Volume 318 Biographies 206: Guangxi Tribal Headmen 2

太平，漢屬交阯，號麗江。唐為羈縻州，隸邕州都督府。宋平嶺南，於左、右二江溪峒立五寨。其一曰太平，與古萬、遷隆、永平、橫山四寨各領州、縣、峒，屬邕州建武軍節度。元仍為五寨。後廢，乃置太平路於麗江。

Taiping had belonged to Jiaozhi under the Han and was known as Lijiang. Under the Tang it became a jimi prefecture under the Yongzhou Area Command. After the Song pacified Lingnan, they established five stockades among the stream-and-cave settlements along the Left and Right Rivers. One of these was Taiping; together with the stockades of Guwan, Qianlong, Yongping, and Hengshan, each governed its own prefectures, counties, and cave settlements, all under the Jianwu Army command of Yongzhou. Under the Yuan the five stockades remained unchanged. They were later abolished, and the Taiping Circuit was established at Lijiang.

洪武元年，征南將軍廖永忠下廣西，左江太平土官黃英衍等遣使賫印詣平章楊璟降。璟還自廣海，帝問黃、岑二氏所轄情形。璟言：「蠻僚頑獷，散則為民，聚則為盜，難以文治，當臨之以兵，彼始畏服。」帝曰：「蠻瑤性習雖殊，然其好生惡死之心，未嘗不同。若撫之以安靖，待之以誠，諭之以理，彼豈有不從化者哉。」遣中書照磨蘭以權賫詔，往諭左、右兩江溪峒官民曰：「朕惟武功以定天下，文德以化遠人，此古先哲王威德並施，遐邇鹹服者也。眷茲兩江，地邊南僥，風俗質樸。自唐、宋以來，黃、岑二氏代居其間，世亂則保境土，世治則修職貢，良由其審時知幾，故能若此。頃者，朕命將南征，八閩克靖，兩廣平定。爾等不煩師旅，奉印來歸，向慕之誠，良足嘉尚。今特遣使往諭，爾其克慎乃心，益懋厥職，宣布朕意，以安居民。」以權至廣西衛，鎮撫彭宗、萬戶劉維善以兵護送。將抵兩江，適來賓洞蠻寇掠楊家寨居民。以權謂彭宗等曰：「奉詔遠來，欲以安民，今見賊不擊，何以庇民？」乃督宗等擊之。賊敗走，遂安輯其地，兩江之民由是懾服。二年，黃英衍遣使奉表貢馬，乃改為太平府。以英衍為知府，世襲。

In the first year of Hongwu, the southern expedition general Liao Yongzhong marched into Guangxi; Huang Yingyan and other tribal officials of Taiping on the Left River sent envoys bearing their seals to surrender to Chief Minister Yang Jing. When Yang Jing returned from Guanghai, the emperor asked about the territories held by the Huang and Cen clans. Yang Jing replied, "The Man and Liao are stubborn and unruly—scattered they live as ordinary people, gathered they turn to banditry. Civil rule alone will not suffice; only when confronted with military force will they submit in fear. The emperor said, "Though the Man and Yao differ in temperament and custom, their desire to live and dread of death are the same. If we pacify them with calm assurance, treat them with sincerity, and instruct them with reason, how could any fail to accept our guidance?" He dispatched Lan Yiquan, proofreader of the Secretariat, to carry an edict and announce to the officials and people of the stream-and-cave settlements along the Left and Right Rivers: "I hold that martial achievement establishes the realm and civil virtue transforms distant peoples—this is how the sage kings of old applied both might and grace, winning submission from near and far alike. These two river regions lie on the southern frontier, and their customs are plain and unadorned. Since Tang and Song times the Huang and Cen clans had held sway there in turn: in troubled times they preserved their territories, in peaceful times they maintained tribute duties—because they read the times and knew when to adapt, they were able to endure thus. Recently I dispatched generals on a southern campaign; the Eight Min were pacified and the Two Guangs brought to order. You came forward with your seals without need of military compulsion; your sincere desire to submit is truly commendable. I now send this envoy to instruct you: guard your hearts carefully, redouble your efforts in duty, proclaim my intent, and thereby bring peace to the people." When Lan Yiquan reached the Guangxi Guard, Pacification Commissioner Peng Zong and Battalion Commander Liu Weishan escorted him with troops. As they were nearing the Two Rivers, Man raiders from Laibin Cave happened to be plundering the residents of Yangjia Stockade. Lan Yiquan said to Peng Zong and the others, "I came from afar on imperial command to bring peace to the people—if I see bandits and do not strike them, how can I protect those I was sent to shelter? He then directed Peng Zong and the others to attack them. The bandits were defeated and fled; he then pacified the region, and the people of the Two Rivers submitted in awe. In the second year Huang Yingyan sent envoys with a memorial and tribute horses, and the region was redesignated Taiping Prefecture. Huang Yingyan was appointed prefect, with the office to pass down through his line.

宣德元年，崇善縣土知縣趙暹謀廣地界，遂招納亡叛，攻左州，執故土官，奪其印，殺其母，大肆擄掠，占據村洞四十余所。造火器，建旗幟，僭稱王，署偽官，流劫州縣。事聞，帝命總兵官顧興祖會廣西三司剿捕。興祖等招之，不服，遣千戶胡廣率兵進。暹扼寨拒守，廣進圍之，紿出所奪各州印，撫諭脅從官民，使復職業。暹計窮，從間道遁。伏兵邀擊，及其黨皆就擒。時左州土官黃榮亦奏：「蠻人李圓英劫掠居民，偽稱官爵，乞發兵剿捕。」帝謂兵部曰：「蠻民愚獷，或挾私仇忿爭戕殺，來告者必欲深致其罪，未可遽信。其令鎮遠侯並廣西三司勘實，先遣人招撫，如叛逆果彰，發兵未晚也。」二年斬南寧百戶許善。初，善知趙暹謀逆，與之交通。及總兵官遣善追暹，又受暹馬十匹、銀百兩，故延緩之，冀幸免。事覺，下御史，鞫問得實，斬之，余黨皆伏誅。

In the first year of Xuande, Zhao Xian, the tribal magistrate of Chongshan County, sought to expand his territory. He recruited fugitives and rebels, attacked Zuozhou, seized the former tribal official, took his seal, killed his mother, plundered on a large scale, and occupied more than forty villages and cave settlements. He manufactured firearms, raised banners and flags, presumptuously styled himself king, appointed false officials, and raided prefectures and counties at will. When word reached the court, the emperor ordered Regional Commander Gu Xingzu to join with the three provincial offices of Guangxi in suppressing and capturing him. Gu Xingzu and his colleagues summoned Zhao Xian to surrender, but he refused; they dispatched Battalion Commander Hu Guang to advance with troops. Zhao Xian held his stockade and resisted; Hu Guang advanced and besieged it, recovered the seals seized from the various prefectures, and reassured the coerced officials and people, restoring them to their occupations. With his options exhausted, Zhao Xian fled by a hidden path. Ambush troops intercepted him, and he and his followers were all captured. At the same time Huang Rong, the tribal official of Zuozhou, memorialized: "The Man leader Li Yuanying is plundering the people and falsely claiming official titles; I beg that troops be dispatched to suppress and capture him. The emperor told the Ministry of War, "Tribal peoples are simple and unruly; sometimes they kill one another over private vendettas. Those who come to report invariably seek to bring the heaviest possible charges—we must not believe them hastily. Order the Marquis of Zhenyuan and the three provincial offices of Guangxi to investigate the facts. First send men to summon and pacify him; if rebellion is truly proven, dispatching troops will not be too late." In the second year the Nanning company commander Xu Shan was executed. Earlier, Xu Shan had known of Zhao Xian's plot to rebel and had maintained contact with him. When the regional commander dispatched Xu Shan to pursue Zhao Xian, he accepted ten horses and one hundred taels of silver from Zhao Xian and deliberately delayed the pursuit, hoping to escape punishment himself. When the matter came to light he was handed over to the censorate; interrogation established the facts, and he was executed; the remaining accomplices were all put to death.

太平領州縣以十數。明初，皆以世職授土官，而設流官佐之。

Taiping governed more than ten prefectures and counties. At the beginning of the Ming dynasty, hereditary tribal offices were granted to local headmen, with regular officials appointed to assist them.

鎮遠州，舊名古隴，宋置，隸邕州。元隸太平路。洪武初，土官趙勝昌歸附，授世襲知州，設流官吏目佐之。

Zhenyuan Prefecture, formerly called Gulong, was established under the Song and subordinate to Yongzhou. Under the Yuan it was subordinate to Taiping Circuit. At the beginning of Hongwu the tribal official Zhao Shengchang submitted; he was granted the hereditary post of prefect, with a regular official clerk appointed to assist him.

茗盈州，宋置，隸邕州。元隸太平路。洪武初，土官李鐵釘歸附，授世襲知州，設流官吏目佐之。

Mingying Prefecture was established under the Song and subordinate to Yongzhou. Under the Yuan it was subordinate to Taiping Circuit. At the beginning of Hongwu the tribal official Li Tieding submitted; he was granted the hereditary post of prefect, with a regular official clerk appointed to assist him.

安平州，舊名安山，亦西原、農峒地。唐置波州，宋析為安平州，元隸太平路。洪武初，土官李郭佑歸附，授世襲知州，設流官吏目佐之。

Anping Prefecture, formerly called Anshan, was also territory of the Xiyuan and Nong cave settlements. The Tang established Bo Prefecture; the Song divided it to form Anping Prefecture; under the Yuan it was subordinate to Taiping Circuit. At the beginning of Hongwu the tribal official Li Guoyou submitted; he was granted the hereditary post of prefect, with a regular official clerk appointed to assist him.

養利州，元屬太平路。洪武初，土官趙日泰歸附，授知州，以次傳襲。宣德間，稍侵其鄰境，肆殺掠。萬歷三年討平之，改流官。

Yangli Prefecture belonged to Taiping Circuit under the Yuan. At the beginning of Hongwu the tribal official Zhao Ritai submitted; he was granted the post of prefect, with succession passing in order through his line. During the Xuande reign he gradually encroached on neighboring territory and wantonly killed and plundered. In the third year of Wanli he was suppressed and pacified, and the post was converted to a regular appointment.

萬承州，舊名萬陽。唐置萬承、萬形二州。宋省萬形，隸太平寨。元隸太平路。洪武初，土官許郭安歸附，授世襲知州，設流官吏目佐之。永樂間，郭安從征交阯，死於軍，子永誠襲。

Wancheng Prefecture was formerly called Wanyang. The Tang established the two prefectures of Wancheng and Wanxing. The Song abolished Wanxing, and the prefecture was subordinate to Taiping Stockade. Under the Yuan it was subordinate to Taiping Circuit. At the beginning of Hongwu the tribal official Xu Guo'an submitted; he was granted the hereditary post of prefect, with a regular official clerk appointed to assist him. During the Yongle reign Xu Guo'an joined the campaign against Jiaozhi and died in service; his son Yongcheng succeeded to the office.

全茗州，舊名連岡，為西原地，宋置，隸邕州。元隸太平路。洪武初，土官李添慶歸附，授世襲知州，設流官吏目佐之。

Quanming Prefecture, formerly called Liangang, was Xiyuan territory; it was established under the Song and subordinate to Yongzhou. Under the Yuan it was subordinate to Taiping Circuit. At the beginning of Hongwu the tribal official Li Tianqing submitted; he was granted the hereditary post of prefect, with a regular official clerk appointed to assist him.

結倫州，舊名邦兜，亦西原、農峒地。宋置結安峒，隸太平寨。元改州，屬太平路。洪武二年，峒長馮萬傑歸附，授世襲知州，設流官吏目佐之。

Jielun Prefecture, formerly called Bangdou, was also territory of the Xiyuan and Nong cave settlements. The Song established Jie'an Cave, subordinate to Taiping Stockade. The Yuan converted it to a prefecture under Taiping Circuit. In the second year of Hongwu the cave chief Feng Wanjie submitted; he was granted the hereditary post of prefect, with a regular official clerk appointed to assist him.

都結州，元屬太平路，土官農姓。洪武初內附，授世襲知州，設流官吏目佐之。

Dujie Prefecture belonged to Taiping Circuit under the Yuan; the tribal official was of the Nong clan. At the beginning of Hongwu he submitted to the dynasty; he was granted the hereditary post of prefect, with a regular official clerk appointed to assist him.

永康州，宋置縣，隸遷隆寨。元隸太平路，土官楊姓。成化八年，其裔孫楊雄傑糾合峒賊二千余人，入宣化縣劫掠，且偽署官職。總兵官趙輔捕誅之，因改流官。萬歷二十八年升為州。

Yongkang Prefecture was established as a county under the Song and subordinate to Qianlong Stockade. Under the Yuan it was subordinate to Taiping Circuit; the tribal official was of the Yang clan. In the eighth year of Chenghua his descendant Yang Xiongjie rallied more than two thousand cave bandits, raided Xuanhua County, and presumptuously appointed official titles. Regional Commander Zhao Fu captured and executed him, and the post was converted to a regular appointment. In the twenty-eighth year of Wanli it was promoted to prefectural status.

左州，舊名左陽，唐置，隸邕州。宋隸古萬寨。元屬太平路。洪武初，土官黃勝爵歸附，授世襲知州。再傳，子孫爭襲，相仇殺。成化十三年改流官。

Zuozhou, formerly called Zuoyang, was established under the Tang and subordinate to Yongzhou. Under the Song it was subordinate to Guwan Stockade. Under the Yuan it belonged to Taiping Circuit. At the beginning of Hongwu the tribal official Huang Shengjue submitted and was granted the hereditary post of prefect. After two successions, descendants fought over the inheritance and killed one another in vendetta. In the thirteenth year of Chenghua the post was converted to a regular appointment.

羅陽縣，舊名福利，陀陵縣，舊名駱陀，皆宋置。元隸太平。洪武初，土官黃宣、黃富歸附，並授世襲知縣，設流官典史佐之。

Luoyang County, formerly called Fuli, and Tuoling County, formerly called Luotuo, were both established under the Song. Under the Yuan they were subordinate to Taiping. At the beginning of Hongwu the tribal officials Huang Xuan and Huang Fu submitted; both were granted hereditary county magistrate posts, with regular official recorders appointed to assist them.

思明，唐置州，隸邕州。宋隸太平寨。元改思明路。洪武初，改為府。二年，土官黃忽都遣使貢馬及方物。詔以忽都為思明府知府，世襲。十五年，忽都復遣其弟祿政奉表來貢，詔賜鈔錠。二十三年，忽都子黃廣平遣思州知州黃誌銘率屬部，偕十五州土官李圓泰等來朝。明年，廣平以服闋，遣知州黃忠奉表貢馬及方物。詔廣平襲職，賜冠帶襲衣，及文綺十匹、鈔百錠。二十五年，憑祥洞巡檢高祥奏，思明州知州門三貴謀殺思明府知府黃廣平，廣平覺而殺之，乃以病死聞於朝，所言不實。詔逮廣平鞫之。既至，帝謂刑部曰：「蠻寇相殺，性習固然，獨廣平不以實言，故繩以法。今姑宥之，使其改過。」命給道里費遣還，是後朝貢如例。

Siming was established as a prefecture under the Tang and subordinate to Yongzhou. Under the Song it was subordinate to Taiping Stockade. The Yuan redesignated it as Siming Circuit. At the beginning of Hongwu it was converted to a prefecture. In the second year the tribal official Huang Hudu sent envoys with tribute horses and local products. An edict appointed Huang Hudu prefect of Siming Prefecture, with the office to pass down through his line. In the fifteenth year Huang Hudu again sent his younger brother Luzheng with a memorial and tribute; the court granted him paper money ingots. In the twenty-third year Hudu's son Huang Guangping dispatched Sizhou Prefect Huang Zhiming leading his subordinates, together with tribal officials from fifteen prefectures including Li Yuantai, to attend court. The following year, his mourning period completed, Guangping dispatched Prefect Huang Zhong with a memorial, tribute horses, and local products. An edict confirmed Guangping's succession to the office and granted him cap, belt, and ceremonial robe, along with ten bolts of patterned silk and one hundred ingots of paper money. In the twenty-fifth year Pingxiang Cave Inspector Gao Xiang memorialized that Siming Prefecture Magistrate Men Sangu had plotted to kill Siming Prefect Huang Guangping; Guangping discovered the plot and killed him, yet reported to the court that he had died of illness—the account was false. An edict ordered Huang Guangping seized and brought to trial. When he arrived, the emperor told the Ministry of Punishments, "Tribal leaders killing one another is their custom by nature; it is only because Guangping did not speak truthfully that he must be bound by law. For now I pardon him, that he may amend his ways. He was given travel expenses and sent home; thereafter tribute to court proceeded as before.

二十九年，土官黃廣成遣使入貢，因奏言：「本府自故元改思明路軍民總管所，轄左江一路州縣峒寨，東至上思州，南至銅柱。元兵征交阯，去銅柱百里，設永平寨軍民萬戶府，置兵戍守，命交人供其軍餉。元季擾亂，交人以兵攻破永平寨，遂越銅柱二百余裏，侵奪思明屬地丘溫、如嶅、慶遠、淵、脫等五縣，逼民附之，以是五縣歲賦皆土官代輸。前者本府失理於朝，遂致交人侵迫益甚。及告禮部，任尚書立站於洞登，洞登實思明地，而交阯乃稱屬銅柱界。臣嘗具奏，蒙朝廷遣刑部尚書楊靖核其事，《建武志》尚可考。乞敕安南，俾還舊封，庶疆域復正，歲賦不虛。」帝令戶部錄所奏，遣行人陳誠、呂讓往諭安南。三十年，誠、讓至安南，諭其王陳日焜，令還思明地。議論往復，久而不決。以譯者言不達意，復為書曉之。安南終辯論不已，出黃金二錠、白金西錠及沈檀等香以賄，誠卻之。安南復咨戶部，無還地意。廷臣議其抗命當誅，帝曰：「蠻人怙頑不悛，終必取禍，姑待之。」

In the twenty-ninth year the tribal official Huang Guangcheng sent envoys with tribute and memorialized: "Since the Yuan dynasty converted this prefecture to the Siming Circuit Military-Civilian General Administration Office, it has governed the prefectures, counties, cave settlements, and stockades along the Left River route, east to Shangsi Prefecture and south to the Bronze Pillars. When Yuan troops campaigned against Jiaozhi, they established the Yongping Stockade Military-Civilian Ten-Thousand-Household Office a hundred li from the Bronze Pillars, stationed troops to garrison it, and ordered the people of Jiaozhi to supply their provisions. In the turmoil at the end of the Yuan, the people of Jiaozhi broke Yongping Stockade by force, crossed more than two hundred li beyond the Bronze Pillars, and seized the five Siming counties of Qiuwen, Ruyao, Qingyuan, Yuan, and Tuo, compelling the inhabitants to submit to them; thereafter the tribal official paid the annual levies for all five counties on their behalf. Previously this prefecture had failed in its dealings with the court, and the people of Jiaozhi pressed their encroachments ever more aggressively. When the matter was reported to the Ministry of Rites, Minister Ren established a station at Dongdeng—though Dongdeng was actually Siming territory, Jiaozhi claimed it lay within the Bronze Pillars boundary. I once submitted a full memorial on this matter; the court dispatched Minister of Punishments Yang Jing to investigate, and the Jianwu Gazetteer can still be consulted as evidence. I beg that an edict be issued commanding Annam to restore the former boundaries, so that the territory may be set right and annual levies no longer go unpaid. The emperor ordered the Ministry of Revenue to record the memorial and dispatched envoys Chen Cheng and Lü Rang to instruct Annam. In the thirtieth year Chen Cheng and Lü Rang reached Annam and instructed King Chen Rikun to return Siming territory. Debate went back and forth for a long time without resolution. Because the interpreters failed to convey the meaning adequately, they wrote a letter to make the court's position clear. Annam ultimately refused to cease arguing and offered two ingots of gold, ingots of silver, and aloeswood and sandalwood incense as bribes, but Chen Cheng refused them. Annam again petitioned the Ministry of Revenue, showing no intention of returning the territory. Court officials argued that their defiance of imperial orders deserved punishment, but the emperor said, "These peoples rely on stubbornness and refuse to reform—they will bring disaster upon themselves in the end. Let us wait for now."

永樂二年，憑祥巡檢李升言，其地瀕安南，百姓樂業，生齒日繁，請改為縣，以便撫輯，從之。以升為知縣，設流官典史一員。三年，升以新設縣治來朝，貢馬及方物謝恩。廣成奏安南侵奪其祿州、西平州永平寨地，請遣使諭還，從之。九年，免思明稅糧，以廣成言去秋雨水傷稼也。

In the second year of Yongle, Pingxiang Inspector Li Sheng reported that the area bordered Annam, the people were prospering in their occupations, and the population was growing daily; he requested that it be converted to a county for easier administration, and the request was granted. Li Sheng was appointed county magistrate, with one regular official recorder appointed to assist him. In the third year Li Sheng came to court representing the newly established county and presented tribute horses and local products in gratitude. Huang Guangcheng memorialized that Annam had seized the territories of Luzhou, Xiping Prefecture, and Yongping Stockade, and requested that envoys be dispatched to demand their return; the request was granted. In the ninth year Siming's tax grain was remitted, as Huang Guangcheng reported that the previous autumn's rains had damaged the harvest.

宣德元年，思明賀天壽節奉表逾期，禮部請罪之。帝以遠蠻既至，毋問。土官知府黃岡奏憑祥歲兇民饑，命發龍州官倉糧振之。正統七年，岡遺使入貢。九年，貢解毒藥味，賜鈔錦。

In the first year of Xuande, Siming's congratulatory memorial for the Heavenly Longevity Festival arrived late; the Ministry of Rites requested that they be punished. The emperor, noting that the distant tribes had arrived after all, ordered that no further action be taken. The tribal prefect Huang Gang memorialized that Pingxiang had suffered a bad harvest and the people were starving; the court ordered grain distributed from the Longzhou official granary for relief. In the seventh year of Zhengtong, Huang Gang sent envoys to present tribute. In the ninth year he presented antidotal medicines and was granted paper money and brocade.

景泰三年，岡致仕，以子鈞襲。岡庶兄都指揮矰欲殺鈞，代以己子。矰守備潯州，托言征兵思明府，令其子糾眾結營於府三十里外，馳至府，襲殺岡一家，支解岡及鈞，甕葬後圃，仍歸原寨。明日，乃入城，詐發哀，遣人報矰捕賊，以掩其跡。方殺岡時，岡仆福童得免，走憲司訴其事，且以征兵檄為證。郡人亦言殺岡一家者，矰父子也。副總兵武毅以聞，將逮治之。矰自度禍及，及謀迎合朝廷意，遣千戶袁洪奏永固國本事，請易儲。奏入，帝曰：「此天下國家重事，多官其會議以聞。」矰為此舉，眾皆驚愕，謂必有受其賂而教之者，或疑侍郎江淵雲。事成，矰得釋罪，且進秩。英宗復辟，矰聞自殺。帝命發棺戮其屍，其子震亦為都督韓雍捕誅。

In the third year of Jingtai Huang Gang retired, and his son Jun succeeded to the office. Huang Gang's elder half-brother, Regional Commander Huang Zeng, plotted to kill Jun and install his own son in his place. Huang Zeng was garrison commander at Xunzhou; under the pretext of conscripting troops for Siming Prefecture, he had his son gather followers and establish a camp thirty li outside the prefectural seat, then galloped in, slaughtered Huang Gang's entire family, dismembered Gang and Jun, buried their remains in jars in the rear garden, and returned to his original stockade. The next day he entered the city, feigned mourning, and sent men to report to Huang Zeng to hunt down the bandits, covering his tracks. When the slaughter occurred, Huang Gang's servant Futong escaped, fled to the provincial administration commission to report the crime, and produced the conscription order as evidence. Local people also testified that Huang Zeng and his son were the ones who had killed Huang Gang's family. Deputy Regional Commander Wu Yi reported the matter, and authorities were about to arrest and punish them. Huang Zeng saw that disaster was imminent and plotted to win the court's favor; he dispatched Battalion Commander Yuan Hong to memorialize on securing the foundation of the state and request a change of heir. When the memorial arrived, the emperor said, "This is a weighty matter for the realm and the state; let the senior officials confer and report back. Huang Zeng's maneuver astonished everyone; many believed someone had been bribed to instruct him, and some suspected Vice Minister Jiang Yuan. When the maneuver succeeded, Huang Zeng was released from punishment and even promoted in rank. When Emperor Yingzong restored the throne, Huang Zeng killed himself upon hearing the news. The emperor ordered his coffin opened and his corpse publicly desecrated; his son Zhen was also captured and executed by Regional Commander Han Yong.

成化十八年，土知府黃道奏所轄思明州土官孫黃義為族人黃紹所殺，乞發兵捕剿。帝命兩廣守臣區處以聞。

In the eighteenth year of Chenghua the tribal prefect Huang Dao memorialized that Huang Yi, grandson of the Siming Prefecture tribal official under his jurisdiction, had been killed by his clansman Huang Shao, and begged that troops be dispatched to suppress and capture the killer. The emperor ordered the defending officials of the Two Guangs to handle the matter and report back.

弘治十年，況村賊黃紹侵占思明、上石、下石三州，復謀殺知府黃道父子。道妻趙氏累訴於朝，且謂屢經委官勘問，俱被賂免，乞發兵誅之。十一年，紹集眾數千人焚劫鄉村，據三州，屢撫不下，總鎮請發兵捕剿。嘉靖四十一年，以剿平瑤、僮功，命土官知州男黃承祖暫襲本職。隆慶四年，忠州土官黃賢相等據南寧府屬四都地作亂，永康典史李材計誘其黨，縛賢相以降。萬歷十六年，思明州土官黃拱聖謀奪襲，殺其母兄拱極等五人。而思明知府黃承祖乘亂掠村寨，為之援。按臣請以拱聖及諸兇正法，思明州改屬流府，革承祖冠帶，立功自贖，而追其所掠；更令族人黃恩護拱極妻許氏撫遺孤世延，待其長官之。

In the tenth year of Hongzhi the Kuangcun bandit Huang Shao seized the three prefectures of Siming, Shangshi, and Xiashi and again plotted to kill Prefect Huang Dao and his son. Huang Dao's wife Lady Zhao repeatedly petitioned the court, reporting that repeated official investigations had all been bribed into acquittal, and begged that troops be dispatched to execute Huang Shao. In the eleventh year Huang Shao gathered several thousand followers, burned and plundered villages, and held the three prefectures; repeated pacification efforts failed, and the supreme commander requested troops to suppress him. In the forty-first year of Jiajing, for achievements in suppressing the Yao and Zhuang, the tribal prefect Nan Huang Chengzu was granted temporary succession to his original office. In the fourth year of Longqing the Zhongzhou tribal official Huang Xianxiang and others seized the Four Du territory under Nanning Prefecture and rebelled; Yongkang Recorder Li Cai devised a stratagem to lure his followers and bound Huang Xianxiang to surrender. In the sixteenth year of Wanli the Siming Prefecture tribal official Huang Gongsheng plotted to seize the succession and killed his mother, elder brother Gongji, and three others. Meanwhile Siming Prefect Huang Chengzu took advantage of the turmoil to plunder villages and stockades, lending Gongsheng his support. The investigating censor requested that Gongsheng and the other culprits be executed according to law, that Siming Prefecture be transferred to regular administration, that Chengzu's cap and belt be stripped and he be required to redeem himself through meritorious service, and that his plunder be recovered; further that clansman Huang En be ordered to protect Gongji's widow Lady Xu in raising the orphaned heir Shiyan until he came of age to hold office.

三十三年，總督戴耀奏：「思明叛目已擒，土官黃應雷縱仆起釁，棄印而逃，斷難復官。黃應宿爭地，殺戮六哨成仇，且系義子，不應襲職。黃應聘系承祖幼子，人心推戴，似應承襲知府，以存黃氏宗祀。但年甫七歲，暫令流官同知署府事，待至十五歲，交印接管。應雷既廢，不宜同城，應降為土舍，其後永襲土舍，給田養贍，制其出入。應宿仍管故業，俱屬思明府節制。於府治設教授一員，量給廩生六名，其寄附太平府者，悉歸本學，嗣後續增其祭祀廩餼之用，則地方可安，文教可興。」詔悉從之。

In the thirty-third year Governor-general Dai Yao memorialized: "The Siming rebel leaders have been captured; the tribal official Huang Yinglei incited his servants to start trouble, abandoned his seal, and fled—he can by no means be restored to office. Huang Yingsu fought over territory, killing across six outposts until deep enmity was entrenched; moreover he is an adopted son and should not succeed to office. Huang Yingpin is Chengzu's youngest son and enjoys popular support—it seems he should succeed as prefect to preserve the Huang clan's ancestral sacrifices. But he is only seven years old; for now let a regular vice prefect administer the prefecture, and when he reaches fifteen the seal shall be handed over for him to take charge. Since Yinglei is deposed, he should not remain in the same city; he should be demoted to tribal retainer, permanently inheriting that status, granted land for support, with his movements restricted. Yingsu shall still manage his former holdings; both shall remain under Siming Prefecture's jurisdiction. An instructor shall be established at the prefectural seat with six stipend students; those attached to Taiping Prefecture shall all return to the local school; thereafter increase the provisions for sacrificial rites—then the region can be settled and civil culture can flourish. An edict approved all of these recommendations.

崇禎十一年，總督張鏡心疏報土官殺職官思明州黃日章、黃德誌等，鼓眾叛逆。帝令速擒首惡以靖地方。論者以黃矰神奸，身逭大盩，世濟其兇，傳及四世，猶並思明州而有之，王綱隳矣。然骨肉相屠，至是四見，蓋天道雲。

In the eleventh year of Chongzhen Governor-general Zhang Jingxin reported that tribal officials including Huang Rizhang and Huang Dezhi of Siming Prefecture had killed officeholders and incited the people to rebel. The emperor ordered the ringleaders swiftly captured to restore order to the region. Commentators held that Huang Zeng was diabolically cunning, personally escaped severe punishment, and his descendants perpetuated his violence through four generations, yet still held Siming Prefecture as well—the royal norms had collapsed. Yet fratricide had by now been seen four times in this clan—surely this was heaven's judgment manifest.

思明州，東抵思明府，西抵交阯界，南抵西平州，北抵龍英州。土官黃姓，與思明府同族。洪武初，黃君壽歸附，授世襲知州，屬思明府，後為黃矰所並。萬歷十六年，黃拱聖之亂，改屬太平。

Siming Prefecture bordered Siming Fu on the east, the Jiaozhi boundary on the west, Xiping Prefecture on the south, and Longying Prefecture on the north. The tribal officials were of the Huang clan, related to the Huang family of Siming Fu. At the beginning of Hongwu Huang Junshou submitted and was granted the hereditary post of prefect under Siming Fu; later he was absorbed by Huang Zeng. In the sixteenth year of Wanli, during Huang Gongsheng's rebellion, it was transferred to Taiping.

上石西州，宋屬永平寨，元屬思明路。明初屬思明府，至萬歷三十八年改屬太平府。州更土官趙氏、何氏、黃氏凡三姓，皆絕，始改流官。下石西州，宋分石西州置，元屬思明路。洪武二年，土官閉賢歸附。授世襲知州，設流官吏目佐之。

Shangshi West Prefecture belonged to Yongping Stockade under the Song and to Siming Circuit under the Yuan. At the beginning of the Ming it belonged to Siming Fu; in the thirty-eighth year of Wanli it was transferred to Taiping Prefecture. The prefecture had three successive tribal official clans—Zhao, He, and Huang; when all lines died out, the post was converted to regular administration. Xiashi West Prefecture was established when the Song divided Shixi Prefecture; under the Yuan it belonged to Siming Circuit. In the second year of Hongwu the tribal official Bi Xian submitted. He was granted the hereditary post of prefect, with a regular official clerk appointed to assist him.

忠州，宋置，隸邕州。元屬思明路。洪武初，土官黃威慶率子中謹歸附，授威慶江州知州，中謹忠州知州，皆世襲，設流官同知吏目佐之。其鄰地有四峒者，界於南寧、思明、忠江之間，思明、忠州屢肆侵奪。副使翁萬達議改峒名四都，隸之南寧，地方稍定。隆慶三年冬，思明府土官黃承祖奏取四都地，忠州土官黃賢相爭之，遂擅立總管諸名目，分兵數千戍守，因縱令剽掠，為禍甚烈。僉事譚惟鼎調永康典史李材以計擒賢相，斃之於獄。議改流官，不果，遂改隸州於南寧，仍以州印予賢相子有瀚，俾襲職。

Zhongzhou was established under the Song and subordinate to Yongzhou. Under the Yuan it belonged to Siming Circuit. At the beginning of Hongwu the tribal official Huang Weiqing led his son Zhongjin to submit; Weiqing was granted Jiangzhou prefect and Zhongjin Zhongzhou prefect, both hereditary, with regular vice prefects and clerks appointed to assist them. In the neighboring area was a region called the Four Caves, bounded by Nanning, Siming, and Zhongjiang; Siming and Zhongzhou repeatedly encroached upon and seized its territory. Vice Commissioner Weng Wanda proposed renaming the Four Caves the Four Du and subordinating the region to Nanning; the area was somewhat settled. In the winter of the third year of Longqing the Siming tribal official Huang Chengzu memorialized to seize the Four Du territory; the Zhongzhou tribal official Huang Xianxiang contested the claim; Xianxiang then presumptuously established titles such as general overseer, garrisoned several thousand troops, and allowed plunder—the damage was severe. Commissioner Tan Weiding dispatched Yongkang Recorder Li Cai with a stratagem to capture Huang Xianxiang, who was beaten to death in prison. A proposal to convert the post to regular administration did not succeed; the prefecture was transferred to Nanning's jurisdiction, and the prefectural seal was given to Huang Xianxiang's son Youhan to succeed to the office.

憑祥，宋為憑祥洞，屬永平寨，元屬思明路。洪武十八年，土蠻李升歸附。置憑祥鎮，授升巡檢，屬思明府。永樂二年置縣，以升為知縣。成化八年升為州，以升孫廣寧為知州，直隸布政司。廣寧有十子，廣寧死，諸子爭立不決，凡三四年，乃以孫珠襲知州職。嘉靖十年，珠死，族弟珍、玨爭立，珍挈印走況村，玨攝州事。十四年，州目李清、趙琪等謀納珍，許思明府黃朝以州屬之。朝遂以兵納珍於憑祥，玨奔罄柳。既珍悔屬思明，與朝隙，朝乃以外婦所生子時芳，詭雲廣寧孫，以兵千人納之。時珍淫縱，為部民所怨，於是廣寧季子寰以尊屬謀廢立。十七年，寰遂殺珍而附於安南，莫登庸藉為向導。總督蔡經屬副使翁萬達擒之，論死。於是玨與時芳復爭立，時芳倚思明勢，州民皆右之。萬達黜玨而論時芳死，更立李佛嗣珍為知州，憑祥遂定。

Pingxiang was Pingxiang Cave under the Song, subordinate to Yongping Stockade; under the Yuan it belonged to Siming Circuit. In the eighteenth year of Hongwu the tribal leader Li Sheng submitted. The Pingxiang garrison was established; Li Sheng was granted the post of inspector under Siming Fu. In the second year of Yongle a county was established and Li Sheng was appointed county magistrate. In the eighth year of Chenghua it was promoted to prefectural status; Li Sheng's grandson Guangning was appointed prefect, directly subordinate to the provincial administration commission. Guangning had ten sons; when he died his sons fought over succession for three or four years without resolution; finally his grandson Zhu succeeded to the prefect's office. In the tenth year of Jiajing Zhu died; clansmen Zhen and Jue fought over succession; Zhen took the seal and fled to Kuangcun while Jue administered prefectural affairs. In the fourteenth year prefectural clerks Li Qing, Zhao Qi, and others plotted to install Zhen, promising Siming's Huang Chao that the prefecture would be subordinated to him. Huang Chao then brought Zhen into Pingxiang by force; Jue fled to Qingliu. Zhen soon regretted subordination to Siming and fell out with Huang Chao; Chao then installed Shifang, a son by an outside wife whom he falsely claimed was Guangning's grandson, bringing him in with a thousand troops. Shizhen was licentious and unrestrained and hated by the people of the prefecture; Guangning's youngest son Huan, as senior clansman, then plotted to depose and replace him. In the seventeenth year Huan killed Zhen and submitted to Annam; Mac Dang Dung used him as a guide. Governor-general Cai Jing entrusted Vice Commissioner Weng Wanda to capture him; he was sentenced to death. Thereupon Jue and Shifang again fought over succession; Shifang relied on Siming's power, and the people of the prefecture all favored him. Weng Wanda dismissed Jue and sentenced Shifang to death; he installed Li Fo, Zhen's heir, as prefect, and Pingxiang was thereby settled.

思恩，漢屬交阯。唐為思恩州，屬邕，乃澄州止戈縣地。宋開寶間，廢澄州，以止戈、賀水、無虞三縣省入上林。治平間，以上林之止戈入武緣，隸邕。元屬田州路。歷代羈縻而已。

Si'en had belonged to Jiaozhi under the Han. Under the Tang it was Si'en Prefecture, subordinate to Yongzhou; it was the territory of Zhige County in Cheng Prefecture. During the Kaibao era of the Song, Cheng Prefecture was abolished and the three counties of Zhige, Heshui, and Wuyu were merged into Shanglin. During the Zhiping era, Zhige of Shanglin was transferred to Wuyuan and subordinated to Yongzhou. Under the Yuan it belonged to Tianzhou Circuit. Through successive dynasties it remained merely jimi territory.

明洪武二十二年，田州府知府岑堅遣其子思恩州知州永昌貢方物。二十八年，歸德州土官黃碧言，思恩州知州岑永昌既匿五縣民，不供賦稅，仍用故元印章。帝以不奉朝命，命左都督楊文相機討之，既以荒遠不問。永樂初，改屬布政司，時居民僅八百戶。永昌死，子瑛襲。宣德二年，瑛遣弟敬貢馬。正統三年進瑛職為知府，仍掌州事。瑛有謀略，善治兵，從征蠻寇，屢有功，故有是命。因與知府岑紹交惡，各具奏，下總兵官及三司議。於是安遠侯柳溥等請升思恩為府，俾瑛、紹各守疆土，以杜侵爭，從之。六年，瑛受屬挾詐事覺，帝以土蠻宥不問，令法司移文戒之。瑛以府治僻隘，橋利堡正當瑤寇出沒之所，且有城垣公廨，乞徙置，許之。以思恩府為思恩軍民府。十二年設儒學，置教授一員，訓導四員，俱從瑛請也。

In the twenty-second year of Hongwu, Tianzhou Prefect Cen Jian dispatched his son Yongchang, magistrate of Si'en Prefecture, to present local products in tribute. In the twenty-eighth year the Guide Prefecture tribal official Huang Bi reported that Si'en Magistrate Cen Yongchang had hidden the people of five counties, failed to supply taxes and levies, and still used the former Yuan seal. Because he had defied court orders, the emperor ordered Left Cavalry General Yang Wen to suppress him when circumstances permitted; afterward, because the region was remote and wild, no further action was taken. At the beginning of the Yongle reign it was transferred to the provincial administration commission; at that time the population numbered only eight hundred households. When Yongchang died, his son Ying inherited the post. In 1427, Ying dispatched his younger brother Jing to court with horses as tribute. In 1438, Ying was promoted to prefectural commissioner while continuing to govern the prefecture. Ying was resourceful and skilled in military affairs; in campaigns against tribal rebels he won repeated distinction, which earned him the promotion. He fell out with Prefectural Commissioner Cen Shao, and both filed accusations; the case was sent down to the regional commander and the provincial triumvirate for review. Marquis of An'yuan Liu Pu and others then petitioned to raise Si'en to prefectural status, assigning Ying and Shao separate domains to forestall border disputes. The throne assented. In the sixth year, Ying was implicated when a subordinate's scheme of extortion came to light. The emperor, treating him leniently as a tribal headman, waived prosecution and had the judiciary issue a written warning. Ying argued that the prefectural seat was too remote and poorly situated, while Qiaoli Fort—already fortified with walls and yamen offices—stood on a route frequented by Yao raiders and would make a better capital. His request to relocate was approved. Si'en Prefecture was renamed the Si'en Military-Civilian Prefecture. In the twelfth year a state school was founded with one professor and four instructors, all as Ying had petitioned.

景泰四年，總兵官陳旺奏：「思恩土兵調赴桂林哨守者，離本府遼遠，不便耕種，稅糧宜暫免。」從之。六月，以瑛親率本部狼兵韋陳威等赴城操練，協助軍威，敕授奉議大夫，賜彩緞，韋陳威等俱給冠帶。五年從瑛請建廟學，造祭祀樂器。又以瑛征剿瑤寇功，免土軍今年應輸田糧之半，進瑛從二品散官。瑛屢領兵隨征，以子鑌代為知府。鑌招集無賴，肆為不法。瑛舉發其事，請於總兵，回府治之。鑌聞其父將至，自縊死。事聞，嘉其能割愛效忠，降敕慰諭。又以柳溥奏，免思恩調用土軍千五百人、秋糧二千三百余石。

In 1453, Regional Commander Chen Wang reported that Si'en native troops posted to Guilin sentry duty were too far from home to tend their fields properly, and their grain levies should be suspended for the time being. The request was granted. In the sixth month, Ying was enfeoffed as Grand Master of Discussion and rewarded with brocade for personally leading his Lang auxiliaries, including Wei Chenwei, into the city for training maneuvers that strengthened the garrison. Wei Chenwei and his fellows received official headgear and sashes. Five years later, again following Ying's petition, a shrine school was established and ritual instruments were cast. In recognition of Ying's victories against Yao rebels, the native troops' grain quota for the year was cut by half, and Ying was promoted to a second-rank ceremonial rank. As Ying was often away campaigning, his son Bin acted as prefectural commissioner in his place. Bin recruited ruffians and ran wild with abuses of power. Ying reported the abuses, obtained the regional commander's leave, and returned home to take charge. Learning that his father was on his way, Bin took his own life by hanging. When word reached the throne, the emperor commended Ying for placing duty above family and sent an edict of consolation. On Liu Pu's recommendation, the requisition of fifteen hundred Si'en native troops and over twenty-three hundred shi of autumn grain was waived.

天順元年，戶部奏：「思恩存留廣西操練軍一千五百人，有誤種田納糧。乞分為三班，留五百人操練，免其糧七百七十余石。放回千人耕種，征其糧千五百四十余石，俟寧靖日放回全征。」從之。三年，鎮守中官朱祥奏請量遷瑛都司軍職。帝以瑛歷練老成，累有軍功，改授都指揮同知，仍聽總兵官鎮守調用，以其子鐩為知府。

In 1457, the Ministry of Revenue observed that keeping fifteen hundred Si'en troops on drill duty in Guangxi was disrupting farming and tax collection. They proposed dividing the force into three rotations—five hundred men kept on active drill with a levy waiver of over seven hundred seventy shi. The remaining thousand would return to their fields and pay a reduced levy of over fifteen hundred forty shi, with full quotas restored once peace returned. The request was granted. In the third year, Resident Eunuch Zhu Xiang petitioned to have Ying transferred to an appropriate military post in the guard system. The emperor, noting Ying's long experience and repeated battlefield honors, reassigned him as vice commander of the guard while keeping him under the regional commander's orders, and named his son Sui prefectural commissioner.

成化元年遣兵科給事中王秉彜賫敕獎諭瑛父子，並賜銀幣。二年命給瑛父母妻誥命，從總兵趙輔請也。十四年，瑛卒。瑛自襲父職，頻年領兵於外，多所斬獲。歷升知府、參政、都指揮使。年且八十，尚在軍中。既卒，鐩以誥請，帝念其勞，特賜之。十六年，田州府土目黃明作亂，知府岑溥避入思恩，鐩會鎮守等官討平之。巡撫朱英請獎鐩功。鐩死，子浚襲。

In 1465, Supervising Secretary Wang Bingyi of the Ministry of War was sent with an imperial edict commending Ying and his son, along with gifts of silver and silk. The following year, patent letters of appointment were issued to Ying's parents and wife, at the request of Regional Commander Zhao Fu. In the fourteenth year, Ying died. From the time he succeeded his father, Ying spent years campaigning abroad and won many victories in battle. He rose through the ranks to prefectural commissioner, vice commissioner, and guard commander. Though nearly eighty, he was still serving in the field. After his death, Sui petitioned for patent honors for his father; the emperor, remembering his long service, granted them as a special favor. In the sixteenth year, Huang Ming, a Tianzhou native subofficial, rebelled. Prefectural Commissioner Cen Pu took refuge in Si'en, and Sui joined the resident officials in putting down the revolt. Grand Coordinator Zhu Ying petitioned for rewards in recognition of Sui's service. When Sui died, his son Jun inherited the post.

弘治十二年，田州土官岑溥為子猇所殺，猇亦死。次子猛幼，頭目黃驥、李蠻構難，督府命浚調眾護猛。驥厚賂浚，並獻其女，且約分地與浚。浚以兵屬驥，送猛至田州。不得入，猛遂久留浚所。及總鎮諸官攝浚，乃出猛襲知府。浚從索故分地，不得，怒，約泗城、東蘭二州攻劫田州，殺掠萬計，城郭為墟。浚兵二萬據舊田州，劫龍州印，納故知府趙源妻岑氏。及總兵官詣田州勘治，黃驥懼，匿浚所。先是，浚築石城於丹良莊，屯兵千余人，截江道以括商利，官命毀之，不聽。會官軍自田州還，乘便毀其城。浚兵來拒，殺官軍二十余人。官軍敗之，俘其目兵九人。總鎮及巡按等官請治浚罪，而參政武清納浚賂，曲護之。

In 1499, Tianzhou native official Cen Pu was killed by his son Xiao, who died shortly afterward as well. The second son, Meng, was still a child. Subofficials Huang Ji and Li Man fomented discord, and the governor's office ordered Jun to raise troops to protect him. Ji lavished bribes on Jun, offered him his daughter in marriage, and promised to share territory with him. Jun put his troops under Ji's command and escorted Meng to Tianzhou. They could not gain entry, and Meng ended up staying with Jun for a long time. Only when the overall commander and other officials pressed Jun did he release Meng to succeed as prefectural commissioner. Jun then demanded the territory he had been promised but was refused. Enraged, he joined forces with Sicheng and Donglan to raid Tianzhou; tens of thousands were killed or plundered, and the towns were left in ruins. Jun's force of twenty thousand occupied old Tianzhou, seized the Longzhou seal, and took in Lady Cen, widow of the former prefect Zhao Yuan. When the regional commander came to Tianzhou to investigate, Huang Ji, fearing retribution, took refuge with Jun. Earlier, Jun had built a stone fort at Danliang Village, stationed over a thousand men there, and blocked the river trade route to squeeze merchant profits. When officials ordered the fort dismantled, he refused. Government troops returning from Tianzhou seized the chance to tear down the fort. Jun's men came out to resist and killed more than twenty government soldiers. Government troops routed them and took nine tribal soldiers prisoner. The overall commander, touring censor, and other officials called for Jun's prosecution, but Vice Commissioner Wu Qing took his bribes and shielded him.

浚從弟業少從中官京師，仕為大理寺副三司。總鎮請敕業往諭，兵部以浚稔惡，非業所能諭責，宜敕鎮巡召浚至軍門，諭以朝廷威德，罪其首惡，反侵地，納所劫印，並官私財物，乃可赦。總督鄧廷瓚奏：「浚屢撫不服，請調官軍土兵分哨逐捕按問。如集兵拒敵，相機剿殺，並將田州土官岑猛一並區處，以靖邊疆。」十六年，總督潘蕃奏：「浚僭叛，當用兵誅剿。今浚從弟歲業以山東布政司參議在內閣制敕房辦事，禁密之地，恐有泄漏。」吏部擬改調，而業亦奏乞養去。十七年，浚掠上林、武緣等縣，死者不可勝計。又攻破田州，猛僅以身免，掠其家屬五十人。總鎮以聞，兵部請調三廣兵剿之。十八年，總督潘蕃、太監韋經、總兵毛銳調集兩廣、湖廣官軍土兵十萬八千余人，分六哨。副總兵毛倫、右參政王璘由慶遠，右參將王震、左參將王臣及湖廣都指揮官纓由柳州，左參將楊玉、僉事丁隆由武緣，都指揮金堂、副使姜綰由上林，都指揮何清、參議詹璽由丹良，都指揮李銘、泗城州土舍岑接由工堯，各取道共抵巢寨。賊分兵阻險拒敵，官軍奮勇直前，援崖而進。浚勢蹙，遁入舊城，諸軍圍攻之。浚死，城中人獻其首，思恩遂平。前後斬捕四千七百九十級，俘男女八百人，得思恩府印二，向武州印一。自進兵及班師僅逾月。捷聞，帝以蕃等有功，璽書勞之。兵部議浚既伏誅，不宜再錄其後，改設流官，擇其可者。以雲南知府張鳳升廣西右參政，掌思恩府事，賜敕。

Jun's younger cousin Ye had gone to the capital as a youth in the retinue of a eunuch and held office as deputy of the Court of Judicial Review in the metropolitan administration. The overall commander asked that Ye be sent with an edict to reason with Jun, but the Ministry of War argued that Jun's crimes were too entrenched for Ye to rebuke him into submission. Jun should instead be summoned to headquarters, instructed in the court's authority and mercy, required to punish the ringleaders, return seized lands, surrender the stolen seal and all looted property—only then might he be pardoned. Governor-General Deng Tingzan reported that Jun had defied repeated attempts at pacification and asked that regular and native troops be deployed in separate columns to hunt him down and bring him to account. If he mustered forces to resist, they should be destroyed as opportunity allowed, and Tianzhou native official Cen Meng should be dealt with at the same time, so that the frontier might be settled. In the sixteenth year, Governor-General Pan Fan reported that Jun had rebelled in defiance of his station and ought to be suppressed by force. Jun's cousin Suiye was then serving as a Shandong vice commissioner in the Secretariat Edict Drafting Office, a place of strict secrecy where leaks were feared. The Ministry of Personnel proposed transferring him, and Ye himself petitioned to resign and return home to care for his parents. In the seventeenth year, Jun raided Shanglin, Wuyuan, and other counties, leaving a death toll too vast to count. He again stormed Tianzhou; Meng escaped only with his life, while fifty members of his household were taken captive. The overall commander reported the raids, and the Ministry of War called for troops from the three Guang regions to suppress Jun. In the eighteenth year, Governor-General Pan Fan, Eunuch Wei Jing, and Regional Commander Mao Rui assembled more than 108,000 regular and native troops from the Two Guangs and Huguang, organized into six columns. Vice Regional Commander Mao Lun and Right Vice Commissioner Wang Lin advanced from Qingyuan; Right Assistant Regional Commander Wang Zhen, Left Assistant Regional Commander Wang Chen, and Huguang Guard Commander Guan Ying from Liuzhou; Left Assistant Regional Commander Yang Yu and Commissioner Ding Long from Wuyuan; Guard Commander Jin Tang and Vice Commissioner Jiang Kuo from Shanglin; Guard Commander He Qing and Commissioner Zhan Xi from Danliang; and Guard Commander Li Ming with Sicheng native officer Cen Jie from Gongyao—all converging by separate routes on the rebel stronghold. The rebels split their forces to hold the passes, but government troops pressed forward with fierce courage, climbing cliffs to reach them. Jun's position collapsed; he fled into the old city, and the allied armies laid siege. Jun was killed, and the people of the city presented his head; Si'en was thereby pacified. In all, 4,790 enemy heads or captives were taken, eight hundred men and women were seized, and two Si'en prefectural seals and one Xiangwu prefectural seal were recovered. From the opening of the campaign to the withdrawal of the troops, barely a month had passed. When news of victory arrived, the emperor sent an imperial letter commending Fan and the others for their service. The Ministry of War argued that since Jun had already been put to death, his line should not be restored; a regular official should be appointed instead, chosen from among those fit for the post. Zhang Feng, prefect of Yunnan, was promoted to Guangxi Right Vice Commissioner to govern Si'en Prefecture and was granted an imperial edict.

正德七年增設鳳化縣治。時初設流官，諸蠻未服，相繼作亂。嘉靖四年，都御史盛應期遣官軍平之。六年，土目王受與田州盧蘇謀煽亂，勢復熾。新建伯王守仁受命至，一意招撫，而檄受等破八寨賊，因列思恩地為九土巡檢司，管以頭目，授王受白山司巡檢，得比於世官。又以思恩舊治瘴霧昏塞，宜更之爽塏。於是擇地荒田建新郡，割武緣止戈二里益之；又議割上林三里，而移鳳化縣治於其處。蓋寓犬牙相錯之意。巡撫林富謂遷郡及割止戈裏應如守仁議，至以三里當設衛，而並鳳化縣裁之，遂令府治益孤。其後九司頭目日恣，所轄蠻民不堪，知府陳璜曲加綏戢。目把劉觀、盧回以復土為名，鼓眾作亂。副使翁萬達因有事安南，計擒盧回殺之，招回從亂者三十余人。最後東蘭岑瑄詐稱岑浚子起雲，謀復土官，為九司頭目所縛。萬歷七年，督撫吳文華謂九司日以驕黠，編氓甚少，緩急難恃，奏割南寧武緣縣屬思恩，自是思恩稱巨鎮雲。

In 1512, a county seat was established at Fenghua. At that time, with regular officials newly installed, the tribal peoples had not yet submitted and rebelled in succession. In 1525, Censor-in-Chief Sheng Yingqi sent government troops to suppress the uprisings. In the sixth year, native subofficial Wang Shou conspired with Lu Su of Tianzhou to foment rebellion, and the unrest flared up again. Marquis of Xinjian Wang Shouren arrived on commission and pursued conciliation above all else, while dispatching Wang Shou and others to crush the bandits of the Eight Stockades. He then divided Si'en into nine native subprefectures under tribal headmen, appointing Wang Shou subprefect of Baishan with hereditary standing. He also argued that Si'en's old seat was malarial and hemmed in by fog, and should be moved to healthier, more open ground. Accordingly he chose wasteland for a new prefectural seat and annexed two li from Wuyuan's Zhige district to enlarge it; he further proposed annexing three li from Shanglin and relocating the Fenghua county seat there. This embodied the principle of interlocking territories like the teeth of a dog. Grand Coordinator Lin Fu agreed with Wang Shouren on relocating the prefectural seat and annexing Zhige district, but by using the three li for a guard post and abolishing Fenghua County at the same time, he left the prefectural seat ever more isolated. Thereafter the headmen of the nine subprefectures grew daily more arrogant; the tribal peoples under them could not endure it, and Prefect Chen Huang tried to soothe and restrain them as best he could. Subofficial officers Liu Guan and Lu Hui raised a rebellion under the banner of restoring the native chieftaincy. Vice Commissioner Weng Wanda, while occupied with affairs in Annam, devised a plan to capture Lu Hui and had him killed, then persuaded more than thirty rebels to surrender. Later, Cen Xuan of Donglan falsely claimed to be Qiyun, son of Cen Jun, and plotted to restore the native chieftaincy; the headmen of the nine subprefectures seized and bound him. In 1579, Governor and Grand Coordinator Wu Wenhua argued that the nine subprefectures were growing daily more arrogant and cunning, that registered households were too few to rely on in an emergency, and memorialized to annex Wuyuan County of Nanning to Si'en; from then on Si'en came to be called a great garrison post.

思恩府土巡檢九司，皆嘉靖七年設，曰興隆，曰那馬，曰白山，曰定羅，曰舊城，曰下旺，曰安定，曰都陽，曰古零。

Si'en Prefecture's nine native subprefectures were all established in 1528: Xinglong, Nama, Baishan, Dingluo, Jiucheng, Xiwang, Anding, Duyang, and Guling.

永樂中，向武知州黃世鐵侵奪鎮安高寨等地，朝廷遣兵討平之，以其地屬鎮安。成化八年，知府岑永壽侄宗紹糾集土兵，攻破府治，殺傷嫡母，流劫鄉村，有司撫諭不服，都指揮岑瑛擒斬之。嘉靖十四年，田州盧蘇作亂，糾歸順州土官岑瓛攻毀鎮安府，目兵遇害者以萬計。按臣曾守約以聞，帝命守臣治之。時蘇倡亂，田州無主，鎮安府土官男岑真寶以兵納岑邦佐於田州。歸順州岑瓛，蘇婿也，及向武州黃仲金皆與真寶隙，乘真寶入田州，蘇遣瓛及仲金襲破鎮安。真寶聞亂，走還。蘇會目兵追圍之武陵寨，瓛等遂發真寶父母墓，焚其骸，分兵占據諸洞寨。真寶訴之軍門，督諭瓛等不退。久之乃解，官軍歸真寶，於是瓛與真寶互相訐。巡按御史言，土蠻自相仇，非有所侵犯，從末減。於是蘇、瓛、仲金各降罰有差，真寶亦革冠帶，許立功自贖。二十二年以瑤、僮作亂，防禦需人，免真寶諸土官來朝。

During the Yongle reign, Xiangwu Prefect Huang Shitie seized Gaozhai and other territories belonging to Zhen'an; the court sent troops to suppress him and assigned those lands to Zhen'an. In 1472, Zongshao, nephew of Prefect Cen Yongshou, raised native troops, stormed the prefectural seat, killed and wounded his stepmother, and raided the countryside. When officials tried to pacify him he refused to submit, and Guard Commander Cen Ying captured and executed him. In 1535, Lu Su of Tianzhou rebelled and incited Guishun native official Cen Fan to attack and destroy Zhen'an Prefecture; tribal soldiers killed numbered in the tens of thousands. Investigating Censor Zeng Shouyue reported the affair, and the emperor ordered the local officials to handle it. At the time Lu Su had raised the rebellion and Tianzhou had no ruler; Cen Zhenbao, son of the Zhen'an native official, led troops to install Cen Bangzuo in Tianzhou. Cen Fan of Guishun, Lu Su's son-in-law, and Huang Zhongjin of Xiangwu were both at odds with Zhenbao; while Zhenbao was in Tianzhou, Lu Su sent Fan and Zhongjin to storm and seize Zhen'an. When Zhenbao heard of the upheaval, he hurried back. Lu Su rallied tribal soldiers to pursue and besiege him at Wuling Stockade; Fan and his allies then desecrated the tombs of Zhenbao's parents, burned their remains, and sent troops to occupy the surrounding cave stockades. Zhenbao appealed to headquarters, but though the governor admonished Fan and his allies, they refused to withdraw. Only after a long standoff was the crisis resolved and government troops restored to Zhenbao; Fan and Zhenbao then filed mutual accusations against each other. The touring censor argued that the native chieftains were feuding among themselves without encroaching on imperial territory, and recommended lenient reductions in punishment. Thereupon Lu Su, Fan, and Zhongjin were demoted and punished to varying degrees; Zhenbao was also stripped of his official insignia but allowed to redeem himself through meritorious service. In the twenty-second year, with Yao and Zhuang uprisings demanding every available defender, Zhenbao and the other native officials were exempted from the obligation to attend court.

鎮安所屬有上映洞、湖潤寨。巡檢皆土人，世官。

Zhen'an included Shangying Cave and Hurun Stockade. The patrol inspectors were all drawn from the local population and held hereditary posts.

田州，古百粵地。漢屬交阯郡。唐隸邕州都督府。宋始置田州，屬邕州橫山寨。元改置田州路軍民總管府。明興，改田州府，省來安府入焉。後改田州，領縣一，曰上林。

Tianzhou had been Baiyue territory in antiquity. Under the Han it fell within Jiaozhi Commandery. Under the Tang it was placed under the Yong Prefecture Area Command. The Song first established Tianzhou, placing it under the Hengshan Stockade of Yong Prefecture. The Yuan reorganized it as the Tianzhou Circuit Military-Civilian General Administration. When the Ming dynasty was established, the region became Tianzhou Prefecture, with Lai'an Prefecture abolished and absorbed into it. It was later renamed Tianzhou and administered a single county, Shanglin.

永樂元年，堅死，子永通襲。永通，上隆州知州也，州以瓊代，而己襲父職。正統八年，賜知府岑紹誥命，並封贈其父母妻。

In the first year of Yongle, Cen Jian died and was succeeded by his son Yongtong. Yongtong had been magistrate of Shanglong Prefecture; Qiong was appointed in his place there, while he himself inherited his father's post at Tianzhou. In the eighth year of Zhengtong, Prefect Cen Shao received an edict of appointment, and titles were conferred on his parents and wife.

天順元年，田州頭目呂趙偽稱敵國大將軍，張旗幟，鳴鉦鼓，率眾劫掠南丹州，又據向武州。武進伯朱瑛以聞，兵部請命瑛及土官岑瑛剿捕。三年，巡撫葉盛奏：「田州叛目呂趙勢愈獗，殺知府岑鑒，占據地方，偽稱太平王，圖謀岑氏宗族，冒襲知府職事。」帝命總兵速討。四年，巡按御史吳禎奏：「奉敕剿捕反賊呂趙，選調官軍土兵，攻破功饒、婪鳳二關，直搗府城。呂趙攜妻子，挾知州岑鐸等宵遁。官軍追至雲南富州，奪回鐸等及其子若婿。斬首四十九級，賊眾悉降。趙以數騎走鎮安府，追及之，斬趙及其子四人，從賊十八人，獲其妻孥及偽太平王木印、無敵將軍銅印，並鳳旗盔甲等物。復委知府岑鏞仍掌府事，撫安人民。」田州平，帝遣使賫敕獎諭禎等，並敕鏞謹守法度，保全宗族。

In the first year of Tianshun, the Tianzhou chieftain Lü Zhao proclaimed himself Grand General of a Rival State, raised banners, beat gongs and drums, led his followers in raids on Nandan Prefecture, and seized Xiangwu Prefecture as well. Marquis of Wujin Zhu Ying reported the matter, and the Ministry of War requested orders for him and the native official Cen Ying to suppress and capture the rebel. In the third year, Grand Coordinator Ye Sheng memorialized: "The Tianzhou rebel Lü Zhao grows ever bolder—he has killed Prefect Cen Jian, seized territory, proclaimed himself King of Taiping, plotted against the Cen clan, and usurped the prefect's office. The emperor ordered the regional commander to move against him at once. In the fourth year, Touring Censor Wu Zhen reported: "Acting on the imperial command to suppress the rebel Lü Zhao, we mustered government troops and native soldiers, stormed the Gongrao and Lanfeng passes, and advanced straight on the prefectural seat. Lü Zhao fled by night with his wife and children, taking Magistrate Cen Duo and others with him. Government troops pursued them as far as Funzhou in Yunnan, recovering Duo and the others along with his sons and sons-in-law. Forty-nine heads were taken, and the rebel forces surrendered en masse. Zhao fled with a handful of horsemen toward Zhen'an Prefecture; pursuers overtook him, executed Zhao, his four sons, and eighteen followers, and captured his family, the counterfeit wooden seal of the King of Taiping, the bronze seal of Invincible General, and phoenix banners, helmets, armor, and other regalia. Prefect Cen Yong was again placed in charge of the prefecture to restore order among the people. Tianzhou was pacified. The emperor sent envoys with edicts commending Zhen and his colleagues, and also instructed Yong to uphold the law and safeguard his clan.

成化元年，遣兵科給事中王秉彜賫敕諭鏞，並賜銀幣，以兵部言其所部土官狼兵，屢調剿有勞，且有事於大藤峽也。二年，總兵官趙輔奏鏞從征有功，請給誥命，旌其父母並妻，從之。五年，復以輔言，予鏞官誥。十六年，田州頭目黃明聚眾為亂，知府岑溥走避思恩。總督朱英調參將馬義率軍捕明，明敗走，為恩城知州岑欽所執，並族屬誅之。已，溥復與欽交惡。欽攻奪田州，逐溥，殺五十余家。時泗城州岑應方恃兵強，復黨欽，殺擄人民二萬六千余，與欽分割田州而據其地。

In the first year of Chenghua, Supervising Secretary Wang Bingyi of the Bureau of Military Affairs was sent with an edict to address Yong and bestow silver and silks, in recognition of the Ministry of War's report that the Lang troops under his native officials had repeatedly distinguished themselves in suppressive campaigns, including action at the Great Vine Gorge. In the second year, Regional Commander Zhao Fu reported Yong's meritorious service on campaign and requested an edict of appointment and honors for his parents and wife; the request was granted. In the fifth year, again on Fu's recommendation, Yong received an official patent of appointment. In the sixteenth year, the Tianzhou chieftain Huang Ming rose in rebellion; Prefect Cen Pu fled to Si'en for safety. Governor-General Zhu Ying dispatched Vice Commander Ma Yi to capture Huang Ming; Ming was defeated and fled but was seized by Encheng Magistrate Cen Qin, who executed him and his entire clan. Before long, Pu and Qin were at odds again. Qin attacked and seized Tianzhou, drove Pu out, and slaughtered more than fifty households. At the time, Cen Yingfang of Sicheng Prefecture, confident in his military strength, rallied to Qin's side; together they killed or abducted more than twenty-six thousand people, divided Tianzhou between them, and seized its territory.

弘治三年，總制遣官護溥之子猇入田，為欽所遏，居潯州。按察使陶魯率官軍次南寧，欽拒敵，敗走。而應復援之入城，陳兵以備。巡撫秦纮請合貴州、湖廣及兩廣兵剿之，欽勢蹙，乞兵於應，遂匿應所，總鎮官因檄應捕欽。欽從應飲，殺應父子於坐，收其兵以拒官軍。已而應弟岑接佯以兵送欽至田州界，亦殺其父子以報。事聞，廷議仍命溥還田州。九年，總督鄧廷瓚言溥前以罪革職，比隨征有功，乞復其冠帶，領土兵赴梧州聽調，從之。十二年，溥為子猇所弒，猇亦自殺。次子猛方四歲，溥母岑氏及頭目黃驥護之，赴制府告襲。歸至南寧，頭目李蠻來迎。驥慮蠻奪己權，殺其使。蠻率兵至舊田州，驥懼，誣蠻將為變，乞以兵納，乃調思恩岑浚率兵衛猛。浚受驥賂，納其女，挾猛，約分其六甲地。比至田州，蠻拒不納，驥復以猛奔思恩，幽之。事覺，廷瓚檄副總兵歐磐等攝浚，久乃出猛，置於會城。得奏，命猛襲知府。驥、浚怒其事之不由己出也，要泗城岑接、東蘭韋祖鋐各起兵攻蠻。接兵二萬先入田州，殺掠男女八百余人，驅之溺水死者無算，括府庫，放兵大掠，城郭為墟。浚兵二萬攻舊田州，據之，殺掠男女五千三百余人，蠻逃去。副總兵歐磐、參政武清等詣田州府勘治，遣兵送猛還府。驥懼罪，匿浚家，有司請治浚罪。

In the third year of Hongzhi, the supreme commander sent officials to escort Pu's son Miao into Tianzhou, but Qin blocked their way and Miao remained at Xunzhou. Provincial Surveillance Commissioner Tao Lu led government troops to Nanning; Qin offered resistance but was defeated and fled. Yingfang then reinforced him and entered the city, arraying troops in defense. Grand Coordinator Qin Hong called for a joint campaign by troops from Guizhou, Huguang, and the Two Guangs; pressed hard, Qin begged Yingfang for aid and then took refuge with him; the supreme commander responded by ordering Yingfang to capture Qin. At a banquet with Yingfang, Qin killed Yingfang and his son on the spot, seized their forces, and turned to resist the government troops. Before long, Yingfang's younger brother Cen Jie feigned escorting Qin to the Tianzhou border with troops and killed Qin and his son in revenge. When word reached the capital, the court decided that Pu should be restored to Tianzhou. In the ninth year, Governor-General Deng Tingzan reported that although Pu had been dismissed for misconduct, he had since distinguished himself on campaign; he requested restoration of his official rank and permission to lead native troops to Wuzhou for deployment; the request was granted. In the twelfth year, Pu was murdered by his son Miao, who then took his own life. The second son, Meng, was only four; Pu's mother Lady Cen and the chieftain Huang Ji protected him and traveled to provincial headquarters to petition for his succession. On their return to Nanning, the chieftain Li Man came out to welcome them. Ji, fearing that Man would usurp his authority, killed Man's envoy. Man marched on Old Tianzhou; terrified, Ji falsely accused Man of plotting rebellion and requested military escort for Meng's installation; Cen Jun of Si'en was dispatched with troops to guard the boy. Jun accepted Ji's bribes, married his daughter, seized control of young Meng, and agreed to a division of the six jia districts between them. Upon reaching Tianzhou, Man refused them entry; Ji then fled with Meng to Si'en and held him in secret confinement. When the scheme was exposed, Tingzan ordered Vice Commander Ou Pan and others to take Jun into custody; only after considerable delay was Meng freed and placed in the provincial capital. On receiving the report, the court authorized Meng to succeed as prefect. Furious that events had slipped beyond their control, Ji and Jun incited Cen Jie of Sicheng and Wei Zutong of Donglan to raise armies against Man. Jie's force of twenty thousand entered Tianzhou first, slaughtering and plundering more than eight hundred men and women; countless victims were driven into the water to drown; the treasury was stripped bare and the troops unleashed in a general rampage until the city lay in ruins. Jun's army of twenty thousand stormed Old Tianzhou, seized it, killed or plundered more than five thousand three hundred men and women, and Man fled. Vice Commander Ou Pan, Administrator Wu Qing, and others went to Tianzhou to investigate and restore order, escorting Meng back to the prefectural seat under military guard. Ji, fearing prosecution, took refuge in Jun's household; the local authorities petitioned for Jun's punishment.

初，蠻之迎猛也，無他念，及猛在外，蠻守土以待其歸。驥爭權首亂，浚、接、祖鋐黨惡，以致茲變。清受浚賂，曲右之，且誣蠻占據府治，阻兵弄權，事竟不直。於是廷瓚言思恩岑浚罪惡，正在逐捕，而田州岑猛亦宜乘此區畫，降府為州，毋基異日尾大之患，從之。十八年，廷議以思、田既平，宜設流官；岑猛世濟兇惡，致陷府治，宜降授千戶，而遴選才望者假以方面職銜，守田州，仍賜敕以重其權。帝然之，於是以平樂知府謝湖為右參政，掌府事。

At first Man's welcome of Meng had been sincere; while the boy was held elsewhere, Man maintained the territory in expectation of his return. Ji had provoked the disorder in his bid for power; Jun, Jie, and Zutong had abetted the violence, and together they brought on this disaster. Qing had accepted Jun's bribes, ruled in his favor, and falsely accused Man of seizing the prefectural seat and manipulating military power; justice was never done. Tingzan then argued that Cen Jun of Si'en should be hunted down for his crimes, and that Cen Meng of Tianzhou should at the same time be reorganized by demoting Tianzhou from a prefecture to a subprefecture, lest the region again grow too powerful to control; the proposal was approved. In the eighteenth year, the court concluded that with Si'en and Tianzhou pacified, the time had come to appoint regular officials; The Cen line had bred violence for generations and brought the prefectural seat to ruin; Meng should be demoted to company commander, while a man of talent and standing should be selected, given a provincial-level title, and placed in charge of Tianzhou, with an edict to bolster his authority. The emperor agreed, and Pingyue Prefect Xie Hu was appointed Right Vice Administrator with charge of the prefecture.

時岑猛已降福建平海衛千戶，遷延不行。及湖至，復陳兵自衛，令祖母岑氏奏乞於廣西極邊率部下立功，以便祭養，詔總鎮官詳議以聞。總督陳金奏：「猛據舊巢，要求府佐，不赴平海衛。參政謝湖不即赴任，為猛所拒，納饋遺而徇其要求，宜逮間。」時猛遣人重賂劉瑾，得旨，留猛而褫湖，並及前撫潘蕃、劉大夏，猛竟得以同知攝府事。猛撫輯遺民，兵復振，稍復侵旁郡自廣。嘗言督撫有調發，願立功，冀復舊職。會江西盜起，都御史陳金檄猛從征，猛所至剽掠。然以賊平故論功，遷指揮同知。非猛初意，頗犯望。

By then Cen Meng had been demoted to company commander of Fujian's Pinghai Guard, but he stalled and refused to depart. When Hu arrived, Meng again mustered troops in self-defense and had his grandmother Lady Cen petition the throne to lead his followers in frontier service in the remotest parts of Guangxi, so that he might earn merit and support ancestral rites; the emperor ordered the supreme commander to deliberate and report back. Governor-General Chen Jin reported: "Meng holds his old stronghold, demands a deputy prefect, and refuses to report to Pinghai Guard. Vice Administrator Xie Hu failed to take up his post promptly, was rebuffed by Meng, accepted gifts, and indulged his demands; he should be arrested and interrogated. Meng had meanwhile sent agents to bribe Liu Jin lavishly; an edict arrived keeping Meng in place while dismissing Hu and implicating former grand coordinators Pan Fan and Liu Daxia; Meng thus secured appointment as acting prefect in the rank of Assistant Prefect. Meng rallied the displaced populace, rebuilt his forces, and gradually encroached on neighboring prefectures to expand his domain. He often declared that whenever the provincial authorities mobilized troops, he stood ready to earn merit in hope of recovering his former rank. When banditry erupted in Jiangxi, Censor-in-Chief Chen Jin ordered Meng to join the campaign, but Meng plundered wherever his troops marched. Yet because the rebels were suppressed, he was nonetheless rewarded with promotion to Assistant Commander. This fell far short of what Meng had hoped for, and he was deeply disappointed.

正德十五年，猛奏：「田州土兵每征調，輒許戶留一二丁耕種，以供常稅。其久勞於外者，乞量振給，免其輸稅。」從之。

In the fifteenth year of Zhengde, Meng memorialized: "Whenever Tianzhou native troops are mobilized, each household is allowed to keep one or two men at home to farm and meet regular tax obligations. For those who have long served away from home, I beg that relief be granted in proportion and their tax payments waived. The request was granted.

嘉靖二年，猛率兵攻泗城，拔六寨，遂克州治。岑接告急於軍門，言猛無故興兵攻寨。猛言接非岑氏後，據其祖業，欲得所侵地。時方有上思州之役，征兵皆不至，總督張嵿以狀聞。四年，提督盛應期、巡按謝汝儀議大征猛，條征調事宜，詔報可。而應期以他事去，詔以都御史姚鏌代，命懸金購猛。然鏌知猛無反心，猛方奏辯，鏌亦欲緩師。而巡按謝汝儀與鏌隙，乃誣鏌之子淶納猛萬金，廉得淶書獻之。鏌惶恐，乃再疏請征。於是部趣鏌克期進，鏌偕總兵官朱麒發兵八萬，以都指揮沈希儀、張經等統之，分道並入。猛聞大兵至，令其下毋交兵，裂帛書冤狀，陳軍門乞憐察。鏌不聽，督兵益急，沈希儀斬猛長子邦彥於工堯隘。猛懼，謀出奔，而歸順州知州岑璋，猛婦翁也，其女失愛，璋欲藉此報猛，乃甘言誘猛走歸順，鴆殺之，斬首以獻。

In the second year of Jiajing, Meng led troops against Sicheng, took six stockades, and finally captured the prefectural seat. Cen Jie sent an urgent appeal to headquarters, reporting that Meng had attacked without provocation. Meng countered that Jie was not a true descendant of the Cen line but had usurped ancestral lands, and that he sought only to recover territory Jie had seized. A campaign against Shangsi Prefecture was then underway, yet none of the summoned troops reported for duty; Governor-General Zhang Jing reported the situation to the throne. In the fourth year, Supreme Commander Sheng Yingqi and Touring Censor Xie Ruyi proposed a major expedition against Meng with detailed mobilization plans; the throne approved. Yingqi was reassigned on other business; Yao Mo was appointed Censor-in-Chief in his place, and a bounty was posted for Meng's capture. Mo, however, believed Meng had no rebellious intent; Meng was petitioning in his own defense, and Mo himself favored delaying the campaign. Touring Censor Xie Ruyi, who bore a grudge against Mo, falsely accused Mo's son Lai of accepting ten thousand in gold from Meng, uncovered Lai's letter through investigation, and presented it as evidence. Mo, alarmed, memorialized again urging an expedition. The ministry pressed Mo to advance on schedule; he and Regional Commander Zhu Qi mobilized eighty thousand men under Metropolitan Commanders Shen Xiyi, Zhang Jing, and others, who invaded by separate routes at once. When Meng learned the main army was approaching, he ordered his men not to fight, wrote out a petition of grievance on silk, and sent it to headquarters pleading for a fair hearing. Mo refused to listen, pressed the advance all the harder, and Shen Xiyi executed Meng's eldest son Bangyan at Gongyao Pass. Terrified, Meng planned to flee; but Guishun Magistrate Cen Zhang—Meng's father-in-law, whose daughter had lost Meng's favor—saw his chance for revenge; with fair words he lured Meng to Guishun, poisoned him, beheaded him, and sent the head as tribute.

六年，鏌以田州平，告捷京師，乃請改田州為流官，並陳善後七事，詔俱從之。

In the sixth year, with Tianzhou pacified, Mo reported victory to the capital, proposed converting Tianzhou to regular administration, and submitted seven measures for lasting pacification; the throne approved them all.

鏌留參議汪必東、僉事申惠、參將張經以兵萬人鎮其地，知府王熊兆署府事。會必東、惠皆移疾他駐，惟經、熊兆在府，兵勢分，防守稍懈。於是逆黨盧蘇、王受等乃為偽印，誑言猛在，且借交阯兵二十萬，以圖興復。蠻民信之，聚眾薄府城。經出擊，兵少不敵，欲引還，而城中陰為內應，呼噪四出，官軍腹背受攻，力戰不支，突圍渡江走，賊逼其後，爭舟溺死者甚眾。賊沿江置闌索，伏藥弩，夾岸並起。官軍且戰且行，抵向武，失士卒三四百人。賊遂入據府城，燒倉粟以萬計。御史石金上其事，頗委罪前撫盛應期生事召釁，而給事中鄭自璧因請仍檄湖廣永順、保靖兵並力剿賊。帝以四方兵數萬方歸休，豈可復調，命再計機宜以聞。

Mo left Consultant Wang Bidong, Vice Commissioner Shen Hui, and Vice Commander Zhang Jing with ten thousand troops to garrison the region, while Prefect Wang Xiongzhao served as acting administrator. When Bidong and Hui both withdrew on grounds of illness, only Jing and Xiongzhao remained at the prefectural seat; with forces divided, the garrison's vigilance slackened. The rebel leaders Lu Su and Wang Shou and their allies forged seals, spread word that Meng still lived, and claimed two hundred thousand Jiaozhi troops would help them restore his rule. The tribal populace believed them, rallied in force, and marched on the prefectural city. Jing sallied out to attack, but his force was too small to prevail and he tried to withdraw; hidden collaborators inside the city then raised a clamor on every side. Caught between front and rear, the government troops fought hard but could not hold; they broke out, fled across the river with rebels pressing from behind, and many drowned struggling for boats. The rebels strung barriers along the river, laid ambushes with poisoned bolts, and attacked from both banks simultaneously. Fighting as they retreated, the government troops reached Xiangwu having lost three or four hundred men. The rebels then seized the prefectural city and burned granary stores numbering in the tens of thousands. Censor Shi Jin reported the disaster, laying much of the blame on former Grand Coordinator Sheng Yingqi for provoking the crisis; Supervising Secretary Zheng Zibi then requested that Yongshun and Baojing troops from Huguang be redeployed for a joint suppression. The emperor replied that tens of thousands of troops from across the empire had only just been stood down for rest—they could hardly be mobilized again; he ordered fresh deliberation on strategy and a report.

時盧蘇等雖據府叛，佯聽撫，遣人迎署府事王熊兆。而其黨王受等糾眾萬余，攻據思恩城，執知府吳期英、守備指揮門祖蔭等。已而釋期英等，亦投牒上官，願聽招撫。都御史姚鏌以兵未集，姑受之以緩其謀。遣諜者檄東蘭、歸順、鎮安、泗城、向武諸土官，各勒兵自效，且責失事守巡參將等官立功自贖。復疏調湖廣永、保土兵，江西汀、贛畬兵，俱會於南寧，並力進剿。帝以蠻亂日久，鎮巡官受命大征，未及殄絕，輒奏捷散兵，使余孽復滋，罪不容逭。姑赦前過，益圖新功。乃起原任兵部尚書新建伯王守仁總督軍務，同鏌討之。

Though Lu Su and his allies held the prefecture in rebellion, they feigned willingness to submit and sent men to welcome Acting Prefect Wang Xiongzhao. Meanwhile Wang Shou and his faction rallied more than ten thousand men, stormed and seized Si'en city, and took Prefect Wu Qiying, Garrison Commander Men Zuyin, and others prisoner. Before long they released Qiying and the others and petitioned the authorities expressing willingness to submit to pacification. As troops had not yet been assembled, Censor-in-chief Yao Mo provisionally accepted their submission to buy time and thwart their designs. He sent agents with dispatches to the native chiefs of Donglan, Guishun, Zhen'an, Sicheng, Xiangwu, and elsewhere, ordering each to raise troops and prove their loyalty, while demanding that the pacification, patrol, and vice commander officials responsible for the disaster redeem themselves through meritorious service. He also memorialized for Yong and Bao native troops from Huguang and She troops from Ting and Gan in Jiangxi to assemble at Nanning and launch a joint suppression campaign. The emperor held that because the tribal unrest had dragged on, the frontier officials—ordered to mount a major campaign—had reported victory and stood down their troops before the rebels were fully destroyed, allowing remnants to regroup; their offense was inexcusable. He granted them a temporary reprieve for past failures and ordered them to earn fresh merit. Wang Shouren, the former Minister of War and Marquis of Xinjian, was then recalled to assume overall military command and join Mo in suppressing the rebels.

時受既入思恩，封府庫，以賊兵守之，而自攻武緣。守巡官鄒輗等率兵至思恩，思恩千夫長韋貴、徐伍等遣壯士由間道入城為內應，夜引官兵奪門，殺賊二十余人，收府印及庫物，護送期英於賓州，因招撫城中未下者。時受攻武緣甚急，參將張經堅壁拒守。鎮守頭目許用與戰，斬其渠帥一人。賊見援兵大集，乃遁去。鏌以聞。

Wang Shou had by then entered Si'en, sealed the treasury, left rebel troops to hold it, and personally led an attack on Wuyuan. When Pacification Official Zou Yi arrived at Si'en with government troops, thousand-household chiefs Wei Gui and Xu Wu of Si'en sent warriors by hidden routes to serve as insiders; by night they guided the troops through the gates, killed more than twenty rebels, recovered the prefectural seal and treasury stores, escorted Qiying to Binzhou, and then set about winning over those in the city who had not yet submitted. Wang Shou pressed his assault on Wuyuan with great urgency; Vice Commander Zhang Jing held the walls and refused to yield. Garrison chieftain Xu Yong fought them in the field and killed one of their chief leaders. Seeing government reinforcements massing, the rebels withdrew. Mo reported these developments to the throne.

帝以田州、思恩賊鋒雖挫，首惡未擒，仍令守仁亟督兵剿撫。守仁威名素重，及督軍務，調兵數萬人至，諸蠻心懾。守仁至南寧，道中見受等勢盛，度亦未可卒滅，上疏極陳用兵利害。兵部議以守仁所見未確，復陳五事，令守仁詳計其宜，於是守仁又疏云：

Though rebel momentum in Tianzhou and Si'en had been checked, the chief culprits remained at large; the emperor therefore ordered Shouren to press on urgently with suppression and pacification. Shouren's reputation carried great weight; once he assumed command and mustered tens of thousands of troops, the tribal peoples were deeply intimidated. En route to Nanning, Shouren saw how powerful Shou and his allies had become and concluded they could not be destroyed quickly; he memorialized at length on the pros and cons of military action. The Ministry of War judged Shouren's assessment insufficiently settled, raised five further points, and instructed him to weigh the options carefully; Shouren then submitted another memorial:

臣奉命於去年十二月至廣西平南縣，與巡按御史石金及藩臬諸將領等會議。思、田禍結兩省，已逾二年。今日必欲窮兵盡剿，則有十患。若罷兵行撫，則有十善。臣與諸臣，攄心極論，今日之局，撫之為是。

Having received my orders, I reached Pingnan County in Guangxi last December and conferred with Touring Censor Shi Jin, the provincial officials, and the field commanders. The Si'en and Tianzhou crisis had tormented two provinces for more than two years. If we insist on pursuing total military extermination, there are ten grave risks. If we stand down the army and pursue pacification instead, there are ten clear advantages. After candid and exhaustive deliberation among ourselves, we concluded that pacification is the right course for the present situation.

臣抵南寧，遂下令盡撤調集防守之兵。數日內解歸者數萬，惟湖兵數千，道阻遠，不易即歸，仍使分留南寧，解甲休養，待間而動。而盧蘇、王受先遣其頭目黃富等訴告，願得歸境投生，乞宥一死。臣等諭以朝廷威德，令賫飛牌，歸巢曉諭，期以速降無死。蘇、受等得牌，皆羅拜踴躍，歡聲雷動。

Upon reaching Nanning, I ordered the complete withdrawal of all mobilized garrison troops. Within days tens of thousands were sent home; only a few thousand Huguang troops, blocked by distance and difficult roads, could not return immediately and were kept at Nanning to stand down and rest until called upon. Lu Su and Wang Shou first sent chieftains including Huang Fu to plead their case, asking to return to their homelands and submit, and begging for their lives. We exhorted them with the court's authority and benevolence, gave them urgent placards to carry home, and promised that prompt surrender would spare their lives. When Su and Shou received the placards, they kowtowed in ranks, leaped for joy, and cheers erupted like thunder.

尋率眾至南寧城下，分屯四營。蘇、受等囚首自縛，與頭目數百人赴軍門請命。臣等復諭之曰：「朝廷既赦爾罪，爾等擁眾負固，騷動一方。若不示罰，何以雪憤？」於是下蘇、受於軍門，各杖一百，乃解其縛。又諭之曰：「今日宥爾死者，朝廷好生之德；必杖爾者，人臣執法之義。」眾皆叩首悅服，願殺賊立功。臣隨至其營，撫定其眾七萬余人，復委布政使林富等安插，於二月二十六日悉命歸業。是皆皇上至孝達順之德，神武不殺之威，未期月而蠻民率服，不折一矢，不傷一人；而全活數萬生靈，即古舞幹之化，奚以加焉。

Before long they brought their followers to Nanning and encamped in four divisions below the walls. Su and Shou bound themselves as prisoners and came to headquarters with several hundred chieftains to surrender. We admonished them again: "Though the court has pardoned your crimes, you gathered armies, resisted stubbornly, and threw the region into turmoil. If no penalty is imposed, how can public outrage be appeased? Su and Shou were then brought before headquarters, each flogged one hundred strokes, and only then were their bonds cut. We told them further: "That you are spared death today reflects the court's reverence for life; that you must be flogged reflects a minister's duty to uphold the law. They all kowtowed in acceptance and pledged to kill rebels and earn merit. I then went to their camps, pacified more than seventy thousand followers, entrusted Provincial Administration Commissioner Lin Fu and others with their resettlement, and on the twenty-sixth day of the second month ordered them all back to their livelihoods. All this owed to Your Majesty's supreme virtue and merciful martial authority: in less than a month the tribal peoples submitted—without a single arrow loosed or life lost; and tens of thousands of lives were spared—a pacification worthy of the legendary age when virtue alone subdued foes; what achievement could surpass it?

疏聞，帝嘉之，遣行人賫敕獎賚。於是守仁復疏言：

When the memorial reached the throne, the emperor expressed his approval and sent a courier with an edict of commendation and rewards. Shouren then submitted another memorial:

思、田久構禍，荼毒兩省，已逾二年。兵力盡於哨守，民脂竭於轉輸，官吏疲於奔走。地方臲卼，如破壞之舟，漂泊風浪，覆溺在目，不待智者而知之矣。必欲窮兵雪憤，以殲一隅，無論不克，縱使克之，患且不測。況田州外捍交阯，內屏各郡，深山絕谷，瑤、僚盤據。使盡誅其人，異日雖欲改土為流，誰為編戶？非惟自撤其藩籬，而拓土開疆以資鄰敵，非計之得也。

The Si'en and Tianzhou crisis had festered for more than two years, inflicting misery on two provinces. Military strength was exhausted by constant outpost duty, the people's resources drained by supply convoys, and officials worn down by endless errands. The region teetered on the brink, like a shattered boat tossed on stormy seas—disaster imminent and plain for all to see. To pursue total war for the sake of vengeance and crush one corner of the region would likely fail; even if it succeeded, the consequences would be unpredictable. Tianzhou moreover stood as an outer bulwark against Jiaozhi and an inner shield for neighboring prefectures; deep mountains and remote valleys were held by Yao and Liao peoples. If its people were slaughtered wholesale, who would remain to be registered as ordinary subjects when the day came to replace native rule with regular administration? Such a course would not only dismantle our own defenses but expand territory to strengthen neighboring enemies—a gravely mistaken policy.

今岑氏世效邊功，猛獨詿誤觸法，雖未伏誅，聞已病死。臣謂治田州非岑氏不可，請降田州府為田州，而官其子，以存岑氏之後。查猛有二子，長邦佐，自幼出繼為武靖州知州。武靖當瑤賊之沖，邦佐才足制馭，宜仍舊職。而今所建州，請以猛幼子邦相授吏目，署州事，俟後遞升為知州，以承岑氏之祀。設土巡檢諸司，即以盧蘇、王受等九人為之，以殺其勢。添設田寧府，統以流官知府，以總其權。

The Cen clan had served the frontier with distinction for generations; Meng alone fell into legal violation through misjudgment—and though he had not yet been executed, report had it that he had already died of illness. I hold that Tianzhou cannot be governed without the Cen clan; I propose reducing Tianzhou Prefecture to Tianzhou and appointing Meng's son to preserve the Cen line. Meng had two sons: the eldest, Bangzuo, had since childhood been given in adoption and appointed magistrate of Wujing Prefecture. Wujing lay in the path of Yao raiders; Bangzuo had proven capable of controlling them and should remain in his present post. For the restored prefecture, I propose appointing Meng's younger son Bangxiang as clerk to administer affairs provisionally, to be promoted in due course to magistrate and carry on the Cen line. Native assistant-magistrate posts should be created and filled by Lu Su, Wang Shou, and seven others—nine in all—to break up their consolidated power. Tianning Prefecture should be established under a regular prefect to oversee the overall authority.

從之。惟以守仁所奏岑猛子，與撫按所報異，令再覆。

The emperor approved. Because Shouren's account of Cen Meng's sons differed from reports by the grand coordinator and touring censor, the court ordered a reinvestigation.

於是守仁言：「臣初議立岑氏後，該府土目及耆老俱言岑猛本有四子：長邦佐，妻張氏出；次邦彥，妾林氏出；次邦輔，外婢所生；次邦相，妾韋氏出。猛嬖溺林氏而張失愛，故邦佐自幼出繼武靖。邦彥既死，邦佐得武靖民心，更代亦難其人。欲立邦輔，土目謂外婢所生，名實不正。惟邦相系猛正派，質貌厚重，堪繼岑氏。故當時直謂猛子存者二人，亦所以正名慎始，杜後日之爭也。」疏上，如議行。

Shouren wrote: "When I first proposed establishing a Cen heir, the native chiefs and elders of the prefecture all stated that Cen Meng originally had four sons: the eldest, Bangzuo, born to his wife Lady Zhang; the second, Bangyan, born to concubine Lady Lin; the third, Bangfu, born to an outside maidservant; the fourth, Bangxiang, born to concubine Lady Wei. Meng favored Lady Lin while Lady Zhang fell from favor, so Bangzuo was given in adoption to Wujing from childhood. Bangyan having died, Bangzuo had won the loyalty of Wujing's people; no suitable replacement could readily be found. To install Bangfu, the native chiefs argued, would be improper in both name and substance, as he was born to an outside maidservant. Only Bangxiang was of Meng's legitimate line; solid in character and bearing, he was fit to succeed the Cen clan. That is why I stated at the time that only two of Meng's sons survived—to establish proper succession from the outset and forestall future disputes. Upon submission of the memorial, the court acted as proposed.

八年，守仁於思、田既議設流官，又議移南丹衛於八寨，改思恩府城於荒田，改設鳳化縣治於三里，添設流官縣於思龍，增築五鎮城堡於五屯。及侍郎林富繼之，又言：「田州界居南寧、泗城，交通雲、貴、交阯，為備非一，不宜改設流官。南丹衛設在賓州，既不足以遙制八寨，遷八寨又不得以還護賓州。為今日計，獨上林之三里，守仁所議設縣者，可遷南丹衛於此。夫設縣則割賓州之地以益思恩，是顧彼而失此也。遷衛則扼八寨之吭以還護賓州，是一舉而兩得也。然不宜屬田州，而仍屬南寧為便。」其議與守仁頗有異同，詔從富言。

In the eighth year, having already proposed regular administration for Si'en and Tianzhou, Shouren also proposed moving Nandan Guard to Bazhai, relocating the Si'en prefectural seat to Huangtian, establishing the Fenghua county seat at Sanli, adding a regular county at Silong, and fortifying the five stockades at Wutun. When Vice Minister Lin Fu succeeded him, he argued: "Tianzhou lies between Nanning and Sicheng, with routes linking Yunnan, Guizhou, and Jiaozhi; its defenses are many and varied—it should not be converted to regular administration. Nandan Guard is stationed at Binzhou and cannot effectively control Bazhai from that distance; relocating it to Bazhai would likewise leave Binzhou inadequately protected. For the present, only at Sanli in Shanglin—where Shouren had proposed a new county—should Nandan Guard be relocated. Creating a county would carve territory from Binzhou to benefit Si'en—serving one interest at the expense of another. Moving the guard would seize the choke point at Bazhai while protecting Binzhou—a single move achieving both aims. Yet it should remain under Nanning rather than Tianzhou. His proposal partly diverged from Shouren's; the court followed Fu's recommendation.

初，邦相兄邦彥有子芝，依大母林氏、瓦氏居，官給養田。其後邦相惡蘇專擅，密與頭目盧玉等謀誅蘇及芝。蘇知之，會邦相又侵削二氏原食莊田，二氏遂與蘇合謀，以芝奔梧州，赴軍門告襲，蘇又為芝疏請。尋令人刺邦相，邦相覺，殺行刺者。而蘇遂伏兵殺盧玉等，以兵圍邦相宅，誘邦相出，乘夜與瓦氏縊殺之。巡按御史曾守約以聞，帝命守臣亟為勘處。蘇之殺邦相也，歸順、鎮安、泗城、向武諸土官群起構難，互相訐奏。當事者謂以岑芝承襲未定，田州無主，致令鄰封覬覦，當給劄付令芝管事。蘇又請早給芝冠帶，以撫田州，而自悔罪，願裹糧立功，及追補累年所逋糧賦。巡按御史諸演疏聞，部議以土蠻自相仇殺，當從末減，皆令立功，方準贖罪復官。

Initially, Bangxiang's elder brother Bangyan had a son, Zhi, who lived under the care of his grandmothers Lady Lin and Lady Wa; the government granted sustaining estate fields. Later Bangxiang resented Su's autocratic rule and secretly conspired with chieftain Lu Yu and others to kill Su and Zhi. Su learned of the plot; when Bangxiang also encroached on the Lin and Wa clans' sustaining estates, the two clans joined Su in conspiracy; Zhi fled to Wuzhou and petitioned headquarters reporting the plot, and Su also memorialized on his behalf. Su soon sent assassins against Bangxiang; Bangxiang discovered the plot and killed the assailants. Su then laid an ambush and killed Lu Yu and others, surrounded Bangxiang's residence, lured him out, and in the night strangled him together with Lady Wa. Touring Censor Zeng Shouyue reported the affair; the emperor ordered local officials to investigate and resolve it at once. After Su killed Bangxiang, native chiefs of Guishun, Zhen'an, Sicheng, Xiangwu, and elsewhere all stirred up trouble and lodged mutual accusations. Officials held that because Cen Zhi's succession remained unsettled and Tianzhou lacked a ruler, neighboring territories grew covetous; a writ should be issued entrusting Zhi with administration. Su also asked that Zhi be invested with official rank without delay to stabilize Tianzhou, while he himself repented, offered to serve at his own expense, and pay years of delinquent grain levies and taxes. When Touring Censor Zhu Yan's memorial reached the ministry, it ruled that because the native chiefs had killed one another, the lighter penalty should apply; all were required to earn merit before their crimes could be redeemed and their offices restored.

三十二年，芝死，子大壽方四歲。土人莫葦冒岑姓，及土官岑施，相煽構亂，提督郎槚奏令思恩守備張啟元暫駐田州鎮之，報可。三十四年，田州土官婦瓦氏以狼兵應調至蘇州剿倭，隸於總兵俞大猷麾下。以殺賊多，詔賞瓦氏及其孫男岑大壽、大祿銀幣，余令軍門獎賞。四十二年以平廣西瑤、僮功，準岑大祿實受知州職。

In the thirty-second year, Zhi died; his son Dashou was only four years old. A local man named Mowei falsely claimed the Cen surname, and native official Cen Shi joined him in fomenting unrest; Grand Coordinator Lang Jie memorialized to station Si'en Garrison Commander Zhang Qiyuan at Tianzhou to restore order—the request was approved. In the thirty-fourth year, Lady Wa of Tianzhou led Lang troops when called up to Suzhou to fight Japanese pirates, serving under Regional Commander Yu Dayou. For their many kills in battle, the court rewarded Lady Wa and her grandsons Cen Dashou and Dalu with silver and silks; the remainder were to be rewarded at headquarters. In the forty-second year, for service in pacifying the Yao and Zhuang of Guangxi, Cen Dalu was formally invested as magistrate.

田州世岑氏，改流者再，而終不果。盧蘇再叛弒主，終逸於罰，論者以為失刑雲。

Tianzhou had been held by the Cen clan for generations; conversion to regular administration was attempted twice but never succeeded. Lu Su rebelled again and murdered his lord yet ultimately escaped punishment; commentators regarded this as a failure of justice.

上林在田州東，宋置，隸橫山寨。元屬田州路。洪武二年，土官黃嵩歸附，授世襲知縣，流官典史佐之。

Shanglin lay east of Tianzhou; it was established in the Song and placed under Hengshan Stockade. Under the Yuan it belonged to Tianzhou Circuit. In the second year of Hongwu, native official Huang Song submitted; he was granted a hereditary magistracy, assisted by a regular official recorder.

恩城州，唐置，宋、元仍舊。明初因之，隸廣西布政司，朝貢如例。成化十九年，知州岑欽，田州土官岑溥叔也，相仇殺。溥敗，欽入田州，焚府治，大肆殺掠。溥訴於制府，下三司官鞫理。弘治三年，欽復入田州，與泗城土官岑應分據其地。巡撫秦纮請調兵剿之。兵部言兵不可輕動，惟令守臣諭令應縛欽自贖。五年，欽走岑應所借兵，總鎮檄應捕之，欽遂殺應父子。已而應弟接佯以兵送欽，亦殺欽父子。有司以恩城宜裁革，從之，州遂廢。

Encheng Prefecture was established in the Tang; the Song and Yuan dynasties left it unchanged. At the founding of the Ming it remained as before, subordinate to the Guangxi Provincial Administration Commission, with tribute rendered according to precedent. In the nineteenth year of Chenghua, Magistrate Cen Qin—the uncle of Tianzhou native official Cen Pu—fell into mutual feud and bloodshed. Pu was defeated; Qin entered Tianzhou, burned the prefectural seat, and carried out widespread slaughter and plunder. Pu appealed to the supreme commissioner; officials of the three provincial offices were ordered to adjudicate the case. In the third year of Hongzhi, Qin again entered Tianzhou and, with Sicheng native official Cen Ying, divided and seized its territory. Grand Coordinator Qin Hong requested that troops be mobilized to suppress them. The Ministry of War argued that troops must not be lightly mobilized and ordered only that the defending officials instruct Ying to seize Qin and allow him to redeem himself through meritorious service. In the fifth year Qin fled to Cen Ying's territory to borrow troops; the supreme commander ordered Ying to capture him, and Qin then killed Ying and his son. Afterward Ying's younger brother Jie feigned escorting Qin with troops and likewise killed Qin and his son in revenge. The responsible officials recommended that Encheng be abolished; the court agreed, and the prefecture was abolished.

都康州，宋置，隸橫山寨。元屬田州路。洪武間，為蠻僚所據。三十二年復置，隸布政司。土官馮姓。其界東南抵龍英，西至鎮安，北至向武。

Dukang Prefecture was established under the Song and subordinate to Hengshan Stockade. Under the Yuan it belonged to Tianzhou Circuit. During the Hongwu reign it was seized by tribal peoples. In the thirty-second year it was re-established and placed under the provincial administration commission. The tribal official was of the Feng clan. Its borders reached Longying to the southeast, Zhen'an to the west, and Xiangwu to the north.

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