Volume 317 Biographies 205: Guangxi Tribal Headmen 1

廣西瑤、僮居多，盤萬嶺之中，當三江之險，六十三山倚為巢穴，三十六源踞其腹心，其散布於桂林、柳州、慶遠、平樂諸郡縣者，所在蔓衍。而田州、泗城之屬，尤稱強悍。種類滋繁，莫可枚舉。蠻勢之眾，與滇為埒。今就其尤著者列於篇。觀其叛服不常，沿革殊致，可以覘中國之德威，知夷情之順逆，為籌邊者之一助雲。

Guangxi is chiefly inhabited by Yao and Zhuang peoples. Nestled among countless ridges and the treacherous confluence of three rivers, they hold the sixty-three mountains as their strongholds and the thirty-six headwaters as their core territory; wherever they are dispersed through Guilin, Liuzhou, Qingyuan, Pingle, and other prefectures and counties, they multiply without end. The domains of Tianzhou, Sicheng, and the like are especially renowned for their ferocity. Their tribes have grown so numerous that they cannot all be listed. The scale of barbarian power rivals that of Yunnan. Here the most notable cases are recorded in this chapter. By observing their shifting loyalties and varied histories, one may gauge the prestige of the empire, discern whether the tribes are submissive or defiant, and thus offer some guidance to those charged with frontier affairs.

○廣西土司一△桂林柳州慶遠平樂梧州潯州南寧

○ Guangxi Tribal Headmen, Part 1 △ Guilin, Liuzhou, Qingyuan, Pingle, Wuzhou, Xunzhou, Nanning

桂林，自秦置郡，漢始安，唐桂州，天寶改建陵，宋靜江府，元靜江路。明初，改桂林府為廣西布政使司治所，屬內地，不當列於土司。然廣西惟桂林與平樂、潯州、梧州未設土官，而無地無瑤、僮。桂林之古田，平樂之府江，潯州之藤峽，梧州之岑溪，皆煩大征而後克，卒不能草而獸狝之，設防置戍，世世為患，是亦不得而略焉。

Guilin was established as a commandery under the Qin, called Shian in the Han, Guizhou in the Tang (renamed Jianling in the Tianbao reign), Jingjiang Prefecture in the Song, and Jingjiang Circuit in the Yuan. Early in the Ming, Guilin Prefecture became the seat of the Guangxi Provincial Administration Commission. As part of the interior, it should not be counted among the tribal domains. Yet in all Guangxi, only Guilin, Pingle, Xunzhou, and Wuzhou lacked appointed native officials—and there was scarcely a corner without Yao and Zhuang. Gutian in Guilin, Fujiang in Pingle, Teng Gorge in Xunzhou, and Cenxi in Wuzhou all required major expeditions to subdue. Even then they could not be eradicated like weeds or wild game. Garrisons were posted, yet trouble persisted for generations—so these places too cannot be omitted.

洪武七年，永、道、桂陽諸州蠻竊發，命金吾右衛指揮同知陸齡率兵討平之。二十二年，富川縣逃吏首賜糾合苗賊盤大孝等為亂，殺知縣徐元善等，往來劫掠。廣西都指揮韓觀遣千戶廖春等討之，擒殺大孝等二百余人。觀因言：「靈亭鄉乃瑤蠻出入地，雖征剿有年，未盡殄滅，宜以桂林等衛贏余軍士，置千戶所鎮之。」詔從其請。二十七年，全州灌陽等縣平川諸源瑤民，聚眾為亂。命湖廣、廣西二都司發兵討之，擒殺千四百余人，諸瑤奔竄遁去，置灌陽守禦千戶所。初，灌陽縣隸湖廣，因廣西平川等三十六源瑤賊作亂，攻擊縣治，詔寶慶衛指揮孫宗總兵討平之。縣丞李原慶因奏灌陽去湖廣遠，隸廣西近，遂以灌陽隸桂林府千戶所，命廣西都指揮同知陶瑾領兵築城守之。

In 1374, barbarians in Yong, Dao, Guiyang, and neighboring prefectures rose in revolt. Lu Ling, vice commander of the Right Gold Guard, was dispatched with troops to put them down. In 1389, Shouci, a fugitive clerk of Fuchuan County, rallied Miao rebels led by Pan Daxiao. They killed Magistrate Xu Yuanshan and others and carried out repeated raids. Han Guan, regional commander of Guangxi, sent the chiliarch Liao Chun and others against them. They captured and killed more than two hundred rebels, including Pan Daxiao. Han Guan then memorialized: "Lingting Township is a corridor used by Yao raiders. Despite years of campaigning, they have not been fully destroyed. Surplus troops from the Guilin garrisons should be used to establish a chiliarchy post there. The emperor approved his request. In 1394, Yao communities along the Pingchuan and other headwater regions in Quanzhou, Guanyang, and neighboring counties rose in armed rebellion. Troops from the Huguang and Guangxi regional commands were ordered to suppress them. More than fourteen hundred were killed or captured, and the surviving Yao fled. A garrison-defense chiliarchy was then established at Guanyang. Previously Guanyang County had belonged to Huguang. When Yao rebels from Pingchuan and thirty-six other headwater regions in Guangxi attacked the county seat, Sun Zong, commander of the Baoqing Guard, was placed in overall command and pacified them. Assistant Magistrate Li Yuanqing argued that Guanyang lay too far from Huguang and was much closer to Guangxi. Guanyang was therefore transferred to the Guilin Prefecture chiliarchy, and Tao Jin, vice regional commander of Guangxi, was ordered to build fortifications and garrison the county.

永樂二年，總兵韓觀奏：「潯、桂、柳三郡蠻寇黃田等累行劫掠，殺擄人畜。已調都指揮朱輝追剿，斬獲頗多。尋蒙遣官賫敕撫安，其黃田等瑤皆已向化，悉歸所擄人畜。」帝命觀，復業者善撫恤之。宣德六年，都督山雲奏：「廣西左、右兩江設土官衙門大小四十九處，蠻性無常，仇殺不絕。朝廷每命臣同巡按御史三司官理斷，緣諸處皆瘴鄉，兼有蠱毒，三年之間，遣官往彼，死者凡十七人，事竟不完。今同眾議，凡土官衙門軍務重事，徑詣其處。其余爭論詞訟，就所近衛理之。」報可。

In 1404, Commander-in-Chief Han Guan reported: "Bandits led by Huang Tian in Xun, Gui, and Liu prefectures have repeatedly raided, killing inhabitants and seizing livestock. Regional Commander Zhu Hui has already been sent in pursuit, with substantial kills and captures. Officials were soon sent with imperial edicts to pacify them. The Yao under Huang Tian have all submitted, and all seized people and livestock have been returned. The emperor instructed Han Guan to treat those who returned to their fields with care and generosity. In 1431, Regional Commander Shan Yun reported: "Forty-nine native-official yamens, large and small, line the left and right rivers of Guangxi. The tribes are unpredictable, and blood feuds never end. The court repeatedly ordered me, together with the touring censor and the three provincial offices, to adjudicate these cases. But the region is malarial and rife with poison arts; within three years seventeen officials sent there died, and the cases were never resolved. We now propose that for serious military matters at native yamens, officials should proceed directly to the site. All other disputes and lawsuits should be handled at the nearest guard post. The proposal was approved.

景泰五年，廣西古丁等洞賊首藍伽、韋萬山等，糾合蠻類，劫掠南寧、上林、武緣諸處。鎮守副總兵陳旺以聞，詔令總督馬昂等剿捕之。初，桂林、古田僮種甚繁，最強者曰韋，曰閉，曰白，而皆並於韋。賊首韋朝威據古田，縣官竄會城，遣典史入縣撫諭，烹食之。弘治間，大征，殺副總兵馬俊、參議馬鉉。正德初再征，殺通判、知縣、指揮等官。嘉靖初，又征之，殺指揮舒松等。時韋銀豹與其從父朝猛攻陷洛容縣，據古田，分其地為上、下六里。銀豹出掠，挾下六里人行，而上六里不與焉。四十五年，提督吳桂芳因其閑，遣典史廖元入上六里撫諭之，諸僮復業者二千人，銀豹勢孤請降。久之，復猖獗，嘗挾其五子據鳳皇、連水二寨，襲殺昭平知縣魏文端。更自永福入桂林劫布政司庫，殺署事參政黎民衷，縋城而去，官軍追不及。久之，臨桂、永福各縣兵群起捕賊，始得賊黨扶嫩、土婆顯等三十余人於各山寨中。

In 1454, bandit leaders Lan Jia and Wei Wanshan of Guding and other cave settlements in Guangxi rallied tribal allies and raided Nanning, Shanglin, Wuyuan, and neighboring districts. Garrison Vice Commander Chen Wang reported the raids. An edict ordered Grand Coordinator Ma Ang and others to hunt the rebels down. The Zhuang of Guilin and Gutian had long been numerous. The strongest clans were the Wei, the Bi, and the Bai, but all were eventually absorbed into the Wei. The rebel leader Wei Chaowei seized Gutian. County officials fled to the prefectural seat. A registrar sent to negotiate was captured and boiled alive. During the Hongzhi era a major expedition was launched, in which Vice Commander Ma Jun and Administrative Commissioner Ma Xuan were killed. Early in the Zhengde reign another campaign was mounted, and an assistant prefect, a magistrate, a commander, and other officials were slain. Early in the Jiajing reign yet another expedition was sent, and Commander Shu Song and others were killed. Wei Yinbao and his uncle Chaomeng then overran Luorong County, seized Gutian, and divided the territory into upper and lower districts of six li each. When Yinbao went raiding, he forced men from the lower six li to accompany him, while the upper six li refused to take part. In 1566, Grand Coordinator Wu Guifang seized the moment of relative calm to send Registrar Liao Yuan into the upper six li to win them over. Two thousand Zhuang returned to their fields, and Yinbao, now isolated, offered to surrender. Before long he grew bold again. With his five sons he seized the stockades at Fenghuang and Lianshui and ambushed and killed Zhaoping Magistrate Wei Wenduan. He then struck from Yongfu into Guilin, looted the provincial treasury, killed Acting Administrative Commissioner Li Minzhong, and escaped over the city wall by rope before government troops could catch him. Eventually militia from Lingui, Yongfu, and other counties mobilized together and captured more than thirty of his followers, including Funai and Tuboxian, from mountain stockades.

時首惡未獲，隆慶三年，朝議以廣西專設巡撫，推江西按察使殷正茂為僉都御史以往。正茂至，奏請剿賊，合土漢兵十萬，集眾議。時八寨助逆，眾議先剿，敕書亦有先平八寨，徐圖古田之語。正茂獨不謂然，先給榜諭八寨，八寨聽命。然後分兵七哨，以總兵俞大猷統之，使副總兵門崇文，參將王世科、黃應甲，都司董龍、魯國賢，遊擊丁山等各領一哨，復分土兵為二隊，更番清道，必先清數里而後行。及至其巢，合營攻之，斬七千四百六十余級，生擒朝猛，梟於軍，俘獲男女千余口。銀豹窮蹙，擇肖己者斬首獻，捷聞。既而生縛銀豹並其子扶枝膠送京師，斬之。古田平。乃並八寨與龍哈、咘咳為十寨，立長官司，以黃昌等為長官及土舍，聽守禦調度。更升古田縣為永寧州。已而永寧僮韋狼要與其黨黃銀成有隙，相仇殺，常安巡檢欲窮治之。狼要遂與右江荔浦山灣諸僮稱亂。命指揮徐民瞻將兵捕之，民瞻伏兵執狼要，諸瑤大訌。總制殷正茂、巡撫郭應聘乃檄征田州、向武、都康諸土兵，屬參將王瑞進剿，斬廖金鑒、廖金盞、韋銀花、韋狼化等。萬歷六年，總制淩雲翼、巡撫吳文華大征河池、咘咳諸瑤，斬首四萬八百余級，嶺表悉平。

With the ringleader still at large, in 1569 the court decided to appoint a dedicated grand coordinator for Guangxi and nominated Yin Zhengmao, surveillance commissioner of Jiangxi, as vice censor-in-chief for the post. On arrival Yin Zhengmao petitioned for a full campaign, mustered one hundred thousand native and Han troops, and convened a council of war. The Eight Stockades were then aiding the rebels. Most advisers favored attacking them first, and the imperial edict likewise spoke of pacifying the Eight Stockades before turning to Gutian. Yin Zhengmao alone disagreed. He first issued proclamations to the Eight Stockades, and they submitted. He then divided his forces into seven columns under Commander-in-Chief Yu Dayou. Vice Commander Men Chongwen, brigadiers Wang Shike and Huang Yingjia, brigade commanders Dong Long and Lu Guoxian, and mobile corps commander Ding Shan each led one column. Native troops were split into two teams that cleared the road in rotation, securing several li ahead before the main force advanced. At the rebel stronghold the combined forces attacked. More than seven thousand four hundred sixty heads were taken, Chaomeng was captured alive and executed before the army, and more than a thousand men and women were seized. Cornered, Yinbao killed a look-alike and sent the head as his own. A victory report was sent to court. Later Yinbao was captured alive, along with his son Fuzhijiao, and sent to the capital for execution. Gutian was pacified. The Eight Stockades were merged with Longha and Bu'ai into ten stockades. Headman offices were established, with Huang Chang and others appointed as headmen and native deputies under garrison command. Gutian County was elevated to Yongning Prefecture. Soon after, the Yongning Zhuang leader Wei Langyao fell out with his follower Huang Yincheng, and their feud escalated into bloodshed. The Chang'an inspector sought to prosecute them to the full extent of the law. Langyao then joined Zhuang allies at Shanwan in Lipu on the right river in open rebellion. Commander Xu Minzhan was ordered to arrest them. He laid an ambush and seized Langyao, provoking a general uprising among the Yao. Grand Coordinator Yin Zhengmao and Grand Coordinator Guo Yingpin then mobilized native troops from Tianzhou, Xiangwu, Dukang, and other domains under Brigadier Wang Rui, who killed Liao Jinjian, Liao Jinchan, Wei Yinhua, Wei Langhua, and others. In 1578, Grand Coordinator Ling Yunyi and Grand Coordinator Wu Wenhua launched a major campaign against the Yao of Hechi, Bu'ai, and neighboring regions. More than forty-eight thousand eight hundred heads were taken, and the entire Lingnan frontier was pacified.

柳州置自唐貞觀中，明初移治於馬平。所屬州二，縣十。內屬千余年，惟上林縣尚為土官，而賓、象、融、羅諸瑤蠻蟠結為寇，城外五里即賊巢，軍民至無地可田。後屢加征剿，置土巡檢於各峒隘，稍稱寧焉。

Liuzhou was established in the Zhenguan era of the Tang. Early in the Ming its seat was moved to Maping. It governed two prefectures and ten counties. Though part of the interior for more than a millennium, only Shanglin County still had native officials. Yao and tribal raiders from Bin, Xiang, Rong, Luo, and elsewhere entrenched themselves as bandits; their lairs lay just five li beyond the city walls, and soldiers and civilians alike had scarcely any land left to cultivate. After repeated campaigns and the posting of native inspectors at mountain passes, the region grew somewhat more peaceful.

洪武二年，中書省臣言：「廣西諸峒雖平，宜遷其人入內地，可無邊患。」帝曰：「溪洞蠻僚雜處，其人不知禮義，順之則服，逆之則變，未可輕動。惟以兵分守要害以鎮服之，俾日漸教化，數年後，可為良民，何必遷也。」

In 1369, a Secretariat official proposed: "Although the gorges of Guangxi have been pacified, their inhabitants should be relocated inland to eliminate frontier troubles. The emperor replied: "In the gorges and caves, barbarians and tribal peoples live intermingled. They know little of ritual propriety: treat them well and they submit; provoke them and they rebel. They must not be moved rashly. Station troops at key points to keep them in check, and let them be gradually civilized. In a few years they may become loyal subjects. Why relocate them at all?"

永樂七年，柳州道村寨蠻韋布黨等作亂，都指揮周誼率兵討擒之。命斬布黨，梟其首於寨。廣西洞蠻韋父、融州羅城洞蠻潘父旂各聚眾為亂，柳州等衛官軍捕斬之。九年，賓州遷江縣、象州武仙縣古逢等洞蠻僚作亂。詔發柳州、南寧、桂林等衛兵討之。十四年，融州瑤民作亂，官軍討平之。十七年，象州土吏覃仁用言，其父景安，故元時常任本州巡檢，有兵僮二百人，今皆為民，請收集為軍。帝不許。十九年，融縣蠻賊五百余人，群聚剽掠，廣西參政耿文彬率民兵會桂林衛指揮平之。柳州等府上林等縣僮民梁公竦等六千戶，男女三萬三千余口，及羅城縣土酋韋公、成乾等三百余戶復業。初，韋公等倡亂，僮民多亡入山谷，與之相結。事聞，遣御史王煜等招撫復業，至是俱至，仍隸籍為民。

In 1409, Wei Budang and other tribal leaders along the Liuzhou route rebelled. Regional Commander Zhou Yi led troops to capture them. Budang was beheaded, and his head was displayed at the stockade. Wei Fu, a cave-dwelling rebel in Guangxi, and Pan Fuqi of Luocheng in Rongzhou each raised followers in revolt. Troops from the Liuzhou garrisons hunted them down and executed them. In 1411, cave-dwelling tribes at Gufeng and other settlements in Qianjiang, Binzhou, and Wuxian, Xiangzhou, rose in rebellion. Troops from the Liuzhou, Nanning, Guilin, and other garrisons were ordered to suppress them. In 1416, Yao communities in Rongzhou rebelled and were suppressed by government troops. In 1419, Qin Renyong, a native clerk of Xiangzhou, reported that his father Jing'an had served as a local inspector under the Yuan with two hundred Zhuang troops, all now registered as civilians. He asked that they be re-enrolled as soldiers. The emperor refused. In 1421, more than five hundred tribal bandits in Rong County banded together to raid. Administrative Commissioner Geng Wenbin led militia with the Guilin garrison commander and put them down. Six thousand Zhuang households led by Liang Gongsong in Shanglin and other counties under Liuzhou—thirty-three thousand men and women in all—together with more than three hundred households of native chiefs including Wei Gong and Cheng Qian of Luocheng returned to their fields. When Wei Gong and others had first rebelled, many Zhuang had fled into the hills to join them. When word reached court, Censor Wang Yu and others were sent to win them back. Now they had all returned and were re-registered as civilians.

宣德初，蠻寇覃公旺作亂，據思恩縣大、小富龍三十余峒，固守險阻，以拒官軍。總兵官顧興祖等督兵分道攻之，斬公旺並其黨千五十余人。捷至，帝曰：「蠻民亦朕赤子，殺至千數，豈無脅從非辜者。以後宜開示恩信，撫慰而降之，如賈琮戍交州可也。」元年，柳州僮首韋敬曉等歸附。二年，廣西三司奏：「柳慶等府賊首韋萬黃、韋朝傳等聚眾劫殺為民害。」敕興祖進兵剿平之。

Early in the Xuande reign, the tribal rebel Qin Gongwang seized more than thirty gorges at Dafulong and Xiaofulong in Si'en County and held the rugged terrain against government forces. Commander-in-Chief Gu Xingzu led columns against them from several directions, killing Gongwang and more than one thousand fifty of his followers. When the victory report arrived, the emperor said: "These tribal people are also My children. When a thousand are killed, surely some were coerced innocents. Hereafter you should win them with kindness and trust, as Jia Cong did when he garrisoned Jiaozhou. In the first year of his reign, Zhuang leaders including Wei Jingxiao of Liuzhou submitted. In the second year, the three provincial offices of Guangxi reported: "Bandit leaders Wei Wanshang, Wei Chaochuan, and others in Liuqing and neighboring prefectures have gathered followers to raid and kill, bringing harm to the people. An edict ordered Gu Xingzu to advance and suppress them.

懷遠為柳州屬邑，在右江上遊，旁近靖綏、黎平，諸瑤竊據久。隆慶時，大征古田，懷遠知縣馬希武欲乘間築城，召諸瑤役之，許犒不與。諸瑤遂合繩坡頭、板江諸峒，殺官吏反。總制殷正茂請於朝，遣總兵官李錫、參將王世科統兵進討。官兵至板江，瑤賊皆據險死守。正茂知諸瑤獨畏永順鉤刀手及狼兵，乃檄三道兵數萬人擊太平、河裏諸村，大破之，連拔數寨，斬賊首榮才富、吳金田等，前後捕斬凡三千余，俘獲男婦及牛馬無算。事聞，議設兵防，改萬石、宜良、丹陽為土巡司，屯土兵五百人，且耕且守。

Huaiyuan, a county under Liuzhou on the upper Right River near Jingsui and Liping, had long been held by entrenched Yao communities. During the Longqing Gutian campaign, Huaiyuan Magistrate Ma Xiwu tried to take advantage of the moment to build fortifications. He conscripted Yao laborers but failed to pay the rewards he had promised. The Yao then united the gorges at Shengpotou, Banjiang, and elsewhere, killed officials, and rose in revolt. Grand Coordinator Yin Zhengmao petitioned the court and dispatched Commander-in-Chief Li Xi and Brigadier Wang Shike with troops to suppress them. When government forces reached Banjiang, the Yao rebels held the rugged ground and fought to the death. Yin Zhengmao knew the Yao feared only Yongshun hook-blade fighters and Lang troops. He mobilized tens of thousands from three columns against Taiping, Heli, and neighboring villages, routing them decisively. Several stockades fell in succession. Rebel leaders Rong Caifu and Wu Jintian were killed. More than three thousand were killed or captured in all, along with countless prisoners, cattle, and horses. When word reached court, officials proposed establishing garrisons, converting Wanshi, Yiliang, and Danyang into native inspectorates, and stationing five hundred native troops to farm and guard the frontier.

萬歷元年，洛容知縣邵廷臣以養歸，主簿謝漳行縣事。會上元夜，單騎巡檄山中。僮蠻韋朝義率上油、古底諸僮夜半出掠，逐漳，追至城，殺漳，奪縣印去。是夜，指揮朱昌胤、土巡檢韋顯忠共提兵決戰，斬首三十一級，兵校文斌獲朝義，奪還縣印，守巡官以聞。乃命總兵李錫，參將王瑞、康仁等剿之，破上油、古底諸寨，斬覃金狼等二千八百三十余級，俘二百二十余人，牛馬器械稱是。後殘僮黃朝貴復合融縣瑤號萬人，聲言欲入富福鎮。王世科復引兵擊之，斬五十余人。始洛容在萬山中，城小無雉堞，縣官皆寓府城，知縣余涵請遷城於白龍巖，不果，至是謝漳遂及於難。

In 1573, Luorong Magistrate Shao Tingchen left office to mourn his parents, and Registrar Xie Zhang assumed county duties. On the Lantern Festival night he rode alone on patrol through the hills. Wei Chaoyi, a Zhuang rebel, led raiders from Shangyou, Gudi, and other settlements on a midnight attack. They pursued Xie Zhang to the county seat, killed him, and made off with the county seal. That same night Commander Zhu Changyin and native inspector Wei Xianzhong led troops into battle, taking thirty-one heads. Soldier Wen Bin captured Chaoyi and recovered the county seal. Garrison and touring officials reported the affair. Commander-in-Chief Li Xi and brigadiers Wang Rui and Kang Ren were then ordered to suppress the rebels. They overran the stockades at Shangyou, Gudi, and elsewhere, taking more than two thousand eight hundred thirty heads including Qin Jinlang, capturing more than two hundred twenty prisoners, and seizing abundant livestock and weapons. Later the remnant Zhuang leader Huang Chaogui joined Yao allies in Rong County, claiming ten thousand men and threatening to attack Fufu Town. Wang Shike led troops against them again and killed more than fifty. Luorong had always lain deep in the mountains, its walls small and without battlements. County officials resided in the prefectural seat. Magistrate Yu Han had once proposed relocating the county seat to Bailong Rock, but the plan failed—and now Xie Zhang met his death.

又韋王朋者，馬平僮也。初平馬平時，因建營堡，使土舍韋誌隆提兵屯其地。王朋視堡兵如仇，常率東歐、大產諸蠻要挾營堡。兵備周浩使千總往撫，遂殺千總，劫村落，總兵王尚父剿平之。

There was also Wei Wangpeng, a Zhuang of Maping. When Maping was first pacified, the government built fortified camps and posted the native company commander Wei Zhilong there with a garrison. Wangpeng treated the garrison as mortal foes and often led the Eastern Ou, Dachan, and other tribal bands to extort and intimidate the forts. Military Intendant Zhou Hao sent a battalion commander to negotiate with them, but they killed him and raided nearby villages. Regional Commander Wang Shangfu then marched in and put down the rebellion.

慶遠，秦象郡，漢交阯、日南二郡界，後淪於蠻。唐始置粵州，天寶初，改龍水郡，屬嶺南道，乾符中，更宜州。宋升慶遠軍節度，鹹淳初，改慶遠府。元為慶元路。洪武元年仍改慶遠府。時征南將軍楊文既平廣西，二年，行省臣言：「慶遠府地接八番溪洞，所轄南丹、宜山等處，宋、元皆用其土酋安撫使統之。天兵下廣西，安撫使莫天護首來款附，宜如宋、元制，錄用以統其民，則蠻情易服，守兵可減。」帝從之，詔改慶遠府為慶遠南丹軍民安撫司，置安撫使、同知、副使、經歷、知事各一員，以天護為同知，王毅為副使。三年，行省臣言：「慶遠故府也，今為安撫司，其地皆深山曠野，其民皆安撫莫天護之族。天護素庸弱，宗族強者，動肆跋扈，至殺河池縣丞蓋讓，與諸蠻相煽為亂，此豈可姑息以胎禍將來。乞罷安撫司，仍設府置衛，以守其地。」報可。乃命莫天護赴京。七年，賜廣西土官莫金文綺六匹，置南丹州，隸慶遠府，以莫金為知州。八年，那地縣土官羅貌來朝，以貌知縣事。

Qingyuan had been the Qin commandery of Xiang and lay within the Han-era boundaries of Jiaozhi and Rinan; later it was lost to tribal control. The Tang first established Yue Prefecture there. At the start of the Tianbao reign it became Longshui Commandery under Lingnan Circuit, and in the Qianfu era it was renamed Yizhou. Under the Song it was raised to the Qingyuan Military Commission, and at the beginning of the Xianchun reign it became Qingyuan Prefecture. Under the Yuan it was Qingyuan Circuit. In the first year of Hongwu it was restored as Qingyuan Prefecture. By then Southern Campaign General Yang Wen had already pacified Guangxi. In the second year provincial officials reported: "Qingyuan Prefecture borders the stream-cave country of the eight tribes. Places under its jurisdiction, such as Nandan and Yishan, were ruled in Song and Yuan times by native chieftains serving as pacification commissioners. When the imperial army entered Guangxi, Pacification Commissioner Mo Tianhu was the first to submit. It would be best to follow Song and Yuan precedent and employ him to govern his own people; the tribes would then accept rule more readily and the garrison could be reduced. The emperor approved. An edict renamed Qingyuan Prefecture the Qingyuan-Nandan Military-Civilian Pacification Commission, with one post each for pacification commissioner, vice commissioner, deputy commissioner, administrator, and clerk. Mo Tianhu was appointed vice commissioner and Wang Yi deputy commissioner. In the third year provincial officials reported: "Qingyuan was once a prefecture and is now a pacification commission. The region is nothing but deep mountains and empty wilds, and the population belongs to the clan of Pacification Commissioner Mo Tianhu. Tianhu has always been weak and ineffectual, while the stronger members of his clan constantly throw their weight around. They even killed Hechi Assistant Magistrate Gai Rang and stirred up rebellion with neighboring tribes. Such conduct cannot be tolerated if future trouble is to be avoided. We request that the pacification commission be abolished, the prefecture restored, and garrison guards established to hold the region. The request was approved. Mo Tianhu was then summoned to the capital. In the seventh year the Guangxi native official Mo Jin received six bolts of patterned silk. Nandan Prefecture was established under Qingyuan Prefecture, with Mo Jin as prefect. In the eighth year Luo Mao, the native official of Nadi County, came to court and was appointed to manage county affairs.

二十八年，都指揮韓觀率兵捕獲宜山等縣蠻寇二千八百余人，斬偽大王韋召，偽萬戶趙成秀、韋公旺等，傳首京師。時嶺南盛暑，官軍多病瘴，帝命觀班師。南丹土官莫金叛，帝命征南將軍楊文，龍州平後，移師討南丹、奉議等處。龍州趙宗壽來朝謝罪，貢方物。大軍進征奉議，調參將劉真分道攻南丹，破之，執莫金並俘其眾。後遣寶慶衛指揮孫宗等分兵擊巴蘭等寨，蠻僚懼，焚寨遁去，官兵追捕斬之，蠻地悉定。詔置南丹、奉議、慶遠三衛，以官軍守之。

In the twenty-eighth year Regional Commander Han Guan led troops against barbarian raiders in Yishan and other counties, capturing more than twenty-eight hundred men. He executed the self-proclaimed Great King Wei Zhao and the self-proclaimed battalion commanders Zhao Chengxu and Wei Gongwang, and sent their heads to the capital. Lingnan was then in the full heat of summer, and many government troops fell ill from miasma. The emperor ordered Han Guan to withdraw. Mo Jin, the native official of Nandan, rebelled. The emperor ordered Southern Campaign General Yang Wen, once Longzhou had been pacified, to turn his forces against Nandan, Fengyi, and neighboring areas. Zhao Zongshou of Longzhou came to court to submit and offer tribute. The main army marched on Fengyi while Vice Regional Commander Liu Zhen was sent by another route against Nandan. Nandan was overrun, Mo Jin was captured, and his followers were taken prisoner. Sun Zong, commander of Baoqing Guard, and others were then sent with separate columns against Balan and other stockades. The tribal peoples, terrified, burned their camps and fled. Government troops pursued and killed them, and the entire region was brought under control. An edict established the three guards of Nandan, Fengyi, and Qingyuan, garrisoned by regular troops.

二十九年，廣西布政司言：「新設南丹等三衛及富川千戶所，歲用軍餉二十余萬石，有司所征，不足以給。」帝命俱置屯田，給耕種。尋遣中使至桂林等府市牛給南丹、奉議諸衛軍士。都指揮姜旺、童勝率兵抵思恩縣鎮寧等村洞，殺獲叛蠻三千余人，降一千一百余戶，得故宋銅印一來上。

In the twenty-ninth year the Guangxi Provincial Administration Commission reported: "The three newly established guards at Nandan and elsewhere, together with Fuchuan Battalion, consume more than two hundred thousand shi of military grain each year, yet the offices responsible for collection cannot raise enough to meet the need. The emperor ordered military colonies established for all of them and seed and tools provided for cultivation. Imperial envoys were soon sent to Guilin and other prefectures to buy oxen for the troops of the Nandan, Fengyi, and other guards. Regional Commanders Jiang Wang and Tong Sheng led troops to Zhenning and other settlements in Sien County, killing or capturing more than three thousand rebel tribesmen and accepting the surrender of more than eleven hundred households. They also recovered a bronze seal from the Song and presented it to the throne.

永樂二年，慶遠府言：「忻城、宜山二縣洞蠻陳公宣等出沒為寇，請剿捕。」帝命都指揮朱輝親往撫諭，公宣等相率歸附，凡千三十五戶。荔波縣民覃真保上言：「縣自洪武至今，人民安業，惟八十二洞瑤民未隸編籍。今聞朝廷加恩撫綏，鹹願為民，無由自達，乞遣使招撫。」乃命右軍都督府移文都督韓觀遣人撫諭，其願為民者，量給賜賚，復其徭役三年。

In the second year of Yongle, Qingyuan Prefecture reported: "Chen Gongxuan and other cave-dwelling tribesmen of Xincheng and Yishan counties have been raiding back and forth. We request a punitive campaign. The emperor ordered Regional Commander Zhu Hui to go in person to win them over. Gongxuan and the others submitted one after another, one thousand thirty-five households in all. Tan Zhenbao, a resident of Libo County, memorialized: "Since the Hongwu reign the people of this county have lived in peace, but the Yao of eighty-two cave settlements remain outside the tax registers. Now that they have heard of the court's generous policy of pacification, they earnestly wish to submit, but have no way to make themselves known. We ask that envoys be sent to receive them. The Right Military Commission was ordered to instruct Regional Commander Han Guan to send envoys to win them over. Those who wished to submit were given rewards as appropriate, and their corvée obligations were waived for three years.

宣德五年，總兵官山雲討慶遠蠻寇，斬首七千四百，平之。九年，雲奏：「思恩縣蠻賊覃公砦等累年作亂，今委都指揮彭義等率兵剿捕，斬賊首梁公成、潘通天等梟之，仍督官軍搜捕余黨。」帝賜敕慰勞。又奏：「慶遠、郁林等州縣蠻寇出沒，必宜剿除，而兵力不足。」帝命廣東都司調附近衛所精銳士卒千五百人，委都指揮一員，赴廣西，聽雲調用。十年，南丹土官莫禎來朝，貢馬，賜彩幣。正統四年，莫禎奏：「本府所轄東蘭等三州，土官所治，歷年以來，地方寧靖。宜山等六縣，流官所治，溪峒諸蠻，不時出沒。原其所自，皆因流官能撫字附近良民，而溪峒諸蠻恃險為惡者，不能鈐制其出沒。每調軍剿捕，各縣居民與諸蠻結納者，又先漏泄軍情，致賊潛遁。及聞招撫，詐為向順，仍肆劫掠，是以兵連禍結無寧歲。臣竊不忍良民受害，願授臣本州土官知府，流官總理府事，而臣專備蠻賊，務擒捕殄絕積年為害者。其余則編伍造冊，使聽調用。據巖險者，拘集平地，使無所恃。擇有名望者立為頭目，加意撫恤，督勵生理。各村寨皆置社學，使漸風化。三五十里設一堡，使土兵守備，凡有寇亂，即率眾剿殺。如賊不除，地方不靖，乞究臣誑罔之罪。」帝覽其奏，即敕總兵官柳溥曰：「以蠻攻蠻，古有成說。今莫禎所奏，意甚可嘉，彼果能效力，省我邊費，朝廷豈惜一官，爾其酌之。」

In the fifth year of Xuande, Commander-in-Chief Shan Yun campaigned against barbarian raiders in Qingyuan, taking seven thousand four hundred heads and restoring order. In the ninth year Shan Yun reported: "Qin Gongzhai and other tribal rebels in Sien County have been in revolt for years. I have entrusted Regional Commander Peng Yi and others with a punitive force. The bandit leaders Liang Gongcheng and Pan Tongtian were executed and their heads displayed, and regular troops continue to hunt down the remaining followers. The emperor sent an edict of commendation and encouragement. He reported again: "Barbarian raiders in Qingyuan, Yulin, and other prefectures and counties are constantly on the move. They must be eliminated, but our forces are too few. The emperor ordered the Guangdong Regional Military Commission to transfer fifteen hundred elite troops from nearby guards and battalions, under one regional commander, to Guangxi to serve at Shan Yun's disposal. In the tenth year Mo Zhen, the native official of Nandan, came to court with horses as tribute and received colored silks in return. In the fourth year of Zhengtong, Mo Zhen memorialized: "The three prefectures under my jurisdiction, including Donglan, are ruled by native officials and have remained peaceful for years. Yishan and five other counties are governed by regular officials, and stream-cave tribesmen raid there without warning. The reason is that regular officials can care for law-abiding commoners nearby, but they cannot control stream-cave tribesmen who use the terrain to their advantage and strike at will. Whenever troops are sent out, local residents who collude with the tribesmen leak military plans in advance, allowing the bandits to escape. When pacification is offered, they pretend to submit and then go on raiding as before. War and disorder have continued year after year without respite. I cannot bear to see innocent people suffer. I ask to be appointed native prefect of this prefecture while a regular official handles overall administration. I would then devote myself to suppressing tribal bandits and eliminating those who have plagued the region for years. The rest would be registered in military households and made available for mobilization. Those living in mountain strongholds would be resettled on flat ground so they could no longer rely on the terrain. Men of standing would be chosen as local headmen, given special care and relief, and encouraged in their livelihoods. Community schools would be established in every village and stockade to gradually transform local customs. A fort would be placed every thirty to fifty li, garrisoned by native troops, ready to lead local forces against any outbreak of banditry. If the bandits are not eliminated and peace is not restored, I ask to be punished for deceiving the throne. After reading the memorial, the emperor immediately instructed Commander-in-Chief Liu Pu: "Using tribesmen to fight tribesmen is an ancient and well-tested policy. Mo Zhen's proposal is admirable. If he can truly deliver and save the frontier expense of regular troops, the court will not begrudge a single office. Consider the matter and decide."

弘治九年，總督鄧廷瓚言：「廣西瑤、僮數多，土民數少，兼各衛軍士十亡八九，凡有征調，全倚土兵。乞令東蘭土知州韋祖鋐子一人，領土兵數千於古田、蘭麻等處撥田耕守，候平古田，改設長官司以授之。」廷議以古田密邇省治，其間土地多良民世業，若以祖鋐子為土官，恐數年之後，良民田稅皆非我有。欲設長官司，祗宜於土民中選補。廷瓚又言：「慶遠府天河縣舊十八里，後漸為僮賊所據，止余殘民八里，請分設一長官司治之。」部議增設永安長官司，授土人韋萬妙等為正、副長官，並流官吏目一員。是年，裁忻城縣流官，留土官知縣掌縣事，亦從廷瓚奏也。十二年，韋祖鋐率兵五千助思恩岑浚攻田州，殺掠男女八百余人，驅之溺水死者無算。副總兵歐磐詣田州，兵乃解。

In the ninth year of Hongzhi, Governor-General Deng Tingzan reported: "The Yao and Zhuang greatly outnumber the Han settlers in Guangxi, and in many guards eight or nine soldiers out of ten have already died. Every campaign now depends entirely on native troops. I request that one son of Wei Zutong, the native prefect of Donglan, be sent with several thousand native troops to farm and garrison allotted land at Gutian, Lanma, and elsewhere. Once Gutian is pacified, a native prefecture office should be established and granted to him. Court deliberation held that Gutian lay too close to the provincial capital. Much of the land there was long-held property of law-abiding settlers. If Zutong's son were made a native official, the tax revenues of those settlers might within a few years no longer belong to the state. If a native prefecture office were to be established, the appointee should be chosen from among the local tribal population. Tingzan reported again: "Tianhe County in Qingyuan Prefecture once comprised eighteen li, but Zhuang bandits have gradually seized most of it, leaving only eight li of surviving population. I request that a separate native prefecture office be established to govern the area. The ministry approved the addition of Yong'an Native Prefecture Office, appointing the local headmen Wei Wanmiao and others as chief and deputy native officials, together with one regular clerk. That same year the regular magistrate of Xincheng County was abolished, leaving the native magistrate in sole charge of county affairs—again on Tingzan's recommendation. In the twelfth year Wei Zutong led five thousand men to aid Cen Jun of Sien in an attack on Tianzhou. They killed and plundered more than eight hundred men and women, and drove countless others into the water to drown. Only when Vice Commander-in-Chief Ou Pan arrived at Tianzhou did the troops stand down.

嘉靖二十七年，那地州土官羅廷鳳聽調有勞，命襲替，免赴京。四十二年錄平瑤功，授東蘭州、那地州土官職。

In the twenty-seventh year of Jiajing, Luo Tingfeng, the native official of Nadi Prefecture, rendered distinguished service when called to arms. He was granted hereditary succession and exempted from traveling to the capital. In the forty-second year, in recognition of service in pacifying the Yao, native official posts in Donglan and Nadi prefectures were confirmed.

慶遠領州四。河池，弘治中以縣升州，改流官。其東蘭、那地、南丹皆土官。縣五，忻城土官。又長官司二，曰永安，永順。

Qingyuan governed four prefectures. Hechi was promoted from county to prefecture during the Hongzhi reign and placed under regular official administration. Donglan, Nadi, and Nandan were all ruled by native officials. It had five counties; Xincheng was under a native official. There were also two native prefecture offices: Yong'an and Yongshun.

東蘭州，在府城西南四百二十里。宋時有韋君朝者，居文蘭峒為蠻長，傳子宴鬧。崇寧五年內附，因置蘭州，以宴鬧知州事，俾世其官。元改為東蘭州，韋氏世襲如故。洪武十二年，土官韋富撓遣家人韋錢保詣闕，上元所授印，貢方物。錢保匿富撓名，以己名上，因以錢保知東蘭州。既而錢保征斂暴急，民不堪命，擁富撓作亂。廣西都司討平之，執錢保正其罪，仍以其地歸韋氏。

Donglan Prefecture lay four hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In Song times Wei Junchao lived at Wenlan Cave as a tribal chief and passed the position to his son Yannao. In the fifth year of Chongning he submitted to the empire. Lan Prefecture was established with Yannao as prefect, and the post was made hereditary. The Yuan renamed it Donglan Prefecture, and the Wei clan continued to hold the post by hereditary succession. In the twelfth year of Hongwu the native official Wei Funao sent his retainer Wei Qianbao to court with the seal granted by the Yuan and local tribute. Qianbao concealed Funao's name and registered under his own, and was therefore appointed prefect of Donglan. Before long Qianbao's exactions grew violent and oppressive. The people could bear it no longer and rallied behind Funao in revolt. The Guangxi Regional Military Commission put down the rebellion, executed Qianbao for his crimes, and restored the territory to the Wei clan.

南丹州，宋開寶初，土官莫洪胭內附。元豐三年置南丹州，管轄諸蠻，歷世承襲。元至正末，莫國麒納土，命為慶遠南丹溪洞安撫使。明洪武初，安撫使莫天讓歸附。七年置州，授莫金知州，世襲，佐以流官吏目。金以叛誅，廢州置衛。後因其地多瘴，遷之賓州。既而蠻民作亂，復置土官知州，以金子莫祿為之。

Nandan Prefecture: in the early Kaibao era of Song, the native official Mo Hongyan submitted to the empire. In the third year of Yuanfeng Nandan Prefecture was established to govern the local tribes, with hereditary succession through the generations. At the end of the Yuan Zhengzheng reign Mo Guoqi surrendered his domain and was appointed Qingyuan-Nandan Stream-Cave Pacification Commissioner. At the beginning of the Ming Hongwu reign, Pacification Commissioner Mo Tianrang submitted to the dynasty. In the seventh year the prefecture was established. Mo Jin was appointed prefect with hereditary succession, assisted by a regular clerk. Mo Jin was executed for rebellion. The prefecture was abolished and replaced by a guard. Later, because the region was heavily malarial, the garrison was moved to Binzhou. When the tribal population rebelled soon afterward, the native prefecture was restored and Mo Jin's son Mo Lu was appointed prefect.

忻城，宋慶歷間置縣，隸宜州。元以土官莫保為八仙屯千戶。洪武初，設流官知縣，罷管兵官，籍其屯兵為民，莫氏遂徙居忻城界。宣、正後，瑤、僮狂悻，知縣蘇寬不任職。瑤老韋公泰等舉莫保之孫誠敬為土官，寬為請於上官，具奏，得世襲知縣。由是邑有二令，權不相統，流官握空印，僦居府城而已。弘治間，總督鄧廷瓚奏革流官，土人韋保為內官，陰主之，始獨任土官。

Xincheng: the county was established during the Song Qingli era and placed under Yizhou. Under the Yuan the native official Mo Bao was made battalion commander of Baxian Garrison. At the beginning of Hongwu a regular magistrate was appointed, the military commander was removed, and the garrison troops were registered as civilians. The Mo clan then moved to the Xincheng frontier. After the Xuande and Zhengtong reigns the Yao and Zhuang grew increasingly unruly, and Magistrate Su Kuan proved unable to govern. Yao elder Wei Gongtai and others installed Mo Bao's grandson Chengjing as native magistrate. Su Kuan petitioned his superiors and memorialized the court, and Chengjing was granted the hereditary magistracy. The county thus had two magistrates whose authority did not overlap. The regular official held nothing but an empty seal and rented quarters in the prefectural city. During the Hongzhi reign Governor-General Deng Tingzan memorialized to abolish the regular magistrate. The local headman Wei Bao served as inner administrator and held real authority in secret, and only then did the native magistrate rule alone.

平樂，初為縣，元大德中改平樂府，明因之。洪武二十一年，廣西都指揮使言：「平樂府富川縣靈亭山、破紙山等洞瑤二千余人，占耕內地，嘯聚劫奪，居民被擾，恭城、賀縣及湖廣道州、永明等縣之民亦被害。比調衛兵收捕，即逃匿巖谷，兵退復肆跳梁。臣等欲於秋成時，統所部會永、道諸軍，列屯賊境，扼其要路，收其所種谷粟。彼無糧食，勢必自窮，乘機擒戮，可絕後患。」。從之。二十九年遷富川縣於富川千戶所。時富川千戶所新立於矮石城，典史言：「縣治無城，恐蠻寇竊發，無以守禦，宜遷城內為便。」從之。弘治元九年，總督鄧廷瓚言：「平樂府之昭平堡介在梧州、平樂間，瑤、僮率出為患，乞令上林土知縣黃瓊、歸德土知州黃通各選子弟一人，領土兵各千人，往駐其地。仍築城垣，設長官司署領，撥平樂縣仙回峒閑田與之耕種。其冠帶千夫長龍彪改授昭平巡檢，造哨船三十，使往來府江巡哨，流官停選。」廷議以昭平堡系內地，若增土官，恐貽後患。況府江一帶，近已設按察司副使一員，整飭兵備，土官不必差遣，止令每歲各出土兵一千聽調。詔從其議。

Pingle began as a county. In the Yuan Dade era it became Pingle Prefecture, and the Ming retained that arrangement. In the twenty-first year of Hongwu the Guangxi Regional Commander reported: "More than two thousand Yao from the caves of Lingting Mountain, Pozhi Mountain, and elsewhere in Fuchuan County, Pingle Prefecture, have seized and farmed interior lands, banded together, and raided the countryside. Local residents have been harassed, and people in Gongcheng, Hexian, and Daozhou, Yongming, and other counties in Huguang have also suffered. Whenever guard troops were sent to capture them, they fled into the hills and ravines. Once the soldiers withdrew, they resumed their raids. We propose that at harvest time our forces join with troops from Yong and Dao, encamp across the bandits' territory, block the key routes, and seize the grain they have planted. Deprived of food, they will inevitably be driven to desperation. We can then seize the moment to capture and destroy them and eliminate the threat for good." The proposal was approved. In the twenty-ninth year, Fuchuan County was relocated to the Fuchuan Guard thousand-household post. The Fuchuan Guard thousand-household post had just been established at Aishi Fortress. The registrar reported: "The county seat has no walls. We fear that tribal raiders may strike without warning, leaving us no way to defend ourselves. It would be best to move the county government inside the fortress. The proposal was approved. In the ninth year of Hongzhi, Governor-General Deng Tingzan memorialized: "Zhaoping Fort in Pingle Prefecture stands between Wuzhou and Pingle, where Yao and Zhuang raiders constantly emerge to plague the region. I request that Huang Qiong, native magistrate of Shanglin, and Huang Tong, native prefect of Guide, each choose one younger kinsman to lead a thousand native troops and garrison the fort. He further proposed building fortifications, establishing a native headman office to govern the post, and allotting idle land in Xianhui Cave, Pingle County, for the garrison to farm. Long Biao, the thousand-household headman granted official cap and belt, should be reassigned as Zhaoping patrol inspector. Thirty patrol boats should be built so he could patrol the Fujiang River, and regular appointments to the post should be suspended. The court deliberated that Zhaoping Fort lay in the interior, and that appointing additional native officials there might store up trouble for the future. Moreover, a vice surveillance commissioner had recently been appointed along the Fujiang to reorganize military defenses, so native officials need not be posted there. Each year they should simply furnish one thousand native troops apiece for mobilization. The emperor approved the court's recommendation.

府江有兩崖三洞諸僮，皆屬荔浦，延袤千餘里，中間巢峒盤絡，為瑤、僮窟穴。江上諸賊倚為黨援，日與府江酋長楊公滿等掠荔浦、平樂及峰門、南源，執永安知州楊惟執，殺指揮胡翰、千戶周濂、土舍岑文及兵民無算。而遷江之北三，來賓之北五，皆右江僮，亦時與東歐、西裏及三都、五都諸賊相倚附，馬多人勁，俗號為劃馬賊。常陳兵走嶺東，掠三水、清遠諸縣，還入南寧、平南、武宣、來賓、藤、貴，劫府庫。已而劫來賓所千戶黃元舉，殺土吏黃勝及其子四人，兵七十余人，又殺明經諸生王朝經、周松、李茂、姜集等，白晝劫殺，道絕行人。隆慶六年，巡撫郭應聘、總督殷正茂請討。詔總兵官李錫督軍進剿，並調東蘭、龍英、泗城、南丹、歸順諸土兵，而以土吏韋文明等統之，攻古西、巖口、筍山、古造及兩峰、黃洞等寨，斬獲賊渠，余黨竄入仙回、古帶諸山，搜捕殆盡。乃移檄北三、北五，趣其歸降。峒老韋法真同被擄來賓、遷江民蒙演等詣軍前乞降，許之，乃定善後六策以聞。初，荔浦之峰門、南源，修仁之麗壁，永安之古眉諸巡司，為諸僮所奪。至是議改土巡檢，推擇有才武者，給冠帶管事，三載稱職，始世襲。

Along the Fujiang lived the Zhuang of Liangya, Sandong, and other settlements, all under Lipu County and spread across more than a thousand li. Cave-dens crisscrossed the region and served as strongholds for Yao and Zhuang bands. River bandits relied on these Zhuang as allies. Day after day they joined Fujiang chieftain Yang Gongman and others in raiding Lipu, Pingle, Fengmen, and Nanyuan. They seized Yong'an Prefect Yang Weizhi and killed Commander Hu Han, Thousand-Household Officer Zhou Lian, native officer Cen Wen, and countless soldiers and civilians. Beisan in Qianjiang and Beiwu in Laibin were Zhuang of the Right River who also allied at times with the bandits of Dong'ou, Xili, Sandu, Wudu, and other strongholds. Rich in horses and fierce in fighting, they were commonly known as the Slash-Horse Bandits. They often marched east of the mountain ranges to raid Sanshui, Qingyuan, and other counties, then swept back through Nanning, Pingnan, Wuxuan, Laibin, Teng, and Gui to loot prefectural treasuries. They then abducted Laibin Battalion Thousand-Household Officer Huang Yuanju, killed native clerk Huang Sheng and four of his sons along with more than seventy soldiers, and murdered the licentiate scholars Wang Chaojing, Zhou Song, Li Mao, Jiang Ji, and others. Robbing and killing in broad daylight, they brought travel to a halt across the region. In the sixth year of Longqing, Grand Coordinator Guo Yingpin and Governor-General Yin Zhengmao requested a punitive expedition. The emperor ordered Commander-in-Chief Li Xi to lead the punitive campaign and mobilized native troops from Donglan, Longying, Sicheng, Nandan, and Guishun under native officers such as Wei Wenming. They stormed the stockades at Guxi, Yankou, Sunshan, Guzao, Liangfeng, Huangdong, and elsewhere, killed or captured the bandit leaders, and hunted down the survivors who fled into the mountains of Xianhui and Gudai until almost none remained. Proclamations were then sent to Beisan and Beiwu demanding their surrender. Cave elder Wei Fazhen came before the army with captives from Laibin and Qianjiang, including Meng Yan, to sue for surrender. Their submission was accepted, and six post-campaign settlement measures were drawn up and reported to the throne. Earlier, the patrol offices at Fengmen and Nanyuan in Lipu, Libi in Xiuren, and Gumei in Yong'an had all been seized by Zhuang bands. It was now proposed to convert these posts to native patrol inspectors. Able and martial men were to be chosen, granted official cap and belt to govern the posts, and granted hereditary succession only after three years of competent service.

萬歷六年，北山蠻譚公柄挾毒弩，肆傷行旅，每一出十百為群。自殺黃勝後，復聚黨以三千人出屳鳳山、龜鱉塘，與河塘韋宋武傍江結寨。時義寧、永寧、永福諸僮群起，相殺掠，道路不通。會咘咳寨藍公潺執土吏黃如金，奪其司。巡撫吳文華檄守巡道吳善、陳俊征永順白山兵及狼兵剿之，平橫山、咘咳諸巢。諸瑤請還侵地及所擄生口，願輸賦為良民，遂班師。

In the sixth year of Wanli, the Beishan chieftain Tan Gongbing armed his followers with poisoned crossbows and preyed on travelers, roaming in bands of dozens or hundreds. After killing Huang Sheng, he rallied three thousand followers, emerged from Xiefeng Mountain and Guibie Pond, and joined Wei Songwu of Hetang in building riverside stockades. At the same time Zhuang bands in Yining, Yongning, and Yongfu rose in revolt, killing and looting one another until the roads were cut off. Meanwhile Lan Gongchan of Bu'ai Stockade seized native clerk Huang Rujin and seized control of his post. Grand Coordinator Wu Wenhua ordered defense circuit intendants Wu Shan and Chen Jun to mobilize Baishan troops from Yongshun and Lang militia against them, and they overran the strongholds at Hengshan, Bu'ai, and elsewhere. The Yao surrendered, asked to return seized land and captives, and offered to pay taxes and live as loyal subjects. The army then withdrew.

右江十寨，隆慶中，總督殷正茂擊破古田，即以檄趣八寨歸降，得貸死。於是寨老樊公懸、韋公良等踵軍門上謁，自言十寨共一百二十八村，環村而居者二千一百二十余家，皆請受賦。右江兵備鄭一龍、參將王世科，謂十寨既請為氓，當以十家為率，賦米一石。村立一甲長，寨立一峒老，為征賦計。而以思古、周安、落紅、古卯、龍哈立一州，屬向武土官黃九疇；羅墨、古缽、古憑、都北、咘咳立一州，屬那地土官黃旸；皆為土知州。已，移思恩守備於周安堡，而布政使以為不便，總制乃議立八寨為長官司，以兵八千人屬黃旸為長官，黃昌、韋富皆給冠帶為土舍，亦各引兵二百守焉。久之，十寨復聚黨作亂，據民田產，白晝入都市剽掠，甚至攻城劫庫，戕官民。總制劉堯誨、巡撫張任急統兵進剿，斬首一萬六千九百有奇，獲器仗三千二百，牛馬二百三十九。帝乃升賞諸土吏功，復分八寨為三鎮，各建一城，而以東蘭州韋應鯤、韋顯能及田州黃馮克為土巡檢，留兵一千人戍之。於三里增建二堡，自楊渡水為界，墾田屯種，給南丹衛，通道慶遠、賓州，使思恩、三里聯絡不絕，於是右江十寨復安輯輸賦。

During the Longqing reign, after Governor-General Yin Zhengmao crushed Gutian, he sent proclamations urging the Eight Stockades of the Right River to surrender. They submitted and were spared execution. Stockade elders Fan Gongxuan, Wei Gongliang, and others then came in succession to the military headquarters. They reported that the ten stockades comprised 128 villages with more than 2,120 surrounding households, all willing to accept taxation. Right River military commissioner Zheng Yilong and Regional Vice Commander Wang Shike ruled that since the ten stockades wished to become taxpaying subjects, every ten households should pay one shi of rice. Each village would appoint a tithing head and each stockade a cave elder to collect the taxes. Sigu, Zhou'an, Luohong, Gumao, and Longha were grouped into one prefecture under Xiangwu native official Huang Jiuchou; Luomo, Gubo, Guping, Doubei, and Bu'ai were grouped into another prefecture under Nadi native official Huang Yang; both men serving as native prefects. When the Si'en garrison was moved to Zhou'an Fort, the provincial administration commissioner objected that the arrangement was impractical. The grand coordinator then proposed establishing the Eight Stockades as a native headman office. Huang Yang was made headman over eight thousand troops, while Huang Chang and Wei Fu were granted cap and belt as native officer attendants, each commanding two hundred soldiers to garrison the region. Before long the ten stockades rallied again in rebellion. They seized civilian lands, raided market towns in broad daylight, attacked walled cities, looted treasuries, and killed officials and commoners. Grand Coordinator Liu Yaohui and Grand Coordinator Zhang Ren urgently led troops against them, taking more than 16,900 heads and capturing 3,200 weapons and 239 oxen and horses. The emperor then promoted the native officers who had distinguished themselves, reorganized the Eight Stockades into three garrisons with a walled city in each, and appointed Wei Yingkun and Wei Xianneng of Donglan and Huang Fengke of Tianzhou as native patrol inspectors, leaving a thousand troops to garrison the region. Two forts were added at Sanli, with Yangdushui as the boundary. Land was opened for garrison farming and assigned to Nandan Guard, and a route was cleared to Qingyuan and Binzhou so that Si'en and Sanli remained connected. The Ten Stockades of the Right River were pacified once more and resumed paying taxes.

三十二年，桂林、平樂瑤、僮據險肆亂，殺知縣張士毅，焚劫無虛月。總督應槚檄總兵官顧寰督兵進剿，擒斬四百八十四，俘獲男女三百四十，牛馬器械甚眾。守臣以捷聞，並上僉事茅坤、參將王寵、都指揮鐘坤秀、參政張謙、百戶吳通等功狀，各升蔭有差。

In the thirty-second year, Yao and Zhuang in Guilin and Pingle seized mountain strongholds and rose in rebellion. They killed Magistrate Zhang Shiyi and burned and looted the countryside almost every month. Governor-General Ying Hao ordered Commander-in-Chief Gu Huan to lead a punitive campaign. Four hundred eighty-four rebels were killed or captured, 340 men and women were taken prisoner, and large numbers of oxen, horses, and weapons were seized. Local officials reported the victory and submitted merit records for Vice Commissioner Mao Kun, Regional Vice Commander Wang Chong, Regional Commander Zhong Kunxiu, Administrative Commissioner Zhang Qian, Hundred-Household Officer Wu Tong, and others. Each received promotion or hereditary honors according to his service.

平樂界桂、梧，西北近楚，清湘、九嶷，郁相樛結。東南入梧，溪洞林箐，多為瑤人盤據。自數經大征後，刊山通道，展為周行，而又增置樓船，繕修校壘，居民行旅皆帖席，瑤、僮亦骎驍馴習於文治雲。

Pingle bordered Guilin and Wuzhou. To the northwest it lay close to Huguang, where the Qingxiang and Jiuyi ranges rose in dense, interlocking ridges. To the southeast toward Wuzhou, stream valleys and forested ravines were largely held by Yao bands. After several major campaigns, roads were cut through the mountains and widened into thoroughfares. Tower boats were added and garrison forts repaired. Residents and travelers slept in safety, and the Yao and Zhuang gradually grew tame under civil rule.

廣西全省惟蒼梧一道無土司，瑤患亦稀。萬歷初，岑溪有潘積善者，僭號平天王，與六十三山、六山、七山諸瑤、僮據山為寇，居民請剿。會大兵征羅旁不暇及，總制淩雲翼檄以禍福，積善願歸降輸賦，乃貸其死，且以其子入學。議者謂七山為蒼、藤信地，六山為容縣、北流中沖，北科為六十三山咽喉，懷集為賀縣諸村出入之所。因立五大營，營六百人，合得三千人，設參將及屯堡三十治焉。而懷集瑤賊，在正德中已雄據十五寨，環二百餘里，為州縣患。官軍屢討之，歸降，然盤互如故，往往相結諸峒蠻劫掠，殺百戶朱裳及把總羅定朝，村民畏之，東西走匿。都御史吳善檄總兵戚繼光征兵於羅定、泗城、都康諸土司，分五道，命參將戴應麟等擊金雞、松柏諸寨，斬渠魁，撫四百余人。時郁林瑤亦桀驁，數糾諸生瑤破諸村寨，入寇興業縣。兵巡道副使王原相告於總制，調兵擊破之，諸瑤悉平。

Of all Guangxi, only the Cangwu circuit had no native chieftains, and Yao unrest there was comparatively rare. Early in the Wanli reign, a man named Pan Jishan in Cenxi styled himself the King Who Pacifies Heaven. Together with Yao and Zhuang from the Sixty-Three Mountains, Six Mountains, and Seven Mountains, he seized mountain strongholds and raided the countryside. Local residents petitioned for a punitive campaign. The main army was then occupied with the Luopang campaign and could not intervene. Grand Coordinator Ling Yunyi sent a proclamation warning of the consequences of rebellion. Pan Jishan offered to submit and pay taxes, was spared execution, and his son was enrolled in the local school. Officials noted that the Seven Mountains lay within the trusted territory of Cangwu and Teng, the Six Mountains formed the central corridor between Rong County and Beiliu, Beike guarded the throat of the Sixty-Three Mountains, and Huaiji controlled the routes by which Hexian villages entered and left the region. Five major camps were therefore established with six hundred men each, totaling three thousand troops. A regional vice commander and thirty garrison forts were appointed to govern the region. The Yao bandits of Huaiji had already dominated fifteen stockades across more than two hundred li during the Zhengde reign, plaguing prefectures and counties throughout the region. Government troops repeatedly attacked them and they surrendered, but their grip on the region remained as firm as ever. They often allied with cave tribes in raids, killed Hundred-Household Officer Zhu Shang and platoon commander Luo Dingchao, and terrified villagers fled in every direction. Censor-in-Chief Wu Shan ordered Commander-in-Chief Qi Jiguang to levy troops from the native chieftains of Luoding, Sicheng, Dukang, and elsewhere. Dividing his forces into five columns, he sent Regional Vice Commander Dai Yinglin and others against the stockades at Jinji, Songbai, and elsewhere. The ringleaders were killed and more than four hundred rebels were pacified. At the same time the Yao of Yulin were also restive. They repeatedly rallied Yao from neighboring settlements to overrun villages and stockades and raid Xingye County. Military circuit vice commissioner Wang Yuanxiang reported to the grand coordinator, who mobilized troops and crushed them. All the Yao bands were pacified.

潯州，江曰潯江，東城門曰潯陽，郡名取焉。洪武八年，潯州大藤峽瑤賊竊發，柳州衛官軍擒捕之。二十年，知府沈信言：「府境接連柳、象、梧、藤等州，山溪險峻，瑤賊出沒不常。近者廣西布政司參議楊敬恭為大亨、老鼠、羅碌山生瑤所殺，官軍討之，賊登巖攀樹，捷如猿狖，追襲不及。若久駐兵，則瘴癘時發，兵多疾疫，又難進取，兵退復出為患。臣以為桂平、平南二縣，舊附瑤民，皆便習弓弩，慣歷險阻。若選其少壯千余人，免其差徭，給以軍器衣裝，俾各團村寨置烽火，與官兵相為聲援，協同捕逐，可以殲之。」帝以蠻夷梗化，夙昔固然，但當謹其防禦，使不為患。如為寇不已，則發兵討之，何必團寨。

Xunzhou took its name from the Xun River and from Xunyang, the name of its eastern gate. In the eighth year of Hongwu, Yao bandits in the Great Vine Gorge of Xunzhou rose in revolt and were captured by troops of Liuzhou Guard. In the twentieth year, Prefect Shen Xin reported: "Our prefecture borders Liuzhou, Xiang, Wuzhou, Teng, and other prefectures. The mountains and streams are steep and treacherous, and Yao bandits appear and disappear without warning. Recently Administrative Commissioner Yang Jinggong of the Guangxi Provincial Administration Commission was killed by raw Yao from Daheng, Laoshu, and Luoluoshan. When government troops pursued them, the bandits scaled cliffs and trees with the agility of apes and could not be overtaken. If troops remain garrisoned too long, malarial fevers break out and disease spreads through the ranks. Offensive operations become difficult, and once the army withdraws the bandits emerge again to plague the region. I believe that in Guiping and Pingnan counties the attached Yao subjects are all skilled with bow and crossbow and accustomed to rugged terrain. If we select more than a thousand of their young and able men, exempt them from corvée and levies, equip them with arms and clothing, and organize them into village militias with beacon fires to support regular troops, they could cooperate in pursuit and destroy the bandits. The emperor replied that barbarian resistance to civilization was nothing new. Careful defense was sufficient to keep them from becoming a threat. If they continued to raid, troops could be sent to suppress them. There was no need to organize village militias.

永樂三年，總兵韓觀奏桂平縣蠻民為亂，請發兵剿捕。帝命姑撫之，勿用兵。宣德四年，總兵山雲討潯、柳二州寇，並誅從寇二千四百八十人，梟首境上。七年，雲奏斬獲桂平等縣蠻寇覃公專等首級數。帝顧左右曰：「蠻寇害我良民，譬之蟊賊害稼，不可不去。然殺之過多，亦所不忍。雖彼自取滅亡，朕自以天地之心為心也。」九年，雲奏潯州等處蠻寇劫掠良民，指揮田真率兵於大藤峽等處，前後斬首九十六級，歸所掠男婦二百三人。

In the third year of Yongle, Commander-in-Chief Han Guan reported that tribal subjects in Guiping County had rebelled and requested troops to suppress them. The emperor ordered that they be pacified for the time being and that force not be used. In the fourth year of Xuande, Commander-in-Chief Shan Yun suppressed bandits in Xunzhou and Liuzhou, executing 2,480 followers and displaying their heads on the frontier. In the seventh year, Shan Yun reported the number of bandit heads taken in Guiping and neighboring counties, including ringleader Qin Gongzhuan. Turning to his attendants, the emperor said: "These tribal bandits harm our people just as crop pests ruin the harvest. They cannot be allowed to remain. Yet to kill too many of them is also more than I can bear. Though they bring ruin upon themselves, I must govern with the compassion of Heaven and Earth. In the ninth year, Shan Yun reported that tribal bandits in Xunzhou and elsewhere were raiding civilians. Commander Tian Zhen led troops against the Great Vine Gorge and other strongholds, taking ninety-six heads and recovering 203 captives.

正統元年，兵部尚書王驥奏：「桂平大藤峽等處蠻寇，攻劫鄉村。因調廣東官軍二千人，今已逾年，軍器衣裝損壞，宜如貴州諸軍例，予踐更。」從之。二年，山雲奏：「潯州府平南等縣耆民言：『大藤峽等山，瑤寇不時出沒，劫掠居民，阻絕行旅。近山荒田，為賊占耕，而左、右兩江，人多食少，其狼兵素勇，為賊所憚。若選委頭目，屯種近山荒田，斷賊出沒之路，不過數年，賊徒坐困，地方寧靖矣。』臣已會同巡按諸司計議，量撥田州等府族目土兵，分界耕守，即委土官都指揮黃竑領之。遇賊出沒，協同剿殺。」從之。七年，瑤賊藍受貳等恃所居大藤峽山險，糾集大信等山山老、山丁數百人，遞年殺掠。千戶滿智等誘殺十人，帝命梟之，家口給賜有功之家。十一年，大藤峽蠻賊流劫鄉村，侵犯諸縣，巡按萬節以聞。景泰七年，大藤峽賊糾合荔浦等處賊，劫掠縣治，殺擄居民，命總兵柳溥等剿之。

In the first year of Zhengtong, Minister of War Wang Ji memorialized: "Tribal bandits at Guiping, the Great Vine Gorge, and elsewhere are attacking and looting villages. Two thousand Guangdong regulars were mobilized for the campaign, and after more than a year their weapons and clothing are worn out. They should receive replacements on rotation, following the precedent used for troops in Guizhou. The request was approved. In the second year, Shan Yun reported: "Elders of Pingnan and other counties in Xunzhou Prefecture stated: 'In the mountains around the Great Vine Gorge, Yao bandits appear without warning, raid settlements, and cut off the roads. The bandits occupy and farm wasteland near the mountains. Along the Left and Right rivers the population is large but food is scarce. The Lang militia are naturally fierce fighters, and the bandits fear them. If selected chieftains are posted to farm the wasteland near the mountains and block the bandits' routes, within a few years the rebels will be trapped in place and the region pacified. I have consulted with the touring censor and provincial offices and propose allotting native troops from Tianzhou and other prefectures to farm and garrison the borderlands in sections, under the command of native official Regional Commander Huang Hong. When bandits appear, they will cooperate in hunting them down.' The proposal was approved. In the seventh year, Yao bandits led by Lan Shou'er relied on the rugged terrain of the Great Vine Gorge and rallied several hundred mountain elders and youths from Dashin and neighboring peaks to raid year after year. Thousand-Household Officer Man Zhi and others lured ten of the bandits to their deaths. The emperor ordered the corpses displayed and their families given as rewards to those who had distinguished themselves. In the eleventh year, tribal bandits from the Great Vine Gorge swept through the countryside and attacked several counties. Touring Censor Wan Jie reported the crisis. In the seventh year of Jingtai, bandits from the Great Vine Gorge joined forces with raiders from Lipu and elsewhere, looted county seats, and killed or abducted residents. Commander-in-Chief Liu Pu and others were ordered to suppress them.

天順五年，鎮守廣東中官阮隨奏：「大藤峽瑤賊出沒兩廣，為惡累年，邇來愈甚。雖常會兵剿捕，緣地裏遼遠，且兩廣軍馬不相統屬，未易成功，宜大舉搗其巢穴，庶絕民患。」乃命都督僉事顏彪佩征夷將軍印，調南京、江西及直隸九江等衛官軍一萬隸之。六年，彪奏：「臣率軍進剿大藤，攻破七百二十一寨，斬首三千二百七十一級，復所掠男婦五百余口。」帝敕獎之。

In the fifth year of Tianshun, the eunuch defender of Guangdong Ruan Sui memorialized: "Yao bandits from the Great Vine Gorge have raided back and forth across the Two Guangs for years, and their depredations have grown worse of late. Although troops are often assembled against them, the region is vast and distant, and the armies of Guangdong and Guangxi do not answer to a single command, making success difficult. A major expedition should be launched to destroy their strongholds and end the threat to the people. Yan Biao, vice commander-in-chief, was appointed General Who Conquers the Yi and given command of ten thousand regular troops from Nanjing, Jiangxi, Jiujiang in Zhili, and other guards. In the sixth year, Yan Biao reported: "I led the army against the Great Vine Gorge, overran 721 stockades, took 3,271 heads, and recovered more than 500 captives. The emperor issued an edict commending him.

七年，大藤峽賊夜入梧州城。時總兵官泰寧侯陳涇駐兵城中，會太監朱祥、巡按吳璘、副使周璹、僉事董應軫、參議陸禎、都指揮杜衡、土官都指揮岑瑛等議調兵。夜半，賊駕梯上城，涇等不覺，遂入府治，劫庫放囚，殺死軍民無算，大掠城中，執副使周璹為質，殺訓導任璩。涇等倉卒無計，惟擁兵自衛，隨軍器械並備賞銀物，皆為賊有。布政使宋欽時致仕家居，挺身出，以大義諭賊，為所害。黎明，賊聲言官軍若動，則殺周副使。涇等乃遣人與賊講解，晡時，縱之出城。賊既出，乃縱璹還。時官軍數千，賊僅七百而已。都指揮邢斌奏至，帝曰：「梧州蕞爾小城，總兵、鎮、巡、三司俱擁重兵駐城中，乃為小賊所蔑視，況遇大敵乎！爾兵部其即議處行。」

In the seventh year, bandits from the Great Vine Gorge entered Wuzhou by night. Commander-in-Chief Chen Jing, Marquis of Taining, was then garrisoned in the city. He met with Eunuch Zhu Xiang, Touring Censor Wu Lin, Vice Commissioner Zhou Fan, Vice Commissioner Dong Yingzhen, Administrative Commissioner Lu Zhen, Regional Commander Du Heng, native official Regional Commander Cen Ying, and others to discuss mobilizing troops. At midnight the bandits scaled the walls on ladders before Chen Jing and the others realized what was happening. They burst into the prefectural yamen, looted the treasury, freed prisoners, and killed countless soldiers and civilians. They plundered the city, seized Vice Commissioner Zhou Fan as a hostage, and killed Instructor Ren Qu. Caught off guard, Chen Jing and his officers had no plan but to gather their troops in self-defense. All military equipment and stored reward silver and goods fell into the bandits' hands. Song Qin, the retired provincial administration commissioner, came forward and tried to reason with the bandits on grounds of moral duty. They killed him. At dawn the bandits announced that if government troops moved against them, Vice Commissioner Zhou would be executed. Chen Jing and the others sent envoys to negotiate with the bandits and, in the late afternoon, allowed them to leave the city. Only after the bandits had departed was Zhou Fan released. Government troops in the city numbered several thousand, while the bandits numbered only seven hundred. When Regional Commander Xing Bin's report reached the throne, the emperor said: "Wuzhou is a small city, yet the commander-in-chief, the eunuch defender, the touring censor, and the heads of the three provincial offices all kept large forces garrisoned there—and still they were humiliated by a handful of bandits. What would happen if they faced a real enemy? Ministry of War, deliberate at once on what is to be done and implement it.

八年，國子監生封登奏：「潯州夾江諸山，含岈嶻嶪，峽中有大藤如鬥，延亙兩崖，勢如徒杠，蠻眾蟻渡，號大藤峽，最險惡，地亦最高。登藤峽巔，數百里皆歷歷目前，軍旅之聚散往來，可顧盼盡，諸蠻倚為奧區。桂平大宣鄉崇姜裏為前庭，象州東鄉、武宣北鄉為後戶，藤縣五屯障其左，貴縣龍山據其右，若兩臂然。峽北巖峒以百計，仙人關、九層崖極險峻，峽以南有牛腸、大岵諸村，皆緣江立寨。藤峽、府江之間為力山，力山之險倍於藤峽。又南則為府江，其中多冥巖奧谷，絕壁層崖，十步九折，失足隕身。中產瑤人，藍、胡、侯、槃四姓為渠魁。力山又有僮人，善傅毒藥弩矢，中人無不立斃，四姓瑤亦憚之。自景泰以來，嘯聚至萬人，隳城殺吏。而修仁、荔浦、平樂、力山諸瑤應之，其勢益張。渠長侯大狗嘗懸千金購，莫能得。郁林、博白、新會、信宜、興安、馬平、來賓亦煽動，所至丘墟，為民害。乞選良將，多調官軍、狼兵急滅賊。」報聞。

In the eighth year, Feng Deng, a student of the Imperial Academy, memorialized: "The mountains along the river at Xunzhou rise steep and jagged. Within the gorge grows a great vine as thick as a bushel measure, stretching from cliff to cliff like a footbridge. Tribal raiders swarm across it like ants. The place is called the Great Vine Gorge—the most treacherous stronghold in the region, and also the highest ground. From the heights of the gorge, the land for hundreds of li lies spread out in plain view. The movement and encampment of armies can be watched from a single vantage point. The tribes treat it as their inner sanctuary. Chongjiang Village in Daxuan Township, Guiping, forms the forecourt; Dongxiang in Xiangzhou and Beixiang in Wuxuan the rear gate; Wutun in Teng County guards the left flank and Longshan in Gui County the right, like two outstretched arms. North of the gorge are scores of cliff caves; Immortal Pass and Nine-Tier Cliff are especially steep. South of the gorge lie villages such as Niuchang and Dahu, each with stockades built along the riverbank. Between the Great Vine Gorge and the Fujiang River stands Lishan Mountain, whose terrain is twice as dangerous as the gorge itself. Farther south lies the Fujiang River, threaded with dark caves and hidden ravines, sheer walls and stacked cliffs where the path turns nine times in ten paces. A single misstep means death on the rocks below. The region is home to Yao people, with the Lan, Hu, Hou, and Pan clans as the chief leaders. Lishan also harbors Zhuang fighters skilled at poisoning their crossbow bolts; anyone struck dies at once. Even the four Yao clans fear them. Since the Jingtai era they have rallied forces numbering ten thousand, tearing down walled towns and killing officials. Yao from Xiuren, Lipu, Pingle, and Lishan joined them, and their strength swelled further. A bounty of a thousand taels of silver was once posted for the chieftain Hou Dagou, yet no one could take him. Yulin, Bobai, Xinhui, Xinyi, Xing'an, Maping, and Laibin were stirred to revolt as well. Wherever the raiders passed, the land was left in ruins. They became a scourge upon the people. I beg that able generals be chosen and large numbers of regular troops and lang troops be urgently mobilized to destroy the rebels. The memorial was received at court.

成化元年，編修丘浚條上兩廣用兵機宜。兵部尚書王竑奏言：「峽賊稱亂日久，皆由守臣以招撫為功，致釀大患，非大創不止。」因薦浙江參政韓雍有文武才。命以雍為僉都御史，都督同知趙輔為征夷將軍，和勇為遊擊將軍，率師討之。時大藤峽賊三千余陷平南縣，殺典史周誠，擄其妻子，並劫縣印。又入藤縣城，掠官庫，劫縣印，鎮守總兵歐信以聞。於是總兵官趙輔率軍至，奏言：「大藤蠻賊以修仁、荔浦為羽翼，今大軍壓境，宜先剿之。」乃合諸軍十六萬人，分五道進，先破修仁，窮追至力山，生擒千二百余人，斬首七千三百余級。

In the first year of Chenghua, Compiler Qiu Jun submitted a detailed plan for military operations in the Two Guangs. Minister of War Wang Gong memorialized: "The gorge rebels have been in open revolt for years, largely because frontier officials treated pacification as an achievement and thereby allowed the crisis to fester. Only a crushing blow will end it. He thereupon recommended Han Yong, administrative commissioner of Zhejiang, as a man of both civil and military ability. Han Yong was appointed vice censor-in-chief; Chief Assistant Commander Zhao Fu was made General Who Conquers the Yi; He Yong was made mobile-column general; and they were ordered to lead an expedition against the rebels. At that time more than three thousand bandits from the Great Vine Gorge overran Pingnan County, killed Registrar Zhou Cheng, abducted his wife and children, and seized the county seal. They then entered Teng County, looted the government treasury, and seized its seal as well. Garrison Commander-in-Chief Ou Xin reported the raids. Commander-in-Chief Zhao Fu then arrived with the army and memorialized: "The Great Vine Gorge rebels use Xiuren and Lipu as their flanks. With the main force now at the frontier, we should strike those places first. He assembled a force of 160,000 men and advanced in five columns. Xiuren was overrun first, and the pursuit was driven all the way to Lishan. More than 1,200 rebels were captured alive and more than 7,300 heads were taken.

二年，趙輔、韓雍等奏：「元年十一月，師次潯州，謀深入以覆其巢。遂調總兵官歐信等分兵五哨，取道山北以進。臣及指揮白全分兵八哨，直抵潯州，以搗山南。復令參將孫震分兵二哨，從水路入。別遣指揮潘鐸等以兵分守諸山隘口，克期十二月朔日，水陸並進，腹背交攻。賊知師至，先移妻子錢米入桂州橫石塘等處藏匿。乃於山南各寨，立柵自固，用木石鏢槍藥弩，憑險拒守。官軍用團牌、扒山虎等器，魚貫而進。士殊死戰，一日之間，攻破山南、石門、林峒、沙田、古營諸巢，縱火焚其積聚，賊皆奔潰。復督兵追躡，剷山開路，直抵橫石塘及九層樓等山。賊已據險立柵數重，復用木石、槍弩拒守。臣等多設疑兵，誘賊拋擲木石幾盡，別遣壯士於賊所不備處，高山絕頂，舉炮為號。諸軍緣木攀蘿，蟻附而上，四面夾攻，連日鏖戰，賊不能支。破賊寨三百二十四所，斬首三千二百七級，生擒七百八十二人，獲賊婦女二千七百一十八人，戰溺死者不可勝計。已將大藤峽改為斷藤峽，刻石紀之，以昭天討。」捷聞，帝降敕褒諭，仍敕輔計議長策，永絕後患。未幾，雍奏斷藤峽殘賊侯鄭昂等七百余人，夜入潯州府城，焚軍營城樓，奪百戶所印三顆，殺掠男婦數十人。旋為參將孫震、指揮張英率軍擊斬賊魁，余黨仍奔入巢。既雍又奏：「諸瑤之性，憚見官吏，攝以流官，終難靖亂。請改設武宣縣東鄉等巡檢司，以土人李升等為副巡檢；設武靖州於峽內，以上隆州知州岑鐸知州事，土人覃仲英世襲土官吏目。」然府江東西兩岸，大、小桐江、洛口與斷藤峽、朦朧、三黃等處，村巢接壤，路道崎嶇，聚眾劫掠，終不能除。

In the second year, Zhao Fu, Han Yong, and others reported: "In the eleventh month of the first year our army encamped at Xunzhou and planned a deep thrust to destroy the rebel strongholds. Garrison Commander-in-Chief Ou Xin and others were ordered to divide their forces into five columns and advance along the northern route. I and Commander Bai Quan divided our troops into eight columns and pressed straight to Xunzhou to attack the southern slopes. Assistant Commander Sun Zhen was also ordered to divide his force into two columns and enter by river. Commander Pan Duo and others were sent to hold the mountain passes. The first day of the twelfth month was fixed for a combined land-and-water assault from front and rear. Learning that the army had arrived, the rebels first moved their families, money, and grain to hiding places such as Hengshi Tang in Guizhou Prefecture. They then fortified their stockades south of the mountains with palisades, timber, stones, javelins, and poisoned crossbows, holding the heights to resist attack. Government troops advanced in single file with round shields, grappling hooks, and other climbing gear. The soldiers fought with desperate fury. In a single day they overran the strongholds of Shannan, Shimen, Lintong, Shatian, and Guyang, burned the rebel stores, and put the enemy to rout. They pressed the pursuit, cut paths through the mountains, and drove straight to Hengshi Tang, Nine-Tier Tower, and other heights. The rebels had already seized the heights and built palisade after palisade, again using timber, stones, spears, and crossbows to hold the ground. We repeatedly deployed decoy forces until the rebels had nearly exhausted their supply of timber and stones. At the same time we sent picked men to unguarded heights, where they fired cannon as the signal. The troops climbed trees and vines and swarmed upward like ants. Attacked from all four sides and battered for days, the rebels could no longer hold. They overran 324 rebel stockades, took 3,207 heads, captured 782 men alive, seized 2,718 women, and killed or drowned so many others that the number could not be counted. The Great Vine Gorge was renamed Broken Vine Gorge, and an inscription was carved in stone to proclaim Heaven's judgment upon the rebels. When news of victory arrived, the emperor issued an edict of commendation and ordered Zhao Fu to devise a lasting plan to eliminate the threat for good. Before long, Han Yong reported that more than seven hundred remnant rebels from Broken Vine Gorge, led by Hou Zheng'ang, had entered Xunzhou by night, burned the barracks and city towers, seized three chiliarchy seals, and killed or abducted dozens of men and women. Assistant Commander Sun Zhen and Commander Zhang Ying soon led troops against them, killed the rebel leader, and drove the survivors back into the mountains. Han Yong then memorialized again: "The Yao dread contact with regular officials. If they are governed by rotating magistrates, the region will never be pacified. He requested the establishment of inspection offices at Dongxiang and other places in Wuxuan County, with local men such as Li Sheng appointed deputy inspectors; and the creation of Wujing Prefecture within the gorge, with Cen Duo, prefect of Shanglong, placed in charge of its affairs and the local man Tan Zhongying made hereditary native clerk. Yet along both banks of the Fujiang River, at the Greater and Lesser Tong Rivers, Luokou, Broken Vine Gorge, Menglong, Sanhuang, and other places, rebel villages lay side by side along rugged paths. Bands continued to gather and raid, and the problem was never fully removed.

正德十一年，總督陳金復督調兩廣官軍土兵，分為六大哨，按察使宗璽，布政使吳廷舉，副總兵房閏，鎮守太監傅倫，參將牛桓，都指揮魯宗貫、王瑛將之，水陸並進，斬七千五百六十余級。金謂諸蠻利魚鹽耳，乃與約，商船入峽者，計船大小，給之魚鹽。蠻就水濱受去，如榷稅然，不得為梗。蠻初獲利聽約，道頗通。金以此法可久，易峽名永通。諸蠻緣此無忌，大肆掠奪，稍不愜，即殺之。因循猖獗，江路為斷。時總督王守仁定田州還，兩江父老遮道言峽賊阻害狀。守仁上疏請討，報可。守仁率湖南兵至南寧，約日會兵。寇聞湖兵且至，皆逃匿。守仁故為散遣諸兵狀，寇弛不為備，乃令官軍突進，連破油窄、石壁、大皮等寨，賊奔斷藤峽，復追擊破之。賊奔渡橫石江，溺死六百余人，俘斬甚眾，賊潰散。遂移兵仙臺、花相、白竹、古陶、羅鳳諸處，賊不支，奔入永安力山，官軍次第破之，擒斬三千余，俘獲無算。八寨平，兩江悉定。守仁遂以土官岑猛子邦佐為武靖知州，使靖遺孽。

In the eleventh year of Zhengde, Governor Chen Jin again mobilized regular and native troops from the Two Guangs in six major columns under Surveillance Commissioner Zong Xi, Administrative Commissioner Wu Tingju, Vice Commander Fang Run, Garrison Eunuch Fu Lun, Assistant Commander Niu Huan, and Regional Commanders Lu Zongguan and Wang Ying. Advancing by land and water, they took more than 7,560 heads. Chen Jin decided that the tribes cared only for fish and salt. He therefore made an agreement that merchant boats entering the gorge would receive fish and salt in proportion to their size. The tribes took their share at the riverbank like a transit levy and were not to obstruct passage. At first the tribes profited from the arrangement and kept the agreement, and the river route became fairly passable. Believing the scheme could endure, Chen Jin renamed the gorge Ever-Pass. Emboldened by this indulgence, the tribes plundered freely and killed travelers at the slightest provocation. Left unchecked, they grew ever bolder until the river route was cut off entirely. At that time Governor Wang Shouren was returning after pacifying Tianzhou. Elders from the Two Rivers blocked his path to describe how gorge bandits were choking the routes. Wang Shouren memorialized requesting a punitive campaign, and the request was approved. Wang Shouren led Hunan troops to Nanning and set a date for the combined advance. Hearing that Hunan troops were on their way, the rebels all fled and hid. Wang Shouren deliberately feigned the disbanding of his forces. The rebels relaxed their guard, whereupon he ordered a sudden advance. Government troops overran the stockades of Youzhai, Shibi, Dapi, and others in succession. The rebels fled toward Broken Vine Gorge, and he pursued and broke them again. The rebels fled across the Hengshi River, and more than six hundred drowned. Captures and kills were numerous, and the enemy force scattered in rout. He then shifted his forces to Xiantai, Huaxiang, Baizhu, Guta, Luofeng, and other strongholds. Unable to stand, the rebels fled into Lishan in Yong'an. Government troops overran them one by one, capturing and killing more than three thousand; prisoners and booty were beyond count. The Eight Stockades were pacified, and both river regions were settled. Wang Shouren then appointed Bangzuo, son of the native official Cen Meng, prefect of Wujing to pacify the remaining rebels.

邦佐不能輯眾，且貪得賊賄，峽北賊復獗。有侯勝海者為首，指揮潘翰臣誘殺之，勝海弟公丁聚眾噪城下。僉事鄔閱、參議孫繼祖言於都御史潘旦，請討之。參將沈希儀以為宜需春江漲，順流下，乃可破賊，不聽。閱與繼祖以千人往擊，賊遁，斬一尫寇還。漫言賊退，請置堡。堡成，閱令土目黃貴、韋香以三百人往戍。初，貴、香利勝海田廬，故說翰臣殺海，至是往戍，遂奪勝海田廬。於是諸瑤俱恚，邦佐又陰黨之，公丁遂嘯聚二千余人，乘夜陷堡城，殺戍兵二百人，貴、香走免。巡按以聞，乃罷閱與繼祖，旦亦代去，命侍郎蔡經督兵討之。會朝議欲征安南，事遂已。公丁等益橫，時出殺掠。久之，經乃會安遠侯柳珣決計發兵，以兵事屬副使翁萬達。萬達廉得百戶許雄通賊狀，詰之。雄懼，請自效。萬達佯庇公丁，捕系訐訟公丁者數人。公丁果遣人自列，萬達佯許之，又令雄假稱貸為賄，公丁喜，益信雄。會萬達巡他郡，以事屬參議田汝成。汝成召雄申飭之，雄紿公丁詣汝成自列，言寇堡事由他瑤，汝成亦慰遣之。乃密授意城中居民被賊害者家，出毆公丁，一市皆嘩，遊檄並逮公丁入系獄。遣雄諭其黨曰：「寇堡事公丁委罪諸瑤，果否？」諸瑤遂言事自公丁，聽論坐，不敢黨。乃檻致公丁於軍門，礫之。汝成因言於經，謂首惡既誅，宜乘勢進兵討賊。乃以副總兵張經、都指揮高乾分將左右二軍，萬達及副使梁廷振監之，副使蕭畹紀功，參政林士元及汝成督餉。

Bangzuo could not keep order among the people and greedily accepted bribes from the rebels. Banditry north of the gorge revived. A rebel named Hou Shenghai rose as leader. Commander Pan Hanchen lured and killed him. Shenghai's younger brother Gongding gathered a mob and clamored beneath the city walls. Vice Commissioner Wu Yue and Administrative Commissioner Sun Jizu urged Censor-in-Chief Pan Dan to launch a punitive campaign. Assistant Commander Shen Xiyi argued that they should wait for the spring flood on the Min River and strike downstream with the current before the rebels could be broken. His advice was ignored. Wu Yue and Sun Jizu attacked with a thousand men. The rebels fled, and they returned after killing one petty raider. They casually reported that the rebels had withdrawn and requested the building of a fort. When the fort was finished, Wu Yue ordered the native chiefs Huang Gui and Wei Xiang to garrison it with three hundred men. Huang Gui and Wei Xiang had coveted Hou Shenghai's fields and homesteads and had therefore persuaded Pan Hanchen to kill him. Now, posted to the fort, they seized Shenghai's property. All the Yao were enraged. Bangzuo secretly backed them as well. Gongding rallied more than two thousand men, stormed the fort by night, and killed two hundred garrison troops. Huang Gui and Wei Xiang fled for their lives. The touring censor reported the disaster. Wu Yue and Sun Jizu were dismissed, Pan Dan was replaced, and Vice Minister Cai Jing was ordered to supervise a punitive campaign. At that time the court was debating a campaign against Annam, and the expedition was dropped. Gongding and his followers grew ever bolder and raided whenever they chose. After a long delay, Cai Jing met with Marquis of Anyuan Liu Xun and resolved to mobilize troops, entrusting military affairs to Vice Commissioner Weng Wanda. Weng Wanda learned through investigation that Chiliarch Xu Xiong had been in contact with the rebels and interrogated him. Xu Xiong, terrified, offered to redeem himself through service. Weng Wanda feigned protection of Gongding and arrested several men who had brought accusations against him. Gongding duly sent men to plead his case. Weng Wanda pretended to accept it and had Xu Xiong pose as a lender offering a bribe. Gongding was delighted and trusted Xu Xiong all the more. When Weng Wanda toured other prefectures, he entrusted the matter to Administrative Commissioner Tian Rucheng. Tian Rucheng summoned Xu Xiong and rebuked him. Xu Xiong tricked Gongding into coming to plead his case in person, blaming the fort raid on other Yao. Tian Rucheng consoled him and sent him away. He then secretly instructed families in the city who had suffered at the rebels' hands to assault Gongding in the street. The whole market erupted in uproar, patrol officers seized Gongding, and he was thrown into prison. He sent Xu Xiong to tell Gongding's followers: "Gongding blamed the fort raid on the other Yao—is that true? The Yao clans then admitted that the affair had originated with Gongding. They submitted to judgment and dared not rally to his defense. Gongding was then sent in the cangue to army headquarters and stoned to death. Tian Rucheng then urged Cai Jing that with the chief villain executed, they should seize the moment and advance against the remaining rebels. Vice Commander Zhang Jing and Regional Commander Gao Qian were placed in command of the left and right armies. Weng Wanda and Vice Commissioner Liang Tingzhen supervised operations; Vice Commissioner Xiao Wan recorded merit; Administrative Commissioner Lin Shiyuan and Tian Rucheng supervised supplies.

嘉靖十八年二月，兩軍齊發：左軍三萬五千人，分六道，攻紫荊、石門、梅嶺、木昴、藤沖、大坑等巢；右軍萬六千人，分四道，攻碧灘，羅淥上、中、下洞等巢。南北夾擊，賊大窘，遂擁眾奔林峒而東。王良輔邀擊之，中斷，復西奔。諸軍合擊，大破之，斬首千二百級，追至羅運山，又斬百余級。平南縣有小田、羅應、古陶、古思諸瑤亦據險勿靖。萬達等移兵剿之，招降賊黨二百余人，江南胡姓諸瑤歸順者亦千余人，藤峽復平。

In the second month of the eighteenth year of Jiajing, both armies set out together. The left army of thirty-five thousand men, divided into six routes, attacked the strongholds of Zijing, Shimen, Meiling, Mu'ang, Tengchong, and Dikeng; the right army of sixteen thousand men, divided into four routes, attacked Bitan and the upper, middle, and lower caves of Luolu. Attacked from north and south, the rebels were hard pressed and fled east toward Lintong in a mass. Wang Liangfu intercepted them and cut the column in two, whereupon they fled west again. The combined armies struck and routed them, taking 1,200 heads. The pursuit reached Luoyun Mountain, where more than a hundred additional heads were taken. In Pingnan County, Yao at Xiaotian, Luoying, Guta, and Gusi also held the heights and refused to submit. Weng Wanda shifted troops to suppress them, induced more than two hundred rebel partisans to surrender, and received the submission of more than a thousand Hu-clan Yao south of the river. The Great Vine Gorge was pacified once again.

隆慶三年，右江諸瑤、僮復亂，巡撫郭應聘請給餉剿除。給事中梁問孟以賊黨眾，不可盡滅，宜令守臣熟計。兵部言：「府江自正德十二年都御史陳金征討之後，且六十年。而右江北三、北五等巢，素未懲創，生齒日繁，遂肆猖獗。頃者大征古田，各巢鹹畏威斂戢，獨府江、右江恃險為亂，若復縱之，非惟無以固八寨懷遠之招，亦恐以啟古田攜貳之漸，剿之便。但兵在萬全，宜即以科臣所慮，備行提督殷正茂及巡撫郭應聘等便宜行之。」應聘遂檄總兵官李錫等將兵往討，以捷聞。南寧，唐之邕州也。元，邕州路。泰定中，改南寧路。洪武二年命潭州衛指揮同知丘廣為總兵官，寶慶衛指揮僉事胡海、廣西衛指揮僉事左君弼副之，率兵討左江上思州蠻賊黃龍冠等。龍冠一名英傑，時聚眾萬余，寇郁林州。知州趙鑒、同知王彬集民丁拒守，賊圍半月不下。海北等衛官軍來援，賊夜遁，追至上思州境，破之，賊走還，仍結聚不解。事聞，故命廣等討之。廣等兵至上思州，賊拒戰，擊敗之，擒從賊黃權等。英傑走十萬山，官軍追及，斬之，上思州平。

In the third year of Longqing, Yao and Zhuang along the Right River rebelled again. Grand Coordinator Guo Yingpin requested funds for a suppression campaign. Supervising Secretary Liang Wenmeng argued that the rebel bands were too numerous to exterminate entirely and that frontier officials should plan with care. The Ministry of War replied: "Nearly sixty years have passed since Censor-in-Chief Chen Jin's punitive expedition on the Fujiang River in the twelfth year of Zhengde. Yet the Beisan and Beiwu strongholds north of the Right River had never been punished. Their numbers had grown daily, and they had grown ever bolder in their raids. In the recent great campaign against Gutian, every stronghold had feared imperial might and kept quiet. Only the Fujiang and Right River regions, trusting in their terrain, continued to rebel. If indulged again, not only would the pacification of the Eight Stockades and Huaiyuan be undermined, but Gutian too might begin to waver. Suppression is the wiser course. But the campaign must be fully secure. The concerns raised by the supervising secretary should be conveyed at once to Grand Coordinator Yin Zhengmao, Grand Coordinator Guo Yingpin, and others, with authority to act as circumstances require. Guo Yingpin then ordered Commander-in-Chief Li Xi and others to lead troops against the rebels, and victory was reported. Nanning was Yong Prefecture under the Tang. Under the Yuan it was Yongzhou Circuit. In the Taiding reign it was renamed Nanning Circuit. In 1369, Qiu Guang, vice commander of the Tanzhou Guard, was appointed commander-in-chief, with Hu Hai of the Baoqing Guard and Zuo Junbi of the Guangxi Guard as deputies, to lead troops against the tribal rebel Huang Longguan of Shangsi on the Zuo River. Longguan, also known as Yingjie, had rallied more than ten thousand followers and was raiding Yulin Prefecture. Prefect Zhao Jian and Vice Prefect Wang Bin rallied militia to hold the city. The rebels besieged it for half a month without success. Troops from the Haibei and other garrisons arrived in relief. The rebels fled by night, were pursued to Shangsi, and routed—but they regrouped and did not disperse. When word reached court, Qiu Guang and the others were ordered to suppress them. When Qiu Guang's forces reached Shangsi, the rebels gave battle and were defeated. Huang Quan and other followers were captured. Yingjie fled into the Hundred Thousand Mountains. Government troops overtook and killed him, and Shangsi was pacified.

三年，置南寧、柳州二衛。時廣西省臣言：「廣西地接雲南、交阯，所治皆溪洞苗蠻，性狼戾多畔。府衛兵遠在靖江數百里外，卒有警，難相援，乞立衛置兵以鎮。」又言：「廣海俗素獷戾，動相仇殺，蓋緣郡縣無兵以馭之。近盜寇郁林，同知集民兵拒守，潯州經歷徐成祖亦以民兵千余敗賊，是土兵未始不可用。乞令邊境郡縣輯民丁之壯者，置衣甲器械，籍之有司，有事則捕賊，無事則務農。」詔從之。遂置衛，益兵守禦，賞王彬、徐成祖等有功者。

In the third year the Nanning and Liuzhou garrisons were established. A Guangxi provincial official then reported: "Guangxi borders Yunnan and Jiaozhi. Its subjects are stream-cave Miao and other tribes, fierce by nature and prone to rebellion. Prefectural and garrison troops are stationed at Jingjiang, hundreds of li away. In an emergency they cannot arrive in time. We ask that new garrisons be established to hold the region down. He added: "The Guang coast has always been violent, with constant blood feuds, largely because prefectures and counties lack troops to keep order. When bandits recently raided Yulin, the vice prefect rallied militia to defend the city, and Xunzhou Registrar Xu Chengzu defeated them with more than a thousand local troops. Native forces can certainly be put to use. We ask that border prefectures and counties enroll able-bodied men, equip them with arms and armor, register them with the authorities, deploy them against bandits when needed, and return them to farming in peacetime." The emperor approved. Garrisons were then established, additional troops posted for defense, and Wang Bin, Xu Chengzu, and other meritorious men were rewarded.

五年，宣化盜起，劫掠南寧府，詔發廣西官軍討平之。初，南寧衛指揮僉事左君弼核民之無藉者為軍，又縱所部入山伐木，民多擾，遂相構為盜。至是討平，命大都督府按君弼罪。

In the fifth year bandits rose in Xuanhua and raided Nanning Prefecture. Guangxi government troops were ordered to suppress them. Earlier Zuo Junbi, commander of the Nanning Guard, had conscripted rootless men as soldiers and allowed his troops to log timber in the hills, harassing the populace until many turned to banditry. After the rebels were suppressed, the Chief Military Commission was ordered to investigate Zuo Junbi's offenses.

南寧故稱邕管，牂牁峙其西北，交阯踞其西南，三十六洞錯壤而居，延袤幾千里，橫山、永平尤要害。歷唐及宋，建牙置帥，與桂州等。又郡地夷曠，可宿數萬師。成化時，征田州及經略安南，舉弭節茲土。後因瑤蠻不靖，往往仗狼兵，急則藉為前驅，緩則檄為守禦。諸瑤乃稍稍驕恣，不可盡繩以法。議邕事者謂宜開重鎮，以復邕州督府之舊雲。南寧領州四。曰新寧，曰橫州，為流官。曰上思州，曰下雷州，為土官。縣三，曰宣化，曰隆化，曰永淳。

Nanning was once known as the Yong Administration. Zangge lay to the northwest and Jiaozhi to the southwest. Thirty-six cave domains were scattered across nearly a thousand li of territory; Hengshan and Yongping were especially critical. Through the Tang and Song it had military headquarters and commanders, ranking with Guilin and other major posts. Its terrain was also open and spacious, able to quarter tens of thousands of soldiers. During the Chenghua reign, campaigns against Tianzhou and operations in Annam repeatedly placed supreme command here. Later, with Yao and tribal unrest persistent, Lang troops were often employed—called forward in emergencies and summoned for garrison duty in quieter times. The Yao gradually grew arrogant and defiant, beyond full control by ordinary law. Advisers on frontier affairs argued that a major garrison should be restored to revive the old Yongzhou command. Nanning governed four prefectures. Xining and Hengzhou were governed by regular officials. Shangsi and Xialei were governed by native officials. It had three counties: Xuanhua, Longhua, and Yongchun.

歸德州，宋熙寧中置。元屬田州路。洪武二年，土官黃隍城歸附，授知州，以流官吏目佐之。

Guide Prefecture was established in the Xining era of the Song. Under the Yuan it belonged to Tianzhou Circuit. In 1369 the native official Huang Huangcheng submitted and was appointed prefect, assisted by a regular official clerk.

上思州，唐始置。元屬思明路，洪武初，土官黃中榮內附，授知州，子孫畔服不常。弘治十八年改流官，屬南寧府。正德六年，土目黃錙聚眾攻城，都御史林廷選捕之，下獄。已，越獄復叛，官軍禦之，詐降，攻破州城，復捕獲之，伏誅。嘉靖元年，都御史張嵿言：「上思州本土官，後改流，遂致土人稱亂。宜仍其舊，擇土吏之良者任之。」議以為然，仍以土官襲。

Shangsi Prefecture was first established in the Tang. Under the Yuan it belonged to Siming Circuit. Early in the Hongwu reign the native official Huang Zhongrong submitted and was appointed prefect. His descendants rebelled and submitted by turns. In 1505 it was placed under regular officials and subordinated to Nanning Prefecture. In 1511 the native officer Huang Zi gathered followers and attacked the city. Censor-in-Chief Lin Tingxuan captured him and threw him in prison. He soon escaped, rebelled again, and feigned surrender while government troops defended the city. He broke into the prefectural seat, was captured once more, and executed. In 1522, Censor-in-Chief Zhang Jun reported: "Shangsi was originally governed by native officials. After it was placed under regular officials, the tribes repeatedly rose in disorder. The old arrangement should be restored, with capable native officials chosen to govern. The proposal was accepted, and hereditary native officials were restored.

下雷州，宋置。明初，印失，廢為峒，在湖潤寨，屬鎮安府。峒長許永通奉調有功，給冠帶。傳世烈、國仁繼襲峒事。嘉靖十四年獲舊印。國仁及子宗蔭屢立戰功。四十三年改屬南寧府。萬歷十八年以地逼交南，奏升為州，頒印，授宗蔭子應珪為土判官，流官吏目佐之。

Xialei Prefecture was established in the Song. Early in the Ming its seal was lost. The prefecture was abolished and reduced to a cave domain at Hurun Stockade under Zhen'an Prefecture. Cave Chief Xu Yongtong served meritoriously when called to campaign and was granted official cap and belt. Shilie and Guoren succeeded him in turn as cave chiefs. In 1535 the old seal was recovered. Guoren and his son Zongyin won repeated military honors. In 1564 it was transferred to Nanning Prefecture. In 1590, because the territory bordered southern Jiaozhi, it was promoted to prefecture by memorial. A seal was issued, Zongyin's son Yinggui was appointed native sub-prefect, and a regular official clerk was assigned to assist him.

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