Narata seized all his younger brother's lands and people. Later his brother re-entered Lesser Dian, sent envoys to court, and stated his case. An edict told Narata and his brothers to live in peace as before and not invite imperial punishment. In year 6 Narata again sent tribute to apologize and to thank the court for the gold tablet and credentials; the envoys were rewarded and dismissed. In year 7 the palace eunuch Yunxian and others were again sent with edicts bestowing gold-woven brocade on the Burma chieftain. In year 12 Burmese envoys reported that Mobang had raided them. Knowing Narata had long been overbearing, the emperor sent word instructing him to live at peace with his neighbors and each keep to his own borders.

洪熙元年遣內官段忠、徐亮以即位詔諭緬甸。宣德元年遣使往諭雲南土官，賜緬甸錦綺。二年以莽得剌為宣慰使。初，緬甸宣慰使新加斯與木邦仇殺而死，子弟潰散。緬共推莽得剌權襲，許之。自是來貢者只署緬甸，而甸中之稱不復見。八年，莽得剌遣人來貢，復遣雲仙賫敕賜之，並諭其勿侵木邦地。

In Hongxi 1 the palace eunuchs Duan Zhong and Xu Liang were sent with the accession edict to announce the new reign to Burma. In Xuande 1 envoys were sent to instruct the Yunnan native officials and bestow brocade silks on Burma. In year 2 Mangdela was appointed pacification commissioner. Earlier the Burma commissioner Xinjiasi had been killed in a feud with Mobang, and his sons and brothers had scattered. The Burmese jointly put Mangdela forward to succeed provisionally, and this was approved. From then on tribute missions signed only "Burma," and the name "Central [Burma]" was no longer used. In year 8 Mangdela sent tribute; Yunxian was again sent with an edict of gifts and instructions not to invade Mobang territory.

正統六年給緬甸信符、金牌。時麓川思任發叛，將討之，命緬甸調兵待。七年，任發兵敗，過金沙江，走孟廣，緬人攻之。帝諭能擒獻賊首者，予以麓川地。八年，總督尚書王驥奏，緬甸酋馬哈省、以速剌等已擒獲思任發，不解至，唯以麓川地為言，朝命遂有並征緬甸之命。是時，大師已集騰沖，緬使致書，期以今冬送思任發至貢章交付。驥與克期，遣指揮李儀等率精騎通南牙山路，抵貢章，受獻，而緬人送思任發者竟不至。九年，驥駐師江上，緬人亦嚴兵為備，遣人往來江中，覘官軍虛實。驥以麓川未平，緬難不可復作，乃令總兵官蔣貴等潛焚其舟數百，緬人潰，驥亦班師。於是總兵官沐昂奏：「緬恃險黨賊，應加兵，但滇中方連年征討，財力困弊，旱澇相仍，糧餉不給，未可輕舉。臣已遣人諭緬禍福，俾獻賊首。緬宜聽從。」十二年，木邦宣慰罕蓋法，緬甸故宣慰子馬哈省、以速剌，遣使偕千戶王政等獻思任發首及諸俘馘至京，並貢方物。帝命馬哈省、以速剌並為宣慰使，賜敕獎勞，給冠帶、印信。未幾，以速剌奏求孟養、戛裏地，且請大軍亟滅思任發之子思機發兄弟，而己出兵為助。帝諭以機發可不戰擒，宜即滅賊以求分地，弗為他人得也。

In Zhengtong year 6 Burma was granted credentials of trust and a gold tablet. At that time Si Renfa of Luchuan rebelled; as the court prepared to campaign against him, Burma was ordered to mobilize troops and stand ready. In year 7 Renfa's army was defeated, crossed the Jinsha River, and fled to Mengguang, where the Burmese attacked him. The emperor proclaimed that whoever could capture and present the rebel leader's head would receive the lands of Luchuan. In year 8 Grand Coordinator Wang Ji reported that the Burma chieftains Mahasheng and Yisula had captured Si Renfa but would not hand him over, speaking only of Luchuan territory; the court then ordered a campaign against Burma as well. The main army had already assembled at Tengchong when Burmese envoys sent a letter promising to deliver Si Renfa at Gongzhang that winter. Ji fixed a date and sent Commander Li Yi and others with elite cavalry through the Nanya mountain route to Gongzhang to receive the prisoner, but the Burmese never brought Si Renfa. In year 9 Ji encamped his army on the river; the Burmese also made strict preparations and sent men back and forth on the river to spy on the government forces. Ji, seeing that Luchuan was not yet pacified and Burma must not be provoked again, had General Jiang Gui and others secretly burn several hundred Burmese boats; the Burmese broke and fled, and Ji withdrew his army. Commander Mu Ang then memorialized: "Burma relies on rugged terrain and shelters rebels; we should send more troops, but Yunnan has been at war year after year, resources are exhausted, drought and flood follow one another, and provisions cannot be supplied—we must not act rashly. I have already sent men to warn Burma of the consequences and order them to present the rebel leader's head. Burma should comply. In year 12 Mobang commissioner Hangaifa and the former Burma commissioners Mahasheng and Yisula sent envoys with company commander Wang Zheng and others, presenting Si Renfa's head, captives, and trophies to the capital together with local products. The emperor appointed Mahasheng and Yisula both as pacification commissioners, issued edicts of commendation, and granted robes, seals, and credentials. Before long Yisula memorialized asking for Mengyang and Gali territory and requesting that the main army quickly destroy Si Renfa's sons Si Jifa and his brothers, while he himself would send troops to help. The emperor replied that Jifa could be taken without a battle and that he should destroy the rebels at once to win a share of territory before others did.

景泰二年賜緬甸陰文金牌、信符。時以速剌久獲思機發不獻，又放思卜發歸孟養。朝廷知其要挾，故緩之。五年，緬人來索地，參將胡誌以銀戛等地與之，乃送機發及其妻孥。帝以思卜發既遠遁，不必窮追，仍加賞錦幣，降敕褒獎。

In Jingtai year 2 Burma was granted yin-script gold tablets and credentials of trust. Yisula had long held Si Jifa without presenting him and had also released Si Bufa back to Mengyang. The court knew he was bargaining and therefore proceeded slowly. In year 5 the Burmese came demanding territory; Deputy Commander Hu Zhi gave them places such as Yinga, and they then delivered Jifa with his wife and children. The emperor held that since Si Bufa had already fled far away there was no need to pursue him to the end; he still added rewards of brocades and coins and issued an edict of praise.

成化七年，鎮守太監錢能言，緬甸宣慰稱貢章、孟養舊為所轄，欲復得之。帝命往勘，貢章系木邦、隴川分治，孟養系思洪發所掌，非緬境，乃令雲南守臣傳飭諸部。而緬甸以所求地乃前朝所許，貢章乃朝貢必由之途，乞與之。又乞以金齒軍余李讓為冠帶把事，以備任使。兵部尚書余子俊等以思洪發不聞有過，豈可奪其地，李讓中國人，而與為把事，亦非體，宜勿許。帝命兵部諭其使，孟養、貢章是爾朝貢所由，當飭邊臣往諭思洪發，以通道往來，不得阻遏，余勿多望。

In Chenghua year 7 the garrison eunuch Qian Neng reported that the Burma commissioner claimed Gongzhang and Mengyang had formerly been under his jurisdiction and wished to recover them. The emperor ordered an investigation; Gongzhang was administered jointly by Mobang and Longchuan, and Mengyang was held by Si Hongfa—neither was Burmese territory—and Yunnan officials were ordered to instruct the various domains. Burma replied that the lands they sought had been promised by the previous dynasty and that Gongzhang was the route tribute missions must take; they begged that these be granted. They also asked to appoint Yu Li of the Jinsi army as a turbaned company commander for service on demand. Minister of War Yu Zijun and others argued that Si Hongfa was not known to have done wrong and his lands could not be seized, and that Yu Li was a Chinese subject—making him a company commander for Burma would be improper; the requests should be denied. The emperor ordered the Ministry of War to tell their envoy that Mengyang and Gongzhang were the routes their tribute must take, that border officials should instruct Si Hongfa to keep the passage open, and that they should not expect more.

莽紀歲有子瑞體，少奔匿洞吾母家，其酋養為己子。既長，有其地。洞吾之南有古喇，濱海，與佛郎機鄰。古喇酋兄弟爭立，瑞體和解之，因德瑞體，爭割地為獻，受其約束，號瑞體為噠喇。瑞體乃舉眾絕古喇糧道，殺其兄弟，盡奪其地，諸蠻皆畏服之。時滅緬者木邦、孟養，而與緬相抗者孟密也。孟密土舍兄弟爭立，訴於瑞體。瑞體乃納其弟為婿，改名思忠，遣歸孟密，奪其兄印，因假道攻孟養及迤西諸蠻，以復前仇，又使其黨卓吉侵孟養境。後卓吉為思真婿猛乃頭目別混所殺，瑞體怒，自將攻別混父子，擒之。遂招誘隴川、幹崖、南甸諸土官，欲入寇。既覘知有備，又慮他蠻襲其後，乃遁歸。於是鎮巡官沐朝弼等上其事。兵部覆，荒服之外，治以不治。噠喇已畏威遠遁，傳諭諸蠻，不許交通結納。詔可。時嘉靖三十九年也。

Mangji had a son named Ruiti who in youth fled to his mother's kin in Dongwu, where the chieftain raised him as his own son. When he came of age he held that territory. South of Dongwu lay Gula on the coast, bordering the Franks. The Gula chieftains, brothers, fought over the succession; Ruiti mediated between them, and in gratitude they each ceded land to him and submitted to his authority, calling him Tala. Ruiti then led his forces to cut Gula's grain route, killed the brothers, and seized all their lands; the various tribes all feared and submitted to him. At that time Mobang and Mengyang had destroyed Burma, while Mengmi stood against Burma. Brothers among the Mengmi native officials fought over the succession and appealed to Ruiti. Ruiti took the younger brother as son-in-law, renamed him Si Zhong, sent him back to Mengmi, seized his elder brother's seal, and under the pretext of passage attacked Mengyang and the tribes of western Yunnan to settle old scores; he also had his follower Zhuoji raid Mengyang. Later Zhuoji was killed by Si Zhen's son-in-law, the Mengnai headman Biehun; Ruiti was enraged and personally led an attack on Biehun and his son and captured them. He then won over the native officials of Longchuan, Ganya, and Nandian, intending to invade. Finding that they were prepared and fearing other tribes might strike from behind, he withdrew. The garrison-and-patrol officials Mu Chaobi and others then reported the matter to the court. The Ministry of War replied that beyond the barbarian frontier, the policy should be to govern by leaving them alone. Tala had already fled far off in fear of Ming might; orders were sent to the various tribes forbidding contact and alliances with him. The emperor approved. This was in the thirty-ninth year of the Jiajing reign.

木邦土舍罕拔求襲不得，怒投於緬，潞江宣撫錢貴聞之，亦入緬。瑞體自以起孤微，有兵眾，威加諸部，中國復禁絕之，遂謀內侵，乃命錢貴趣召隴川土官多士寧。士寧言中國廣大，誡勿妄動，瑞體稍稍寢。未幾，士寧為其下嶽鳳所殺，幹崖宣撫刀怕舉亦死。罕拔乃請瑞體入幹崖，幹崖舉，則隴川可坐定也。瑞體子應裏桀黠多智，言於瑞體曰：「隴川、幹崖雖無主，遠難猝取。孟養思個近在肘腋，又吾世仇，萬一乘虛順流下，禍不測。」瑞體深然之，因借木邦兵一萬取幹崖，而自率兵侵孟養。既至，屢為思個所敗，思個亦退保孟倫，相持久之。而隴川書記嶽鳳欺其主幼，私賫臿賂投緬，結為父子。蠻莫土目思哲亦迎附瑞體，調緬兵萬余，出入於迤西界上，以牽制思個。復征木邦罕拔兵，會嶽鳳於隴川，襲孟密。

Hanba, a Mobang native official, sought succession in vain; enraged, he went over to Burma. Lujiang Pacification Commissioner Qian Gui heard of it and joined Burma as well. Ruiti, who saw himself as a man risen from nothing, commanded troops and dominated the surrounding tribes; now that China had cut him off again, he plotted an invasion and ordered Qian Gui to summon Longchuan native official Duo Shining at once. Duo Shining warned that China was vast and urged him not to act rashly; Ruiti gradually abandoned the plan. Before long Duo Shining was killed by his subordinate Yue Feng, and Ganya Pacification Commissioner Dao Pazju also died. Hanba urged Ruiti to enter Ganya: once Ganya was secured, Longchuan could be taken with ease. Ruiti's son Yingli was cunning and astute. He said to Ruiti, "Longchuan and Ganya may lack leaders, but they are distant and cannot be taken at a stroke. Mengyang's Si Ge is at our very side, and he is our hereditary enemy; if he should seize the chance to sweep downriver, the harm would be incalculable. Ruiti strongly agreed. He borrowed ten thousand Mobang troops to take Ganya and personally led an army against Mengyang. Once he arrived he was repeatedly defeated by Si Ge, who withdrew to hold Menglun; the two sides settled into a prolonged stalemate. Meanwhile Longchuan secretary Yue Feng, taking advantage of his young lord, secretly sent bribes and went over to Burma, entering a sworn father-son alliance with Ruiti. Manmo headman Si Zhe also submitted to Ruiti, mobilizing more than ten thousand Burmese troops to roam the western Yunnan border and pin down Si Ge. He again raised Hanba's Mobang forces, rendezvoused with Yue Feng at Longchuan, and attacked Mengmi.

萬歷元年，緬兵至隴川，入之。嶽鳳遂盡殺士寧妻子族屬，受緬偽命，據隴川為宣撫。乃與罕拔、思哲盟，必下孟密，奉瑞體以拒中國。偽為錦囊象函貝葉緬文，稱西南金樓白象主莽噠喇弄王書報天皇帝，書中嫚辭無狀。罕拔又為緬招幹崖土舍刀怕文，許代其兄職。怕文拒之，與戰。適應裏率眾二十萬分戍隴、幹間，以其兵驟臨之，怕文潰奔永昌。遂取幹崖印，付罕拔妹，以女官攝宣撫，召盞達副使刀思管、雷弄經歷廖元相佐之，同守幹崖，以防中國。於是木邦、蠻莫、隴川、幹崖諸蠻，悉附緬，獨孟養未下。

In the first year of the Wanli reign, Burmese troops reached Longchuan and occupied it. Yue Feng then slaughtered Duo Shining's wives, children, and entire clan, accepted a spurious Burmese appointment, and seized Longchuan as Pacification Commissioner. He allied with Hanba and Si Zhe, pledging to conquer Mengmi and uphold Ruiti against China. They forged a brocade pouch, elephant casket, and palm-leaf letter in Burmese, addressed to the Son of Heaven as from the Southwest Golden Pagoda White Elephant Lord King Mang Tala Nong; the letter's insults were outrageous. Hanba also recruited Ganya native official Dao Pawen for Burma, promising to install him in his elder brother's place. Pawen refused and fought back. Yingli had two hundred thousand men stationed between Longchuan and Ganya; he suddenly descended on Pawen with these forces, and Pawen broke and fled to Yongchang. He then took the Ganya seal, gave it to Hanba's sister to hold the Pacification Commission as a female officer, and summoned Zhanda vice commissioner Dao Siguan and Leilong administrator Liao Yuanxiang to help garrison Ganya against China. Mobang, Manmo, Longchuan, Ganya, and the other tribes all submitted to Burma; only Mengyang remained unconquered.

金騰副使許天琦遣指揮侯度持檄撫諭孟養。思個受檄，益拒緬。緬大發兵攻之，思個告急。會天琦卒，署事羅汝芳犒思個使，令先歸待援，遂調兵至騰越。個聞援兵至，喜，令土目馬祿喇送等領兵萬余，絕緬糧道，且導大兵伏戛撒誘緬兵深入。個率蠻卒沖其前，而約援兵自隴川尾擊之。緬兵既敗，糧又絕，屠象馬以食，瑞體窘甚。會有陳於巡撫王凝，言生事不便者，凝馳使止援軍。汝芳聞檄退，思個待援不至。嶽鳳偵知之，集隴川兵二千兼程進，導瑞體由間道遁去。思個追擊之，緬兵大敗，當是時幾獲瑞體。

Jinteng vice commissioner Xu Tianqi sent commander Hou Du with an edict to reassure Mengyang. Si Ge accepted the proclamation and resisted Burma all the more fiercely. Burma marshaled a large force against him, and Si Ge sent urgent appeals for help. Xu Tianqi died just then; the acting official Luo Rufang entertained Si Ge's envoys, told them to return and await relief, and mobilized troops to Tengyue. Hearing that relief was coming, Si Ge was delighted. He sent headmen Malulasong and others with more than ten thousand men to cut Burma's supply lines and guide Ming forces into ambush at Gasa to lure the Burmese deep inside. Si Ge led tribal warriors in a frontal assault while coordinating for relief troops to hit them from the rear through Longchuan. The Burmese army was defeated and supplies ran out; they slaughtered elephants and horses for food, and Ruiti was in dire straits. Someone then memorialized Grand Coordinator Wang Ning arguing that further hostilities were inexpedient; Wang Ning urgently dispatched orders halting the relief army. Rufang withdrew on receipt of the order, and Si Ge waited in vain for relief. Yue Feng learned of this, mustered two thousand Longchuan troops, marched by forced marches, and guided Ruiti out through a secret route. Si Ge gave chase and routed the Burmese army; Ruiti was nearly captured.

六年，廷議遣使至孟養，俾思個還所俘緬兵象，並賚以金帛，好言慰諭之。瑞體不謝。七年，永昌千戶辛鳳奉使買象於孟密，思忠執鳳送緬，緬遣回。是年，緬復攻孟養，報戛撒之怨。思個以無援敗，將走騰越，中途為其下所執，送瑞體，殺之，盡並孟養地。八年，巡撫饒仁侃遣人招緬，緬不應。

In the sixth year the court decided to send envoys to Mengyang, instructing Si Ge to return the Burmese soldiers and elephants he had captured and presenting gold and silks along with reassuring words. Ruiti made no acknowledgment. In the seventh year Yongchang company commander Xin Feng was sent to buy elephants in Mengmi; Si Zhong seized him and handed him to Burma, which then sent him back. That year Burma attacked Mengyang again to avenge the defeat at Gasa. Without relief Si Ge was defeated. As he tried to flee toward Tengyue his own men seized him, handed him over to Ruiti, and he was killed; Ruiti then annexed all of Mengyang. In the eighth year Grand Coordinator Rao Renkan sent envoys to summon Burma, but received no response.

十年，嶽鳳導緬兵襲破幹崖，奪罕氏印，俘之。俄，瑞體死，子應裏嗣。嶽鳳嗾應裏殺罕拔，盡俘其眾。又說應裏起兵象數十萬，分道內侵。十一年焚掠施甸，寇順寧。鳳子曩烏領眾六萬，突至孟淋寨，指揮吳繼勛、千戶祁維垣戰死。又破盞達，副使刀思定求救不得，城破，妻子族屬皆盡。且窺騰沖、永昌、大理、蒙化、景東、鎮沅諸郡。巡撫劉世曾請以南京坐營中軍劉綎為騰越遊擊，移武靖參將鄧子龍為永昌參將，各提兵五千赴剿，並調諸土軍應援。緬亦合兵犯姚關，綎與子龍大破之於攀枝花地，乘勝追擊，自十年十月至十一年四月，斬首萬余。復率兵出隴川、孟密，直抵阿瓦，緬將猛勺詣綎降。勺，瑞體弟也。緬將之守隴川、孟養、蠻莫者，皆遁去，嶽鳳及其子皆伏誅。官軍定隴川，遂歸。應裏乃以其子思鬥守阿瓦，復攻孟養、蠻莫，聲言復仇。副使李材備兵騰沖，遣兵援之，戰於遮浪，大破其象陣，生擒五千余人。

In the tenth year Yue Feng led Burmese troops in a surprise raid on Ganya, seized the Han seal, and took prisoners. Soon Ruiti died and was succeeded by his son Yingli. Yue Feng goaded Yingli into killing Hanba and took all his followers captive. He also persuaded Yingli to raise an army of several hundred thousand with war elephants and launch a multi-pronged invasion. In the eleventh year they burned and pillaged Shidian and attacked Shunning. Yue Feng's son Nang Wu led sixty thousand men in a sudden assault on Menglin Stockade; commander Wu Jixun and company commander Qi Weiyuan were killed in battle. They also overran Zhanda; vice commissioner Dao Siding could obtain no relief; the city fell and his wives, children, and entire clan were wiped out. They also threatened Tengchong, Yongchang, Dali, Menghua, Jingdong, and Zhenyuan. Grand Coordinator Liu Shizeng recommended appointing Nanjing garrison middle army officer Liu Ting as Tengyue mobile corps commander and transferring Wujing deputy commander Deng Zilong to Yongchang as deputy commander; each was to lead five thousand men against the invaders, with native forces mobilized in support. Burma also massed troops and attacked Yao Pass; Liu Ting and Deng Zilong routed them at Panzhihua and pursued in victory, beheading more than ten thousand men between the tenth month of the tenth year and the fourth month of the eleventh year. They marched again from Longchuan and Mengmi all the way to Ava; the Burmese general Meng Shao came to Liu Ting and surrendered. Meng Shao was Ruiti's younger brother. The Burmese commanders holding Longchuan, Mengyang, and Manmo all fled; Yue Feng and his son were executed. The imperial army secured Longchuan and then withdrew. Yingli left his son Si Dou to hold Ava, attacked Mengyang and Manmo again, and proclaimed he sought revenge. Vice commissioner Li Cai gathered forces at Tengchong and sent relief; at Zhelang he shattered the elephant formation and captured more than five thousand men alive.

先是，蠻莫酋思化投緬。材遣人招之，思化降。十九年，應裏復率緬兵圍蠻莫，思化告急。會天暑，軍行不前，裨將萬國春夜馳至，多設火炬為疑兵，緬人懼而退，追敗其眾。二十二年，巡撫陳用賓設八關於騰沖，留兵戍守，募人至暹羅約夾攻緬。緬初以猛卯酋多俺為向導，寇東路。至是遣木邦罕欽擒多俺殺之，逐築堡於猛卯，大興屯田。是年，緬帥思仁寇蠻莫，敗之，斬其渠丙測。

Earlier Manmo chieftain Si Hua had gone over to Burma. Li Cai sent envoys to win him over, and Si Hua submitted. In the nineteenth year Yingli again led Burmese troops to besiege Manmo, and Si Hua sent urgent appeals for help. The heat stalled the army's advance, but aide general Wan Guochun rode through the night, lit many torches as decoys, and the Burmese withdrew in fear; he pursued and routed them. In the twenty-second year Grand Coordinator Chen Yongbin established eight passes at Tengchong, garrisoned them, and sent agents to Siam to arrange a coordinated attack on Burma. Burma had first used Mengmao chieftain Duo An as a guide to attack the eastern route. Chen then had Mobang's Han Qin capture and kill Duo An, built fortresses at Mengmao, and greatly expanded military farming colonies. That year Burmese commander Si Ren attacked Manmo, defeated them, and beheaded their leader Bing Ce.

二十三年，應裏屬孟璉、孟艮二土司求朝貢，鎮巡以聞。朝議令原差官黎景桂賫銀幣賜之，至境，不受。詔以景桂首事貪功納侮，下於理。三十一年，阿瓦雍罕、木邦罕拔子罕衤盍俱入貢，緬勢頓衰。暹羅得楞復連歲攻緬，殺緬長子莽機撾，古喇殘破。自此不敢內犯，然近緬諸部附之如初。崇禎末，蠻莫思綿為緬守曩木河。及黔國公沐天波等隨永明王走蠻莫，思綿使告緬。緬遣人迎之，傳語述萬歷時事，並出神宗璽書，索今篆合之，以為偽。天波出己印與先所頒文檄相比無差，始信。蓋自天啟後，緬絕貢職，無可考驗雲。

In the twenty-third year Yingli had the Meng Lian and Meng Gen chieftains seek permission to present tribute, and the frontier officials reported it to the court. The court ordered former envoy Li Jinggui to carry silver and silks as gifts, but at the border the Burmese refused to receive them. An edict blamed Li Jinggui for seeking credit and courting insult; he was handed over for trial. In the thirty-first year Ava's Yong Han and Hanba's son Han He both came to court with tribute, and Burmese power collapsed sharply. Siam's Deleng attacked Burma year after year, killing Burma's eldest son Mang Jizhua and ravaging Gula. After this they dared not invade China again, yet the tribes near Burma remained as loyal to them as ever. At the end of the Chongzhen reign Manmo's Si Mian held Namu River on Burma's behalf. When Prince of Qian Mu Tianbo and others fled to Manmo with the Prince of Eternal Brightness, Si Mian sent word to Burma. Burma sent envoys to welcome them, recounted affairs from the Wanli reign, and produced Emperor Shenzong's sealed edict, demanding that the present seal be compared with it—they declared it a forgery. Mu Tianbo produced his own seal and compared it with earlier issued documents; finding no discrepancy, they believed him. For since the Tianqi reign Burma had ceased tribute missions, and there had been no way to verify authenticity.

幹崖〈（宣撫）〉

Ganya (Pacification Commissioner)]〉

幹崖，舊名幹賴睒，僰人居之。東北接南甸，西接隴川，有平川眾岡。境內甚熱，四時皆蠶，以其絲織五色土錦充貢。元中統初，內附。至元中，置鎮西路軍民總管府，領三甸。洪武十五年改鎮西府。永樂元年設幹崖長官司。二年頒給信符、金字紅牌並賜冠服。三年，幹崖長官曩歡遣頭目奉表貢馬及犀、象、金銀器，謝恩，賜鈔幣。五年設古剌驛，隸幹崖。曩歡復遣子刀思曩朝貢，賜賚如例。自是，三年一朝貢不絕。宣德六年改隸雲南都司。時長官刀弄孟奏，其地近雲南都司，而歲納差發銀於金齒衛，路遠，乞改隸，而輸銀於布政司。從之。正統三年命仍隸金齒軍民指揮使司。六年升幹崖副長官刀怕便為長官司，賜彩幣，以歸附後屢立功，從總兵官沐昂請也。九年升幹崖為宣撫司，以刀怕便為宣撫副使，劉英為同知，從總督王驥請也。

Ganya, formerly called Ganlaishan, was home to the Bo people. It bordered Nandian to the northeast and Longchuan to the west, with level plains and many hills. The climate was very hot; sericulture continued year-round, and silk was woven into multicolored native brocade for tribute. In the early Zhongtong period of the Yuan dynasty it submitted to the empire. In the middle Zhiyuan period the Zhenxi Road Military-Civilian General Administration Office was established, governing the Three Dian districts. In Hongwu year 15 it was renamed Zhenxi Prefecture. In Yongle 1 the Ganya Chief Native Office was established. The following year it received credentials of trust, gold-lettered red plaques, and official robes and insignia. In the third year Ganya chief Nang Huan sent subordinates with a memorial, presenting horses, rhinoceros horn, elephants, and gold and silver vessels in gratitude; he was rewarded with paper money. In the fifth year the Gula courier station was established under Ganya. Nang Huan again sent his son Dao Sinang to court with tribute and received the usual rewards. From then on tribute missions came every three years without interruption. In Xuande year 6 it was placed under the Yunnan Regional Military Commission. Chief Dao Nongmeng then memorialized that his territory lay close to the Yunnan commission yet had to pay corvée silver to distant Jinchi Guard; he asked to be reassigned and to pay instead to the provincial administration. The request was granted. In Zhengtong year 3 it was ordered back under the Jinchi Military-Civilian Command. In the sixth year vice chief Dao Pabian was promoted to chief of the office and rewarded with colored silks, at the request of Commander Mu Ang, for repeated meritorious service after submission. In the ninth year Ganya was raised to a Pacification Commission; Dao Pabian became vice commissioner and Liu Ying associate commissioner, at Grand Coordinator Wang Ji's recommendation.

弘治三年，幹崖土舍刀愈怕欺其侄刀怕落幼，劫印奪職。蠻眾不服，遂起兵相攻。四年，按察司副使林俊同參將沐詳移文往諭，始釋兵歸印。事聞，帝以鎮巡官不以時奏報，責之。嘉靖三十九年，緬酋莽瑞體叛，招幹崖諸土官入寇。萬歷初，宣撫刀怕舉死，妻罕氏，木邦宣慰罕拔妹也。拔既叛附緬，召怕舉弟怕文襲職以臣緬，且許以妹。怕文不受，與戰。緬兵十萬驟臨，怕文潰奔永昌。罕拔遂取幹崖印付罕氏。十年，隴川嶽鳳破幹崖，奪罕氏印。十一年，遊擊劉綎破隴川，鳳降，追印竟不得。而幹崖部眾自相承代，亦莫得而考雲。

In Hongzhi year 3 Ganya native official Dao Yupa, taking advantage of his young nephew Dao Paluo, seized the seal and usurped the office. The tribes refused to accept this and took up arms against one another. In Hongzhi year 4, vice commissioner of the regional inspectorate Lin Jun and deputy commander Mu Xiang sent a proclamation of instruction, after which the factions disbanded and restored the seal. When word reached the throne, the emperor rebuked the garrison and patrol officials for failing to report in a timely manner. In Jiajing year 39, the Burmese chieftain Mang Ruiti rebelled and drew Ganya's native officials into an invasion. At the start of the Wanli reign Pacification Commissioner Dao Pazju died, leaving his wife Lady Han, who was the younger sister of Mobang Pacification Commissioner Hanba. Hanba had already gone over to Burma; he summoned Pazju's younger brother Pawen to succeed to the office as a vassal of Burma and promised him his sister in marriage. Pawen refused and fought back. A Burmese army of one hundred thousand descended without warning; Pawen was routed and fled to Yongchang. Hanba then took the Ganya seal and gave it to Lady Han. In Wanli year 10 Yue Feng of Longchuan overran Ganya and seized the Han seal. In Wanli year 11 mobile corps commander Liu Ting defeated Longchuan; Yue Feng surrendered, but the seal could not be recovered despite the chase. Ganya's people thereafter succeeded one another on their own, and the succession can no longer be traced.

潞江，地在永昌、騰越之間，南負高侖山，北臨潞江，為官道咽喉。地多瘴癘，蠻名怒江甸。至元間，隸柔遠路。永樂元年內附，設潞江長官司。其地舊屬麓川平緬，西平侯奏其地廣人稠，宜設長官司治之。二年頒給信符、金字紅牌。九年，潞江長官司曩璧遣子維羅法貢馬、方物，賜鈔幣，尋升為安撫司。曩璧來朝，貢象、馬、金銀器，謝恩。

Lujiang lies between Yongchang and Tengyue, backed by Mount Gaolun to the south and facing the Lujiang River to the north—a choke point on the main road. The region is heavily afflicted by miasma; the tribes call it Nujiangdian. Under the Yuan it was placed under Rouyuan Circuit. In Yongle 1 the region submitted and the Lujiang Chief Office was established. The area had formerly belonged to Luchuan Pingmian; the Prince of Xiping recommended establishing a chief office, citing its broad territory and dense population. In year 2 credentials and gold-letter red plaques were issued. In year 9 Chief Nang Bi of Lujiang sent his son Weiluofa with horses and tribute goods; paper money was granted, and the office was soon raised to a Pacification Commission. Nang Bi came to court with elephants, horses, and gold and silver vessels in tribute, thanking the throne for his rewards.

宣德元年，曩璧遣人貢馬，請改隸雲南布政司，從之。遣中官雲仙賫敕及綺幣賜曩璧。三年，黔國公沐晟奏，潞江千夫長刀不浪班叛歸麓川，劫潞江，逐曩璧入金齒，據潞江驛，逐驛丞周禮，立寨固守，斷絕道路，請發兵討。帝敕晟與三司計議。五年，晟奏，刀不浪班懼罪，還所據地，歸舊部，輸役如故，乞宥之。報可。是年置雲南廣邑州。時雲仙還言：「金齒廣邑寨，本永昌副千戶阿幹所居。幹嘗奉命招生蒲五千戶向化。今幹孫阿都魯同蒲酋莽塞等詣京貢方物，乞於廣邑置州，使阿都魯掌州事，以熟蒲並所招生蒲屬之。」帝從之，遂以阿都魯為廣邑州知州，莽塞為同知，鑄印給之。八年改金齒永昌千戶所為潞江州，隸雲南布政司，以千夫長刀珍罕為知州，刀不浪班為同知，置吏目及清水關巡檢各一員。

In Xuande 1 Nang Bi sent tribute horses and asked to be placed under the Yunnan Provincial Administration Commission; the request was granted. The court sent the eunuch Yunxian with an imperial edict and brocade silks as gifts for Nang Bi. In year 3 Prince of Qian Mu Sheng reported that Lujiang company commander Dao Bulangban had defected to Luchuan, raided Lujiang, driven Nang Bi into Jinchi, seized Lujiang Post Station, expelled post commissioner Zhou Li, fortified stockades, and blocked the roads; he requested a punitive expedition. The emperor ordered Mu Sheng to consult with the three provincial commissions. In year 5 Mu Sheng reported that Dao Bulangban, fearing punishment, had restored the seized lands, rejoined his former command, resumed his duties, and sought pardon. The request was approved. That same year Guangyi Prefecture was established in Yunnan. On his return Yunxian reported: "The Guangyi Stockade at Jinchi was originally the seat of Yongchang deputy company commander A Gan. Gan had once been ordered to win over five thousand Pu households. Now Gan's grandson A Dulun, together with Pu chiefs including Mang Sai, came to court with tribute and asked that a prefecture be established at Guangyi with A Dulun as prefect, placing both the assimilated Pu and the newly recruited Pu under his jurisdiction." The emperor agreed; A Dulun was appointed prefect of Guangyi Prefecture, Mang Sai associate prefect, and seals were cast and issued. In year 8 the Jinchi Yongchang company was converted into Lujiang Prefecture under the Yunnan Provincial Administration Commission; company commander Dao Zhenhan became prefect and Dao Bulangban associate prefect, with one clerical officer and one Qingshuiguan inspection commissioner appointed.

正統三年從黔國公沐晟奏，改潞江安撫司仍隸金齒，悉還舊制。五年，安撫使線舊法以麓川思任發叛來告，諭整兵以俟。未幾，麓川賊遣部眾奪據潞江，殺傷官軍，潞江遂削弱。

In Zhengtong year 3, on Mu Sheng's recommendation, Lujiang Pacification Commission was returned to Jinchi jurisdiction and the former system fully restored. In year 5 Pacification Commissioner Xian Jiufa reported Si Renfa's Luchuan rebellion and was ordered to ready his troops pending further instructions. Soon Luchuan rebels sent forces to seize Lujiang, killing and wounding imperial troops; Lujiang was thereby enfeebled.

正德十六年，安撫司土官安捧奪其從弟掩莊田三十八所，掩訟於官，不報。捧遂集蠻兵圍掩寨，縱火屠掠，掩母子妻妾及蠻民男婦死者八十余人，據有其地。官軍誘執之，捧死於獄。帝命戮屍棄市，其子詔及黨與皆斬。天啟間，有線世祿者，繼襲安撫。

In Zhengde year 16 native official An Peng seized thirty-eight estates belonging to his cousin Yan; Yan lodged a complaint with the authorities but received no answer. Peng mustered tribal troops, besieged Yan's stockade, and burned and pillaged it; Yan's mother, son, wives, and more than eighty tribesmen were killed, and Peng seized the land. Government troops lured him into capture; Peng died in prison. The emperor ordered Peng's corpse dismembered and exposed in the marketplace; his son Zhao and his followers were all beheaded. During the Tianqi reign Xian Shilu succeeded to the pacification commission.

南甸〈（二宣撫司）〉

Nandian (two Pacification Commission offices)]〉

南甸宣撫司，舊名南宋，在騰越南半個山下，其山巔北多霜雪，南則炎瘴如蒸。元置南甸路軍民總管府，領三甸。洪武十五年改南甸府。永樂十一年改為州，隸布政司。宣德三年，南甸為麓川侵奪，有司請討。不許，降敕誡諭麓川，俾還侵地。五年，南甸州奏：「先被麓川宣慰司奪其境土，賴朝廷威力復之，若不置官司以正疆界，恐侵奪未厭，乞置四巡檢司鎮之。」帝命吏部除官。八年又奏：「與麓川接境，舊十二百夫長在騰沖千戶所時，賴邦哈等處軍民兼守。後麓川侵據，不守者十余年。今蒙敕諭還，竊恐再侵，百姓逃移，乞於賴邦哈、九浪、莽孟洞三處各置巡檢，以土軍楊義等三人為之。」命下三司勘覆，授之。

The Nandian Pacification Commission, formerly called Nansong, lies beneath Half Mountain south of Tengyue; its peak is frosty and snowbound to the north, while the southern slopes swelter under oppressive miasma. The Yuan established the Nandian Circuit Military-Civilian Command, governing three districts. In Hongwu year 15 it was renamed Nandian Prefecture. In Yongle year 11 it was made a prefecture under the Provincial Administration Commission. In Xuande year 3 Luchuan seized Nandian territory, and local officials requested a punitive campaign. Permission was denied; instead an edict admonished Luchuan and ordered the return of seized lands. In year 5 Nandian memorialized: "Luchuan Pacification Commission had seized our territory, which we recovered only through imperial power. Without offices to demarcate the border, we fear further encroachment; we request four inspection commissions to guard the frontier." The emperor ordered the Ministry of Personnel to appoint the officials. In year 8 they memorialized again: "Bordering Luchuan, when the twelve company commanders were attached to Tengchong, Laibangha and other posts had been jointly garrisoned by soldiers and civilians. After Luchuan seized them, the posts went unguarded for more than ten years. Now that an edict has ordered their return, we fear renewed invasion and flight of the people; we request inspection commissioners at Laibangha, Jiulang, and Mangmengdong, with native officers Yang Yi and two others appointed." The matter was referred to the three commissions for inspection and confirmation, and the appointments were made.

正統二年，土知州刀貢罕奏：「麓川思任發奪其所轄羅卜思莊二百七十八村，乞遣使賫金牌、信符諭之退還。」帝敕沐晟處置奏聞。麓川之役自是起。九年升州為宣撫司，以知州刀落硬為宣撫使，通判劉思勉為土同知。六年頒給金牌、信符、勘合，加敕諭之。十年免所欠差發銀兩，令安業後，仍前科辦。

In Zhengtong year 2 native prefect Dao Gunghan memorialized that Si Renfa of Luchuan had seized 278 villages of Luobusi Estate under his jurisdiction and requested envoys with gold plaques and credentials to order their return." The emperor ordered Mu Sheng to take action and report back. The Luchuan campaigns began from this point. In year 9 the prefecture was raised to a Pacification Commission; Prefect Dao Luoying became pacification commissioner and Liu Simian became native associate commissioner. In Zhengtong year 6 gold plaques, credentials, and tally slips were issued, along with a special edict of instruction. In year 10 arrears of corvée silver were forgiven; once the people had reestablished their livelihoods, the former levies would resume.

天順二年復置南甸驛丞一人，以土人為之。時宣撫刀落蓋奏南寧伯毛勝遣騰沖千戶藺愈占其招八地，逼民逃竄。敕雲南三司官同巡按御史詣其地體勘，以所占田寨退還，治勝、愈罪。

In Tianshun year 2 a Nandian post commissioner was reinstated, filled by a native appointee. Pacification Commissioner Dao Luogai then reported that Ningnan Earl Mao Sheng had sent Tengchong company commander Lan Yu to seize Zhaoba territory, driving the people to flight. An edict ordered the Yunnan three commissions and the touring censor to inspect the site, return the seized fields and stockades, and punish Mao Sheng and Lan Yu.

南甸所轄羅卜思莊與小隴川，皆百夫長之分地。知事謝氏居曩宋，悶氏居盞西，屬部直抵金沙江，地最廣。司東十五里曰蠻幹，宣撫世居之。南百里有關，立木為柵，周一里。曰南牙，甚高，山勢延袤一百餘里，官道經之。上有石梯，蠻人據以為險。

Luobusi Estate and Lesser Longchuan under Nandian were both company-commander allotments. The Xie clan of the administrative office lived at Nangsong, the Men clan at Zhanxi; their domains reached the Jinsha River and formed the broadest territory. Fifteen li east of the commission seat lay Manggan, the hereditary residence of the pacification commissioners. A hundred li to the south stood a pass ringed with wooden palisades enclosing one li. This was Nanya—a towering ridge stretching more than a hundred li, through which the main road ran. Stone steps led up its heights, which the tribes held as a natural fortress.

芒市，舊曰怒謀，又曰大枯夾、小枯夾，在永昌西南四百里，即唐史所謂茫施蠻也。元中統初內附。至元十三年立茫施路軍民總管府，領二甸。洪武十五年，置茫施府。正統七年，總兵官沐晟奏：「芒市陶孟刀放革遣人來訴，與叛寇思任發有仇。今任發已遁去，思機發兄弟三人來居麓川者藍地方，願擒以獻。」兵部言：「放革先與任發同惡，今勢窮乃言結釁，譎詐難信。宜敕諭放革，如能去逆效順，當密調土兵助剿機發。」從之。八年，機發令其黨涓孟車等來攻芒市，為官軍所敗。放革來降，靖遠伯王驥請設芒市長官司，以陶孟刀放革為長官，隸金齒衛。成化八年，木邦曩罕弄亂，掠隴川。敕芒市等長官司整兵備調。萬歷初，長官放福與隴川嶽鳳聯姻，導緬寇松坡營。事覺，伏誅，立舍目放緯領司事，轄於隴川。芒市川原廣邈，田土富饒，而人稍脆弱雲。

Mang City, formerly Numou and also called Greater and Lesser Kujia, lay four hundred li southwest of Yongchang—the Mangshi tribe recorded in Tang histories. At the start of the Yuan Zhongtong era the region submitted. In Zhiyuan year 13 the Mangshi Circuit Military-Civilian Command was established, governing two districts. In Hongwu year 15 Mangshi Prefecture was established. In Zhengtong year 7 Commander Mu Sheng reported: "Mang City taomeng Dao Fangge sent envoys stating that he bore a grudge against the rebel Si Renfa. Renfa has already fled, but his brother Si Jifa and two others now hold Zhelan in Luchuan; Fangge offered to capture them and deliver them up." The Ministry of War replied: "Fangge had once joined Renfa in rebellion; now, with his cause failing, he speaks of settling old scores—his cunning makes him hard to trust. Fangge should be instructed by edict that if he renounces rebellion and submits, native troops may secretly be mobilized to help capture Jifa." The proposal was adopted. In year 8 Jifa sent his followers Juan Mengche and others against Mang City, but government troops defeated them. Fangge submitted; Jingyuan Earl Wang Ji recommended establishing the Mang City Chief Office with taomeng Dao Fangge as chief, under Jinchi Guard. In Chenghua year 8 Nang Hannong of Mobang rebelled and raided Longchuan. An edict ordered the Mang City chief office and others to ready their forces for deployment. At the start of Wanli Chief Fang Fu married into Yue Feng's Longchuan clan and guided Burmese raiders to Songpo Camp. When the plot was exposed Fang Fu was executed; headman Fang Wei was installed to administer the office under Longchuan's supervision. Mang City's plains stretched far and wide, its land was fertile, but its people were somewhat weak—so it was said.

者樂甸

Zheledian

者樂甸，本馬龍他郎甸猛摩地，名者島。洪武末內附，隸雲南布政司。永樂元年設者樂甸長官司，改隸雲南都司，以沐晟言其地廣人稠也。十八年，長官刀談來朝，貢馬。自是，皆以刀氏世領司事。其地山險多瘴，介於鎮沅、元江、景東間。日事攻戰，鎧械犀利，兵寡而，諸部畏憚之。

Zheledian was originally the Mengmo territory of Malong Talangdian, known as Zhedao. At the end of the Hongwu reign the region submitted and was placed under the Yunnan Provincial Administration Commission. In Yongle 1 the Zheledian Chief Office was established and transferred to the Yunnan Regional Military Commission, on Mu Sheng's report that the territory was broad and densely populated. In year 18 Chief Dao Tan came to court with tribute horses. Thereafter the Dao clan held the office in hereditary succession. The land was mountainous and malarial, lying between Zhenyuan, Yuanjiang, and Jingdong. They fought constantly; their arms were keen; though few in number their warriors were fierce, and neighboring tribes feared them.

茶山長官司

Chashan Chief Office

茶山長官司，永樂二年頒給信符、金字紅牌。八年，長官早張遣人貢馬。宣德五年置滇灘巡檢司。以長官司奏滇灘當茶山瓦高之沖，蠻寇出沒，民不能安，通事段勝頗曉道理，能安人心，乞置司，以勝為巡檢。從之。

The Chashan Chief Office received credentials and gold-letter red plaques in Yongle year 2. In year 8 Chief Zao Zhang sent tribute horses. In Xuande year 5 the Dian Tan Inspection Commission was established. The chief office reported that Dian Tan lay on the strategic route at Chashan Wagao, where tribal raiders came and went and the people lived in fear; interpreter Duan Sheng was prudent and able to reassure them, and they requested an inspection commission with Sheng as commissioner. The request was granted.

孟璉〈（即猛臉）〉

Menglian (that is, Mengmian)]〉

孟璉長官司，永樂四年四月設。時孟璉頭目刀派送遣子壞罕來言，孟璉舊屬麓川平緬宣慰司，後隸孟定府。而孟定知府刀名扛亦故平緬頭目，素與等夷，乞改隸。遂設長官司，隸雲南都司，命刀派送為長官，賜冠帶、印章。正統四年，思任發反，以兵破孟璉，遂降於麓川，為木邦宣慰罕蓋法擊敗。七年，總督王驥征麓川，招降孟璉、亦保等寨。敕賜孟璉故長官司刀派罕子派樂等彩幣，以麓川平故也。嘉靖中，孟璉與孟養、孟密諸部仇殺數十年，司廢。至萬歷十三年，隴川平，復設，稱猛臉雲。

The Menglian Chief Office was established in the fourth month of Yongle year 4. At that time Menglian headman Dao Paisong sent his son Huaihan to report that the district had once been under the Luchuan Pingmian Pacification Commission but had later been placed under Mengding Prefecture. Mengding Prefect Dao Mingkang was also a former Pingmian headman and their peer; he requested that Menglian's affiliation be changed. A chief office was then established under the Yunnan Regional Military Commission; Dao Paisong was made chief and given hat, belt, and seal. In Zhengtong year 4 Si Renfa rebelled, overran Menglian by force, and the district submitted to Luchuan before being defeated by Mobang commissioner Hangaifa. In year 7 Grand Coordinator Wang Ji marched against Luchuan and won the surrender of Menglian, Yibao, and other stockades. An edict granted colored silks to Pai Le and others, sons of the former Menglian chief Dao Paihan, in reward for the pacification of Luchuan. During the Jiajing reign Menglian feuded with Mengyang, Mengmi, and other tribes for decades, and the office lapsed. By Wanli year 13, after Longchuan was pacified, the office was restored—known as Mengmian, it is said.

裏麻長官司

Liman Chief Office

裏麻長官司，永樂六年設，隸雲南都司，以刀思放為長官。時思放為裏麻招剛。招剛者，故西南蠻官名。思放籍其地來朝，請授職事，遂有是命，仍賜印章、冠帶。八年遣頭目貢馬。

The Liman Chief Office was set up in Yongle year 6 under the Yunnan Regional Military Commission, with Dao Sifang as chief. At the time Sifang held the tribal office of zhaogang in Liman. Zhaogang was an old official title among the southwestern tribes. Sifang registered his lands and came to court seeking appointment; the order followed, and he received seal, hat, and belt. In year 8 a headman was sent with tribute horses.

鈕兀長官司

Niuwu Chief Office

鈕兀長官司，宣德八年置。鈕兀、五隆諸寨在和泥之地，其酋任者、陀比等朝貢至京，奏地遠蠻多，請授職以總其眾。兵部請設長官司，從之。遂以任者為長官，陀比為副。

The Niuwu Chief Office was established in Xuande year 8. Niuwu, Wulong, and other stockades lay in Heni country; chieftains Renzhe, Tuobi, and others came to court with tribute, reporting that their lands were remote and tribes numerous, and requesting office to command their people. The Ministry of War recommended establishing a chief office, and the request was granted. Renzhe was appointed chief and Tuobi deputy.

東倘長官司

Dongdang Chief Office

東倘長官司，宣德八年置，隸緬甸宣慰。時緬甸宣慰昔得謀殺當蕩頭目新把的，而奪其地。新把的遣子莽只貢象、馬、方物，乞置司，庶免侵殺，從之。置東倘長官司，命新把的為長官。

The Dongdang Chief Office was established in Xuande year 8 under the Burma Pacification Commission. At that time Burma commissioner Xide had plotted to kill Dangdang headman Xinbade and seized his lands. Xinbade sent his son Mangzhi with elephants, horses, and local products as tribute, requesting an office to ward off invasion and killing; the request was granted. The Dongdang Chief Office was established with Xinbade as chief.

瓦甸長官司

Wadian Chief Office

瓦甸長官司，初隸金齒，永樂九年改隸雲南都司。土官刀怕賴言金齒遠，都司近，故改隸焉。宣德八年置曲石、高松坡、馬緬三巡檢司。初，長官司言其地山高林茂，寇盜出沒，人民不安，乞置巡檢司，以授通事楊資、楊中、範興三人，從之。命資於曲石，中於高松坡，興於馬緬。正統五年，長官早貴為思任發所獲，殺其守者十七人，挈家來歸。帝嘉其忠順，命所司褒賞，以早貴為安撫，賜彩幣、誥命。

The Wadian Chief Office was first under Jinchi; in Yongle year 9 it was transferred to the Yunnan Regional Military Commission. Native official Dao Palai said Jinchi was too far and the Regional Military Commission nearer, and the transfer was made for that reason. In Xuande year 8 three inspection commissions were established at Qushi, Gaosongpo, and Mamian. At first the chief office reported that the land was mountainous and forested, bandits roamed there, and the people lived in fear; they requested inspection commissions for interpreters Yang Zi, Yang Zhong, and Fan Xing, and the request was granted. Zi was posted to Qushi, Zhong to Gaosongpo, and Xing to Mamian. In Zhengtong year 5 Chief Zaogui was taken by Si Renfa; he killed seventeen guards and fled with his family to submit. The emperor praised his loyalty, ordered official reward, appointed Zaogui pacification commissioner, and bestowed colored silks and a patent of appointment.

促瓦散金二長官司

The Cuwa and Sanjin Chief Offices

促瓦、散金二長官司，皆永樂五年設，隸雲南都司。其地舊屬麓川，平緬。土蠻註甸八等來朝，請別設長官司，從之。命註甸八等為長官，各給印章。

The Cuwa and Sanjin chief offices were both established in Yongle year 5 under the Yunnan Regional Military Commission. Their lands had formerly belonged to Luchuan and Pingmian. Tribal chieftain Zhudianba and others came to court seeking separate chief offices, and the request was granted. Zhudianba and others were made chiefs, each receiving a seal.

木邦〈（孟密安撫司附）〉

Mobang (attached to the Mengmi Pacification Commission)]〉

木邦，一名孟邦。元至元二十六年立木邦路軍民總管府，領三甸。洪武十五年平雲南，改木邦府。建文末，土知府罕的法遣人貢馬及金銀器，賜鈔幣。永樂元年遣內官楊瑄賫敕諭木邦諸土官。明年遣人來貢。時麓川訴木邦侵地，命西平侯諭之，因改木邦為軍民宣慰使司，以知府罕的法為使，賜誥印。時官軍征八百，罕的法發兵助戰，攻江下等十余寨，斬首五百余級。詔遣鎮撫張伯恭、經歷唐復往賜白金、錦幣，及其部領有差。明年遣使貢象馬、方物，謝恩。頒賜如例，復加賜其母及妻錦綺。罕的法卒，其子罕賓發來朝，請襲，命賜冠服。七年遣使謝恩。又遣人奏緬甸宣慰使那羅塔數誘賓發叛，賓發不敢從逆，若天兵下臨，誓當效命。帝嘉其忠，遣中官徐亮賫敕勞之，賜白金三千兩、錦綺三百表裏，祖母、母、妻織金文綺、紗羅各五十疋。自是，每三年遣使貢象馬。十一年，賓發遣使獻緬甸俘。時木邦攻破緬甸城寨二十余，多所殺獲，獻於京師。

Mobang, also known as Mengbang. In Zhiyuan year 26 of the Yuan the Mobang Circuit Military-Civilian General Directorate was established over three districts. When Yunnan was pacified in Hongwu year 15, the region became Mobang Prefecture. At the end of the Jianwen reign native prefect Handaifa sent tribute horses and gold and silver vessels, and paper money was granted in return. In Yongle 1 the palace eunuch Yang Xuan was sent with an edict to the native officials of Mobang. The following year envoys came with tribute. When Luchuan complained of Mobang encroachment, the Marquis of Xiping was ordered to mediate; Mobang was then made a Military-Civilian Pacification Commission with Prefect Handaifa as commissioner, and he received patent and seal. While government troops campaigned against Babai, Handaifa sent forces to assist, stormed more than ten stockades including Jiangxia, and took more than five hundred heads. An edict dispatched Commissioner Zhang Bogong and Administrator Tang Fu to grant white gold and brocade, with graded rewards for his subordinates. The following year envoys came with elephants, horses, and local products to give thanks. Gifts were distributed as usual, with additional brocades for his mother and wife. When Handaifa died his son Hanbinfa came to court to seek succession and was granted official robes. In year 7 envoys came to give thanks. He again sent word that Burma commissioner Narata had repeatedly tempted him to rebel, but he had refused; if imperial troops should come, he vowed to serve faithfully. The emperor praised his loyalty and sent eunuch Xu Liang with an edict of commendation, granting three thousand taels of white gold, three hundred rolls of brocade, and fifty bolts each of gold-woven brocade and gauze-silk to his grandmother, mother, and wife. Henceforth tribute elephants and horses were sent every three years. In year 11 Binfa sent envoys with Burmese captives. Mobang had stormed more than twenty Burmese walled stockades with heavy casualties and sent the captives to the capital.

宣德三年遣中官徐亮賫敕及文綺賜襲職宣慰罕門法並及祖母、母、妻。八年，木邦與麓川、緬甸各爭地，訴於朝，帝命沐晟並三司巡按公勘。

In Xuande year 3 eunuch Xu Liang was sent with an edict and brocades for the succeeding commissioner Hanmenfa and his grandmother, mother, and wife. In year 8 Mobang, Luchuan, and Burma appealed to court over border disputes; the emperor ordered Mu Sheng with the three commissions and touring censor to investigate.

正統三年征麓川，敕諭木邦以兵會剿。五年，總兵官沐昂遣人間道達木邦，得報，知宣慰祖母美罕板、其孫宣慰罕蓋法與麓川戰於孟定、孟璉地，殺部長二十人，斬首三萬余級，獲馬象器械甚眾。帝嘉其功，加授罕蓋法懷遠將軍，封美罕板太淑人，賚以金帶、彩幣。七年，總督王驥奏，罕蓋法遣兵攻拔麓川板罕、貢章等寨，追至孟蒙，獲其孥七人，象十二，麓川酋思任發父子遁孟廣。帝命指揮陳儀往勞之，且曰：「木邦能自效，生縶賊首獻，其酬以麓川土地人民。」八年免木邦歲辦金萬四千兩。木邦遣人謝恩，並獻所獲思任發家屬，復賜敕及彩幣獎勞。十一年，緬甸獻任發首，木邦亦遣使與同獻，且修貢職，因求麓川地。兵部以麓川已設隴川宣撫司，請以孟止地給之，並遣官諭祭其母，以表忠勤，免木邦歲辦銀八錠三年，從之。

In Zhengtong year 3, when Luchuan was attacked, an edict ordered Mobang to join the campaign. In year 5 Regional Commander Mu Ang sent men by a secret route to Mobang and learned that commissioner Hangaifa and his grandmother Mei Hanban had fought Luchuan in Mengding and Menglian, killing twenty tribal chiefs, taking more than thirty thousand heads, and capturing large numbers of horses, elephants, weapons, and equipment. The emperor praised their achievement, additionally appointing Hangaifa General Who Cherishes the Distant, ennobling Mei Hanban as Lady Tashu, and granting gold belt and colored silks. In year 7 Grand Coordinator Wang Ji reported that Hangaifa sent troops against Luchuan stockades Banhan, Gongzhang, and others, pursued them to Mengmeng, captured seven family members and twelve elephants, and that Luchuan chieftain Si Renfa and his son fled to Mengguang. The emperor ordered Commander Chen Yi to go commend them and said: "If Mobang can serve on its own, capture rebel leaders alive and present them, it shall be rewarded with Luchuan's lands and people." In year 8 Mobang was exempted from its annual tribute levy of fourteen thousand taels of gold. Mobang sent envoys to give thanks and presented the Si Renfa family members they had captured; edicts and colored silks were again granted in reward. In year 11 Burma presented Renfa's head; Mobang also sent envoys to join in the presentation, resumed tribute duties, and requested Luchuan territory. The Ministry of War, since the Longchuan Pacification Commission had already been established in Luchuan, recommended granting Mengzhi territory to Mobang and dispatching officials to perform sacrificial rites for his mother in recognition of his loyalty; Mobang was exempted from its annual silver levy of eight ingots for three years, and the request was granted.

暴泰元年，罕蓋法奏乞隴川界者闌景線地，未服，蓋法子罕落法輒發兵據之。隴川宣撫刀歪孟訴於總兵官沐璘。璘遣使諭歸之，而與以底麻之地。四年，罕落法襲父職。族人構難，落法避於孟更，遣人赴總兵官求救。璘以聞，詔左參將胡誌調兵撫諭之，與其族人部眾設盟而還。然落法猶避居孟都不敢歸。孟都蠻者，地近隴川，歲調蠻兵二百更番護之。

In Jingtai 1 Hangaifa requested the Zhanjingxian borderlands from Longchuan; before approval came, his son Hanluofa sent troops to seize them. Longchuan Pacification Commissioner Daowaimeng appealed to Regional Commander Mu Lin. Mu Lin sent envoys ordering its return and granted Dimadi land in compensation. In year 4 Hanluofa inherited his father's office. Kinsmen fomented trouble; Luofa fled to Menggeng and sent to the regional commander for aid. Mu Lin reported to court; Assistant Commander Hu Zhi was ordered to mobilize troops and mediate; he made covenant with the clansmen and their forces and withdrew. But Luofa still remained at Mengdu and would not go back. Mengdu was a tribal settlement near Longchuan; two hundred tribal soldiers were stationed there in rotation each year.

天順元年，鎮守中官羅珪奏：「罕落法與所部交攻，遣人求援。臣等議委南寧伯毛勝、都督胡誌量調官軍，相機剿捕。」帝以非犯邊疆，不許。二年，落法奏為思坑、曩罕弄等所攻，乞兵剿除，命總兵官區處。六年，總兵官沐瓚奏罕落法屢侵隴川地，欲以撥守貴州兵八千調回防禦，詔留其半。

In Tianshun 1 Garrison Eunuch Luo Gui memorialized: "Hanluofa and his subordinates are fighting one another and have sent for aid. We propose assigning Nanning Earl Mao Sheng and Commander-in-Chief Hu Zhi to mobilize government troops as circumstances warrant to suppress them." The emperor, finding that the frontier had not been violated, refused. In year 2 Luofa reported attack by Sikeng, Nang Hannong, and others and requested troops; the regional commander was ordered to deal with it. In year 6 Mu Zan reported Hanluofa's repeated encroachments on Longchuan and a plan to recall eight thousand Guizhou garrison troops; an edict ordered half to remain.

成化十年，木邦所轄孟密蠻婦曩罕弄等侵掠隴川，黔國公沐琮以聞。曩罕弄者，故木邦宣慰罕揲法之女，嫁其孟密部長思外法。地有寶井。罕揲法卒，孫落法嗣。曩罕弄以尊屬不樂受節制，嗾族人與爭。景泰中，叛木邦，逐宣慰，據公署，殺掠鄰境隴川、孟養，兵力日盛，自稱天娘子，其子思柄自稱宣慰。黔國公琮奏委三司官往撫，曩罕弄驕蹇不服，且欲外結交址兵，逼脅木邦、八百諸部，琮等復以聞。兵部尚書張鵬主用兵。詔廷臣集議，皆以孟密與木邦仇殺，並未侵犯邊境，止宜撫諭。因命副都御史程宗馳傳與譯者序班蘇銓往。時成化十八年也。逾年，孟密思柄遣人入貢，宴賜如土官例。已，孟密奏為木邦所擾，乞別設安撫司。張鵬以太監覃平、御史程宗撫馭已有成緒，遂命宗巡撫雲南，敕平偕詣金齒勸諭之，其孟密地或仍隸木邦，或別設安撫，區處具奏。初，曩罕弄竊據孟密，貳於木邦。畏鄰境不平，遣人從間道抵雲南，至京，獻寶石、黃金，乞開設治所，直隸布政司。閣臣萬安欲許之，劉珝、劉吉皆以孟養原木邦屬夷，今曩罕弄叛，而請命於朝，若許之，則土官誰不解體。蘇銓私以告於宗。宗復奏曩罕弄與木邦仇殺已久，勢難再合，已喻諸蠻，示以朝廷德意，宥其罪，開設衙門，令還其所侵地，皆踴躍奉命，木邦亦已允服，乞遂行之。部覆，從之。二十年遂設孟密安撫司，以思柄為使。時孟密據寶井之利，資為結納，而木邦為孟密所侵，兵力積弱，不能報，雖屢奏訴，竟不得直雲。

In Chenghua year 10 Nang Hannong, a Mengmi tribal woman under Mobang, raided Longchuan; Duke of Qian Mu Cong reported it. Nang Hannong was the daughter of former Mobang commissioner Hanyefai; she had married the Mengmi tribal headman Siwaifa. The territory held precious mines. When Hanyefai died his grandson Luofa succeeded. As a senior kinswoman, Nang Hannong resented Mobang's authority and incited her clansmen to fight. During Jingtai she rebelled against Mobang, expelled the commissioner, seized the yamen, and raided Longchuan and Mengyang; her power grew until she styled herself Lady of Heaven and her son Sibing called himself pacification commissioner. Duke Mu Cong sent three-commission officials to pacify her, but Nang Hannong was arrogant and defiant and sought alliance with Annam, threatening Mobang, Babai, and other tribes; Cong reported again. Minister of War Zhang Peng favored military action. The court convened; all agreed Mengmi and Mobang were at feud and had not violated the frontier, so mediation alone was warranted. Vice Censor-in-Chief Cheng Zong and interpreter Prefect Su Quan were dispatched on urgent mission. This was Chenghua year 18. The following year Mengmi's Sibing sent tribute envoys, who were feasted and rewarded according to native-official precedent. Before long Mengmi reported harassment by Mobang and requested a separate Pacification Commission. Zhang Peng, finding that eunuch Tan Ping and Censor Cheng Zong had already made progress in pacification, ordered Cheng to tour Yunnan and instructed Ping to go with him to Jinchi to advise them; whether Mengmi should remain under Mobang or receive a separate Pacification Commission was to be settled and fully reported. At the outset Nang Hannong had seized Mengmi by stealth and turned against Mobang. Fearful of trouble on her borders, she sent envoys by back trails to Yunnan and then the capital with precious stones and gold, requesting a new administrative seat under the provincial administration commission. Grand Secretary Wan An favored approval, but Liu Yu and Liu Ji argued that Mengmi had originally been tribal domain under Mobang; to grant office to a rebel who now petitioned the court would unravel every native chieftain's allegiance. Su Quan told Cheng Zong in private. Cheng Zong reported again that Nang Hannong and Mobang had feuded too long to reunite; he had already instructed the tribes in the court's benevolent intent, pardoned their offenses, established a yamen, and ordered return of seized lands—all had eagerly accepted, and Mobang had submitted as well; he asked that the plan proceed at once. The ministry approved. In year 20 the Mengmi Pacification Commission was established and Sibing made commissioner. Mengmi controlled the precious mines and used the wealth to buy allies; Mobang, harried by Mengmi, grew progressively weaker and could not strike back; though it petitioned again and again, it never obtained redress in Yunnan.

弘治二年，雲南守臣奏，孟密曩罕弄先後占奪木邦地二十七處，又誘其頭目放卓孟等叛，其勢必盡吞後已。乞敕八百宣慰司俾與木邦和好，互相救援。亦敕木邦宣慰收復人心，親愛骨肉，勿使孟密得乘間誘叛，自致孤弱。如孟密聽諭，方許曩罕弄孫承襲。報可，並敕雲南守臣親詣金齒曉諭，復降敕詰責前鎮巡官所以受賂召侮啟釁者。三年追論致仕南京工部尚書程宗罪。先是，宗以右副都御史奉命率蘇銓往撫諭，而銓受思柄金，紿宗奏為設孟密安撫司。銓復教思柄偽歸木邦地，而占據如故，思柄益橫。至是，木邦宣慰罕挖法發其事，時宗已致仕，巡按請追罪之。獄具，帝以事在赦前，不問。六年，雲南守臣奏孟密侵奪木邦，兵連禍結，垂四十余年，屢撫屢叛，勢愈猖肆，請調兵往討。兵部議以孟密安撫，初隸布政司，今改隸木邦，以致爭殺，仍如初隸可息兵，從之。

In Hongzhi year 2 Yunnan officials reported that Nang Hannong of Mengmi had seized twenty-seven Mobang districts and incited headmen such as Fang Zhuomeng to rebel, threatening to consume Mobang entirely. They requested orders that Babai make peace with Mobang and aid each other in emergencies. Mobang's commissioner was also to win back loyalty, cherish his kin, and deny Mengmi any opening to lure defections and leave him isolated. Nang Hannong's grandson would be permitted to inherit office only if Mengmi submitted to mediation. The request was approved; Yunnan officials were ordered to Jinchi in person to announce the policy, and edicts rebuked former garrison and touring officials for taking bribes, inviting insult, and sparking conflict. In year 3 the court moved to punish Cheng Zong, retired minister of works at Nanjing. Earlier Cheng Zong, as vice censor-in-chief, had been sent with Su Quan to mediate; Su Quan took bribes from Sibing and tricked Cheng into memorializing for a Mengmi pacification commission. Quan also coached Sibing to pretend to return Mobang territory while keeping his holdings; Sibing grew bolder still. Then Mobang commissioner Han Wafa exposed the affair; Cheng Zong had already retired, and the touring censor asked that he be punished. The case was complete, but the emperor declined to act because the offenses predated an amnesty. In year 6 Yunnan officials reported forty years of Mengmi aggression against Mobang, repeated mediation and rebellion, and ever bolder raids; they requested a punitive expedition. The war ministry ruled that Mengmi's pacification commission, originally under the provincial administration commission, had been reassigned to Mobang with bloody results; restoring the original arrangement would end the fighting, and this was approved.

初，孟密之復叛木邦也，因木邦宣慰罕挖法親迎婦於孟乃寨，孟密土舍思揲乘虛襲之，據木邦，誘降其頭目高答落等，聚兵阻路。罕挖法不得歸，依孟乃寨者三年。於是巡撫張誥等會奏，議遣文武大員詣孟密撫諭，思揲猶不服。誥乃遣官督率隴川、南甸、幹崖三宣撫司，積糧開道，示以必征之勢，又令漢土官舍耀兵以威之。高答落等懼，謀歸罕挖法。思揲欲殺之，罕挖法乞救於鄰部，調土兵合隴川等三宣撫兵至蠻遮，共圍之。思揲懼，乃罷兵。誥等奏其事，且乞賞有功者。兵部議，罕挖法雖還木邦，思揲猶未悔罪，必令歃血同盟，歸地獻叛，永息爭端，乃可論功行賞，報聞。

Mengmi rebelled again when Han Wafa went to Mengnai Stockade to fetch his bride; the Mengmi officer Sishe struck at the opening, seized Mobang, won over headmen including Gaodala, and blocked the roads with troops. Han Wafa was cut off from home and took refuge at Mengnai Stockade for three years. Grand Coordinator Zhang Hao and colleagues proposed sending senior civil and military officers to negotiate with Mengmi, but Sishe remained defiant. Hao sent officers to mobilize Longchuan, Nandian, and Ganyai, stockpiled supplies, and cleared roads to signal imminent invasion; he also ordered the native official She to parade troops as a show of force. Fearing this, Gaodala and his fellows planned to go back to Han Wafa. Sishe moved to kill them; Han Wafa appealed to neighboring tribes and mustered tribal and Longchuan-allied troops to Manzhe to besiege him. Sishe, alarmed, stood down. Hao reported the outcome and asked that the meritorious be rewarded. The war ministry replied that although Han Wafa had regained Mobang, Sishe had not yet atoned; they must swear a blood oath, restore lands, surrender rebels, and settle the feud before rewards could be granted.

九年，罕挖法及思揲各遣使來貢，報賜如例。初，思揲圍蠻遮，木邦宣慰妻求救於孟養思陸。孟密素畏思陸之兵，聞其將至，遂解去。木邦與思陸謀共取孟密，於是蠻中之患，又在孟養矣。自萬安、程宗勘處失宜，諸酋長紛紜進退，中國用兵且數十年。

In year 9 both Han Wafa and Sishe sent tribute envoys and received customary gifts in return. When Sishe besieged Manzhe, the Mobang commissioner's wife appealed to Si Lu of Mengyang. Mengmi had long feared Si Lu's army and broke off the siege at word of his approach. Mobang and Si Lu then plotted to take Mengmi together, and the frontier trouble moved to Mengyang. From Wan An's and Cheng Zong's mishandling, chieftains shifted allegiance in chaos, and the court kept armies in the field for decades.

嘉靖初，思陸子思倫與木邦宣慰罕烈同擊殺緬酋莽紀歲，而分其地。後莽瑞體強，將修怨於木邦。隆慶二年，木邦土舍罕拔告襲，有司索賂不為請。拔怒，與弟罕章集兵梗往來道，商旅不前，而己食鹽亦乏絕，乞於緬。緬以五千籯饋之，自是反德緬，攜金寶象馬往謝之。瑞體亦厚報之，歡甚，約為父子。瑞體死，子應裏用嶽鳳言誘拔殺之。時萬歷十一年也。

Early in Jiajing, Si Lun, son of Si Lu, and Mobang commissioner Han Lie jointly killed the Burmese chief Mang Jisui and divided his lands. Later Mang Ruiti grew powerful and prepared to settle old scores with Mobang. In Longqing year 2 Han Ba of Mobang reported an imminent attack, but local officials extorted bribes and refused to petition for him. Enraged, Ba and his brother Han Zhang blockaded the trade routes; traffic halted and salt ran out; he turned to Burma for help. Burma sent five thousand baskets of supplies; Ba then switched allegiance, carrying gold, treasures, elephants, and horses to thank them. Ruiti repaid him generously; delighted, they pledged a bond like father and son. After Ruiti died, his son Ying Li, heeding Yue Feng, lured Han Ba to his death. This was Wanli year 11.

拔子進忠守木邦，應裏遣弟應龍襲之，其孽子罕鳳與耿馬舍人罕虔欲擒進忠獻應龍。進忠攜妻子內奔，虔等追至姚關，焚順寧而去。十二年，官軍破緬於姚關，立其子欽。欽死，其叔罕衤盍約暹羅攻緬，緬恨之。三十四年，緬以三十萬眾圍其城。請救於內地，不至，城陷，罕衤盍被擄。緬偽立孟密思禮領其眾。事聞，黜總兵官陳賓，木邦遂亡。

Jinzhong, Ba's son, held Mobang; Ying Li sent Ying Long to attack; the illegitimate son Han Feng and Gengma officer Han Qian plotted to seize Jinzhong for Ying Long. Jinzhong fled inland with his family; Qian's party pursued to Yaoguan, burned Shunning, and withdrew. In year 12 imperial troops routed the Burmese at Yaoguan and enthroned Qin, his son. After Qin died, his uncle Han He allied with Siam against Burma, which never forgave the betrayal. In year 34 three hundred thousand Burmese troops besieged the city. Appeals for help from the interior went unanswered; the city fell and Han He was taken. Burma placed Mengmi's Si Li in nominal command of the people. When word reached court, regional commander Chen Bin was dismissed; Mobang was lost.

孟密自思柄授安撫，繼之者曰思揲，曰思真，真年至百十歲。嘉靖中，土舍兄弟爭襲，走訴於緬。緬人為立其弟，改名思忠，忠遂以其地附緬。萬歷十二年，忠賫偽印來歸，命授為宣撫。已而復投緬，乃以其母罕烘代掌司印。緬攻孟密，罕烘率子思禮、從子思仁奔孟廣，而孟密遂失。十八年，緬復攻孟廣，罕烘、思禮奔隴川，思仁奔工回，而孟廣又失。先是，思仁從罕烘奔孟廣時，有甘線姑者，思忠妻也。思忠既投緬，思仁通於線姑，遂欲妻之，而罕烘不許。至是，罕烘攜線姑走隴川，思仁奔雅蓋，率兵象犯隴川，欲擄線姑去。會隴川有備，弗克，思仁亦走歸緬，緬偽署思仁於孟密，食其地。初，孟密寶井，朝廷每以中官出鎮，司采辦。武宗朝錢能最橫，至嘉靖、隆慶時猶然。萬歷二十年，巡撫陳用賓言，緬酋擁眾直犯蠻莫，其執詞以奉開采使命令，殺蠻莫思正以開道路。全滇之禍，皆自開采啟之。時稅使楊榮縱其下，以開采為名，恣暴橫，蠻人苦之。且欲令麗江退地聽采，緬酋因得執詞深入。巡按宋興祖極言其害，請追還榮等，帝皆不納。凡采辦必先輸官，然後與商賈貿易，每往五六百人。其屬有地羊寨，在孟密東，往來道所必經。人工幻術，采辦人有強索其飲食者，多腹痛死；己所乘馬亦斃，剖之，則馬腹皆木石也。思真嘗剿之，殺數千人，不得絕。至是，復議剿，以兵少中止。

After Sibing received the pacification commission, Sishe and then Sizhen succeeded him; Sizhen lived to one hundred ten. During Jiajing, rival brothers fought over succession and appealed to Burma. The Burmese installed his younger brother as Si Zhong, who then submitted the territory to Burma. In Wanli year 12 Zhong returned with a forged seal and was appointed pacification commissioner. He soon defected to Burma again, and his mother Han Hong was left to hold the commission seal. When Burma attacked Mengmi, Han Hong fled with Si Li and her nephew Si Ren to Mengguang, and Mengmi fell. In year 18 Burma struck Mengguang again; Han Hong and Si Li fled to Longchuan and Si Ren to Gonghui, and Mengguang too was lost. When Si Ren had fled to Mengguang with Han Hong, Si Zhong's wife Gan Xiangu was among them. After Si Zhong joined Burma, Si Ren began an affair with Xiangu and sought to marry her, but Han Hong refused. Han Hong then fled to Longchuan with Xiangu; Si Ren withdrew to Yagai and raided Longchuan with soldiers and elephants to seize her. Longchuan was ready and repulsed him; Si Ren fled back to Burma, which installed him at Mengmi on paper while devouring the territory. At Mengmi's gem mines the court habitually stationed eunuchs to supervise procurement. Under Wuzong, Qian Neng had been the worst; the practice continued through Jiajing and Longqing. In Wanli year 20 Chen Yongbin reported that a Burmese chief invaded Mangmo on the pretext of mining orders, killing Mangmo's Sizheng to clear the route. Every disaster in Yunnan had begun with the mining missions. Tax commissioner Yang Rong's subordinates looted under cover of mining procurement, and the tribes suffered terribly. He also demanded that Lijiang cede land for mining, giving Burmese leaders a pretext to push deeper in. Touring censor Song Xingzu protested urgently and asked that Rong be recalled; the emperor ignored him. Procured goods had to go to the government first before merchant trade; each mission sent five or six hundred men. One dependency was Diyan Stockade, east of Mengmi, on every outbound route. Its people knew conjuring tricks; procurement agents who forced them for food and drink often died of stomach agony; their own mounts collapsed too, and when cut open the bellies were stuffed with wood and stone. Sizhen once campaigned against them, killing thousands, but could not root them out. Suppression was debated again but dropped for lack of troops.

孟養，蠻名迤水，有香柏城。元至元中，於孟養置雲遠路軍民總管府。洪武十五年改為雲遠府。其地故屬平緬宣慰司。平緬思倫發為其下所逐，走京師。帝命西平侯沐春以兵納之，還故地。成祖即位，改雲遠府為孟養府，以土官刀木旦為知府。永樂元年，刀木旦遣人貢方物及金銀器，賜賚遣歸。二年改升軍民宣慰使司，以刀木旦為使，賜誥印。四年，孟養與戛裏相仇殺，緬甸宣慰那羅塔乘釁劫之，殺刀木旦及子思欒發而據其地。事聞，詔行人張洪等賫敕諭責緬。那羅塔懼，仍歸其境土。會木邦宣慰使罕賓法以那羅塔侵據孟養，請自率兵討，遂破緬甸城寨二十余，獲其象、馬獻京師。十四年復設孟養宣慰司，命刀木旦次子刀得孟為使，以木旦侄玉賓為同知。自木旦被害，司遂廢，孟養之人從玉賓散居幹崖、金沙江諸處者三千余人。朝廷嘗命玉賓署宣慰使以撫之，故仍命為本司同知，令其率眾復業。十五年，刀得孟遣使貢馬及方物。

Mengyang, known to the tribes as Yishui, has the city of Xiangbai. In the mid-Zhiyuan period the Yuan placed the Yunyuan circuit military-civilian headquarters at Mengyang. In Hongwu year 15 it became Yunyuan prefecture. The territory had belonged to Pingmian pacification commission. Si Lunfa of Pingmian was ousted by his followers and fled to the capital. The emperor ordered Marquis Mu Chun to restore him by force. Chengzu renamed Yunyuan prefecture Mengyang and appointed the native official Dao Mudan prefect. In Yongle 1 Dao Mudan sent tribute of local goods and gold and silver ware and was rewarded and dismissed. In year 2 it was promoted to a military-civilian pacification commission; Dao Mudan received patent and seal. In year 4 Mengyang and Gali were at war; Narata of Burma seized the chance to attack, killing Dao Mudan and his son Siluanfa and taking the land. On report, Zhang Hong and others were sent with edicts rebuking Burma. Narata, afraid, returned the territory. Mobang commissioner Han Binfa, citing Narata's seizure of Mengyang, asked to campaign himself; he overran twenty-odd Burmese forts and sent captured elephants and horses to the capital. In year 14 Mengyang pacification commission was restored; Dao Demeng, Mudan's second son, became commissioner, and Yu Bin, Mudan's nephew, assistant commissioner. After Mudan's murder the commission lapsed; three thousand Mengyang people who followed Yu Bin scattered to Ganyai and the Jinsha River region. The court had once let Yu Bin act as commissioner to settle them, so he kept the assistant commission and was told to lead his people home. In year 15 Dao Demeng sent horses and local tribute.

宣德五年，刀玉賓奏：「伯父刀木旦被殺，蒙朝廷遣官訪玉賓，授同知，又阻於緬難，寄居金齒者二十余年。今孟養地又為麓川宣慰思任發所據，乞遣兵送歸本土。」帝命黔國公沐晟遣還之，然其地仍為任發所有。時為孟養宣慰者名刀孟賓，亦寄居雲南。及任發敗奔緬甸，子機發潛匿孟養，求撫。

In Xuande year 5 Dao Yu Bin memorialized: "My uncle Dao Mudan was murdered; the court found me and made me assistant commissioner, but Burmese troubles blocked my return, and I have lived at Jinchi for more than twenty years. Now Luchuan commissioner Si Lunfa holds Mengyang; I ask that troops escort me home." The emperor ordered Duke Mu Sheng to escort him back, but the land remained Si Lunfa's. The reigning Mengyang commissioner, Dao Mengbin, also lived as a refugee in Yunnan. When Si Lunfa fled in defeat to Burma, his son Jifa hid in Mengyang and asked to submit.

正統十三年敕孟養頭目伴送思機發來朝，許以升賞，機發疑畏竟不至。帝以孟養宣慰頭目刀變蠻等匿機發，敕數其罪，曰：「孟養乃朝廷開設，爾刀變蠻等敢違朝命，一可伐。思機發系賊子，故縱不捕，二可伐。爾孟養被思任發奪地，逐爾宣慰，見在雲南優養，爾等與仇為黨，三可伐。雲南總兵官世世管屬爾地，奉命捕取賊子，爾等不從調度，四可伐。爾等不過以為山川險阻，官軍未易遽到，又以為氣候瘴癘，官軍不可久居。勢強則拒敵，力弱則奔遁。殊不知昔馬援遠標銅柱，險阻無傷，諸葛亮五月渡瀘，炎蒸無害，皆能破滅蠻眾，開拓境土。況今大軍有必勝之機，麓川之師可為前鑒。爾等速宜悔過自圖，令思機發親自前來，仍與一官一地，令享生全。如不肯出，爾等即擒為上策；跡思機發所在，報與官軍捕取為中策；若代彼支吾，令其逃匿，則並爾等剿滅，悔無及矣。」時已三征麓川，內旨必欲生擒機發，已密諭總督王驥，又敕諭以雲南安置孟養舊宣慰刀孟賓為向導。及兵出窮征，機發卒遁去，不可得。於是乃以孟養地給緬甸宣慰馬哈省管治，命捕思機發。時正統十四年也。

In Zhengtong year 13 the court ordered Mengyang headmen to escort Si Jifa to court with promise of honors; Jifa, fearful and suspicious, never came. The emperor, finding that Mengyang headmen including Dao Bianman hid Jifa, listed their offenses in an edict: "Mengyang was established by the court; you, Dao Bianman and the rest, defy imperial orders—first ground for war. Si Jifa is a rebel's son, yet you leave him at large—second ground for war. Si Lunfa took your lands and drove out your commissioner, who now lives on court charity in Yunnan; you side with the enemy—third ground for war. Yunnan's regional commander has held your land for generations and was ordered to seize the rebel's son; you refuse to answer the call—fourth ground for war. You count on rugged terrain to keep the army from reaching you quickly, and on malarial climate to keep it from staying long. When you are strong you stand and fight; when you are weak you run. You forget that Ma Yuan marched deep and erected his bronze pillar without fear of terrain, and that Zhuge Liang crossed the Lu River in the fifth month's heat to crush the tribes and open new lands. Today the imperial army stands on ground of certain victory, with the Luchuan campaign as a recent warning. Repent at once and bring Si Jifa here yourself; he will still receive an office and lands and keep his life. If he will not come, seize him yourselves—that is best; Or track him down and tell the army where to take him—that is second best; If you stall for him and let him escape, you will all be destroyed together, with no chance for regret afterward." The court had already launched three Luchuan campaigns and was determined to take Jifa alive. Wang Ji, the grand coordinator, had been secretly instructed, and Dao Mengbin, the former Mengyang commissioner living in Yunnan, was ordered to serve as guide. When the army marched to the end of pursuit, Jifa slipped away and could not be caught. Mengyang was then given to Burma's commissioner Mahaseng to govern, with orders to capture Si Jifa. This was in the fourteenth year of the Zhengtong reign.

景泰二年，任發之子思卜發遣使來貢，求管孟養舊地。廷臣議，孟養地已與緬甸，豈可移易。時朝命雖不許，然卜發已潛據之，即緬甸不能奪也。卜發死，子思洪發嗣，自天順、成化，每朝貢輒署孟養地名，儼然自有其地矣。

In Jingtai year 2, Si Buja, son of Si Lunfa, sent tribute envoys asking to recover old Mengyang. Ministers argued that Mengyang had already been granted to Burma and could not be reassigned. The court refused, but Buja had already seized the land by stealth, and even Burma could not drive him out. When Buja died, his son Si Hongfa succeeded him. From the Tianshun and Chenghua reigns onward, every tribute memorial bore the name Mengyang, as though the land were already his.

成化中，孟養金沙江思陸發遣人貢象馬，宴賜皆如例。思陸發者，思任發之遺孽也。太監錢能鎮雲南，思陸發數以珍寶遺能，因得入貢，稱孟養金沙江思陸發，常規立功以襲祖職。適孟密安撫土舍思揲侵據木邦地，爭殺累年，守臣議征之，思陸發乃請自效。時蠻眾相傳孟密畏思陸兵，參政毛科請於總兵鎮巡官，許之。思陸兵未至，思揲解去。巡撫張誥議調思陸兵，令戮力捕思揲，乃遣使促之發兵。思陸遣大陶孟倫索領蠻兵象馬過江，倫索既過江，指鷹謂使者曰：「我曹猶此鷹，奪得土地，即管食之耳。」科聞之憂甚。時思揲令陶孟思英以兵守蠻莫。孟養兵至，思英堅守不出，已而請和。孟養兵聞官軍聽思英約降，頗有怨言。官軍糧絕，遽引退。倫索亦恐思英絕其歸路，取道幹崖而還。科念倫索前語，急戒令孟養還兵守疆界，孟養不聽。初，靖遠伯王驥與之約誓，非總兵官符檄不得渡江。自是遂犯約，數興兵過江與孟密戰。

During Chenghua, Si Lufa of Mengyang on the Jinsha River sent elephants and horses as tribute and received the usual banquet and gifts. Si Lufa was a surviving scion of Si Lunfa. The eunuch Qian Neng held Yunnan; Si Lufa repeatedly sent him treasure, won permission to tribute, styled himself Si Lufa of Mengyang on the Jinsha, and hoped to earn honors and recover his forefathers' commission. When Mengmi assistant commissioner Sishe seized Mubang lands and fighting dragged on for years, frontier officials debated an expedition, and Si Lufa offered his service. Rumor held that Mengmi feared Si Lu's forces; Administrator Mao Ke asked the regional and circuit commanders, and they agreed. Before Si Lu's troops arrived, Sishe withdrew. Grand Coordinator Zhang Gao decided to mobilize Si Lu's force to hunt Sishe and sent envoys urging him to march. Si Lu sent the senior taomeng Lun Suo across the river with tribal troops, elephants, and horses. Once across, Lun Suo pointed at a hawk and told the envoy: "We are like this hawk: seize land and feed from it." When Mao Ke heard this, he was deeply alarmed. Sishe had taomeng Si Ying hold Manmo with troops. When Mengyang troops arrived, Si Ying held firm and refused battle, then asked for peace. Mengyang's soldiers grumbled when they learned the army had accepted Si Ying's offer to surrender. Government supplies ran out and the army withdrew at once. Lun Suo, fearing Si Ying would block his retreat, returned by way of Ganya. Recalling Lun Suo's earlier boast, Mao Ke urgently ordered Mengyang to withdraw and guard its borders, but they refused. At first Jingyuan Earl Wang Ji had sworn that they could not cross the river without the regional commander's written order. From then on they broke the pact and repeatedly crossed the river to fight Mengmi.

弘治十二年，雲南巡按謝朝宣奏：

In Hongzhi year 12, Yunnan touring censor Xie Chaoxuan memorialized:

孟養思陸本麓川叛種，竄居金沙江外。成化中，嘗據緬甸之聽盞。弘治七年征調其兵渡江，遂復據騰沖之蠻莫。又糾木邦兵，攻燒孟密安撫司，殺掠蠻民二千余人，劫象馬金寶，有並吞孟密覬覦故土之誌。迤西人恭們、騰沖人段和為之謀主，屢撫不聽。雲南會城去孟養遠，聲勢難接。曩於金騰添設鎮守太監，為撫蠻安民之計。而近時太監吉慶貪暴無狀，雖嘗陽卻思陸之贄，然蠻知其貪，又烏知不因其卻而更進之。臣聞蠻莫等處，乃水陸會通之地，蠻方器用鹹自此出，江西、雲南大理逋逃之民多赴之。雲南差官每多賫違禁物往彼饋送，漏我虛實，為彼腹心。鎮夷關一巡檢耳，安能禁制。臣計孟養甲兵不能當中原一大縣，以雲南之勢臨之，易於壓卵。奈何一調即來，屢撫不退，皆鎮巡失之於初，逋逃奸人謀之於中，撫蠻中官壞之於後。伏望垂念邊民困苦，將雲南鎮守太監止存一員，另用指揮一員守備鎮夷關，驅思陸退歸江外，而移騰沖司於蠻莫，並木邦、孟密不得窺伺，乃為萬全之策。設思陸冥頑不聽撫諭，便當決策用兵，使無噍類，以為土官不法之戒。

Mengyang's Si Lu was a Luchuan rebel who had fled beyond the Jinsha River. During Chenghua he had once seized Tingshan in Burma. In Hongzhi year 7 his troops were mobilized across the river, and he again seized Manmo in Tengchong. He also rallied Mubang troops, attacked and burned the Mengmi pacification office, killed and plundered more than two thousand tribespeople, seized elephants, horses, gold, and treasure, and clearly aimed to swallow Mengmi and recover his old lands. Gongmen of Yixi and Duan He of Tengchong were his chief advisers; repeated efforts at pacification failed to move him. Yunnan's provincial capital is far from Mengyang, and imperial authority there is hard to sustain. A garrison eunuch had been added at Jinteng to pacify the tribes and protect the people. But the recent eunuch Ji Qing was flagrantly greedy and brutal; though he once publicly refused Si Lu's gifts, the tribes knew his greed and may well have offered more because he had refused. I hear that Manmo and the like are crossroads by land and water; salt for tribal use comes from there, and fugitives from Jiangxi, Yunnan, and Dali flock to the region. Yunnan officials often carry contraband there as gifts, betraying our strengths and weaknesses and becoming the enemy's trusted agents. Zhenyi Pass has only a single inspector—how could it enforce control? I reckon Mengyang's armed force is no match for a single large Central Plains county; Yunnan's power could crush them as easily as an egg. Yet they come at a single summons and refuse to withdraw despite repeated pacification—because the regional commanders failed at the outset, fugitive traitors plotted in the middle, and the pacification eunuchs ruined matters afterward. I beg Your Majesty to consider the frontier people's hardship: keep only one Yunnan garrison eunuch, post a commander at Zhenyi Pass, drive Si Lu back beyond the river, move the Tengchong office to Manmo, and keep Mubang and Mengmi from seizing their chance—that would be the safest course. If Si Lu remains obstinate and refuses pacification, then send troops and leave no survivors, as a warning to lawless native officials.

先是，吉慶已為思陸請朝貢，至是因朝宣疏，並下鎮巡官議剿撫之宜，數年不決。

Earlier Ji Qing had already petitioned for Si Lu's right to tribute; when Chaoxuan's memorial arrived, both were referred to the regional commanders to decide between suppression and pacification, and years passed without resolution.

十六年，巡撫陳金乃遣金騰參將盧和撫諭思陸。和至騰沖，思陸遣陶孟投書，致方物。和諭以禍福，令掣兵過江，歸所占蠻莫等地，且調隴川、幹崖、南甸三宣撫司蠻兵及戰象，隨官軍分道至金沙江。思陸乃遣大陶孟倫索、怕卓等率所部來見，和等再申諭之。思陸聽命，退還前所據蠻莫等地十三處，撤回象馬蠻兵，渡金沙江而歸。又遣陶孟、招剛等貢象六、銀六百兩並金銀器納款。鎮巡官以聞，並奏言：「蠻莫等地原隸木邦，成化間始為孟密所有，近又為思陸所據，連年構禍，今始平定。既不可復與木邦、孟密，又不可割畀隴川、幹崖、南甸三宣撫，宜暫於騰沖歲檄官軍四百分番守之。思陸前有助平思揲功，今悔禍納款，請賜以名目、冠帶，仍降敕獎諭。」部議以蠻莫等處本木邦分地，在大義宜歸之木邦。其名目、冠帶，貢使已言思陸不願受，不宜輕畀，請賜敕厚勞遣歸之。報可。時思陸覬得宣慰司印，部執不予，於是仍數出兵與木邦、孟密仇殺無寧歲。

In year 16 Grand Coordinator Chen Jin sent Jinteng assistant commander Lu He to negotiate with Si Lu. When Lu He reached Tengchong, Si Lu sent a taomeng with a letter and local gifts. Lu He warned him of reward and punishment, ordered his troops back across the river and the return of occupied Manmo and other lands, and mobilized tribal troops and war elephants from the Longchuan, Ganya, and Nandian pacification commissions to march with government forces to the Jinsha River. Si Lu then sent senior taomeng Lun Suo, Pazhuo, and others with their followers to meet Lu He, who repeated his instructions. Si Lu obeyed, returned the thirteen places he had seized including Manmo, withdrew his elephants, horses, and tribal troops, and crossed the Jinsha River home. He also sent taomeng, zhaogang, and others with six elephants, six hundred taels of silver, and gold and silver vessels as tribute of submission. The regional commanders reported and jointly memorialized: "Manmo and the like originally belonged to Mubang; in Chenghua they passed to Mengmi, and recently Si Lu seized them; trouble continued for years until now. They cannot be returned to Mubang or Mengmi, nor given to the Longchuan, Ganya, and Nandian pacification commissions; Tengchong should temporarily rotate four hundred government troops to garrison them. Si Lu earlier helped defeat Sishe; now repentant and submitting, he asks for an official title and cap and sash, and an edict of commendation." The ministry held that Manmo and the like were originally Mubang territory and in principle should be returned to Mubang. As for title and cap and sash, the envoy said Si Lu did not want them and they should not be granted lightly; grant an edict with generous reward and send him home. The reply approved it. Si Lu coveted the pacification commission seal, but the ministry refused; he then repeatedly sent troops to feud with Mubang and Mengmi, and peace never returned.

嘉靖七年，總兵官沐紹勛、巡撫歐陽重遣參政王汝舟等遍歷諸蠻，諭以禍福。孟養思倫等各願貢象牙、土錦、金銀器，退地贖罪。乃以蠻莫等十三處地方寬廣，諸蠻歷年所爭，屬之騰沖司，檄軍輪守，則煙瘴可虞；屬之木邦，則地勢遼遠，蠻心不順。莫若仍屬孟密管領，歲征差發銀一千兩，而割孟乃等七處仍歸木邦罕烈，則分願均而忿爭息矣。報可。

In Jiajing year 7, regional commander Mu Shaoxun and Grand Coordinator Ouyang Chong sent Administrator Wang Ruzhou and others to visit all the tribal domains and warn them of reward and punishment. Si Lun of Mengyang and others each offered ivory, native brocade, and gold and silver vessels, ceding land to atone for their offenses. Manmo and the other thirteen places were broad and long disputed; if assigned to Tengchong with rotating garrisons, malarial sickness would be a concern; if assigned to Mubang, the distance was too great and the tribes would not submit. Better to leave them under Mengmi, levy one thousand taels of silver annually for corvée, and return Mengnai and six other places to Han Lie of Mubang—then each side would be satisfied and the feuding would end. The reply approved it.

萬歷五年，雲南巡按陳文燧言，孟養思個與緬世仇，今更歸順於緬。因引弘治朝先臣劉健嘗議孟養事狀，謂思陸有官猶可制，即無官，其僭自若也，不如因而官之以抗緬。報可。十一年，緬為遊擊劉綎所敗，孟養思威亦殺緬使降於綎。十三年，隴川平，乃於孟養立長官司。未幾，長官思真復為緬所擄，部長思遠奉思真妻來歸，給以冠帶，令歸守。思遠乘亂自立為宣慰，貢象進方物。然遠暴虐，諸部恨之，引緬兵至，聲言還思真，思遠奔盞西。有思轟者，內附，與蠻莫酋思正共據險抗緬。三十年，緬攻思正，轟率兵倍道馳救，至則正已被殺。三十二年，緬攻入迤西，轟走死，緬以頭目思華守其地。華死，妻怕氏代理。緬人更番戍守，連年征發，從行甚苦，曰：「孟養不亡，蠻何得至此！」轟之後曰放思祖，有眾千余，不敢歸，寄食於幹崖雲。

In Wanli year 5, Yunnan touring censor Chen Wensui reported that Si Ge of Mengyang, Burma's hereditary enemy, had now submitted to Burma. He cited former minister Liu Jian's Hongzhi deliberations on Mengyang: Si Lu could be controlled while he held office, yet even without one he acted as he pleased—better to appoint him officially and use him against Burma. The reply approved it. In year 11 Burma was defeated by mobile corps commander Liu Ting; Si Wei of Mengyang also killed a Burmese envoy and submitted to Liu Ting. In year 13, after Longchuan was pacified, a chief office was established in Mengyang. Before long Chief Si Zhen was captured again by Burma; department head Si Yuan brought Si Zhen's wife back, was granted cap and sash, and ordered to return and hold the post. Si Yuan seized the chaos to declare himself pacification commissioner and sent elephants and local tribute. But Yuan was brutal, and the tribes hated him; they brought Burmese troops, claiming they would restore Si Zhen, and Si Yuan fled to Zhanxi. Si Hong submitted to the court and, with Manmo chieftain Si Zheng, held the high ground against Burma. In year 30 Burma attacked Si Zheng; Hong marched at forced pace to rescue him, but arrived after Zheng had already been killed. In year 32 Burma invaded Yixi; Hong fled and died, and Burma placed headman Si Hua to hold the land. When Hua died, his wife of the Pa clan acted in his stead. Burmese troops rotated in garrison; corvée was levied year after year, and those who marched suffered greatly, saying: "If Mengyang had not fallen, how could the tribes have come to this!" After Hong came Fang Sizu, with more than a thousand followers; he dared not return and lived as a dependent at Ganya Yun.

舊制，宣慰遣人俱稱頭目，唯木邦及緬甸又有陶孟及招剛等稱，孟養又有招八稱，皆見於奏章，因其俗不改。

By old regulation, pacification commissioners' envoys were all styled headmen; Mubang and Burma also used titles such as taomeng and zhaogang, and Mengyang used zhaoba—all appear in memorials and were kept according to custom.

車裏，即古產裏，為倭泥、貂黨諸蠻雜居之地，古不通中國。元世祖命將兀良吉禋伐交阯，經所部，降之，置撒裏路軍民總管府，領六甸，後又置耿凍路耿當、孟弄二州。洪武十五年，蠻長刀坎來降，改置車裏軍民府，以坎為知府。坎遣侄豐祿貢方物，詔賜刀坎及使人衣服、綺幣甚厚，以初奉貢來朝故也。十七年復遣其子刀思拂來貢，賜坎冠帶、鈔幣，改置軍民宣慰使司，以坎為使。二十四年，子刀暹答嗣，遣人貢象及方物。二十八年以賜誥命謝恩，予賜皆如例。

Cheli, ancient Chanli, was a region where the Woni, Diaodang, and other tribes lived mixed together and had no ancient contact with China. Kublai ordered the general Uriangqadai to campaign against Jiaozhi; passing through the region he subdued it and established the Sali Circuit Military-Civilian General Administration, governing six districts, and later added the Gengdang and Mengnong prefectures of Gengdong Circuit. In Hongwu year 15 the tribal chief Dao Kan submitted; Cheli Military-Civilian Prefecture was established with Kan as prefect. Kan sent his nephew Feng Lu with local tribute; the court granted Dao Kan and his envoys lavish clothing and fine silks because this was their first mission to court. In year 17 he sent his son Dao Sifu with tribute; Kan received cap and sash and paper money, and the Military-Civilian Pacification Commission was established with Kan as commissioner. In year 24 his son Dao Xianda succeeded and sent elephants and local tribute. In year 28 he sent thanks for the granted patent of appointment and received the usual rewards.

永樂元年，刀暹答令其下剽掠威遠知州刀算黨及民人以歸。西平侯沐晟請發兵討，帝命晟移文諭之，如不悛，即以兵繼。又以車裏已納威遠印，是悔過之心已萌，不必加兵。晟使至，暹答果懼，還刀算黨及威遠之地，遣人貢馬謝罪。帝以其能改過，宥之。自是頻入貢。朝廷遣內官往車裏者，道經八百大甸，為宣慰刀招散所阻。三年，刀暹答遣使請舉兵攻八百，帝嘉其忠。八百伏罪，敕車裏班師，復加獎勞。四年遣子刀典入國學，實陰自納質。帝知其隱，賜衣幣慰諭遣還，以道里遼遠，命三年一貢，著為令。十一年，暹答卒。長子刀更孟自立，驕狠失民心，未幾亦卒。更孟長子霸羨年幼，眾推刀賽署司事。刀賽者，更孟弟刀怕漢也。怕漢死，妻以前夫子刀弄冒為暹答孫，請襲。十五年命刀弄襲宣慰使，以更孟從弟刀雙孟為本司同知。十九年，雙孟言刀弄屢以兵侵劫蠻民，乞別設治所，以撫其眾。詔分其地，置靖安宣慰使司，升雙孟為宣慰使，命禮部鑄印給之。

In Yongle 1 Dao Xianda had his men raid Weiyuan and carry off Prefect Dao Suandang and his people. Western Pacification Marquis Mu Sheng asked to send troops; the emperor ordered him to send a written warning, and if Xianda did not repent, to follow with force. Moreover, Cheli had already returned the Weiyuan seal, showing repentance had already begun, so force was unnecessary. When Mu Sheng's envoy arrived, Xianda was afraid; he returned Dao Suandang and Weiyuan territory and sent horses in apology. The emperor pardoned him for showing repentance. From then on he sent tribute frequently. When the court sent inner officials to Cheli, their route through Babai Dadian was blocked by Pacification Commissioner Dao Zhaosan. In year 3 Dao Xianda sent envoys asking to raise troops against Babai, and the emperor praised his loyalty. Babai submitted; the court ordered Cheli to withdraw its army and granted further rewards. In year 4 he sent his son Dao Dian to the Imperial University, in effect secretly sending a hostage. The emperor understood his intent, rewarded him with clothing and silks, and sent him home; because the route was so distant, he ordered tribute once every three years and made this the rule. In year 11 Xianda died. The eldest son Dao Gengmeng seized power; arrogant and harsh, he lost popular support and soon died as well. Gengmeng's eldest son Bazhan was still young, so the people put Dao Sai in charge of affairs. Dao Sai was Gengmeng's younger brother Dao Pahan. After Pahan died, his wife falsely claimed her stepson Dao Nong was Xianda's grandson and petitioned for succession. In year 15 the court appointed Dao Nong pacification commissioner and made Gengmeng's cousin Dao Shuangmeng vice commissioner. In year 19 Shuangmeng reported that Dao Nong had repeatedly raided tribal subjects and asked for a separate administrative seat to govern them. The court divided the territory, established the Jing'an Pacification Commission, promoted Shuangmeng to pacification commissioner, and had the Ministry of Rites cast and issue a seal.

宣德三年，雲南布政司奏刀弄、雙孟相仇殺，弄棄地投老撾，請差官招撫。帝命黔國公計議。六年，黔國公奏，謂奉命招撫刀弄，其母具言布政司差官劉亨征差發金，亨已取去，本司復來征，蠻民因而激變逐弄，弄逃入老撾，尋還境內以死。未嘗棄地外投，亦未嘗與雙孟仇殺。帝命法司執劉亨等罪之。七年，車裏土舍刀霸羨請襲，許之，遣行人陸塤賫敕賜冠帶、襲衣。九年，靖安宣慰刀霸供言：「靖安原車裏地，今析為二，致有爭端，乞仍並為一，歲貢如例。」帝從其請，革靖安宣慰，仍歸車裏，命刀霸供、刀霸羨共為宣慰使，俾上所授靖安宣慰司印。

In Xuande year 3 the Yunnan Provincial Administration reported that Dao Nong and Shuangmeng were at feud, that Nong had abandoned his territory and fled to Laos, and asked that officials be sent to bring him back. The emperor ordered the Prince of Qian to investigate. In year 6 the Prince of Qian reported that while summoning Dao Nong, Nong's mother explained that Provincial Administration envoy Liu Heng had levied corvée gold, taken payment, and then returned to levy again, provoking a tribal uprising that drove Nong out; Nong fled to Laos, then returned to die within the borders. He had never abandoned his territory to flee abroad, nor had he feuded with Shuangmeng. The emperor ordered the judicial authorities to punish Liu Heng and the others. In year 7 Cheli local chief Dao Bazhan petitioned for succession; the court approved and sent courier Lu Xun with an edict granting cap, sash, and investiture robes. In year 9 Jing'an Pacification Commissioner Dao Bagong said: "Jing'an was originally Cheli land; now split in two it breeds conflict; I ask that it be reunited, with annual tribute as before." The emperor agreed, abolished the Jing'an commission, restored the land to Cheli, and appointed Dao Bagong and Dao Bazhan joint pacification commissioners, requiring them to return the Jing'an seal.

正統五年命貢使賫敕及綺帛歸賜刀霸羨及妻，嘉其勤修職貢也。六年，麓川宣慰思倫發叛，詔給車裏信符、金牌，命合兵剿賊。景泰三年以刀霸羨奉調有功，免其積欠差發金。天順元年，總兵官沐璘奏：「刀霸羨自殺，弟板雅忠等已推兄三寶歷代承職。今板雅忠又作亂，糾合八百相仇殺。」帝命璘亟為撫諭，並勘奏應襲者。二年，帝以三寶歷代者，雖刀更孟之子，乃庶孽奪嫡，謀害刀霸羨，致板雅忠借兵攻殺，不當襲。但蠻民推立，姑從眾願，命襲宣慰使。

In Zhengtong year 5 tribute envoys were sent back with an edict and fine silks for Dao Bazhan and his wife, commending their faithful tribute service. In year 6 Luchuan Pacification Commissioner Si Lunfa rebelled; the court issued Cheli credentials and a gold tally and ordered a joint campaign against the rebels. In Jingtai year 3 Dao Bazhan's meritorious service on campaign earned remission of his accumulated corvée arrears. In Tianshun 1 Commander Mu Lin reported: "Dao Bazhan killed himself; his brother Ban Yazhong and others had already installed their elder brother Sanbao Lidai as successor. Now Ban Yazhong has rebelled again, rallying Babai in mutual bloodshed." The emperor ordered Mu Lin to pacify them at once and report who should inherit. In year 2 the emperor ruled that Sanbao Lidai, though Gengmeng's son, was a usurping bastard who had plotted to kill Bazhan and provoked Ban Yazhong's armed attack, and was unfit to inherit. But since the tribes had chosen him, the court provisionally acceded to their wish and appointed him pacification commissioner.

成化十六年，交阯黎灝叛，頒偽敕於車裏，期會兵共攻八百，車裏持兩端。雲南守臣以聞，遣使敕車裏諸土官互相保障，勿懷二心。二十年復敕車裏等部，懼固封疆，防交人入寇，不得輕與文移，啟釁納侮。嘉靖十一年，緬酋莽應裏據擺古，蠶食諸蠻。車裏宣慰刀糯猛折而入緬，有大、小車裏之稱，以大車裏應緬，而以小車裏應中國。萬歷十三年命元江土舍那恕往招，糯猛復歸，獻馴象、金屏、象齒諸物，謝罪。詔受之，聽復職。

In Chenghua year 16 the Jiaozhi rebel Li Hao sent a forged edict to Cheli proposing a joint attack on Babai; Cheli hedged between both sides. Yunnan officials reported this and sent envoys instructing Cheli chiefs to protect one another and remain loyal. In year 20 the court again instructed Cheli and neighboring departments to hold their borders, guard against Jiaozhi incursions, and avoid correspondence that might provoke conflict. In Jiajing year 11 Burmese chief Mang Yingli seized Baigu and gradually swallowed neighboring tribes. Cheli Pacification Commissioner Dao Nuomeng submitted to Burma, and the region came to be called Great and Little Cheli—Great Cheli answering to Burma and Little Cheli to China. In Wanli year 13 the court sent Yuanjiang chief Na Shu to summon him; Nuomeng returned with tamed elephants, gold screens, ivory, and other gifts in apology. The court accepted his submission and restored him to office.

天啟七年，巡撫閔洪學奏，緬人侵孟艮，孟艮就車裏求救，宣慰刀韞猛遣兵象萬余赴之。緬人以是恨車裏，興兵報復，韞猛年已衰，重賂求和。緬聞韞猛子召河璇有女名召烏岡色美，責獻烏岡。河璇別以女紿之。緬知其詐，大憤，攻車裏愈急。韞猛父子不能支，遁至思毛地，緬追執之以去。中朝不及問，車裏遂亡。

In Tianqi year 7 Grand Coordinator Min Hongxue reported that Burmese forces invaded Menggen; Menggen appealed to Cheli, and Pacification Commissioner Dao Wenmeng sent more than ten thousand troops and elephants to help. Burmese resentment led to reprisals against Cheli; Wenmeng, now aged, paid heavy bribes to sue for peace. Hearing that Wenmeng's son Zhao Hexuan had a beautiful daughter named Zhao Wugang, the Burmese demanded her surrender. Hexuan sent another daughter in her place to deceive them. When the Burmese discovered the deception they were furious and pressed the attack on Cheli ever harder. Wenmeng and his son could not hold out; they fled to Simao, where the Burmese pursued and captured them. The court could not intervene in time, and Cheli was lost.

老撾，俗呼為撾家，古不通中國。成祖即位，老撾土官刀線歹貢方物，始置老撾軍民宣慰使司。永樂二年以刀線歹為宣慰使，給之印。五年遣人來貢。既而帝以刀線歹潛通安南季犛，遣使詰責，諭其悔過。六年，刀線歹遣人貢象馬、方物。七年復進金銀器、犀象、方物謝罪。自是連年入貢，皆賚予如例。帝遣中官楊琳往賜文綺。十年來貢，命禮部加賜焉。

Laos, commonly called Zhuojia, had no ancient contact with China. When the Yongle emperor took the throne, Laos chief Dao Xiandai sent tribute, and the Laos Military-Civilian Pacification Commission was established. In Yongle year 2 Dao Xiandai was appointed pacification commissioner and given an official seal. In year 5 he sent tribute. Soon after, learning that Dao Xiandai had secretly communicated with Annam's Ji Li, the emperor sent envoys to rebuke him and demand repentance. In year 6 Dao Xiandai sent elephants, horses, and local tribute. In year 7 he again sent gold and silver vessels, rhinoceroses, elephants, and local goods in apology. Thereafter he sent tribute annually and received the usual rewards. The emperor sent eunuch Yang Lin to bestow fine silks. When he sent tribute in year 10, the Ministry of Rites was ordered to grant additional rewards.

宣德六年遣使賫敕獎諭宣慰刀線達。九年，老撾貢使還，恐道中為他部所阻，給信符，敕孟艮、車裏諸部遣人護之。景泰元年請賜土官衣服。故事，無加賜衣服者，命加賜錦幣並及其妻。成化元年頒金牌、信符於老撾。七年鑄給老撾軍民宣慰使司印，以皆為賊焚毀也。十六年，貢使至，會安南攻老撾，鎮守內官錢能以聞。因敕其使兼程回，並量給道里費。明年，安南黎灝率兵九萬，開山為三道，進兵破哀牢，入老撾境，殺宣慰刀板雅及其子二人。其季子怕雅賽走八百，宣慰刀攬那遣兵送至景坎。黔國公沐琮以聞，命怕雅賽襲父職，免其貢物一年，賜冠帶、彩幣，以示優恤。既怕雅賽欲報安南之仇，覬中國發兵為助。帝以老撾、交阯皆服屬中國久，恤災解難，中國體也，令琮慎遣人諭之。

In Xuande year 6 envoys were sent with an edict commending Pacification Commissioner Dao Xianda. In year 9, fearing Laos tribute envoys might be blocked en route, the court issued travel credentials and ordered Menggen, Cheli, and other departments to escort them. In Jingtai 1 he requested official clothing for the tribal chief. Precedent did not allow extra clothing grants, but the court ordered additional brocade silks for the commissioner and his wife. In Chenghua 1 gold tallies and credentials were issued to Laos. In year 7 a new seal was cast for the Laos Military-Civilian Pacification Commission after bandits had burned the old ones. In year 16 tribute envoys arrived while Annam was attacking Laos; garrison eunuch Qian Neng reported it. The court ordered the envoys to return at once and granted travel expenses. The next year Annam's Li Hao led ninety thousand men along three mountain routes, broke through Ailao, invaded Laos, and killed Pacification Commissioner Dao Ban Ya and two of his sons. His youngest son Pa Ya Sai fled to Babai; Pacification Commissioner Dao Lanna sent troops to escort him to Jingkan. Prince of Qian Mu Zong reported this; the court appointed Pa Ya Sai to his father's post, waived one year's tribute, and granted cap, sash, and colored silks as consolation. Pa Ya Sai then sought revenge against Annam and hoped China would send troops to help. The emperor held that both Laos and Jiaozhi had long been subordinate to China and that aiding subjects in distress was China's duty; he ordered Zong to counsel Pa Ya Sai with care.

弘治十一年，宣慰舍人招攬章應襲職，遣人來貢，因請賜冠帶及金牌、信符。賚賞如制，其金牌、信符，俟鎮巡官勘奏至日給之。十一月，招攬章遣使入貢。吏部言：「招攬章系舍人，未授職，僭稱宣慰使，雲南三司官冒奏違錯，宜治罪。」宥之。

In Hongzhi year 11 commissioner-designate Zhao Lan Zhang petitioned for succession, sent tribute, and requested cap, sash, gold tally, and credentials. Rewards followed regulation; the gold tally and credentials were to be issued once frontier officials verified his claim. In the eleventh month Zhao Lan Zhang sent tribute envoys. The Ministry of Personnel said: "Zhao Lan Zhang is only a designate and has not yet been appointed; he improperly styled himself pacification commissioner, and Yunnan officials wrongly memorialized on his behalf—they should be punished." All were pardoned.

嘉靖九年，招攬章言：「交阯應襲長子光紹，為叔所逐，出亡老撾，欲調象馬送回。」守臣言：「據招攬章之言，懼納亡之罪，且假我為制服之資，留之啟釁，遣之招兵，宜聽光紹自歸，並責其私納罪。」報可。二十四年，雲南巡撫汪文盛言：「老撾土舍怕雅聞征討安南，首先思奮，且地廣兵多，可獨當一面。八百、車裏與老撾相近，孟艮在老撾上流，皆多兵象，可備征討。請免其察勘，就令承襲，以備征調。」從之。四十四年，土舍怕雅蘭章遣人進舞牌牙象二、母象三、犀角十，雲南守臣以聞。禮部以非貢期，且無漢、緬公文，第來路險遠，跋涉逾年，宜受其所貢，給賞遣之，毋令赴京。報可。時緬勢方張，剪除諸部，老撾亦折而入緬，符印俱失。

In Jiajing year 9 Zhao Lan Zhang reported: "Jiaozhi's designated heir Guang Shao was expelled by his uncle, fled to Laos, and now seeks to mobilize elephants and horses to return him." Border officials replied: "Zhao Lan Zhang fears punishment for sheltering a fugitive and would use our support to restore Guang Shao—keeping him invites conflict, while sending him back would raise troops; Guang Shao should return on his own, and unauthorized acceptance should be punished." The court approved. In year 24 Yunnan Grand Coordinator Wang Wensheng reported: "Laos chief Pa Ya, hearing of the campaign against Annam, was eager to serve first; his territory is broad and his forces numerous, and he could hold one front alone. Babai and Cheli lie near Laos, and Menggen is upstream—all have large forces and elephants and could support the campaign. I ask that their inspection be waived and that they be appointed at once for military levy." The court agreed. In year 44 chief Pa Ya Lan Zhang sent two dancing-tusk elephants, three female elephants, and ten rhinoceros horns; Yunnan officials reported this. The Ministry of Rites noted that it was not tribute season and no proper documents accompanied the mission, but the route was perilous and the journey had taken more than a year; the court should accept the gifts, reward the envoys, and send them home without requiring them to come to the capital. The court approved. Burmese power was then on the rise, subduing neighboring departments; Laos too submitted to Burma and lost its credentials and seal.

萬歷二十六年，緬敗，老撾來歸，奉職貢，請頒印。命復鑄老撾軍民宣慰使司印給之。四十年貢方物，言印信毀於火，請復給，撫鎮官以聞。明年再頒老撾印。時宣慰猶貢象及銀器、緬席，賜予如例。自是不復至雲。其俗與木邦同，部長不知姓，有三等：一曰招木弄，一曰招木牛，一曰招木化。而為宣慰者，招木弄也，代存一子，絕不嗣。其地東至水尾，南至交阯，西至八百，北至車裏，西北六十八程至雲南布政司。

In Wanli year 26, after Burma's defeat, Laos returned, resumed tribute, and requested a new seal. The court ordered a new Laos Military-Civilian Pacification Commission seal cast and issued. In year 40 he sent tribute reporting that fire had destroyed his seal and credentials and asking for replacements; frontier officials reported this. The following year a new Laos seal was issued. The pacification commissioner still sent elephants, silverware, and Burmese mats and received the usual rewards. After that he no longer came to Yunnan. Their customs match Mubang's; chiefs use no surnames and hold three ranks: Zhaomunong, Zhaomuniu, and Zhaomuhua. The pacification commissioner is always from the Zhaomunong rank; each generation keeps one son and never adopts an heir. Its territory reached east to Shuiwei, south to Jiaozhi, west to Babai, and north to Cheli—sixty-eight stages northwest to the Yunnan Provincial Administration.

八百〈（二宣慰司）〉

Babai (two Pacification Commissions)]〉

八百，世傳部長有妻八百，各領一寨，因名八百媳婦。元初征之，道路不通而還，後遣使招附。元統初，置八百等處宣慰司。洪武二十一年，八百媳婦國遣人入貢，遂設宣慰司。二十四年，八百土官刀板冕遣使貢象及方物。先是，西平侯沐英遣雲南左衛百戶楊完者往八百招撫，至是來貢。帝諭兵部尚書茹瑋曰：「聞八百與百夷構兵，仇殺無寧日。朕念八百宣慰遠在萬里外，能修職奉貢，深見至誠。今與百夷構兵，當有以處之。可諭意八百，令練兵固守，俟王師進討。」自是及永樂初，頻遣使入貢，賜予如例。

Tradition holds that Babai's chief had eight hundred wives, each ruling a stockade, hence the name "Eight Hundred Daughters-in-Law." Early Yuan campaigns failed to reach Babai for lack of roads; later envoys secured its submission. At the start of the Yuantong era the Babai Pacification Commission was established. In Hongwu year 21 the Eight Hundred Daughters-in-Law state sent tribute, and the pacification commission was established. In year 24 Babai chief Dao Ban Mian sent elephants and local tribute. Earlier Western Pacification Marquis Mu Ying had sent Yunnan Left Guard centurion Yang Wanzhe to Babai to win submission; this tribute followed that mission. The emperor told Minister of War Ru Wei: "I hear Babai and the Baiyi tribes are at war, feuding without end. Yet the Babai pacification commissioner, ten thousand li away, still maintains tribute and duty—this shows remarkable sincerity. They are now at war with the Baiyi, and the matter must be handled. Convey our wishes to Babai: they should train troops and stand firm until the imperial army advances to punish the enemy. From then until the early Yongle reign they sent tribute missions repeatedly, and rewards followed the established precedent.

永樂二年設軍民宣慰使司二，以土官刀招你為八百者乃宣慰使，其弟刀招散為八百大甸宣慰使，遣員外郎左洋往賜印誥、冠帶、襲衣。刀招散遣人貢馬及方物謝恩，命五年一朝貢。是歲，遣內官楊瑄賫敕諭孟定、孟養等部，道經八百大甸，為土官刀招散所阻，弗克進。三年遣使諭刀招散曰：「朕特頒金字紅牌，敕諭與諸邊為信，以禁戢邊吏生事擾害，用福爾眾。諸宣慰皆敬恭聽命，無所違禮。惟爾年幼無知，惑於小人孟乃朋、孟允公等，啟釁生禍，使臣至境，拒卻不納。廷臣鹹請興師問罪，朕念八百之人豈皆為惡，兵戈所至，必及無辜，有所不忍。茲特遣司賓田茂、推官林楨賫敕往諭，爾能悔過自新，即將奸邪之人擒送至京，庶境土可保。其或昏迷不悛，發兵討罪，孥戮不貸！」並敕西平侯沐晟嚴兵以待。以馬軍六百、步軍一千四百護內官楊安、郁斌前往。又慮老撾乘車裏空虛，或發兵掩襲，或與八百為援，可遣其部長率兵一萬五千往備。三年，刀招你等遣使奉金縷表文，貢金結絲帽及方物。帝命受之，仍加賜予。西平侯沐晟奏：「奉命率師及車裏諸宣慰兵至八百境內，破其猛利石厓及者答二寨，又至整線寨。木邦兵破其江下等十余寨。八百恐，遣人詣軍門伏罪。」乃以所陳詞奏聞。因遣使敕諭車裏、木邦等曰：「曩者八百不恭朝命，爾等請舉兵誅討。嘉爾忠誠，已從所請。今得西平侯奏，言八百已伏罪納款。夫有罪能悔，宜赦宥之。敕至，其悉止兵勿進。」遂敕晟班師。四年降敕誡諭刀招散，刀招散遣人貢方物謝罪。帝以不誠，卻之。五年貢使復來謝罪，命禮部受之。

In Yongle year 2 two military-civilian pacification commissions were set up, appointing Dao Zhaoni as Babai Zhenai commissioner and his brother Dao Zhaosan as Babai Greater Dian commissioner; Court Official Zuo Yang was sent with seals, patents, robes, and credentials. Dao Zhaosan sent tribute of horses and local products in thanks; the court required tribute once every five years. That year the palace eunuch Yang Xuan was sent with edicts for Mengding, Mengyang, and other domains, but Dao Zhaosan of Babai Greater Dian blocked his route and he could not get through. In year 3 envoys told Dao Zhaosan: "I have issued gold-letter red placards and edicts to the frontier as credentials, to stop border officials from provoking trouble and harming your people. All pacification commissioners have obeyed respectfully without breach of protocol. Only you, young and ignorant, were led astray by petty men such as Meng Naipeng and Meng Yungong, stirred up trouble, and refused to receive my envoys at your border. The court urged war, but I reflected that not all Babai people are evil—arms inevitably harm the innocent, and I could not bear that. I now send Tian Mao and Lin Zhen with edicts: if you repent and reform, seize the wicked and send them to the capital, and your lands may be spared. If you remain obstinate, I shall send troops to punish you, and your families will not be spared! An edict also ordered the Marquis of Xiping, Mu Sheng, to hold troops ready. Six hundred cavalry and fourteen hundred infantry escorted the palace eunuchs Yang An and Yu Bin. Fearing Laos might exploit Cheli's weakness to raid or aid Babai, their chieftain was to lead fifteen thousand troops as a precaution. In year 3 Dao Zhaoni and others sent a gold-threaded memorial with gold-woven silk caps and local tribute. The emperor accepted the tribute and added further rewards. Mu Sheng reported: "Leading troops with Cheli pacification forces into Babai, we took Menglishiya and Zheda stockades and advanced to Zhengxian. Mobang troops captured more than ten stockades including Jiangxia. Babai was terrified and sent envoys to the army headquarters to submit. He reported their submission to the throne. Edicts were sent to Cheli, Mobang, and others: "When Babai defied the court, you asked to campaign against them. Honoring your loyalty, I granted your request. The Marquis of Xiping now reports that Babai has submitted and offered allegiance. Those who repent should be pardoned. When this edict arrives, halt all armies and advance no further. Sheng was then ordered to withdraw his army. In year 4 an admonitory edict was sent to Dao Zhaosan, who sent tribute to apologize. The emperor found the apology insincere and refused it. In year 5 tribute envoys came again to apologize, and the Ministry of Rites was ordered to receive them.

洪熙元年遣內官洪仔生賫敕諭刀招散。宣德七年遣人來貢，因奏波勒土酋常糾土雅之兵入境殺掠，乞發兵討之。帝以八百大甸去雲南五千餘里，波勒、土雅皆未嘗歸化，勞中國為遠蠻役，非計，止降敕撫諭而已。

In Hongxi 1 the palace eunuch Hong Zaisheng was sent with an edict for Dao Zhaosan. In Xuande year 7 they sent tribute and reported that the Boluo chieftain often led Tuya forces to raid their territory, asking for troops to punish them. The emperor held that Babai Greater Dian lay more than five thousand li from Yunnan and that Boluo and Tuya had never submitted; to exhaust China on distant barbarians was unwise, and only a pacifying edict was sent.

正統五年，八百貢使奏：「遞年進貢方物，土民不識禮法，不通漢語。乞依永樂間例，仍令通事賫捧金牌、信符，催督進貢，驛路令軍卒護送，庶無疏失。」從之。十年，給八百大甸宣慰司金牌、信符各一，以前所給牌符為暹羅國寇兵焚毀也。

In Zhengtong year 5 Babai envoys reported: "Each year we bring tribute, but our people know neither Chinese ritual nor the language. We ask, as in the Yongle period, that interpreters carry gold tablets and credentials to urge tribute, and that soldiers escort the relay routes so nothing is lost. This was approved. In year 10 Babai Greater Dian was granted a new gold tablet and credentials because Siam's raiders had burned the old ones.

成化十七年，安南黎灝已破老撾，頌偽敕於車裏，期會兵攻八百。其兵暴死者數千，傳言為雷所震。八百因遣兵扼其歸路，襲殺萬余，交人敗還。土官刀攬那以報。黔國公沐琮奏：「攬那能保障生民，擊敗交賊，救護老撾。交人嘗以偽敕脅誘八百，八百毀敕，以象蹴之，請頒賞以旌忠義。」帝命雲南布政司給銀百兩、彩幣四表裏以獎之。二十年，刀攬那遣人入貢。雲南守臣言：「交兵雖退，宜令八百諸部飭兵為備。」弘治二年，刀攬那孫刀整賴貢方物，求襲祖職。兵部言：「八百遠離雲南，瘴毒之地，宜免勘予襲。」從之，仍給冠帶。其地東至車裏，南至波勒，西至大古喇，與緬鄰，北至孟艮，自姚關東南行五十程始至。平川數千里，有南格剌山，下有河，南屬八百，北屬車裏。好佛惡殺，寺塔以萬計。有見侵，乃舉兵，得仇即已，俗名慈悲國。嘉靖間，為緬所並，其酋避居景線，名小八百。自是朝貢遂不至。緬酋應裏以弟應龍居景邁城，倚為右臂焉。萬歷十五年，八百大甸上書請恢復，不報。初，四譯館通事惟譯外國，而緬甸、八百如之，蓋二司於六慰中加重焉。

In Chenghua year 17 Annam's Li Hao had defeated Laos and proclaimed a forged edict in Cheli, scheduling a joint attack on Babai. Several thousand of their troops died suddenly; rumor said thunder had struck them. Babai blocked their retreat and ambushed them, killing more than ten thousand; the Annamese were defeated and withdrew. Native official Dao Lanna reported the victory. Duke of Qian Mu Cong reported: "Lanna protected the people, defeated the Annamese, and rescued Laos. The Annamese once tried to coerce Babai with a forged edict; Babai destroyed it and trampled it with elephants. We ask rewards to honor this loyalty. The emperor ordered Yunnan officials to grant one hundred taels of silver and four suits of colored silks as reward. In year 20 Dao Lanna sent tribute. Yunnan officials said: "Though the Annamese have withdrawn, Babai's domains should ready their troops. In Hongzhi year 2 Dao Lanna's grandson Dao Zhenglai sent tribute and sought to succeed his grandfather. The Ministry of War said: "Babai lies far from Yunnan in malarial country; investigation should be waived and succession granted. This was approved, and robes and sash were granted. Its lands reached east to Cheli, south to Boluo, west to Dagula on the Burmese border, and north to Menggen—fifty stages southeast from Yaoguan. Level plains stretched for thousands of li; below Mount Nangela a river divided Babai to the south from Cheli to the north. They favored Buddhism and abhorred killing; temples and pagodas numbered in the tens of thousands. When attacked they would fight, but once revenge was obtained they stopped; they were popularly called the Kingdom of Compassion. In the Jiajing period Burma annexed them; their chieftain fled to Jingxian in what was called Lesser Babai. From then on tribute ceased. Burma's Yingli stationed his brother Yinglong at Jingmai as his right hand. In Wanli year 15 Babai Greater Dian petitioned for restoration; the court did not respond. Originally the Four Translation Bureaus served only foreign states, and Burma and Babai were among them—these two commissions were given special weight among the six pacification domains.

Cite this Chapter