Volume 316 Biographies 204: Guizhou Tribal Headmen

貴州，古羅施鬼國。漢西南夷牂牁、武陵諸傍郡地。元置八番、順元諸軍民宣慰使司，以羈縻之。明太祖既克陳友諒，兵威遠振，思南宣慰、思州宣撫率先歸附，即令以故官世守之，時至正二十五年也。及洪武五年，貴州宣慰靄翠與宋蒙古歹及普定府女總管適爾等先後來歸，皆予以原官世襲。帝方北伐中原，未遑經理南荒。又田仁智等歲修職貢，最恭順，乃以衛指揮僉事顧成築城以守，賦稅聽自輸納，未置郡縣。

Guizhou was in antiquity the realm of the Luoshi Gui. Under the Han it formed part of the southwestern frontier territories of Zangge, Wuling, and adjacent commanderies. The Yuan set up the Eight Banners and Shunyuan and other pacification commissions for armies and civilians, holding the region under a jimi, or loose suzerainty, regime. Once the Ming founder had overthrown Chen Youliang and his armies cast their shadow far afield, the pacification commissioners of Sinan and Sizhou were the first to come over; they were allowed to keep their old titles in hereditary succession. That was in 1365, the twenty-fifth year of the Zhizheng reign. In 1372, the fifth year of Hongwu, the Guizhou pacification commissioner Aicui, Song Menggudai, and the female administrator of Puding, Shi'er, and others arrived in succession to pledge allegiance; each was confirmed in his or her former post as a hereditary office. The emperor was still driving his northern campaigns into the heartland and could not yet turn to governing the southern frontier. Tian Renzhi and his peers, meanwhile, sent tribute every year and showed exceptional deference; the court therefore had Assistant Guard Commander Gu Cheng erect a walled garrison, allowed them to remit taxes on their own, and did not yet install regular prefectural administration.

永樂十一年，思南、思州相仇殺，始命成以兵五萬執之，送京師。乃分其地為八府四州，設貴州布政使司，而以長官司七十五分隸焉，屬戶部。置貴州都指揮使，領十八衛，而以長官司七隸焉，屬兵部。府以下參用土官。其土官之朝貢符信屬禮部，承襲屬吏部，領土兵者屬兵部。其後府並為六，州並為四，長官司或分或合，厘革不一。其地西接滇、蜀，東連荊、粵。太祖於《平滇詔書》言：「靄翠輩不盡服之，雖有雲南不能守也」，則誌已在黔，至成祖遂成之。然貴州地皆崇山深菁，鳥道蠶叢，諸蠻種類，嗜淫好殺，畔服不常。靄翠歸附之初，請討其隴居部落。帝曰：「中國之兵，豈外夷報怨之具。」及仁智入朝，帝諭之曰：「天下守土之臣，皆朝廷命吏，人民皆朝廷赤子，汝歸善撫之，使各安其生，則汝可長享富貴。夫禮莫大於敬上，德莫盛於愛下，能敬能愛，人臣之道也。」二十一年，部臣以貴州逋賦請，帝曰：「蠻方僻遠，來納租賦，是能遵聲教矣。逋負之故，必由水旱之災，宜行蠲免。自今定其數以為常，從寬減焉。」二十九年，清水江之亂既平，守臣以賊首匿宣慰家，宜並罪。帝曰：「蠻人鴟張鼠伏，自其常態，勿復問。」明初禦蠻之道，其後世之龜鑒也夫。

In 1413, when Sinan and Sizhou fell into mutual slaughter, the court at last ordered Gu Cheng to march fifty thousand men, take the chiefs prisoner, and escort them to the capital. Their lands were carved into eight prefectures and four departments, a Guizhou provincial administration commission was created, and seventy-five native chieftaincies were attached to it under the Ministry of Revenue. A Guizhou regional military commander was appointed over eighteen guards, with seven native offices placed under his command within the Ministry of War. Below the prefectural level the administration still relied in part on native chiefs. Court audiences and seals for these chiefs belonged to the Ministry of Rites, succession to the Ministry of Personnel, and command of native levies to the Ministry of War. Later the prefectures were reduced to six and the departments to four, while native offices were split or merged in shifting patterns of administrative reform. The province bordered Yunnan and Sichuan on the west and met Huguang and Guangdong on the east. In his 《Pacification of Yunnan Edict》 the founder had written, "Unless men like Aicui are fully subdued, Yunnan itself cannot be held"—the design for Guizhou was already in his mind, and the Yongle emperor brought it to completion. Yet Guizhou was nothing but towering ranges and deep ravines, trails fit only for birds and paths wound like silkworm cocoons; its many tribal peoples were prone to excess and bloodshed, and their loyalty shifted without warning. Soon after Aicui came over, he asked permission to attack the Longju tribes who opposed him. The emperor replied, "The armies of the Middle Kingdom are not weapons for frontier peoples to settle private feuds." When Renzhi arrived at court, the emperor told him, "Every man who holds land is an officer appointed by the throne, and every subject is a child of the empire. Go back and govern them well so that all may live in peace, and you will long enjoy wealth and rank. No ritual surpasses reverence for superiors, and no virtue excels in caring for those below; to revere and to care—such is the duty of a subject." In the twenty-first year of Hongwu, the ministries reported Guizhou's tax arrears. The emperor said, "That distant frontier still sends grain and tax shows it is already heeding our civilizing influence. Arrears must be the work of flood and drought; they should be remitted. Hereafter fix a regular quota and reduce it generously." In the twenty-ninth year, once the Qing Shui River rising was suppressed, local officials urged that the pacification commissioner be punished too, since the rebel leader had been sheltered in his house. The emperor said, "Barbarians bluster and then hide—that is their nature; let the matter drop." Such was the early Ming approach to the frontier—a lesson later rulers might well take to heart.

○貴陽思南〈（思州附）〉鎮遠銅仁黎平安順都勻平越石阡新添〈（金築安撫司附）〉

Guiyang and Sinan With Sizhou appended.〉 Zhenyuan, Tongren, Liping, Anshun, Duyun, Pingyue, Shiqian, and Xintian With the Jinzhu Pacification Superintendent appended.〉

貴陽府，舊為程番長官司。洪武初，置貴州宣慰司，隸四川。永樂十一年改隸貴州。成化十二年置程番府。隆慶三年移程番府為貴陽府，與宣慰司同城，府轄城北，司轄城南。萬歷時，改為貴陽軍民府。領安撫司一，曰金築；領長官司十八，曰貴竹，曰麻向，曰本瓜，曰大華，曰程番，曰韋番，曰方番，曰洪番，曰臥龍番，曰金石番，曰小龍番，曰羅番，曰大龍番，曰小程番，曰上馬橋，曰盧番，曰盧山，曰平伐。其貴州宣慰司所領長官司九，曰水東，曰中曹，曰青山，曰劄佐，曰龍裏，曰白納，曰底寨，曰乖西，曰養龍坑。

Guiyang Prefecture had formerly been the Chenfan native chieftaincy. Early in the Hongwu reign a Guizhou pacification commission was created under Sichuan. In 1413 it was reassigned to the new Guizhou administration. In 1476 Chenfan Prefecture was established. In 1569 Chenfan was renamed Guiyang and shared one walled city with the pacification commission, the prefecture administering the north and the commission the south. Under Wanli it became Guiyang Military and Civil Prefecture. It had one pacification superintendent, at Jinzhu; and eighteen native chieftaincies: Guizhu, Maxiang, Bengua, Dahua, Chenfan, Weifan, Fangfan, Hongfan, Wolongfan, Jinshifan, Xiaolongfan, Luofan, Dalongfan, Xiaochenfan, Shangmaqiao, Lufan, Lushan, and Pingfa. The Guizhou pacification commission itself held nine chieftaincies: Shuidong, Zhongcao, Qingshan, Zhazuo, Longli, Baina, Dizhai, Guaixi, and Yanglongkeng.

自蜀漢時，濟火從諸葛亮南征有功，封羅甸國王。後五十六代為宋普貴，傳至元阿畫，世有土於水西宣慰司。靄翠，其裔也，後為安氏。洪武初，同宣慰宋蒙古歹來歸，賜名欽，俱令領原職世襲。及設布政使司，而宣慰司如故。安氏領水西，宋氏領水東。八番降者，皆令世其職。六年詔靄翠位各宣慰之上。靄翠每年貢方物與馬，帝賜錦綺鈔幣有加。十四年，宋欽死，妻劉淑貞隨其子誠入朝，賜米三十石、鈔三百錠、衣三襲。時靄翠亦死，妻奢香代襲。都督馬曄欲盡滅諸羅，代以流官，故以事撻香，激為兵端。諸羅果怒，欲反。劉淑貞聞止之，為走訴京師。帝既召問，命淑貞歸，招香，賜以綺鈔。十七年，奢香率所屬來朝，並訴曄激變狀，且願效力開西鄙，世世保境。帝悅，賜香錦綺、珠翠、如竟冠、金環、襲衣，而召曄還，罪之。香遂開偏橋、水東，以達烏蒙、烏撒及容山、草塘諸境，立龍場九驛。二十年，香進馬二十三匹，每歲定輸賦三萬石。子安的襲，貢馬謝恩。帝曰：「安的居水西，最為誠恪。」命禮部厚賞其使。二十五年，的來朝，賜三品服並襲衣金帶、白金三百兩、鈔五十錠。香復遣其子婦奢助及其部長來貢馬六十六匹，詔賜香銀四百兩，錦綺鈔幣有差。自是每歲貢獻不絕，報施之隆，亦非他土司所敢望也。二十九年，香死，朝廷遣使祭之，的貢馬謝恩。

As early as the Shu-Han, Jihuo had aided Zhuge Liang's southern expedition and was enfeoffed as king of Luodian. Fifty-six generations later the line reached Song Pugui and, under the Yuan, A Hua, whose family held hereditary lands in the Shuixi pacification commission. Aicui was of that descent; the house later took the surname An. Early in Hongwu he and the pacification commissioner Song Menggudai submitted together; Aicui received the name Qin, and both were confirmed in their old posts as hereditary offices. When the provincial administration was set up, the pacification commission continued unchanged. The An family ruled west of the river and the Song family ruled east of it. Every chief of the Eight Banners who submitted was allowed to keep his post in hereditary succession. In 1373 an edict ranked Aicui above every other pacification commissioner. Every year Aicui sent tribute goods and horses, and the court answered with ever more lavish gifts of brocade, silk, and banknotes. In 1381 Song Qin died; his widow Liu Shuzhen came to court with their son Cheng and received thirty shi of grain, three hundred ingots of paper money, and three suits of robes. About the same time Aicui died, and his widow She Xiang inherited the office. Regional Commander Ma Ye hoped to wipe out the Luo chieftains and replace them with regular officials; he trumped up charges against She Xiang and whipped her until war threatened. The Luo tribes were indeed furious and ready to rise. Liu Shuzhen heard of the plot, restrained the tribes, and hurried to the capital to plead their case. The emperor questioned her, then sent Shuzhen home to summon She Xiang and rewarded her with brocade and banknotes. In 1384 She Xiang came to court with her followers, denounced Ma Ye for stirring up revolt, and offered to open roads on the western frontier and guard the border for generations. The emperor was delighted, gave She Xiang brocade, pearls, a ceremonial crown, gold rings, and court dress, recalled Ma Ye, and punished him. She Xiang then opened routes through Pianqiao and Shuidong to Wumeng, Wusa, Rongshan, Caotang, and beyond, and set up the nine Longchang relay stations. In 1387 she presented twenty-three horses, and her annual tax quota was fixed at thirty thousand shi. Her son Ande inherited the post and sent horses in gratitude. The emperor said, "Ande, who holds Shuixi, is the most loyal of them all." He ordered the Ministry of Rites to reward his envoys handsomely. In 1392 Di came to court and received third-rank robes, court dress with a gold belt, three hundred taels of silver, and fifty ingots of paper money. She Xiang also sent her daughter-in-law She Zhu and tribal leaders with sixty-six horses; the court granted her four hundred taels of silver and graded gifts of brocade and banknotes. Thereafter tribute arrived every year without fail, and the court's generosity toward them was unmatched among the other native chieftains. In 1396 She Xiang died; the court sent envoys to offer sacrifices, and Di sent horses in gratitude.

正統七年，水西宣慰隴富自陳：「祖父以來，累朝皆賜金帶。臣蒙恩受職，乞如例。」從之。是時，宋誠之子斌年老，以子昂代，昂死，然代。十四年賜敕隴富母子，嘉其調兵保境之功。隴富頗驕。天順三年，東苗之亂，富不時出兵，聞朝廷有意督之，乃進馬謝罪，賜敕警之。富死，侄觀襲。觀老，子貴榮襲。巡撫陳儀以西堡獅子孔之平，由觀與子貴榮統部眾二萬攻白石崖，四旬而克，家自饋餉，口不言功，特給觀正三品昭勇將軍誥。初，安氏世居水西，管苗民四十八族，宋氏世居貴州城側，管水東、貴竹等十長官司，皆設治所於城內，銜列左右。而安氏掌印，非有公事不得擅還水西。至是總兵官為之請，許其以時巡歷所部，趣辦貢賦，聽暫還水西，以印授宣慰宋然代理。貴榮老，請以子佐襲，命賜貴榮父子錦纻。

In 1442 the Shuixi pacification commissioner Long Fu memorialized, "Since my grandfather's day every reign has granted our house a gold belt. I have now received office by your grace and ask the same favor." The request was granted. Meanwhile Song Cheng's son Bin had grown old and let his son Ang serve in his stead; when Ang died, Ran took his place. In 1449 an imperial letter praised Long Fu and his mother for mobilizing troops to defend the frontier. Long Fu grew arrogant. In 1459, during the eastern Miao rising, Fu failed to march promptly; when he heard the court meant to reprimand him, he sent horses in apology and received a warning edict. When Fu died, his nephew Guan inherited the post. Guan grew old and was succeeded by his son Guirong. To pacify Xibao and Shizikong, Grand Coordinator Chen Yi had Guan and Guirong lead twenty thousand tribesmen against Baishiya; they captured it in forty days at their own expense and claimed no credit, for which Guan alone received a third-rank patent as General of Manifest Valor. Originally the An family had ruled Shuixi over forty-eight Miao tribes and the Song family had held the east bank and ten chieftaincies from offices inside Guiyang, their titles ranked on either side of the city. The An held the commissioner's seal and could not leave the city for Shuixi except on public business. The regional commander then secured permission for him to tour his domain on schedule, collect tribute, and return briefly to Shuixi while Song Ran of the pacification commission held the seal. When Guirong aged he asked that his son Zuo inherit; the court granted father and son gifts of brocade.

先是，宋然貪淫，所管陳湖等十二馬頭科害苗民，致激變。而貴榮欲並然地，誘其眾作亂。於是阿朵等聚眾二萬余，署立名號，攻陷寨堡，襲據然所居大羊腸，然僅以身免。貴榮遽以狀上，冀令己按治之。會阿朵黨泄其情，官軍進討。貴榮懼，乃自率所部為助。及賊平，貴榮已死，坐追奪，然坐斬。然奏世受爵土，負國厚恩。但變起於榮，而身陷重辟，乞分釋。因從末減，依土俗納粟贖罪。都御史請以貴築、平伐七長官司地設立府縣，皆以流官撫理。巡撫覆奏以蠻民不願，遂寢。宋氏亦遂衰，子孫守世官，衣租食稅，聽征調而已。

Earlier Song Ran had been greedy and dissolute; twelve sub-chiefs under him, including Chen Hu, had oppressed the Miao until they rebelled. Guirong wanted Ran's lands and goaded the rebels on. Aduo and others then mustered more than twenty thousand men, proclaimed their own titles, stormed fortresses, and seized Dayangchang, Ran's seat; Ran himself barely escaped. Guirong hurried a report to the capital, hoping to be put in charge of the suppression. When Aduo's followers exposed the plot, government troops marched against them. Terrified, Guirong led his own followers to join the campaign. After the rebels were crushed, Guirong was dead and his honors were revoked; Ran was condemned to death. Ran pleaded that his house had held its fief for generations and owed the dynasty a great debt. The revolt, he said, had been Guirong's doing, yet he alone faced execution; he begged for mercy. The sentence was reduced, and by local custom he paid a grain fine in lieu of death. The censor-in-chief proposed turning the territories of seven chieftaincies, including Guizhu and Pingfa, into regular prefectures under appointed officials. The grand coordinator reported that the tribes would not accept the change, and the plan was abandoned. The Song house declined thereafter; its heirs kept their titles, lived on rents and taxes, and answered only when the court called them to service.

時安萬鐘應襲，驕縱不法。漢民張純、土目烏掛等導之遊獵，酒酣，輒射人為戲。又嘗撻其左右，為所殺。無子，其從弟萬鎰宜襲，鎰以賊未獲辭。烏掛等遂以疏族幼子普者冒萬鐘弟曰萬鈞告襲，承勘官入其賄，遂暫委鐘妻奢播攝事。萬鎰悔不立，而恨烏掛之主其謀也，遂以兵襲烏掛，烏掛亦發兵相仇殺，皆以萬鐘之死為辭。巡按御史上其狀，以萬鎰宜襲，但與烏掛相誣訐，宜各宥輸贖。而梟殺鐘者，並戍純等，受其賄者亦罰治，詔如之。未幾，鎰死，子阿寫幼，命以萬銓借襲。萬銓有助平阿向功，提督尚書伍文定為之請。萬銓亦自陳其功，乞加參政銜，賜蟒衣，帝命賜以應得之服。後阿寫長，襲職，改名仁。未幾死，子國亨襲。淫虐，乃以事殺萬銓之子信。信兄智與其母別居於安順州，聞之，因告國亨反。巡撫王諍遽請發兵誅國亨，智遂為總兵安大朝畫策，且約輸兵糧數萬。及師至陸廣河，智糧不至。諍乃令人諭國亨，而止大朝毋進。兵已渡河，為國亨所敗。國亨懼大誅，遣使哀辭乞降，朝廷未之許。巡撫阮文中至，檄捕諸反者，密使語國亨，亟出諸奸徒，割地以處安智母子，還所費兵糧，朝廷當待汝以不死。於是國亨悉聽命，帝果赦不誅，而命國亨子民襲。國亨事起於隆慶四年，至成歷五年乃已。國亨既革任，日遣人至京納賂，為起復地。十三年，播州宣慰楊應龍以獻大木得賜飛魚服，國亨亦請以大木進，乞還給冠帶誥封如播例。既而木竟不至，乃諉罪於木商。上怒，命奪所賚。國亨請補貢以明不欺，上仍如所請。

About then An Wanzhong was heir apparent, arrogant and lawless. The Han client Zhang Chun and the native officer Wugua took him hunting; drunk, he would shoot people for amusement. Once he beat his attendants and they killed him. He left no son; his cousin Wanyi was the rightful heir but declined until the murderers were caught. Wugua then had a distant kinsman's child, Puzhe, pose as Wanzhong's brother Wan Jun and claim the succession; the investigating official took bribes, and Wanzhong's widow She Bo was left in temporary charge. Wanyi regretted his delay and blamed Wugua for the intrigue; he attacked Wugua with troops, Wugua answered in kind, and both sides claimed to be avenging Wanzhong. The touring censor reported the affair: Wanyi was the rightful heir, but he and Wugua had traded accusations; both were to be pardoned on payment of a fine. The killers of Wanzhong were to be executed, Zhang Chun and his accomplices banished, and the bribe-taking officials punished as well; the throne so ordered. Soon Wanyi died, leaving a young son Axie; the court let Wan Quan succeed provisionally. Wan Quan had helped put down the Axiong rising; Grand Coordinator Wu Wending spoke for him at court. Wan Quan memorialized his own service, asking for vice-commissioner rank and a python robe; the emperor granted only the dress appropriate to his rank. When Axie came of age he took the post and was renamed Ren. He died soon after, and his son Guoheng inherited. Depraved and brutal, he killed Wan Quan's son Xin on a trumped-up charge. Xin's elder brother Zhi and their mother lived apart in Anshun; hearing of the murder, Zhi reported Guoheng for rebellion. Grand Coordinator Wang Zheng urgently asked for troops to destroy Guoheng; Zhi drew up plans for Regional Commander An Dachao and promised tens of thousands of rations. By the time the army reached the Luguang River, Zhi's supplies had not come. Zheng sent an envoy to reason with Guoheng and told Dachao to halt. The army had already crossed the river and was beaten by Guoheng. Fearing execution, Guoheng sent envoys with abject pleas to surrender; the court refused. Grand Coordinator Ruan Wenzong arrived, issued warrants for the rebels, and secretly told Guoheng to hand over his ringleaders, cede territory for An Zhi and his mother, repay the army's grain, and the throne would spare his life. Guoheng obeyed in full; the emperor pardoned him and installed his son Min as heir. Guoheng's troubles had begun in 1570 and did not end until 1577, the fifth year of Wanli. Stripped of office, Guoheng sent agents daily to Beijing with bribes, angling for reinstatement. In year 13, Bozhou commissioner Yang Yinglong won the flying-fish robe by presenting great timber; Guoheng asked to do the same and begged restoration of his cap, belt, patent, and enfeoffment after the Bozhou model. The timber never arrived; he blamed the timber merchants. The emperor was furious and ordered his gifts revoked. Guoheng offered a replacement tribute to prove his honesty; the emperor accepted.

萬歷二十六年，國亨子疆臣襲職。會播州楊應龍反，疆臣亦以戕殺安定事為有司所案。科臣有言其逆節漸萌者，詔不問，許殺賊圖功。疆臣奏稱：「播警方殷，臣心未白。」上復優詔報之。巡撫郭子章許疆臣以應龍平後還播所侵水西烏江地六百里以酬功，於是疆臣兵從沙溪入。有蜚語水西佐賊者，總督李化龍檄詰之，疆臣遂執賊二十余人，率所部奪落濛關，至大水田，焚桃溪莊。應龍伏誅。初，應龍之祖以內難走水西，客死。宣慰萬銓挾之，索水煙、天旺地，聽還葬，其地遂為水西所據。及播州平，分其地為遵義、平越二府，分隸蜀、黔，以渭河中心為界。總督王象乾代化龍，命疆臣歸所侵播州地。子章奏言：「侵地始於萬銓，而非疆臣。安氏迫取於楊相喪亂之時，非擅取於應龍蕩平之日。且臣曾許其裂土，今反奪其故地，臣無面目以謝疆臣，願罷去。」象乾疏言：「疆臣征番，殲應龍子惟棟不實，首功可知。至佯敗棄陣，送藥往來，欺君助逆，跡已昭然。令還侵地，不咎既往，已屬國家寬大。若因其挾而予之，彼不為恩，我且示弱。疆臣既無功，不與之地，正所以全撫臣之信。宜留撫臣罷臣，以為重臣無能與蕞爾苗噂沓者之戒。」於是清疆之議，累年不決。兵部責令兩省巡按御史勘報，而南北言官交章詆象乾貪功起釁。科臣呂邦耀復劾子章納賄縱奸，子章求去益力。象乾執疆臣所遣入京行賄之人與金，以聞於朝。然議者多右疆臣，尚書蕭大亨遂主巡按李時華疏，謂：「征播之役，水西不惟假道，且又助兵。矧失之土司，得之土司，播固輸糧，水亦納賦，不宜以土地之故傷字小之仁，地宜歸疆臣。」於是疆臣增官進秩，其母得賜祭，水西尾大之患，亦於是乎不可制矣。

In 1598 Guoheng's son Jiangchen inherited the post. When Bozhou's Yang Yinglong rose in revolt, officials also opened a case against Jiangchen for killing Anding. Some censors warned that his disloyalty was growing; the throne told officials to hold their tongues and let him earn merit by fighting rebels. Jiangchen memorialized: "Bozhou is in crisis, and my loyalty is not yet vindicated." The emperor answered again with a gracious edict. Grand Coordinator Guo Zizhang promised Jiangchen six hundred li of Wujiang country in Shuixi that Bozhou had seized, once Yinglong fell, as payment for his service; Jiangchen marched in through Shaxi. Rumors spread that Shuixi was helping the rebels; Governor-General Li Huolong demanded an account; Jiangchen seized twenty-odd men, led his troops to take Luomeng Pass, pushed to Dashuitian, and burned Taoxi manor. Yinglong was put to death. Earlier, Yinglong's grandfather had fled civil strife into Shuixi and died there in exile. Commissioner Wan Quan held him for leverage, demanded the Shuiyan and Tianwang territories in return for burial rights, and Shuixi kept the land. After Bozhou fell, its territory was split into Zunyi and Pingyue prefectures under Sichuan and Guizhou, bounded by the middle of the Wei River. Governor-General Wang Xiangqian succeeded Huolong and ordered Jiangchen to return the seized Bozhou lands. Guo Zizhang argued: "The seizure began under Wan Quan, not Jiangchen. The An took it when the Yang house was in turmoil, not when Yinglong was finally crushed. I myself promised him territory; to seize it back now leaves me ashamed before Jiangchen. I beg to resign." Wang Xiangqian countered: "Jiangchen's boast of killing Yinglong's son Weidong was false; his claim to top credit is hollow. His staged routs, his traffic in medicines with the enemy, his deceit of the throne and aid to rebels—all this is plain. Demanding the land back while overlooking past crimes is already more than generous. Reward his blackmail and he will not feel gratitude; we will only look weak. Deny land to a man without merit, and you preserve the grand coordinator's word. Keep the grand coordinator and remove me, as a lesson that senior ministers must not haggle with petty chieftains." The border dispute dragged on unresolved for years. The Ministry of War ordered censors in both provinces to investigate; memorialists north and south alike denounced Xiangqian for seizing credit and stirring trouble. Censor Lü Bangyao again accused Guo Zizhang of bribery and sheltering criminals; Guo Zizhang pressed all the harder to quit. Xiangqian arrested Jiangchen's envoys and the gold they carried to bribe officials in the capital and reported the matter. Most opinion still favored Jiangchen; Minister Xiao Dafeng backed Touring Censor Li Shihua, who wrote: "In the Bozhou war Shuixi not only allowed passage but sent troops. Land lost to one native ruler and gained to another changes little: Bozhou still pays grain, Shuixi still pays tax. Do not sacrifice mercy toward the weak over soil; the land should stay with Jiangchen." Jiangchen was promoted; his mother received imperial sacrifices; and from that moment Shuixi's power grew too heavy to manage.

三十六年，疆臣死，弟堯臣襲。四十一年，烏撒土舍謀逐安效良，堯臣以追印為名，領兵數萬長驅入滇，直薄沾益州，所過焚掠，備極慘毒。朝廷方以越境擅兵欲加堯臣罪，而堯臣死。子位幼，命其妻奢社輝攝事。社輝，永寧宣撫奢崇明女弟。崇明子寅獷悍，與社輝爭地，相仇恨。而安邦彥者，位之叔父也，素懷異志，陰與崇明合。及崇明反，調兵水西，邦彥遂挾位叛以應之，位幼弱不能制。邦彥更招故宣慰土舍宋萬化為助，率兵趨畢節，陷之，分兵破安順、平壩、沾益。而萬化亦率苗仲九股陷龍裏，遂圍貴陽，自稱羅甸王，時天啟二年二月也。巡撫李枟方受代，聞變，與巡按御史史永安悉力拒守。賊攻不能克，則沿巖制柵，斷城中出入。鎮將張彥芳將兵二萬赴援，隔龍裏不得進。貴州總兵楊愈懋、推官郭象儀與賊戰於江門而死。外援既絕，攻益急，城中糧盡，人相食，而拒守不遺余力。中朝方急遼，不之省。已，以王三善為巡撫，倉卒調兵食，大會將士，分兵二道進。三日抵龍頭營，屢敗賊兵，遂奪龍裏。邦彥聞新撫自將大兵數十萬，懼甚，遂退屯龍洞。前鋒楊明楷率烏羅兵擊死安邦俊，遂乘勝抵貴陽城下，先以五騎傳呼曰：「新撫至矣。」舉城歡呼更生。貴陽被圍十余月，城中軍民男婦四十萬，至是餓死幾盡，僅余二百人。詳《李枟》及《三善傳》中。

In year 36 Jiangchen died; his younger brother Yaochen inherited. In year 41 a Wusa clerk plotted to oust An Xiaoliang; Yaochen marched tens of thousands into Yunnan on the pretext of recovering seals, drove on Zhanyi, and burned and looted with terrible cruelty wherever he went. The court was preparing to punish him for unauthorized cross-border campaigning when Yaochen died. His son Wei was a child; the court put his wife She Shehui in charge. Shehui was the younger sister of Yongning commissioner She Chongming's wife. Chongming's son Yin was violent and overbearing; he and Shehui feuded over territory and hated each other. An Bangyan, Wei's uncle, had long nursed treasonous designs and secretly aligned with Chongming. When Chongming rose, Shuixi mobilized; Bangyan seized the boy Wei and rebelled in concert; Wei was too young to resist. Bangyan enlisted the former pacification clerk Song Wanhua, marched on Bijie and captured it, and sent columns against Anshun, Pingba, and Zhanyi. Wanhua led nine Miao companies into Longli, then besieged Guiyang as King of Luodian—in the second month of 1622. Grand Coordinator Li Zong was handing over his post when the revolt broke; he and Touring Censor Shi Yongan threw everything into the defense. Unable to storm the city, the rebels built cliff palisades and cut off all traffic in and out. Commander Zhang Yanfang marched twenty thousand to relieve the city but was stopped at Longli. Guizhou commander Yang Yumao and magistrate Guo Xiangyi were killed fighting at Jiangmen. Relief cut off, the assault intensified; grain failed, people ate the dead, yet the garrison held with desperate tenacity. The court was fixated on Liaodong and took little notice. Wang Sanshan was appointed grand coordinator; he scrambled for troops and supplies, rallied the commanders, and advanced in two wings. On the third day they reached Longtou Camp, routed the rebels again and again, and retook Longli. Hearing that the new coordinator was leading vast armies in person, Bangyan was terrified and fell back to Longdong. Vanguard Yang Mingkai led Wuluo troops, killed An Bangjun, and drove to the walls of Guiyang; five horsemen rode ahead shouting, "The new coordinator is here." The city erupted as if brought back from the dead. Guiyang had been besieged over ten months; of four hundred thousand souls inside, nearly all had starved—only two hundred survived. For the full account see the biographies of Li Zong and Wang Sanshan.

貴陽圍既解，邦彥遠遁陸廣河外。三善遣使諭社輝母子縛邦彥以降。大軍至者日益眾，三善欲因糧於敵。又諸軍視賊過易，楊明楷營於三十里外。邦彥復糾諸苗來攻，師敗，明楷為所執。邦彥勢復張，合眾欲再圍貴陽。三善遣兵三路禦之，破生苗寨二百余，擒萬化等，焚其積聚數萬。龍裏、定番四路並通，諸苗畔者相繼降。邦彥氣奪不敢出，於鴨池、陸廣諸要地掘塹屯兵，為自守計。時奢崇明為蜀兵所敗，計窮投水西，與邦彥合。

After the siege lifted, Bangyan fled beyond the Luguang River. Sanshan sent envoys urging Shehui and her son to bind Bangyan and submit. Reinforcements swelled daily; Sanshan planned to live off enemy grain. The troops also grew careless; Yang Mingkai pitched camp thirty li out. Bangyan rallied the Miao and struck; the army was routed and Mingkai captured. Bangyan's strength revived; he gathered his hosts to besiege Guiyang again. Sanshan sent three columns against him, overran two hundred Sheng Miao villages, seized Wanhua and others, and burned stores numbering in the tens of thousands. Longli, Dingfan, and the four routes were reopened; rebel Miao surrendered one after another. Bangyan lost heart and dared not show himself; at Yachi, Luguang, and other choke points he dug trenches and dug in. She Chongming, beaten by Sichuan forces, fled in desperation to Shuixi and joined Bangyan.

三年，三善督兵攻大方賊巢，擒土司何中尉等，進營紅崖。連破天臺、水腳等七囤，奪其天險。別將亦破賊於羊耳，追至鴨池河，奪其戰象。遂深入至紅鳥岡，諸苗奔潰。三善率兵直入大方，奢社輝、安位焚其巢，竄火灼堡，邦彥奔織金。位遂遣人赴鎮遠，乞降於總督楊述中。許之，令擒崇明父子自贖，一意主撫。而三善責並獻邦彥，當並用剿，議不合。往返間已逾數月，邦彥得益兵為備。三善糧不繼，焚大方，還貴州，道遇賊，三善為所害。邦彥率數萬眾來追，總理魯欽力禦之，大戰數日，大軍無糧，乘夜皆潰，欽自剄。賊燒劫諸堡，苗兵復助逆，貴陽三十里外樵蘇不行，城中復大震。初，大方東倚播，北倚藺，相為掎角。後播、藺既平，賊惟恃烏撒為援，而畢節為四夷交通處。當三善由貴陽陸廣深入大方百七十里，皆羅鬼巢窟，以失地利而陷。天啟間，朱燮元為蜀督，建議滇兵出沾益，遏安效良應援，分兵於天生橋、尋甸等處，以絕其走；蜀兵臨畢節，扼其交通之路，而別出龍場巖後，以奪其險；黔兵由普定渡思臘河，徑趨邦彥巢，由陸廣、鴨池搗其虛；粵西兵出泗城，分道策應；然後大軍由遵義鼓行而前。尋以憂去，未及用。總督閔夢得繼之，亦以貴州抵大方路險，賊惟恃畢節一路外通。我兵宜從永寧始，自永寧而普市，而摩泥，而赤水，百五十里皆坦途。赤水有城郭可憑而守，宜結營進逼。四十里為白巖，六十里為層臺，又六十里為畢節。畢節至大方不及六十里，賊必並力來禦，須重兵扼之，斷其四走之路，然後遵義、貴陽克期而進，亦不果用。及是黔事棘，詔起燮元總督貴、雲、川、廣。於是燮元再蒞黔，時崇禎元年也。

In year 3 Sanshan led the assault on the Dafang stronghold, captured chieftains including He Zhongwei, and camped at Hongya. He stormed seven forts including Tiantai and Shuijiao and took their natural defenses. A detached force routed rebels at Yang'er, chased them to the Yachi River, and seized their war elephants. They pressed on to Hongniao Hillock and the Miao broke and ran. Sanshan drove into Dafang; She Shehui and An Wei burned their base, fled through Huozhuo Fort, and Bangyan escaped to Zhijin. Wei sent envoys to Zhenyuan to surrender to Governor-General Yang Shuzhong. Shuzhong accepted and told them to hand over Chongming and his son as proof of loyalty; he favored appeasement. Sanshan insisted they deliver Bangyan too and pressed for extermination; the two policies clashed. Months of wrangling passed; Bangyan gathered more men and fortified his position. Supplies failed; Sanshan burned Dafang, withdrew toward Guizhou, was ambushed on the road, and killed. Bangyan pursued with tens of thousands; Superintendent Lu Qin held him off for days, but the army ran out of food, broke at night, and Qin took his own life. Rebels torched the outposts; Miao auxiliaries joined them again; within thirty li of Guiyang no one dared gather fuel; panic returned to the city. Once Dafang had leaned on Bozhou to the east and Lin to the north, each propping the other like pincers. After Bozhou and Lin fell, the rebels had only Wusa for support, while Bijie was the crossroads of the four frontiers. Sanshan's march from Guiyang through Luguang one hundred seventy li into Dafang crossed nothing but Luogui country; he was undone by bad ground. Under Tianqi, Sichuan governor Zhu Xianyuan proposed Yunnan troops from Zhanyi to block An Xiaoliang's relief, detachments at Tiansheng Bridge and Xundian to cut retreat, Sichuan forces would pin Bijie and sever their routes, while another column would take Longchang Rock from the rear and seize their heights; Guizhou forces would ford the Sila River at Puding and drive on Bangyan's stronghold, while columns through Luguang and Yachi struck his rear; Guangxi troops would leave Sicheng in divided columns to support the attack; The main army would then march from Zunyi to the roll of drums. He soon left office to observe mourning, and the plan was never used. Governor-General Min Mengde followed him and likewise argued that the road from Guizhou to Dafang was treacherous and that the rebels depended on Bijie as their only outside line. Our forces should begin at Yongning; from Yongning by way of Pushi, Moni, and Chishui stretched one hundred fifty li of level highway. Chishui had walled defenses to hold; a camp should be set there to press the advance. Baiyan lay forty li on, Cengtai sixty li farther, and Bijie another sixty li beyond that. Bijie to Dafang was under sixty li; the rebels would throw their full strength against us, so a strong detachment must choke them and sever their four escape routes before Zunyi and Guiyang could move on a fixed date—and this plan too went unused. As Guizhou affairs turned desperate, an edict recalled Zhu Xieyuan to govern Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guangxi. Xieyuan returned to Guizhou; it was Chongzhen year 1.

奢崇明自號大梁王，安邦彥自號四裔大長老，其部眾悉號元帥。悉力趨永寧，先犯赤水。燮元授意守將佯北，誘深入，度賊已抵永寧，分遣別將林兆鼎從三岔入，王國禎從陸廣入，劉養鯤從遵義入。邦彥分兵四應，力不支。羅乾象復以奇兵繞其背，急擊之，賊大驚潰，崇明、邦彥皆授首。邦彥亂七年而誅。燮元乃移檄安位，赦其罪，許歸附。位豎子不能決，其下謀合潰兵來拒。燮元扼其要害，四面叠攻，斬首萬余級。復得向導，輒發窖粟就食，賊益饑。復遣人至大方燒其室廬，位大恐，遂率四十八目出降。燮元奏請許之，報可。而前助邦彥故宣慰宋萬化之子嗣殷亦至是始剿滅。乃以宋氏洪邊十二馬頭地置開州，建城設官。燮元復遣兵平擺金五洞諸叛苗，水西勢益孤。十年，安位死，無嗣，族屬爭立。朝議欲乘其敝郡縣之。燮元奏未可驟，乃傳檄土目，諭以威德，諸苗爭納土獻印。貴陽甫定，而明亦旋亡矣。

She Chongming proclaimed himself King of Great Liang; An Bangyan called himself Great Elder of the Four Realms; their troops all took the title marshal. They hurled their main force at Yongning and struck Chishui first. Xieyuan told the garrison to feign retreat north and draw the enemy in; when the rebels had reached Yongning he sent Lin Zhaoding through Sancha, Wang Guozhen through Luguang, and Liu Yangkun from Zunyi. Bangyan split his army to answer on four sides but could not sustain the pressure. Luo Qianxiang swung irregulars around their rear and struck; the rebels broke in panic; Chongming and Bangyan lost their heads. Bangyan's revolt had run seven years before he was killed. Xieyuan then proclaimed to An Wei, pardoned his offenses, and offered reinstatement if he submitted. Wei was only a child and could not choose; his men plotted to gather fugitive soldiers and resist. Xieyuan seized the key passes and layered assaults from every side, taking more than ten thousand heads. Guides reappeared; the army opened buried granaries for food; the rebels starved all the more. Forces were again sent to Dafang to burn houses; Wei was terrified and led forty-eight chiefs out to surrender. Xieyuan memorialized for permission; the court agreed. Song Siyin, son of Song Wanhua who had aided Bangyan, was at last destroyed. The Song Hongbian twelve horse-head territories were made Kaizhou, with walls raised and officials appointed. Xieyuan again sent troops to pacify the rebel Miao of the five Baijin caves; Shuixi stood more alone than ever. In the tenth year Wei died without an heir and kinsmen fought over the succession. Court opinion favored using the crisis to replace native rule with prefectures and counties. Xieyuan argued against haste, issued proclamations to native headmen blending awe and grace, and Miao leaders vied to offer territory and hand over seals. Guiyang had scarcely been secured when the Ming themselves fell.

思南，即唐思州。宋宣和中，番部田祐恭內附，世有其地。元改宣慰司。明洪武初，析為二宣慰，屬湖廣。永樂十一年置思南府，領長官司四：曰水德江，曰蠻夷，曰沿河祐溪，曰朗溪。思州領長官司四：曰都坪峨異溪，曰都素，曰施溪，曰黃道溪。

Sinan was the old Sin Prefecture. In Song's Xuanhe era the tribal chief Tian Yougong submitted and his house held the land for generations. The Yuan converted it into a pacification commission. Early in Ming Hongwu it was split into two pacification commissions under Huguang. In Yongle 11 Sinan prefecture was founded, overseeing four native districts: Shuide River, Manyi, Yanhe Youxi, and Langxi. Sinzhou governed four: Duping Eyi Creek, Dusu, Shixi, and Huangdao Creek.

初，太祖起兵平偽漢，略地湖南。思南宣慰使田仁智遣都事楊琛來歸附，並納元所授宣慰誥。帝以率先來歸，俾仍為思南道宣慰使，以三品銀印給之，並授琛為宣撫使。思州宣撫使田仁厚亦遣都事林憲、萬戶張思溫來獻鎮遠、古州軍民二府，婺川、功水、常寧等十縣，龍泉、瑞溪、沿河等三十四州。於是命改思州宣撫為思南鎮西等處宣慰使司，以仁厚為使，俱歲朝貢不絕。

When the dynastic founder campaigned to overthrow the Chen Han regime, he subdued Hunan. Sinan Pacification Commissioner Tian Renzhi sent steward Yang Chen to submit and returned the Yuan pacification patent. As the first to defect, he kept the Sinan pacification post, received a third-rank silver seal, and Chen was made pacification intendant. Sinzhou Intendant Tian Renhou sent steward Lin Xian and commander Zhang Siwen with the prefectures of Zhenyuan and Guzhou, ten counties such as Wuchuan and Gongshui, and thirty-four sub-prefectures including Longquan and Ruiqi. Sinzhou's office was elevated to the Sinan Western Regions Pacification Commission; Renhou became commissioner; both paid tribute every year.

二年，仁厚死，子弘正襲。帝以思南土官世居荒服，未嘗詣闕，詔令率其部長入朝。九年，仁智入覲，加賜織金文綺，並諭以敬上愛下保守爵祿之道。仁智辭歸，至九江龍城驛病卒。有司以聞，遣官致祭，並敕送柩歸思南。時思州田弘正與其弟弘道等來朝，帝命禮部皆優賜。十一年，仁智子大雅襲，奉表謝恩。命思南收集各洞弩手二千人，備征調。十四年，大雅入朝。十八年，思州諸洞蠻作亂，命信國公湯和等討之。時寇出沒不常，聞師至，輒竄山谷間，退則復出剽掠。和等師抵其地，恐蠻人驚潰，乃令軍士於諸洞分屯立柵，與蠻人雜耕，使不復疑。久之，以計擒其魁，余黨悉定，留兵鎮之。二十年移思南宣慰於鎮遠。大雅來謝恩。思州宣慰弘正死，子琛襲。三十年，大雅母楊氏來朝。

In year 2 Renhou died and his son Hongzheng succeeded. Because Sinan headmen had long lived in remote country and never come to court, an edict required them to bring their chiefs to audience. In year 9 Renzhi came to court, received brocade with woven gold, and was taught to revere superiors, care for subordinates, and keep rank and stipend. Renzhi set out homeward but died of illness at Longcheng post on the Jiujiang road. Officials reported his death; envoys sacrificed and orders sent his coffin back to Sinan. Meanwhile Sinzhou's Tian Hongzheng, his brother Hongdao, and others came to court and the Ministry of Rites lavished gifts on them. In year 11 Hongzheng's son Daya succeeded and memorialized thanks. Sinan was ordered to raise two thousand crossbowmen from each cave for levy. In year 14 Daya came to court. In year 18 Sinzhou's cave tribes rose; Duke of Xin'an Tang He and others were sent to suppress them. Raiders struck unpredictably, vanishing into ravines when troops came and returning to loot when they left. Fearing the tribes would bolt, He's men built stockades at each cave and farmed beside the natives until trust returned. In time they seized the leaders by ruse; the remainder were pacified and a garrison remained. In year 20 the Sinan pacification seat was transferred to Zhenyuan. Daya came to court with thanks. Sinzhou Commissioner Hongzheng died; his son Chen succeeded. In year 30 Daya's mother, Lady Yang, came to court.

永樂八年，大雅死，子宗鼎襲。初，宗鼎兇暴，與其副使黃禧構怨，奏訐累年。朝廷以田氏世守其土，又先歸誠，曲與保全，改禧為辰州知府。未幾，思州宣慰田琛與宗鼎爭沙坑地有怨。禧遂與琛結，圖宗鼎，構兵。琛自稱天主，禧為大將，率兵攻思南。宗鼎挈家走，琛殺其弟，發其墳墓，並戮其母屍。宗鼎訴於朝，屢敕琛、禧赴闕自辨，皆拒命不至，潛使奸人入教坊司，伺隙為變。事覺，遣行人蔣廷瓚召之，命鎮遠侯顧成以兵壓其境，執琛、禧械送京師，皆引服。琛妻冉氏尤強悍，遣人招誘臺羅等寨苗普亮為亂，冀朝廷遣琛還招撫，以免死。帝聞而錮之。

In Yongle 8 Daya died; his son Zongding succeeded. Zongding was violent from the start; he and Vice Commissioner Huang Xi feuded and impeached each other for years. Because the Tian house had long held the soil and came over early, the court spared them and moved Xi to be Chenzhou prefect. Soon Sinzhou Commissioner Tian Chen and Zongding clashed over Shaken territory. Xi allied with Chen against Zongding and raised arms. Chen called himself Heavenly Lord and Xi Great General and marched on Sinan. Zongding fled with his household; Chen killed his brother, desecrated the tombs, and mutilated his mother's body. Zongding sued at court; repeated orders summoned Chen and Xi, but they defied the summons and slipped agents into the Court Entertainment Office to await disorder. The plot exposed, envoys summoned them; Gu Cheng, Marquis of Zhenyuan, advanced with troops, seized Chen and Xi in irons, and sent them to the capital, where they confessed. Chen's wife Lady Ran was fierce; she incited Miao chief Puliang of Tailuo and others to rise, hoping Chen would be sent back to pacify them and escape death. The emperor heard and imprisoned Chen.

以宗鼎窮蹙來歸，得未減，令復職，還思南。而宗鼎必得報怨，以絕禍根。帝以宗鼎幸免禍，不自懲，乃更逞忿，亦留之。宗鼎出誹言，因發祖母陰事，謂與禧奸，實造禍本。祖母亦發宗鼎縊殺親母瀆亂人倫事。帝命刑部正其罪，諭戶部尚書夏原吉曰：「琛、宗鼎分治思州、思南，皆為民害。琛不道，已正其辜。宗鼎滅倫，罪不可宥。其思州、思南三十九長官地，可更郡縣，設貴州布政使司總轄之。」命顧成剿臺羅諸寨。成斬苗賊普亮，思州乃平。十二年遂分其地為八府四州，貴州為內地，自是始。兩宣慰廢，田氏遂亡。

Zongding, having come in desperation, was spared reduction and ordered back to his post in Sinan. Yet Zongding demanded vengeance to cut off the root of trouble. Seeing Zongding ungrateful and raging anew, the emperor detained him too. Zongding slandered and aired his grandmother's secret, claiming her affair with Xi had bred the calamity. The grandmother exposed Zongding's strangling of his mother, a breach of human duty. The emperor had the Ministry of Punishments convict them and told Minister of Revenue Xia Yuanji, "Chen and Zongding ruled Sinzhou and Sinan alike to the people's hurt. Chen broke the law and has paid for it. Zongding violated kinship; his crime admits no pardon. Their thirty-nine native districts in Sinzhou and Sinan should become prefectures and counties, with a Guizhou provincial administration commission to govern them." He ordered Gu Cheng to pacify Tailuo and the other stockades. Cheng beheaded the Miao outlaw Puliang and Sinzhou was settled. In year 12 the land was split into eight prefectures and four sub-prefectures; Guizhou entered the interior administration from that point. Both pacification commissions were abolished and the Tian line ended.

正統初，蠻夷長官司奏土官衙門婚姻，皆從土俗，乞頒恩命。帝以土司循襲舊俗，因親結婚者，既累經赦宥不論，繼今悉依朝廷禮法，違者罪之。景泰間，思南府奏府四面皆山，關隘五處，無城可守，乞發附近土軍修築。命巡撫王來經畫之。

Early in Zhengtong the Manyi native office reported that yamen marriages followed tribal custom and asked for imperial favor. The emperor ruled that native chiefs who had wed kin under old custom, already amnestied, would not be punished, but henceforth court rites applied on pain of crime. In Jingtai Sinan reported mountains on every side, five passes, and no walled defense, and asked nearby native troops to build fortifications. Grand Coordinator Wang Lai was ordered to lay out the works.

鎮遠，故為豎眼大田溪洞。元初，置鎮遠沿邊溪洞招討使，後改為鎮遠府。洪武五年改為州，隸湖廣。永樂十一年仍改府，屬貴州。領長官司二：曰遍橋，曰邛水十五洞。領縣二：曰鎮遠，即金容金達、楊溪公俄二長官司地；曰施秉，即施秉長官司地也。洪武二十年，土官趙士能來朝，貢馬。三十年，鎮遠鬼長菁等處苗民作亂，指揮萬繼、百戶吳彬戰死。都指揮許能率兵會偏橋衛軍擊敗之，眾散走。永樂初，鎮遠長官何惠言：「每歲修治清浪、焦溪、鎮遠三橋，工費浩大。所部臨溪部民，皆佯、儣、亻苗、佬，力不勝役，乞令軍民參助。」從之。

Zhenyuan was once the Shuyan Datian cave country. Early Yuan saw a Zhenyuan frontier cave pacification intendant, later made Zhenyuan prefecture. In Hongwu 5 it became a sub-prefecture under Huguang. In Yongle 11 it was restored as a prefecture under Guizhou. It oversaw two native districts: Bianqiao and the Qiongshui Fifteen Caves. It governed two counties: Zhenyuan, formed from the Jintong Jinda and Yangxi E'e native offices; and Shibing, formed from the Shibing native office. In Hongwu 20 native official Zhao Shineng came to court with horses. In year 30 Zhenyuan Miao at Gui-chang Jing and elsewhere rose; Commander Wan Ji and Centurion Wu Bin fell in battle. Regional Commander Xu Neng with Pianqiao Guard troops routed them and the crowds fled. Early in Yongle Zhenyuan native official He Hui said, "Annual repairs to the Qinglang, Jiaoxi, and Zhenyuan bridges cost heavily. My riverine subjects—Yang, Liao, Miao, and Lao peoples—cannot bear the levy alone; please order troops and settlers to share the work." The court approved.

宣德初，鎮遠邛水奧洞蠻苗章奴劫掠清浪道中，為思州都坪峨異溪長官司所獲。其父苗銀總劫取之，聚兵欲攻思州。因令赤溪洞長官楊通諒往撫，銀總伏兵殺諒，又掠埂洞。命總兵官蕭授調辰、沅諸衛兵萬四千人剿之，會於清浪衛，指揮張名討銀總，克奧洞，盡殺其黨，銀總遁。正統三年革鎮遠州，以鎮遠、施秉二長官司隸鎮遠府。十二年，巡按御史虞禎奏：「貴州蠻賊出沒，撫之不從，捕之不得，若非設策，難以控制。臣觀清水江等處，峭壁層崖，僅通一徑出入，彼得恃險為惡。若將江外山口盡行閉塞，江內山口並津渡俱設關堡，屯兵守禦，又擇寨長有才幹者為辦事官，庶毋疏虞。」從之。十四年命振偏橋衛，以被苗寇殺掠，不能自存，有司以請，從之。

Early in Xuande the Ao-cave Miao outlaw Zhang Nu of Zhenyuan's Qiongshui raided the Qinglang route and was taken by Sinzhou's Duping Eyi Creek native office. Yin-zong, a Miao leader, had seized the territory by looting and then raised forces to attack Sizhou. He sent Yang Tong-liang, headman of Chixi Cave, to negotiate, but Yin-zong ambushed and killed him and raided Geng Cave as well. Supreme Commander Xiao Shou was ordered to raise 14,000 men from the Chen and Yuan guards; they rendezvoused at Qinglang, where Commander Zhang Ming took Ao Cave, wiped out Yin-zong's band, and drove him to flight. In 1438 Zhenyuan prefecture was abolished, and the Zhenyuan and Shibing native chieftaincies were subordinated to the Zhenyuan prefectural government. In 1447 Touring Censor Yu Zhen reported that Guizhou tribal raiders struck unpredictably, ignored pacification, and eluded capture, and that only a deliberate policy could keep them in check. The Qingshui River country, he noted, is a maze of cliffs with but one narrow pass, terrain that outlaws could readily exploit. He proposed sealing the outer approaches, fortifying inner passes and ferries with garrisons, and appointing able stockade chiefs as local agents, measures that might close gaps in control. The court approved his plan. In 1449 Pianqiao Guard, ravaged by Miao raids to the point of collapse, was ordered rebuilt at the officials' request.

天順七年，鎮守湖廣太監郭閔奏：「貴州洪江賊苗蟲蝦等糾合二千余人，偽稱王侯，攻劫鎮遠屯寨。撫諭不服，請合兵進討。」命總兵官李震、李安等分道入，賊退守平坤寨，官兵追至清水江，獲蟲蝦，並斬賊首飛天侯、苗老底、額頭等六百四十余人，並復黎平之赤溪湳洞，賊平。弘治十年改鎮遠金容金達長官司為鎮遠州，設流官。時土官碖父子罪死，土人思得流官，守臣以聞，報可。

In 1463 Garrison Eunuch Guo Min of Huguang reported that Chong-xia of Hongjiang had raised over 2,000 Miao, proclaimed themselves kings and marquises, and raided Zhenyuan military colonies. They refused to accept pacification, and he asked for a joint punitive campaign. Supreme commanders Li Zhen and Li An were sent in by separate columns; the rebels fell back on Pingkun stockade but were pursued to the Qingshui River, where Chong-xia was taken and over 640 ringleaders, including the self-styled Flying-Heaven Marquis, were beheaded; Chixi-nan-dong in Liping was recovered and the rising was suppressed. In 1497 the Zhenyuan Jin-rong Jin-da native chieftaincy was converted into a regular prefecture with an appointed magistrate. The Qi father and son, native rulers, had been executed for crimes, and the populace petitioned for civil administration; the frontier authorities reported this and the change was approved.

萬歷末，邛水長官司楊光春貪暴，土目彭必信濟之箕斂。苗不堪，將上訴改設流官，光春與必信遂謀反，言官兵欲剿諸苗，當斂金贖，得金五百余。都御史何起鳴诇知之，捕光春下獄，瘐死。於是每四戶擇壯兵一人，立四哨，不為兵者佐糗糧魚鹽，簡土吏何文奎等掌之。必信復醵諸苗金，訴於朝，言巴也、梁止諸寨為亂，指揮使陶效忠不問，反索土官楊光春金而殺之。改舊例用新法，不便。書上，意自得，歸謁知府王一麟。一麟縛之下獄，檄諸苗，言：「若等十五洞所苦者，以兵餉月米三斗過甚耳。然歲給白蟲鋪米，每洞月八斗，他於平溪驛剩余征銀兩，皆可足餉。我為若通之，毋為必信所誣。」苗皆悅服，乃坐必信罪。時有土舍楊載清者應襲推官，嘗中貴州鄉試，命於本衛加俸級優異之。

Late in the Wanli period Yang Guang-chun, Qiongshui native official, ruled with greed and violence while his clerk Peng Bi-xin helped squeeze the people. The Miao, unable to endure the exactions, prepared to petition for civil rule; Guang-chun and Bi-xin then rebelled, falsely warning that troops would exterminate the tribes unless ransoms were paid, and collected over 500 taels of gold. Grand Coordinator He Qi-ming uncovered the plot, arrested Guang-chun, and imprisoned him until he died of illness in jail. A militia system was then imposed: one able man from every four households in four watches, with non-combatants supplying provisions, under native clerks such as He Wen-kui. Bi-xin levied more gold from the tribes and memorialized the throne, claiming that Baye, Liangzhi, and other stockades had risen while Commander Tao Xiao-zhong had ignored the revolt and instead extorted gold from Yang Guang-chun and killed him. The new arrangements replaced the old rules to the people's detriment. Confident his petition would succeed, he returned to present himself to Prefect Wang Yi-lin. Wang Yi-lin arrested and jailed him, then addressed the fifteen cave communities: their grievance, he said, was merely the excessive three-dou monthly militia ration. Annual grain allowances of eight dou per cave per month, together with surplus silver from the Pingxi courier station, could fully cover the rations, he explained. He promised to secure relief for them and warned them not to be misled by Bi-xin. The tribes accepted the settlement with satisfaction, and Bi-xin was punished. About this time Yang Zai-qing, a native cadet eligible to inherit a vice-prefect's post and a former Guizhou provincial examination graduate, was granted an extra stipend grade at his guard as a special honor.

天啟五年，巡撫傅宗龍奏：「苗寇披猖，地方受害，乞敕偏沅撫臣移鎮偏橋，勿復回沅，凡思、石、偏、鎮等處俾練兵萬余人，平時以之剿苗，大征即統為督臣後勁，庶苗患寧而西賊之氣亦漸奪矣。」報可。

In 1625 Grand Coordinator Fu Zong-long urged that the Pian-Yuan governor shift permanently to Pianqiao, maintain over 10,000 trained troops across Si, Shi, Pian, Zhen, and neighboring districts for routine pacification and as a strategic reserve in major campaigns, thereby curbing Miao unrest and weakening western rebel power. The court approved.

銅仁，元為銅人大小江等處軍民長官司。洪武初，改為銅仁長官司。永樂十一年置銅仁府。萬歷二十六年始改銅仁長官司為縣治。領長官司五：曰省溪，曰提溪，曰大萬山，曰烏羅，曰平頭著可。烏羅者，本永樂時分置貴州八府之一也，所屬有朗溪長官司、答意長官司、治古長官司，而平頭著可長官司亦隸焉。

Tongren had been, under the Yuan, the Tongren Greater and Lesser River military-civilian native chieftaincy. In the early Hongwu reign it became the Tongren native chieftaincy. Tongren Prefecture was established in 1413. In 1598 the Tongren native chieftaincy was converted into a county administration. It oversaw five native chieftaincies: Shengxi, Tixi, Dawanshan, Wuluo, and Pingtou Zhu-ke. Wuluo, one of the eight Guizhou prefectures created under Yongle, had subordinate chieftaincies at Langxi, Dayi, and Zhigu, as well as Pingtou Zhu-ke.

宣德五年，烏羅知府嚴律己言：「所屬治古、答意二長官石各野等聚眾出沒銅仁、平頭、甕橋諸處，誘脅蠻賊石雞娘並筸子坪長官吳畢郎等共為亂，招撫不從。緣其地與鎮溪、酉陽諸蠻接境，恐相煽為亂。請調官土軍分據要地，絕其糧道，且捕且撫。事平之後，宜置衛所巡司以守之。」事聞，命總兵官蕭授及鎮巡諸司議。於是授築二十四堡，環其地守之。兵力分，卒難扞禦。賊四出劫掠，殺清浪衛鎮撫葉受，勢益獗。七年，巡按御史以聞，且言生苗之地不過三百余裏，乞別遣良將督諸軍殄滅。授言：「殘苗吳不爾等遁入筸子坪，結生苗龍不登等攻劫湖廣五寨及白崖諸寨，為患滋甚。宜令川、湖、貴州接境諸官軍、土兵分路並力攻剿，庶除邊患。」從之。既降敕諭授，言：「暴師久，恐蹉跌為蠻羞，或撫或剿，朕觀成功，不從中制。

In 1430 Wuluo Prefect Yan Lv-yi reported that his subordinates Ge-ye of Zhigu and other headmen of Zhigu and Dayi were raiding Tongren, Pingtou, and Wengqiao, inciting the bandit Shi Ji-niang and Wu Bi-lang of Gaozi-ping to revolt despite offers of pacification. Their territory bordered Zhenxi and Youyang tribes, he warned, raising the risk of a wider uprising. He asked for regular and native troops to seize key positions, cut supply lines, and combine suppression with negotiation. After pacification he urged establishing guards, posts, and patrol offices for long-term defense. On receipt of the memorial, Supreme Commander Xiao Shou and the frontier authorities were ordered to plan a response. Xiao Shou then ringed the region with twenty-four fortified posts. But the scattered garrisons proved too weak to hold the line. Rebels raided in all directions, killed Qinglang Guard Commander Ye Shou, and grew bolder. In 1452 the touring censor reported the crisis and noted that the raw Miao country covered barely 300 li, urging dispatch of a capable general to annihilate them. Xiao Shou replied that Wu Bu-er and other fugitives had taken refuge in Gaozi-ping, allied with raw Miao under Long Bu-deng, and were raiding Huguang's five stockades and Baiya, with the threat spreading. He proposed a coordinated strike by border troops of Sichuan, Huguang, and Guizhou advancing on several routes. The court agreed. The emperor then instructed Xiao Shou that prolonged campaigning risked disgrace if mishandled, and that he might choose pacification or suppression as he saw fit without central micromanagement.

八年，授奏言：「臣受命統率諸軍進攻賊巢，破新郎等寨，前後生擒賊首吳不跳等二百一十二人，斬吳不爾、王老虎、龍安軸等五百九十余級，皆梟以徇，余黨悉平。還所掠軍民男婦九十八口，悉給所親。獲賊婦女幼弱一千六百余口，以給從征將士。」並械吳不跳等獻京師。帝顧謂侍臣曰：「蠻苗好亂，自取滅亡，然於朕心，不能無惻然也。」授威服南荒，前後凡二十余年。

In 1453 Xiao Shou reported that he had stormed rebel strongholds including Xin-lang, captured 212 leaders such as Wu Bu-tiao, and beheaded over 590 including Wu Bu-er, Wang Lao-hu, and Long An-zhou, displaying the heads and pacifying the rest. Ninety-eight civilians taken captive were restored to their families. Over 1,600 women and children taken in the campaign were distributed among the troops. Wu Bu-tiao and other captives were sent to the capital in chains. The emperor told his attendants that the Miao brought ruin on themselves through rebellion, yet he could not view their fate without pity. Xiao Shou's authority held the southern frontier for more than twenty years.

正統三年革烏羅府，所屬治古、答意二長官司，亂後殘民無幾，亦並革之，以烏羅、平頭著可隸銅仁，以朗溪隸思南，從巡按御史請也。景泰七年，平頭著可長官司奏其地多為蠻賊侵害，乞立土城固守，從之。成化十一年，總兵官李震奏：「烏羅苗人石全州，妄稱元末明氏子孫，僭稱明王，糾眾於執銀等處作亂，鄰洞多應之。因調官軍往剿，石全州已就擒，而諸苗攻劫未已。」命鎮巡官設策撫捕，未幾平。嘉靖二十二年，平頭苗賊龍桑科作亂，流劫湖廣桂陽間，甚獗。帝以諸苗再叛，責激亂者，而起都御史萬鏜往討之。明年，鏜奏叛苗以次殄滅，惟龍母叟雖降，然其罪大，宜置重典。命安置遼東。未幾，龍子賢復叛。二十六年，湖貴巡按御史奏官軍討賊不力，降旨切責。三十九年，總兵官石邦憲剿之，擒首惡龍老羅等，遂平。

In 1438 Wuluo prefecture was abolished; its depopulated subordinates Zhigu and Dayi were also eliminated; Wuluo and Pingtou Zhu-ke went to Tongren and Langxi to Sinan, as the touring censor had urged. In 1456 Pingtou Zhu-ke reported heavy raids and was permitted to build an earthen walled town for defense. In 1475 Supreme Commander Li Zhen reported that Shi Quan-zhou of Wuluo Miao had falsely claimed descent from the Yuan-era Ming house, proclaimed himself King Ming, and raised rebels at Zhi-yin with wide support from neighboring caves. Although Quan-zhou was captured when troops were sent against him, raids continued across the region. Frontier officials were ordered to pacify and suppress the remainder, and order was soon restored. In 1543 the Pingtou Miao rebel Long Sang-ke raided fiercely through Huguang's Guilin region. The emperor, blaming officials for provoking renewed Miao revolts, sent Grand Coordinator Wan Rong to suppress them. The following year Wan Rong reported that the rebels had been largely destroyed, but that Long Mu-sou, though surrendered, deserved severe punishment. Mu-sou was banished to Liaodong. Soon afterward his son Long Zi-xian rebelled again. In 1547 the Huguang-Guizhou touring censor reported ineffective campaigning, and the court issued a sharp rebuke. In 1560 Supreme Commander Shi Bang-xian crushed the rising, capturing ringleader Long Lao-luo and others, and peace was restored.

黎平，元潭溪地也。洪武初，仍各長官司。永樂十一年改置黎平、新化二府。宣德十年並新化入黎平。領長官司十三：曰潭溪，曰八舟，曰洪舟泊裏，曰曹滴洞，曰古州，曰西山陽洞，曰湖耳，曰亮寨，曰歐陽，曰新化，曰中林驗洞，曰赤溪湳洞，曰龍裏。

Liping had been Tanxi territory under the Yuan. In the early Hongwu period the native chieftaincies continued as before. Liping and Xinhua prefectures were established in 1413. In 1435 Xinhua was annexed to Liping. It administered thirteen native chieftaincies: Tanxi, Bazhou, Hongzhou-boli, Caodi-dong, Guzhou, Xishan-yang-dong, Hu'er, Liangzhai, Ouyang, Xinhua, Zhonglin-yan-dong, Chixi-nan-dong, and Longli.

初，洪武三年，辰州衛指揮劉宣武率兵招降湖耳、潭溪、新化、萬平江、歐陽諸洞，於是諸洞長官皆來朝，納元所授印敕。帝命皆仍其原官，以轄洞民，隸辰州衛。既改龍裏長官司為龍裏衛，又增立五開衛以鎮之，隸思州。二十九年，清水江蠻金牌黃作亂，都司發兵捕之，金牌黃遁去。捕獲其黨五百余人，械至京，以其脅從，宥死，戍遠衛。既有言金牌黃匿宣慰家者，詔勿問。三十年，古州洞蠻林寬者，自號小師，聚眾作亂，攻龍裏。千戶吳得、鎮撫井孚力戰死之。寬遂犯新化，突至平茶，千戶紀達率壯士擊之。達突陣殺數人，以槍橫挑一人擲之，流矢中臂，達拔矢復戰。賊驚曰：「是平茶紀蒙邪？」遁去。蠻稱官為蒙雲。已，復熾，命湖廣都指揮使齊讓為平羌將軍，統兵五萬征之。既以讓逗遛，命楊文代之。又命楚王楨、湘王柏各率護衛兵進討，城銅鼓衛。未幾，讓擒寬等，械入京，誅之。三十一年復平其余黨，並俘獲三十岡等處洞蠻二千九百人以歸，遂班師。

In 1370 Chenzhou Guard Commander Liu Xuanwu had led troops to win over Hu'er, Tanxi, Xinhua, Wanping-jiang, and Ouyang, whose headmen then presented themselves at court and surrendered their Yuan seals and patents. The emperor confirmed them in their former posts to rule their cave communities under Chenzhou Guard. Longli chieftaincy was later converted to Longli Guard, and Wukai Guard was added as a garrison under Sinan. In 1396 the Qingshui River tribesman Jin-pai-huang rebelled; provincial troops were sent against him, but he escaped. Over 500 followers were captured and sent to the capital; as coerced participants they were spared execution and exiled to distant garrisons. Reports that Jin-pai-huang was sheltered by a native pacification commissioner were met with an order not to pursue the matter. In 1397 Lin Kuan of Guzhou Cave styled himself Junior Master, raised a rebel force, and attacked Longli. Company Commander Wu De and Garrison Commander Jing Fu were killed in fierce fighting. Kuan then struck Xinhua and advanced suddenly to Pingcha, where Company Commander Ji Da led a counterattack. Da broke the enemy line, killed several men, and hurled one soldier aside on his spear; struck in the arm by a stray arrow, he pulled it out and continued fighting. The rebels cried in alarm: "Can this be Ji Meng of Pingcha? They fled. The tribes called officials "Meng." The rising soon revived; Huguang Provincial Commander Qi Rang was appointed Pacification General and given 50,000 troops for the campaign. When Qi Rang stalled, Yang Wen was sent to replace him. Princes Zhu Zhen of Chu and Zhu Bai of Xiang were also ordered to advance with guard troops, and Tonggu Guard was fortified. Qi Rang soon captured Kuan and his fellows, sent them to the capital in chains, and they were executed. In 1398 remaining rebels were subdued, 2,900 tribesmen from Sangang and other caves were taken, and the army withdrew.

永樂五年，寨長韋萬木來朝，自陳所統四十七寨，乞設官。因設西山陽洞長官司，以萬木為屯長。宣德六年改永從蠻夷長官司為永從縣，置流官，以土官李瑛絕故也。又割思州新溪等十一寨隸黎平赤溪湳洞長官司。正統四年，計砂苗賊苗金蟲等糾合洪江生苗，偽立統千侯、統萬侯名號，劫掠四出，命都督蕭授調兵剿之。賊首苗總牌等為都督吳亮所戮，洪江生苗遂詣軍門降。授諭遣之，命千戶尹勝誘執苗金蟲，斬以徇。

In 1407 Stockade Head Wei Wan-mu presented himself at court and asked that officials be appointed over his forty-seven stockades. The Xishan-yang-dong native chieftaincy was then established with Wan-mu as garrison head. In 1431 Yongcong barbarian chieftaincy became Yongcong County with a civil magistrate after the Li Ying native line died out. Eleven Sinan stockades including Xinxi were also transferred to Liping's Chixi-nan-dong chieftaincy. In 1439 Jisha Miao under Jin-chong allied with Hongjiang raw Miao, proclaimed themselves commanders of thousands and tens of thousands, and raided widely; Commissioner Xiao Shou was ordered to suppress them. Ringleader Zong-pai and others were killed by Commissioner Wu Liang, and the Hongjiang raw Miao surrendered at headquarters. Xiao Shou dismissed the surrendered tribes, had Company Commander Yin Sheng lure Jin-chong into capture, and executed him as an example.

景泰五年，巡撫王永壽以苗賊蒙能攻圍龍裏、新化、銅鼓諸城，乞調兵剿之。時賊欲取龍裏為巢穴，攻破亮寨、銅鼓、羅圍堡諸城，都指揮汪迪為賊所殺。朝議以南和伯方瑛為平蠻將軍，統湖廣諸軍討之。蒙能糾賊眾三萬出攻平溪衛，瑛遣指揮鄭泰等以火槍攻，斃賊三千人，能亦死。而能黨李珍等尚煽惑苗眾，官軍計擒之，克復銅鼓、藕洞，連破鬼板等一百六十余寨，覃洞、上隆諸苗悉降。

In 1454 Grand Coordinator Wang Yong-shou reported that the Miao rebel Meng Neng was besieging Longli, Xinhua, Tonggu, and other towns and requested troops. The rebels aimed to make Longli their base, overran Liangzhai, Tonggu, and Luowei-bao, and killed Provincial Commander Wang Di. The court appointed Marquis Fang Ying of Nanhe Pacification General and sent Huguang forces against them. Meng Neng led 30,000 rebels against Pingxi Guard; Fang Ying's commander Zheng Tai routed them with firearms, killing 3,000 rebels and Neng himself. Neng's lieutenants Li Zhen and others still stirred the tribes, but government troops captured them by stratagem, retook Tonggu and Ou-dong, stormed over 160 stockades including Guiban, and brought Tan-dong, Shang-long, and the rest to submission.

天順元年，鎮守太監阮讓言：「東苗為貴州諸苗之首，負固據險，僭號稱王，逼脅他種，東苗平則諸苗服。臣會同方瑛計議，並請師期。」於是頒諭四川、湖廣諸宣慰、宣撫會師討賊。三年，督理軍務都御史白圭以谷種山箐，乃東苗羽翼，宜先剿。因同瑛進青崖，令總兵李貴進牛皮箐，參將劉玉進谷種，參將李震進鬼山。所向皆捷，克水車壩等一百十七寨。諸將復合兵青崖，攻石門山，克擺傷等三十九寨。仍分兵四路，進攻董農、竹蓋、甲底等四百三十七寨。賊首幹把豬退守六美山。合兵大進，斬五千余級，生擒幹把豬，送京師伏誅。先是，麻城人李添保以逋賦逃入苗中，詭稱唐後，聚眾萬余，僭稱王，建元武烈。署故賊首蒙能子聰為總兵官，遺之銀印敕書，縱兵剽掠，震動遠近。至是為李震所敗，余賊大潰。添保僅以身免，潛入鬼池及絞洞諸寨，復煽諸苗劫攻中林、龍裏，亦為震擒，伏誅。

In 1457 Garrison Eunuch Ruan Rang reported that the Eastern Miao led Guizhou's tribes, held the high ground, styled themselves kings, and intimidated neighbors, and that subduing them would bring the rest to heel. He conferred with Fang Ying on strategy and asked the court to set a campaign schedule. The court then ordered the Sichuan and Huguang pacification offices to muster joint forces against the rebels. In 1459 Military Affairs Commissioner Bai Gui argued that Guchong Mountain, a Eastern Miao stronghold, should be struck first. With Fang Ying he moved on Qingya while Li Gui took Niupi stockade, Liu Yu Guchong, and Li Zhen Guishan. They won every engagement, capturing 117 stockades including Shuicheba. Reuniting at Qingya they stormed Shimen Mountain and seized 39 stockades including Baishang. Four columns then pressed Dongnong, Zhugai, Jidi, and 437 more stockades. Rebel chief Ganba-zhu fell back to Liumei Mountain. A general assault followed; over 5,000 were beheaded, Ganba-zhu was taken alive and executed in the capital. Earlier Li Tianbao of Macheng, a tax fugitive among the Miao who claimed Tang imperial descent, had raised 10,000 men, proclaimed himself king, and declared the era name Wulie. He named Meng Neng's son Cong supreme commander, issued him a silver seal and commission, and unleashed raids that terrified the countryside. Li Zhen now routed him and the remnant rebels scattered. Tianbao alone escaped, hid among Guichi and Jiaodong stockades, stirred new attacks on Zhonglin and Longli, and was finally captured and executed by Zhen.

萬歷二十八年，皮林逆苗吳國佐、石纂太等作亂。國佐本洪州司特洞寨苗，頗知書，嘗入永從學為生員，素桀黠，皮林諸苗推服之。因娶叛人吳大榮妾，為黎平府所持，遂反。自稱天皇上將，陽聽撫而陰與播賊通。纂太亦自稱太保，殺百戶黃鐘等百余人，與國佐合兵圍上黃堡。參將黃沖霄討之，敗績。殺守備張世忠，焚五開，破永從縣，圍中潮所。總兵陳良比、陳璘合湖、貴兵進討，亦失利，國佐益橫。二十九年命巡撫江鐸會兵分七路進剿，苗據險不出。陳璘潛師奪隘，縱火焚其巢。國佐逃，擒之，纂太亦為他將誘縛，皆伏誅。

In 1600 Pilin rebels Wu Guozuo and Shi Zuantai and others rebelled. Guozuo, a literate Tedong stockade Miao who had studied at Yongcong and become a licentiate, was cunning and commanded Pilin's respect. After marrying defector Wu Darong's concubine drew prosecution from Liping Prefecture, he turned rebel. He called himself Heavenly Emperor Great General, feigned submission, and colluded with Bozhou rebels. Zuantai styled himself Grand Mentor, slaughtered over 100 people including Centurion Huang Zhong, and allied with Guozuo to besiege Shanghuang Fort. Assistant Commander Huang Chongxiao attacked them and was defeated. They killed Garrison Commander Zhang Shizhong, burned Wukai, overran Yongcong County, and encircled Zhongchao garrison. Supreme commanders Chen Liangbi and Chen Lin led joint Huguang-Guizhou forces but lost again, and Guozuo grew bolder. In 1601 Grand Coordinator Jiang Duo was ordered to attack along seven routes; the Miao held the heights and refused battle. Chen Lin stole a march, seized the defile, and burned their strongholds. Guozuo fled but was taken; Zuatai was tricked and bound by another commander; both were put to death.

安順，普裏部蠻所居。元世祖置普定府，成宗時改普定路，又為普安路，並屬雲南。洪武初為普定府，十六年改為安順州，隸四川。正統三年改屬貴州。萬歷中改安順軍民府，以普安等州屬焉。普安，故軍民府也，初隸雲南，尋廢為衛。永樂間改為州，始隸貴州，領長官司二：曰寧谷，曰西堡。

Anshun was the homeland of the Pulibu tribes. The Yuan first set up Puding Prefecture, later Puding and then Pu'an circuits, both under Yunnan. Early in Hongwu it was Puding Prefecture; in 1383 it became Anshun subprefecture under Sichuan. In 1438 jurisdiction passed to Guizhou. Under Wanli it became the Anshun army-civilian prefecture, absorbing Pu'an and other districts. Pu'an, once an army-civilian prefecture under Yunnan, was soon abolished and converted to a guard. Under Yongle it became a subprefecture under Guizhou with two native offices: Ninggu and Xibao.

洪武五年，普定府女總管適爾及其弟阿甕來朝，遂命適爾為知府，許世襲。六年設普定府流官二員。十四年城普定。十五年，普定軍民知府者額來朝，賜米及衣鈔，命諭其部眾，有子弟皆令入國學。十六年，者額遣弟阿昌及八十一砦長阿窩等來朝。二十年詔征普定、安順等州六長官赴京，命以銀二十萬備糴，遣普定侯陳桓等率諸軍駐普安屯田，明年，越州叛苗阿資率眾寇普安，燒府治，大肆剽掠。征南將軍傅友德擊走之，旦詣軍門降，遂改軍民府為指揮使司。二十三年，西平侯沐英奏普安百夫長密即叛，殺屯田官軍及驛丞試百戶。調指揮張泰討之於盤江木窄關，官軍失利。更調指揮蔣文統烏撒、畢節、永寧三衛軍剿之，乃遁。二十六年，普定西堡長官司阿德及諸寨長作亂，命貴州都指揮顧成討平之。二十八年，成討平西堡土官阿傍。三十一年，西堡滄浪寨長必莫者聚眾亂，阿革傍等亦糾三千余人助惡。成皆擊斬之，其地悉平。

In 1372 Puding's female administrator Shi'er and her brother A-weng presented themselves; she was confirmed as prefect with hereditary tenure. In 1373 two circulating officials were posted to Puding. In 1381 the Puding city walls were built. In 1382 Puding's army-civilian prefect Zhe'e came to court, received grain and gifts, and was told to send promising youths to the National University. In 1383 Zhe'e sent his brother Achang and A-wo, headman of 81 stockades, to the capital. In 1387 six native chiefs of Puding and Anshun were summoned to court; 200,000 taels were allotted for grain and Chen Huan's troops were stationed at Pu'an for military colonies; the next year Yuezhou rebel A-zi sacked Pu'an and burned the yamen. Fu Youde repulsed him; A-zi surrendered at dawn, and the prefecture was converted to a commander's office. In 1390 Mu Ying reported that Pu'an centurion Mi-ji had rebelled and murdered colony troops and postal officials. Commander Zhang Tai was sent to Panjiang Muzhai Pass but was beaten. Jiang Wen then led Wusa, Bijie, and Yongning troops against them and drove them off. In 1393 Ade of Xibao and allied stockade chiefs rebelled; Regional Commander Gu Cheng suppressed them. In 1395 Cheng defeated Xibao native officer A-bang. In 1398 Bimo-zhe of Xibao's Canglang stockade rose up, joined by A-ge-bang with 3,000 men. Cheng attacked, beheaded the ringleaders, and pacified the region.

永樂元年，故普安安撫者昌之子慈長言：「建文時父任是職，宜襲，吏部罷之。本境地闊民稠，輸糧三千余石，乞仍前職報效。」命仍予安撫。十三年改普安安撫司為普安州。十四年，慈長謀占營長地，且強娶民人妻為妾，殺其夫，閹其子。事聞，命布政司孟驥按狀。慈長糾兵萬余圍驥，驥以計擒之，逮至京，死於獄。

In 1403 Cichang, son of former Pu'an Pacification Superintendent Zhechang, argued that his father's Jianwen-era post should pass to him but the Ministry of Personnel had abolished it. He noted the district's size and 3,000-plus piculs of grain tribute and asked for the old pacification post back. The court restored him as pacification superintendent. In 1415 the Pu'an pacification office became Pu'an Subprefecture. In 1416 Cichang seized camp lands, abducted a man's wife, murdered the husband, and castrated the son. The court sent Provincial Commissioner Meng Ji to investigate. Cichang raised 10,000 men to besiege Ji, but Ji seized him by ruse, sent him to the capital, and he died in jail.

天順四年，西堡蠻賊聚眾焚劫，鎮守貴州內官鄭忠、右副總兵李貴請調川雲都司官兵二萬，並貴州宣慰安隴富兵二萬進剿。至阿果，擒賊首楚得隆等，斬首二百余級。余賊奔白石崖，復斬級七百余，焚其巢而還。十年，安順土知州張承祖與所屬寧谷寨長官顧鐘爭地仇殺。下巡撫究治，命各貢馬贖罪。

In 1460 Xibao raiders burned and looted; Eunuch Zheng Zhong and Vice Commander Li Gui asked for 40,000 troops from Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou commands to suppress them. At Aguo they captured Chu Delong and other chiefs and took 200 heads. Survivors fled to Baishiya; 700 more were killed, their camps burned, and the column withdrew. In 1466 Anshun native subprefect Zhang Chengzu and Ninggu chieftain Gu Zhong fought a land feud to the death. The grand coordinator was sent to adjudicate; both were ordered to offer horses as penalty.

成化十四年，貴州總兵吳經奏，西堡獅子孔洞等苗作亂，先調雲南軍八千助防守。聞雲南有警，乞改調沅州、清浪諸軍應援。十五年，經奏已擒斬賊首阿屯、堅婁等，以捷聞。

In 1478 Supreme Commander Wu Jing reported Xibao's Shizikong Cave Miao in revolt and first shifted 8,000 Yunnan troops to garrison the area. When Yunnan itself was threatened, he asked to replace them with Yuanzhou and Qinglang troops. In 1479 Jing reported the capture and execution of rebel chiefs A-tun and Jian-lou.

弘治十一年，普安州土判官隆暢妻米魯反。米魯者，沾益州土知州安民女也，適暢被出，居其父家。暢老，前妻子禮襲，父子不相能。米魯與營長阿保通，因令阿保諷禮迎己，禮與阿保同烝之。暢聞怒，立殺禮，毀阿保寨。阿保挾魯與其子阿鲊等攻暢，暢走雲南。時東寧伯焦俊為總兵官，與巡撫錢鉞和解之。魯於道中毒暢死，遂與保據寨反。暢妾曰適烏，生二子，別居南安。米魯欲並殺之，築寨圍其城。又別築三寨於普安，而令阿鲊等防守。名所居寨曰承天，自號無敵天王，出入建黃纛，官兵不能制，鎮巡以聞。發十衛及諸土兵萬三千人分道進，責安民殺賊自贖。民乃攻斬阿保父子於查剌寨，米魯亡走。焦俊等責安民獻魯，民陰資魯兵五百襲殺適烏及其二子，據別寨殺掠，又自請襲為女土官。鎮巡官皆受魯賂，請宥魯。嚴旨切責，必得魯乃已。貴州副使劉福陰索賂於魯，故緩師。賊益熾，官兵敗於阿馬坡，都指揮吳遠被擄，普安幾陷。帝命南京戶部尚書王軾、巡撫陳金、都指揮李政進剿，破二十余寨。魯竄馬尾籠，官兵圍之，就擒，伏誅。安民自辨，得赦。正德元年，暢族婦適擦襲土判官，赴京朝貢，帝嘉之。或曰適擦亦暢妾雲。

In 1498 Milu, wife of Pu'an native judge Long Chang, rebelled. Milu, daughter of Zhanyi subprefect An Min, had been divorced by Chang and lived with her father. The aging Chang's son Li by a prior wife succeeded him, and father and son were at odds. Milu conspired with camp chief A-bao, who persuaded Li to take her back; Li and A-bao both cohabited with her. Chang, enraged, killed Li and razed A-bao's stockade. A-bao, Milu, and son A-zha attacked; Chang fled to Yunnan. Supreme Commander Earl Jiao Jun and Grand Coordinator Qian Yue brokered a truce. Milu poisoned Chang en route, then with Bao seized stockades and rebelled. Chang's concubine Shi-wu, mother of two sons, lived apart at Nan'an. Milu sought to kill them too and walled stockades around Nan'an. She fortified three camps at Pu'an under A-zha's guard. Her headquarters she called Chengtian; she styled herself Invincible Heavenly King, marched under yellow banners, defied government troops, and officials reported the crisis. Ten guards and 13,000 native troops moved on separate routes, ordering An Min to redeem himself by destroying the rebels. An Min stormed Chala, killed A-bao and his son, and Milu fled. Jun demanded Milu from An Min, but Min secretly gave her 500 men who murdered Shi-wu and her sons, raided anew, and sought the female chieftaincy for himself. Local officials took Milu's bribes and pleaded for her pardon. Imperial reprimands insisted that Milu be captured before the case could close. Vice Commissioner Liu Fu took Milu's bribes and deliberately slowed the campaign. Rebels surged; troops lost at Amapo; Commander Wu Yuan was taken; Pu'an nearly fell. The emperor sent Minister Wang Shi, Grand Coordinator Chen Jin, and Commander Li Zheng, who stormed 20-odd stockades. Milu hid at Maweilong, was surrounded and captured, and executed. An Min cleared himself and was forgiven. In 1506 Shi-ca, a Long clanswoman who succeeded as native judge, tribute at court won imperial praise. Some accounts identify Shi-ca with Chang's concubine Yun.

西堡阿得、獅子孔阿江二種，皆革僚也。初據滄浪六寨，不供常賦。土官溫愷懼罪自縊，其子廷玉請免賦，不允。往征，為其寨長乜呂等所殺。六年，廷玉弟廷瑞訴於守臣，會乜呂死，指揮楊仁撫其眾。巡撫蕭翀請令其輸賦，免用兵，從之。

Xibao's A-de and Shizikong's A-jiang peoples were Gelao. They originally held Canglang's six stockades and paid no regular taxes. Native officer Wen Kai, fearing punishment, hanged himself; son Tingyu's plea for tax relief was denied. A punitive expedition was ambushed; stockade chief Nie-lü and others killed Tingyu. In 1491 brother Tingrui appealed to local officials; with Nie-lü dead, Commander Yang Ren pacified the tribe. Grand Coordinator Xiao Chong secured their tax payments in lieu of military action.

都勻，元曰都雲。洪武十九年置都勻安撫司。二十九年改為軍民指揮使司，屬四川。永樂十一年改隸貴州。弘治七年置府，領州二，曰麻哈，曰獨山，即合江洲陳蒙爛土長官司地。領縣一，曰清平，即清平長官司地也。領長官司八：屬府者曰都勻，曰平浪，曰邦水，曰平州六洞；屬獨山者曰九名九姓，曰豐寧；屬麻哈者曰樂平，曰平定。洪武二十二年，都督何福奏討都勻叛苗，斬四千七百余級，擒獲六千三百九十余人，收降寨洞一百五十二處。二十三年城都勻衛，命指揮同知董庸守之。二十五年，九名九姓蠻亂，命何福平之。二十八年，豐寧三藍等寨亂，命顧成平之。二十九年，平浪蠻殺土官王應名，都指揮程暹平之。應名妻吳攜九歲子阿童來訴，詔予襲。永樂四年，鎮遠侯顧成招諭合江州十五寨來歸。

Duyun was known in Yuan times as Duyun. In 1386 the Duyun pacification office was founded. In 1396 it became an army-civilian command under Sichuan. In 1413 jurisdiction shifted to Guizhou. In 1494 a prefecture was created with subprefectures Maoha and Dushan on former Hejiang Chenmenglantou lands. It also governed Qingping County on Qingping chieftaincy lands. Eight native offices fell under it: Duyun, Pinglang, Bangshui, and Pingzhou Liudong under the prefecture; under Dushan, Jiuming Jiuxing and Fengning; under Maoha, Yueping and Pingding. In 1389 Commissioner He Fu reported suppressing Duyun rebels: 4,700 beheaded, 6,390 captured, 152 stockades surrendered. In 1390 Duyun Guard was fortified under Assistant Commander Dong Yong. In 1392 the Jiuming Jiuxing tribes rebelled; He Fu pacified them. In 1395 Fengning's Sanlan stockades rose; Gu Cheng suppressed them. In 1396 Pinglang tribes killed chieftain Wang Yingming; Cheng Xian restored order. Widow Wu brought nine-year-old son A-tong to court and secured his inheritance. In 1406 Marquis Gu Cheng won fifteen Hejiang stockades to allegiance.

成化十四年，陳蒙爛土長官司張鏞奏：「夭壩幹賊首賫果侵掠，請於所侵大陳、大步等寨設一司，隸安寧宣撫。」而豐寧長官司楊泰亦奏峰峒陸光翁等聚爛土為亂。先是，宣慰楊輝平夭壩幹後，即灣溪立安寧宣撫司。爛土諸苗惡其逼己，至是果等既攻陷夭漂，遂圍豐寧。時輝已致仕，子愛承襲，力弗支，求援於川、貴二鎮。各奏聞，命仍起輝，會兵討之。十六年，鏞復奏賫果糾合九姓、豐寧並荔波賊萬人，攻剽愈亟。帝責諸守臣玩寇。於是巡撫謝杲言：「自天順四年以來，諸苗攻劫舟溪等處，不靖至今。」乃命鎮守太監張成、總兵吳經相機剿撫。二十年，爛土苗賊龍洛道潛號稱王，聲言犯都勻、清平諸衛。豐寧長官楊泰與土目楊和有隙，誘廣西泗城州農民九千，於銕坑等一百余寨殺掠，於是苗患愈盛。弘治二年，苗賊七千人攻圍楊安堡，都指揮劉英統兵覘之，為所困。命鎮巡官往援，乃得出。五年命鎮遠侯顧溥率官兵八萬人，巡撫鄧廷瓚提督軍務，太監江德監諸軍，往征之。七年，諸軍分道進剿，令熟苗詐降於賊，誘令入寇，伏兵擒之，直搗其巢，凡破一百十余寨，以捷聞。於是開置都勻府及獨山、麻哈二州。

In 1478 Chenmenglantou chieftain Zhang Yong asked to place a new office over Dachen and Dabu, raided by Yaobaigan chief Guiguo, under Anning pacification. Fengning chieftain Yang Tai reported Lugu Dong's Lu Guangweng rallying Lantou rebels. After Pacification Commissioner Yang Hui had crushed Yaobaigan he set up Anning pacification at Wanxi. Lantou Miao resented Yang Hui's pressure; Guiguo, having taken Yaopiao, now besieged Fengning. Retired Yang Hui's heir Ai, overmatched, appealed to Sichuan and Guizhou garrisons. Both provinces reported in; Yang Hui was recalled to lead a joint campaign. In 1480 Zhang Yong reported Guiguo rallying 10,000 men from Jiuming, Fengning, and Libo for fiercer raids. The emperor scolded local commanders for negligence. Grand Coordinator Xie Gao noted that since 1460 Miao raids on Zhouxi and elsewhere had never ceased. Garrison Eunuch Zhang Cheng and Supreme Commander Wu Jing were told to suppress or pacify as needed. In 1484 Lantou rebel Long Luodao secretly proclaimed himself king and threatened Duyun and Qingping guards. Fengning chief Yang Tai, feuding with clerk Yang He, hired 9,000 Sicheng farmers to raid 100-plus stockades including Tieken, worsening the crisis. In 1489 7,000 Miao besieged Yang'an Fort; Liu Ying's reconnaissance party was trapped. Relief from garrison officials freed them. In 1492 Marquis Gu Pu took 80,000 troops under Grand Coordinator Deng Tingzan and Eunuch Jiang De. In 1494 columns advanced; loyal Miao feigned defection, lured rebels into ambush, and over 110 stockades fell. Duyun Prefecture and Dushan and Maoha subprefectures were then created.

正德三年，都勻長官司吳欽與其族吳敏爭襲仇殺，鎮巡以聞，言：「欽之祖賴洪武間立功為長官，陣亡。子琮幼，弟貴署之。及琮長，仍襲，傳至欽三世。敏不得以貴故妄爭。」詔可之。

In 1508 Duyun chiefs Wu Qin and Wu Min killed each other over succession; officials noted Qin's ancestor had died fighting for the Ming in Hongwu. Young heir Cong had been deputized by uncle Gui. Cong later succeeded and the line reached Qin in the third generation. Min had no claim to dispute Gui's regency. The court upheld Qin.

嘉靖十五年，平浪叛苗王聰攻奪凱口屯，執參將李佑等。初，王阿向先世為土官，為王仲武先人所奪，至阿向，與仲武爭印煽亂。總兵楊仁、巡撫陳克宅平之，斬阿向等，盡逐其黨，以地屬都勻府，改名滅苗鎮。仲武因諸苗失業，陰為招復，旋科索之。諸苗不勝怨，遂推阿向余孽王聰、王佑為主。巡按楊春芳遣李佑等撫諭之，賊質佑等，乞還土田官印，乃釋佑。春芳以聞，詔巡撫調官軍三萬人集屯下。屯故絕險，其要害處置弩樓，疊石為防。攻之三月不克，復調宣慰安萬銓兵合剿。萬銓力戰破賊，聰等皆伏誅，前後斬首二百六十余級，降苗寨一百五十余，男婦二萬余口。捷聞，敘功賞賚有差。又有黑苗曰夭漂者，在湖、貴、川、廣界，與者亞鼎足居。萬歷六年，夭漂請內附。都御史遣指揮郭懷恩及長官金篆往問狀，而阻於者亞，乃遠從丹彰間道通夭漂。會苗坪、黨銀等亦以格於者亞不得通，都御史王緝遣使責者亞部長阿鬥。鬥願歸附平定，緝謂鬥故養善牌部，何故欲屬平定，必有他謀。下吏按驗，果得實，蓋欲往平定借諸蒙兵襲養善，皆內地奸人夭金貴等導之。遂治金貴罪，以者亞仍屬養善，路遂通。於是苗坪、夭漂皆請奉貢賦，比編氓，名其地曰歸化，隸都勻府。凡使命往來，自生齒以上，悉跪拜迎送，夾騶從行，前吹蘆笙，唱蠻歌，呼導而馳。事聞，帝嘉之。七年，者亞、阿鬥以反誅，乃罷樂平吏目，增設麻哈州州判一員，令居樂平司，以養鵝、者亞、羊腸諸苗屬之。

In 1536 Pinglang rebel Wang Cong seized Kaikou colony and took Assistant Commander Li You captive. Wang A-xiang's ancestors had been native officers until Wang Zhongwu's line dispossessed them; A-xiang and Zhongwu now fought over seals and stirred revolt. Yang Ren and Chen Kezhai executed A-xiang, expelled his faction, annexed the land to Duyun as Miemiao Fort. Zhongwu secretly re-enrolled displaced Miao, then taxed them harshly. The tribes, desperate, rallied A-xiang's heirs Wang Cong and Wang You. Censor Yang Chunfang sent Li You to negotiate; rebels held hostages until fields and seals were promised, then freed You. Chunfang's report brought orders to mass 30,000 troops at Xiadian. Xiadian's cliffs got crossbow towers and stone barriers. After three fruitless months, An Wanqian's pacification troops joined the siege. Wanqian broke the rebels; Cong was executed with 260 others; 150 stockades and 20,000 people submitted. Victory brought graded rewards. Black Miao called Yaopiao straddled Huguang, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Guang, counterbalancing Zheya. In 1578 Yaopiao sought incorporation. The censor sent Guo Huai'en and Jin Zhuan, but Zheya blocked the route until they detoured through Danzhang to Yaopiao. Miaoping and Dangyin were likewise cut off; Censor Wang Ji rebuked Zheya chief A-dou. Dou sought Pingding jurisdiction; Ji suspected the Yangshanpai chief of plotting mischief. Investigation proved a scheme to borrow Pingding troops against Yangshan, instigated by traitor Tian Jingui. Jingui was punished; Zheya stayed under Yangshan and routes reopened. Miaoping and Yaopiao then paid taxes as subjects; their lands were named Guihua under Duyun. Official visits were met with kneeling welcomes, escorts, reed pipes, and Miao songs along the road. The emperor commended their submission. In 1579 Zheya and A-dou were executed; a Maoha vice magistrate at Yueping oversaw Yang'e, Zheya, and Yangchang Miao.

初，者亞、阿鬥反，答幹寨阿其應之。鬥誅，阿其屢犯順。十四年，土舍吳楠、王國聘慮阿其叵測禍及己，請以答幹、雞賈、甲多諸寨屬蒙詔，立宣威營，歲輸賦。獨阿其不服，引者亞殘苗圍宣威營大噪，曰：「此我地，誰令爾營此？」蒙詔常征秋稅，阿其度使至，以血釁門，令勿通。居常張傘鼓角，繪龍鳳器，遂與雞賈、甲多、仰枯諸苗擊牛酒為誓，劫歸化，官兵不敢近。獨山土吏蒙天眷願以兵進剿，乃使人佯言，漢已黜蒙詔，令以宣威營地還阿其，旦暮撤兵去矣。阿其乃親馳樂邦牛場诇視，言人人同，遂弛備。天眷驟入，斬阿其，雞賈、甲多皆降。其屬蒙詔者，自答幹、雞賈、甲多外，有塘蛙、當井、鬥坡等十七寨。小橋熟苗龍木恰視寨事，年老，子俸襲，頒糧者遂不及恰，恰輒奪俸之有以為養。俸訴於官，官逮問恰，非罪之也。恰輒鎖漢使，已而逐之曰：「速去，此我家事，再來我當以烏雞諸寨踐漢邊矣。」官以計擒之，死獄中。無何，龍化龍羊山苗引川苗作亂，曰：「漢無故殺苗，苗請報之。」官軍戰不利。既而都司蔡兆吉招諭令降，待以不死，於是諸苗皆散，俸視事如故。

Dagans stockade's A-qi had backed Zheya and A-dou's revolt. After Dou's death A-qi kept raiding. In 1586 clerks Wu Nan and Wang Guopin, fearing A-qi, asked to place Dagans, Jijia, and Jiadu under Mengzhao's Xuanwei Camp with taxes. A-qi alone refused, besieging Xuanwei Camp shouting that the land was his. He barred Mengzhao's tax collectors with blood-daubed gates. He flaunted regalia, swore with Jijia and allies, raided Guihua, and troops hesitated to approach. Meng Tianjuan feigned that Mengzhao was dismissed and Xuanwei land would revert to A-qi. A-qi inspected Lebang market, heard the same story, and let his guard down. Tianjuan struck suddenly, killed A-qi, and Jijia and Jiadu submitted. Mengzhao held Dagans, Jijia, Jiadu, and 17 more stockades including Tangwa. Assimilated Miao Long Muqia, elderly, was succeeded by son Feng; grain allotments skipped Qia, who seized Feng's property. Feng sued; officials detained Qia but did not convict him. Qia bound Han envoys and warned them to stay out of a family dispute or face raids from Wuji stockades. Officials seized Qia by ruse; he died in jail. Soon Longhua Yangyangshan Miao, allied with Sichuan tribes, cried revenge for Qia's death. Government troops fared poorly. Cai Zhaoji offered amnesty; the Miao dispersed and Feng resumed office.

四十三年，平州長官楊進雄兇惡，土人苦之。雄無子，以兄繼祿子珂為後，既生子治安，而疏珂。珂怨雄，雄乃奪珂財產，並其父逐之。珂頗得民心，遂為亂，據唐宿坉，攻雄。雄敗走，屠其家。各上疏訐奏，詔推問。都御史趙釴以雄不法，逮之獄，檄獨山土酋蒙繼武諭珂歸命，許改土為流以安之。治安計不便，乃陰許以六洞賂繼武借兵。繼武乃發兵攻珂，復平州，珂走廣西之泗城。繼武遂屯耕六洞地，六洞民不服，復助珂，與繼武相攻。珂復據平州。巡撫吳嶽招降其父繼祿，六洞乃安。

In 1615 Pingzhou chieftain Yang Jinxiong tyrannized his people. Childless, he adopted brother Jilu's son Ke, then slighted Ke after son Zhian was born. Ke resented him; Xiong seized his property and expelled him with his father. Ke, popular among the people, rebelled from Tangxiuchi and attacked Xiong. Xiong fled; Ke massacred his household. Both sides petitioned; the court ordered inquiry. Censor Zhao Kan jailed Xiong and had Meng Jiwu offer Ke regular office if he submitted. Zhian bribed Jiwu with Liudong lands for troops. Jiwu attacked Ke, retook Pingzhou; Ke fled to Guangxi's Sicheng. Jiwu colonized Liudong; locals aided Ke against him. Ke reoccupied Pingzhou. Grand Coordinator Wu Yue won Jilu's surrender and pacified Liudong.

平越，古黎峨裏。元為平月長官司。洪武十四年置衛。十七年改為軍民指揮使司，屬四川。萬歷中，始置府，置貴州。領州一，曰黃平，即黃平安撫司地。領縣四：曰平越，曰湄潭，曰甕安，即甕水、草塘二長官司地；曰余慶，即白泥、余慶二長官司地。領長官司一，曰揚義。初，洪武八年，貴州江力、江松、剌回四十余寨苗把具、播共桶等連結苗、僚二千作亂，平越安撫司乞兵援，命指揮同知胡汝討之。九年，黃平蠻僚都麻堰亂，宣撫司捕之，不克，千戶所以兵討之，亦敗。乃命重慶諸衛合擊，大破之，平其地。十九年，平越衛麻哈苗楊孟等作亂，命傅友德平之。時麻哈長官宋成陣歿，命其子襲。二十二年，察隴、牛場、乾溪苗亂，傅友德平之。二十三年命延安侯唐勝宗往黃平、平越、鎮遠、貴州諸處訓練軍士，提督屯田，相機剿寇。

Pingyue was ancient Li'e Li. Under the Yuan it was the Pingyue native office. In 1381 a guard was founded. In 1384 it became an army-civilian command under Sichuan. Under Wanli a prefecture was created within Guizhou. It governed Huangping Subprefecture on former Huangping pacification lands. Counties included Pingyue, Meitan, and Weng'an on Wengshui and Caotang chieftaincy lands; and Yuqing on Baini and Yuqing chieftaincy lands. One native office, Yangyi, remained under it. In 1375 forty-odd stockades led by Miao Baoju and Bozongtong, 2,000 strong, rebelled; Pacification Superintendent of Pingyue sought aid; Hu Ru was sent against them. In 1376 Huangping Gelao at Dumaoyan resisted pacification and defeated centurion troops. Chongqing guards combined, routed them, and pacified the region. In 1386 Maoha Miao Yang Meng rebelled at Pingyue; Fu Youde suppressed them. Maoha chieftain Song Cheng died in battle; his son inherited. In 1389 Chalong, Niuchang, and Qianxi Miao rose; Fu Youde pacified them. In 1390 Marquis Tang Shengzong trained troops and colony fields across Huangping, Pingyue, Zhenyuan, and Guizhou.

正統末，鎮遠蠻苗金臺偽稱順天王，與播州苗相煽亂，遂圍平越、新添等衛。半年城中糧盡，官兵逃者九千余人，貴州東路閉。時王驥征麓川，班師過其地，不之顧。景泰元年命保定伯梁缶佩平蠻將軍印督師進剿，大破之，平八十余寨，擒賊首王阿同等，平越諸衛圍乃解。二年，都御史王來奏，貴州苗韋同烈聚眾於興隆之截洞，復攻平越、清平等衛。梁缶自沅州發兵由東路，都督方瑛由西路，合兵興隆，擊破之，同烈退保香爐山。瑛由龍場，都督陳友由萬潮山，都督毛福壽由重安江，攻破黎樹、翁滿等三百余寨，斬三千余級，招撫袞水等二百余寨，合兵香爐山下。眾縛同烈降，械至京。五年，副總兵李貴奏，黎從等寨賊首阿拿、王阿傍、苗金虎等偽號苗王，與銅鼓諸賊相應，乞加兵。七年，巡撫蔣琳奏，剿苗賊於平越，斬四百余級。其阿傍等據車碗寨，仍為亂於清平、平越地方，殺指揮王杞，據香爐山，掠偏橋。

Late in Zhengtong, Zhenyuan Miao Jintai styled himself Shuntian King, allied with Bozhou rebels, and besieged Pingyue and Xintian guards. After six months cities starved; 9,000 troops deserted; Guizhou's east road was cut. Wang Ji, returning from the Luchuan campaign, ignored the crisis. In 1450 Earl Liang Fu as Pacify Barbarians General broke 80 stockades, captured Wang Atong, and relieved Pingyue. In 1451 Censor Wang Lai reported Wei Tonglie rallying at Xinglong's Jiedong and raiding Pingyue and Qingping guards. Liang Fu advanced from Yuanzhou east, Fang Ying west; united at Xinglong they drove Tonglie to Xianglu Mountain. Fang Ying, Chen You, and Mao Fushou stormed 300 stockades, took 3,000 heads, won 200 surrenders, and converged below Xianglu Mountain. The rebels bound Tonglie and sent him to the capital in chains. In 1454 Vice Commander Li Gui reported Licong chiefs Ana, Wang A-bang, and Miao Jinhu proclaiming themselves Miao kings and coordinating with Tonggu rebels. In 1456 Grand Coordinator Jiang Lin reported 400 heads taken at Pingyue. A-bang held Chewan, killed Commander Wang Qi, seized Xianglu Mountain, and raided Pianqiao.

正德十一年命巡撫秦金剿之。初，黔、楚之交，群苗嘯聚，連寨相望。而香爐山周回四十里，高數百尋，四面陡絕，其上平衍，向為叛苗巢穴。阿傍等據之，糾諸寨苗作亂。巡撫鄒文盛、總兵官李昂等分漢、土兵為五，克其前柵。密遣人援崖先登，殺賊守路者，眾蟻附而上，焚賊巢，擒阿傍，余賊猶堅守不下。參將洛忠等詭言招撫，自山後擊之，殲焉。遂移師龍頭、黎、蘭等寨，悉破之，賊遂平。

In 1516 Grand Coordinator Qin Jin was ordered to suppress them. Along the Guizhou-Huguang frontier Miao stockades lined the hills in revolt. Xianglu Mountain, forty li around and sheer on all sides, had long been a rebel stronghold. A-bang held it and rallied the stockades. Grand Coordinator Zou Wensheng and Commander Li Ang took the outer palisade with five columns of Han and native troops. Scouts scaled the cliffs, burned the camp, captured A-bang; holdouts remained above. Luo Zhong feigned peace then attacked from the rear and annihilated the remnant. Columns then cleared Longtou, Li, Lan, and other stockades until the rising ended.

天啟四年，凱裏土司楊世慰叛，合安邦彥兵與平茶群苗來修怨，復窺香爐山，搖動四衛，梗塞糧運。總督楊述中檄總兵魯欽馳至清平，相機進剿，調副使顏欲章等為後援。欽督將領攻破巖頭，分遣朗溪司田景祥截平茶賊援。用藥弩及炮殺傷賊眾，賊乘夜遠遁。自是不敢再窺爐山，四衛得安。

In 1624 Kaili chieftain Yang Shiwei joined An Bangyan and Pingcha Miao, threatened Xianglu Mountain, and cut grain convoys to four guards. Governor Yang Shuzhong rushed Lu Qin to Qingping with Yan Yuzhang in support. Lu Qin stormed Yantou and sent Tian Jingxiang to block Pingcha reinforcements. Poisoned bolts and cannon broke the rebels, who fled by night. They never again threatened Xianglu; the four guards were secure.

石阡，本思州地。永樂十一年置府，隸貴州，領長官司四：曰石阡，曰苗民，曰葛彰葛商，曰龍泉坪。宣德六年，葛彰葛商長官安民奏：「前以官鈔糴糧儲備，令蠻民守視。溪洞險僻，無所支用，恐歲久腐爛，賠納實難，請以充有司祭祀過使廩給之用。」縱之。萬歷中，改龍泉坪為縣。

Shiqian had been Sizhou land. In 1413 a prefecture under Guizhou governed Shiqian, Miaomin, Gezhang Geshang, and Longquanping chieftaincies. In 1431 Gezhang Geshang chieftain An Min noted grain bought with official notes for storage was guarded by tribesmen in remote caves. He asked to use the hoard for official sacrifices and courier rations rather than risk rot and impossible repayment. The court agreed. Under Wanli Longquanping became a county.

新添衛，故麥新地也。宋時克麥新地，乃改為新添。元置新添葛蠻安撫司。洪武四年置長官司。二十三年改為衛。二十九年置新添衛軍民指揮使司，領長官司五：曰新添，曰小平伐，曰把平寨，曰丹平，曰丹行。洪武五年春，新添安撫宋亦憐真子仁來朝。其秋，平伐、蘆山、山木等砦長來降。七年，平伐、谷霞、谷浪等苗攻劫的敖諸寨，指揮僉事張岱討之。岱攻谷峽、剌向關破之，追至的敖，大破之，擒的令、的若而還，蠻大詟。

Xintian Guard occupied old Mai-xin land. The Song renamed conquered Mai-xin as Xintian. The Yuan founded the Xintian Ge Man pacification office. In 1371 a native chieftaincy was created. In 1390 it became a guard. In 1396 the army-civilian command oversaw Xintian, Xiaopingfa, Bapingzhai, Danping, and Danxing. In spring 1372 pacification heir Song Ren of Xintian presented himself at court. That autumn Pingfa, Lushan, and Shanmu stockades submitted. In 1374 Pingfa and Guxia Miao raided De'ao; Zhang Dai campaigned against them. Dai broke Guxia and Cixiang, routed De'ao, captured Deling and Deruo, and awed the tribes.

萬歷三十四年，貴州巡撫郭子章討平貴州苗，斬獲苗長吳老喬、阿倫、阿皆等十二人，招降男婦甚眾。先是，東西二路苗名曰仲家者，盤踞貴龍、平新之間，為諸苗渠帥。其在水硍山介於銅仁、思、石者，曰山苗，紅苗之羽翼也，窺黔自平播後財力殫竭，有輕漢心，經年剽掠無虛日。子章奏討之，命相機進兵。子章乃命總兵陳璘、參政洪澄源率官軍五千，益以土兵五千，攻水硍山。監軍布政趙健率宣慰土兵萬人，使遊擊劉嶽等督之。及兩路會師，皆九十余日而克。二寇既平，專命總兵陳璘率漢、土兵五千移營新添，進攻東路苗，不一月復克其六箐，諸苗盡平。

In 1606 Grand Coordinator Guo Zizhang crushed Guizhou Miao, executing chiefs Wu Laoqiao, A-lun, A-jie, and twelve others and accepting mass surrenders. Zhongjia Miao between Guiyang-Longli and Pingyue-Xintian had led east and west route tribes. Shuiyin Mountain Miao between Tongren, Sinan, and Shiqian, allies of the Red Miao, raided daily once Guizhou was drained after the Bozhou campaign. Guo Zizhang sought permission and was told to act as needed. He sent Chen Lin and Hong Chengyuan with 5,000 regulars and 5,000 native troops against Shuiyin Mountain. Zhao Jian led 10,000 pacification troops under Liu Yue. Both columns needed ninety-odd days to prevail. With Shuiyin and Zhongjia subdued, Chen Lin moved to Xintian, took six eastern stockades in a month, and finished the campaign.

金築安撫司，洪武四年，故元安撫密定來朝貢馬，詔賜文綺三匹，置金築長官司，秩正六品，隸四川行省，以密定為長官，世襲。十四年敕勞密定曰：「西南諸部雖歸附，然暫入貢而已。爾密定首獻馬五百匹，以助征討，其誠可嘉，故遣特使往諭，俟班師之日，重勞爾功。」升金築長官司為安撫司，仍以密定為安撫使，予世襲。十六年，密定遣使貢方物。十八年，密定遣弟保珠來貢。二十九年以金築安撫司隸貴州軍民指揮使司。永樂初年，金築安撫得垛來朝，賜絨錦文綺。洪熙、宣德改元，皆貢馬。十年，直隸貴州布政司。正統五年，安撫金鏞貢馬。成化、弘治、隆慶時歷朝貢。萬歷四十年，吏部覆巡撫胡桂芳奏：「金築安撫土舍金大章乞改土為流，設官建治，欽定州名，鑄給印信，改州判為流官。授大章土知州，予四品服色，不許管事。子孫承襲，隸州於貴陽府。」遂改金築安撫司為廣順州。

In 1371 former Yuan pacification superintendent Mi Ding presented horses; the Ming created rank-6a Jinzhu chieftaincy under Sichuan with Mi Ding as hereditary chief. In 1381 the emperor praised Mi Ding: southwestern tribes had only paid token homage. Mi Ding's gift of 500 horses for the campaign deserved reward after the army's return. Jinzhu chieftaincy became a pacification office; Mi Ding remained hereditary superintendent. In 1383 Mi Ding sent tribute. In 1385 his brother Baozhu tribute at court. In 1396 Jinzhu pacification passed to Guizhou command. Early Yongle superintendent Deduo received brocade at court. He presented horses at the Hongxi and Xuande enthronements. In 1417 it reported directly to Guizhou provincial administration. In 1440 Superintendent Jin Yong presented horses. Tribute continued through Chenghua, Hongzhi, and Longqing. In 1612 the Ministry endorsed Hu Guifang's report that Jinzhu clerk Jin Dazhang sought regular administration, new seals, and a circulating vice magistrate. Dazhang would be native subprefect in fourth-rank dress without governing power. Heirs would succeed and the subprefecture would fall under Guiyang Prefecture. Jinzhu pacification was thereby converted to Guangshun Subprefecture.

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