Volume 319 Biographies 207: Guangxi Tribal Headmen 3

泗城利州龍州歸順向武奉議江州思陵〈（廣東瓊州府附）〉

Sicheng, Lizhou, Longzhou, Guishun, Xiangwu, Fengyi, Jiangzhou, and Siling (Attached under Qiongzhou Prefecture, Guangdong)〉

泗城州，宋置，隸橫山寨。元屬田州路。其界東抵東蘭，西抵上林長官司，南抵田州，北抵永寧州。

Sicheng Prefecture was founded in the Song dynasty and placed under Hengshan Stockade. During the Yuan it fell under Tianzhou Circuit. It bordered Donglan to the east, the Shanglin Native Official Office to the west, Tianzhou to the south, and Yongning Prefecture to the north.

洪武五年，征南副將軍周德興克泗城州，土官岑善忠歸附，授世襲知州。十三年，善忠子振作亂，寇利州，廣西都司討平之。十四年，善忠來貢方物。二十六年，振遣人貢馬及方物，詔賜以鈔錠。

In the fifth year of Hongwu, Zhou Dexing, vice general of the southern campaign, took Sicheng Prefecture. The native official Cen Shanzhong submitted and was granted the hereditary post of prefect. In the thirteenth year, Shanzhong's son Zhen rebelled and attacked Lizhou. The Guangxi Regional Military Commission marched out and put the revolt down. In the fourteenth year, Shanzhong presented tribute to the court. In the twenty-sixth year, Zhen sent envoys with horses and local products; the throne responded with an edict awarding him paper currency.

宣德元年，女土官盧氏遣族人岑臺貢馬及銀器等物，賜賚有差。八年，致仕女土官盧氏奏，襲職土官岑豹率土兵千五百余人謀害己，又棄毀故土官岑瑄塑像，所為不孝，難俾襲職。豹叔利州知州顏亦奏豹興兵謀殺盧氏，州民被害。都督山雲奏：「豹實故土官瑄侄，人所信服，應襲職。盧氏，瑄妻，豹伯母，初借襲，今致仕，宜量撥田土以贍終身。仍請敕豹無肆侵擾。」兵部請從雲奏。帝命行人章聰、侯琎賫敕，諭雲會三司巡按究豹與盧氏是非，從公判決。

In the first year of Xuande, the female native official Lady Lu dispatched her kinsman Cen Tai with horses, silverware, and other gifts. The court returned gifts scaled to his station. In the eighth year, the retired Lady Lu submitted a memorial accusing Cen Bao, the man slated to succeed her, of leading more than fifteen hundred native soldiers in a plot against her life and of casting aside and smashing the portrait of the late native official Cen Xuan—acts so lacking in filial duty, she argued, that he ought not inherit the office at all. Bao's uncle Yan, prefect of Lizhou, also reported that Bao had mobilized troops to murder Lady Lu and that the people of the prefecture had paid the price. Regional Commander Shan Yun wrote: "Bao is truly the nephew of the late native official Cen Xuan, a man the people respect. He should be allowed to succeed. Lady Lu is Xuan's widow and Bao's aunt. She first held the office on his behalf and has since retired. She should receive a measured grant of fields and lands sufficient to sustain her for the rest of her life. An imperial order should also forbid Bao from harassing or encroaching upon her at will. The Ministry of War recommended adopting Shan Yun's proposal. The Emperor dispatched the envoys Zhang Cong and Hou Jin with an edict directing Shan Yun to assemble the three provincial offices and the touring censor, hear both sides in the dispute between Bao and Lady Lu, and decide the matter fairly.

正統元年，豹遣人入貢。二年，豹攻利州，掠其叔顏妻子財物。朝廷官至撫諭，負固不服，增兵拒守。雲以聞，乞發兵剿之。帝敕雲曰：「蠻夷梗化，罪固難容，然興師動眾，事亦不易，其更遣人諭之。」五年，顏奏豹侵占及掠擄罪。頭目黃祖亦奏豹殺其弟，籍其家。瑄女亦奏豹占奪田地人民，囚其母盧氏。帝復遣行人朱升、黃恕齋敕諭之，並敕廣西、貴州總兵官親詣其地，令速還所侵掠，如不服，相機擒捕。六年，總兵官柳溥奏：「行人恕、升同廣西三司委官諭豹退還原占利州地，豹時面從，及回，占如故。今顏欲以利州、利甲等莊易泗城、古那等甲，開設利州衙門，宜從其請，發附近官軍送顏赴彼撫治蠻民。倘豹仍拒逆，則率兵剿捕。」從之。八年，豹遣人奉貢，賜彩幣。十年，豹復奏顏占據其地，帝令速予議處，不可因循，貽邊方害。

In the first year of Zhengtong, Bao sent tribute to court. In the second year, Bao struck Lizhou, carrying off his uncle Yan's wife, children, and possessions. Court emissaries came to reason with him, yet he dug in and refused obedience, reinforcing his garrisons to hold his ground. Shan Yun reported the affair and asked permission to send troops against him. The Emperor replied to Shan Yun: "These frontier people resist assimilation, and their offense is scarcely to be borne. Yet to raise an army is no small matter. Send envoys once more and try persuasion first. In the fifth year, Yan submitted charges of seizure and looting against Bao. The chieftain Huang Zu likewise accused Bao of murdering his younger brother and seizing his family's property. Cen Xuan's daughter also charged that Bao had taken fields and subjects by force and imprisoned her mother, Lady Lu. The Emperor again sent Zhu Sheng and Huang Shu with an edict of admonition, and ordered the regional commanders of Guangxi and Guizhou to go in person, demand the immediate return of everything taken, and, should he still refuse, capture him when the moment served. In the sixth year, Regional Commander Liu Pu reported: "The envoys Huang Shu and Zhu Sheng, acting with delegates from the three Guangxi provincial offices, ordered Bao to restore the Lizhou lands he had seized. He agreed to their faces, but once they were gone his occupation continued unchanged. Yan now proposes to swap the Lizhou and Lijia estates for Sicheng, Guna, and the other holdings, and to set up a Lizhou yamen there. His request should be granted, and nearby regular troops should escort him to the site to govern the native population. If Bao continues to defy the court, troops should be sent to suppress him and take him captive. The court approved the plan. In the eighth year, Bao sent tribute envoys and received colored silks in return. In the tenth year, Bao again complained that Yan was holding his territory. The Emperor commanded a swift settlement and warned that delay would only endanger the borderlands.

成化元年，豹聚眾四萬，攻劫上林長官司，殺土官岑誌威，據其境土。兵部言：「豹強獷如此，宜調兵擒捕，明正典刑。」從之。未幾，豹死。

In the first year of Chenghua, Bao mustered forty thousand followers, stormed the Shanglin Native Official Office, killed its native official Cen Zhiwei, and annexed the district. The Ministry of War argued: "Bao's brutality has gone this far. Troops should be called up to seize him and punish him according to law. The recommendation was accepted. Not long afterward, Bao died.

弘治三年，土官知州岑應復據上林長官司及貴州鎮寧等處一十八城。時恩城土官岑欽攻奪田州府，逐知府岑溥。應與欽黨，既復相仇，兩家父子交相仇殺。事聞，兵部奏：「欽連年構禍，而應黨之，復據上林長官司，流毒不少，今天厭禍，假手相殘，實地方之幸。應所占鄰壤及土官印信數多，亦宜勘斷，以除禍本，並令應弟接退還侵地及印信，乃許承襲。泗城地廣兵多，宜選頭目，量授職銜，分轄以殺其勢。」詔下總鎮官區處。接遣人朝正，賜彩緞鈔錠。

In the third year of Hongzhi, the native prefect Cen Ying once more seized the Shanglin Native Official Office and eighteen walled settlements in Guizhou, among them Zhenning. At that time the Encheng native official Cen Qin attacked Tianzhou Prefecture, took it by force, and expelled its prefect, Cen Pu. Ying and Qin had been allies, then turned on each other; fathers and sons in both houses slaughtered one another in an escalating feud. When reports reached the capital, the Ministry of War wrote: "Qin has brought trouble year after year, and Ying stood with him. Ying has again taken the Shanglin Native Official Office and spread ruin across the countryside. Heaven now seems to abhor the disorder and has set them to destroying one another—a piece of good fortune for the region. The neighboring territories Ying holds and the many native seals he has taken should also be surveyed and settled, uprooting the source of the trouble. Only after Ying's younger brother Jie returns the seized lands and seals should succession even be considered. Sicheng sprawls across a wide domain and fields a strong force. Headmen should be chosen, titles meted out in proportion, and authority divided among them to break its power. An edict went out directing the supreme regional commander to handle the matter. Jie sent representatives to the New Year's audience at court and received colored silk and paper currency in return.

十年，總督鄧廷瓚奏：「接往年隨征都勻、府江等處有功，乞略其祖父罪，令承襲世職，以圖報效。」廷臣議：「劫印侵地，雖系接祖父罪，然再四撫諭，接不肯歸之於官，遽使襲職，則誌益驕，非馭土官法。」

In the tenth year, Governor Deng Tingzan petitioned: "Jie served with distinction in earlier campaigns at Duyun, Fujiang, and elsewhere. I ask that his grandfather's offenses be set aside and that he be permitted to inherit the hereditary office, so that he may prove his loyalty in service. The court deliberated and replied: "The theft of seals and seizure of territory belong to the crimes of Jie's grandfather, yet even after repeated persuasion Jie will not restore them to the government. To grant him succession now would only swell his pride. That is no way to govern native officials."

十二年，田州土目黃驥作亂，要接為聲援，殺掠男婦，劫燒倉庫民廬，又劫府學及橫山驛印記，遂據興仁。十四年，貴州賊婦米魯作亂，提督王軾請調接領土兵二萬營於砦布河，因敕接自備兩月餉，克期赴調。

In the twelfth year, the Tianzhou chieftain Huang Ji rose in rebellion and called on Jie for support. He killed and plundered, burned storehouses and homes, seized the seals of the prefectural school and Hengshan Post Station, and finally took Xingren. In the fourteenth year, the Guizhou rebel Mi Lu took up arms. Grand Coordinator Wang Zhi asked that Jie be called up to lead twenty thousand native soldiers to camp at Zhaibu River. Jie was ordered to provision his men for two months out of his own stores and report on schedule.

十八年，泗城土官族人岑九仙奏：「自始祖岑彭以來，世襲土官。至豹子應罹欽之禍，子孫滅亡殆盡，其弟接，眾推護印，累著勞勚，乞令襲職，俾掌轄蠻眾。」兵部尚書劉大夏等議：「豹乃叛臣余孽，子應復自取滅亡。今接者，人皆傳稱為梁接，非應親枝，又不知岑九仙是何逋逃，冒為奏擾。臣大夏先在兩廣，見岑氏譜。岑之始祖木納罕於元至正年間，與田州知府之祖伯顏，一時受官。今九仙妄援漢岑彭世次，塵瀆聖聽，請治其罪。其岑接應襲與否，前已令鎮巡官勘奏，岑九仙雖蠻人難以深究，亦當摘發以破其奸。」從之。

In the eighteenth year, a Sicheng clansman named Cen Jiuxian submitted a memorial: "From our founding ancestor Cen Peng down, the native office has passed from father to son. Bao's son Ying met disaster through Qin, and the line was all but wiped out. His younger brother Jie, whom the people pressed to safeguard the seal, has since rendered repeated service. I beg that he be confirmed in office and entrusted with rule over the native clans. Minister of War Liu Daxia and his colleagues replied: "Bao was the scion of a traitor, and his son Ying courted ruin of his own making. This man now called Jie is widely said to be Liang Jie, not a direct descendant of Ying at all. As for Cen Jiuxian, who can say what runaway he is, filing false petitions to stir up trouble? I, Daxia, served earlier in the Two Guangs and examined the Cen clan genealogy myself. The Cens trace their origin to Munahan, who received office in the Zhizheng era of the Yuan at the same time as Boliyan, ancestor of the Tianzhou prefectural line. Jiuxian now falsely claims descent from the Han general Cen Peng, polluting what reaches the throne. He should be punished for it. Whether Cen Jie ought to succeed has already been referred to the frontier pacification officials for investigation. Jiuxian may be a barbarian and difficult to examine closely, but his imposture should still be exposed and his scheme broken. The court agreed.

正德十二年，泗城及程縣各遣官族來貢。後期，賞減半。泗城貢厚，仍全給之。

In the twelfth year of Zhengde, Sicheng and Cheng County each dispatched clansmen bearing tribute. They arrived late, and their rewards were cut in half. Because Sicheng's tribute was unusually generous, the court paid the full reward all the same.

嘉靖二年，田州岑猛率兵攻泗城，拔六寨，進薄州城，克之。接告急軍門，言猛無故攻寨。猛言接非岑氏後，據其祖業，欲得所侵地。詔下勘處。

In the second year of Jiajing, Cen Meng of Tianzhou marched on Sicheng, took six stockades, pressed up to the prefectural city, and captured it. Jie sent an urgent appeal to the military headquarters, protesting that Meng had attacked his stockades without provocation. Meng countered that Jie was no true Cen, that he occupied their ancestral domain, and that he sought to recover lands wrongly taken from them. The throne ordered an inquiry and settlement.

十六年，田州盧蘇作亂。泗城土舍岑施以兵納岑邦佐。兵敗，弗克納。二十七年詔土舍施襲替，免赴京，以嘗聽調有勞也。隆慶二年，泗城蠻黃豹、黃豸等據貴州程番府麻向、大華等司，時出擄掠，官軍剿之，豹等遁去。

In the sixteenth year, Lu Su of Tianzhou rose in rebellion. The Sicheng native assistant Cen Shi marched with troops to install Cen Bangzuo in office. His force was beaten and failed to place Bangzuo on the seat. In the twenty-seventh year an edict confirmed Shi's succession, excusing him from traveling to the capital because he had answered a prior call to arms with creditable service. In the second year of Longqing, the Sicheng bandits Huang Bao, Huang Zhi, and their followers seized Mahxiang, Dahua, and other districts under Guizhou's Chenfan Prefecture, raiding whenever they could. Regular troops moved against them, and Bao and his men fled.

萬歷二年，泗城土官岑承勛等貢馬及香爐等物。四十一年，土官岑雲漢貢方物。初，雲漢乃紹勛嫡嗣，紹勛寵庶孽雷漢，頭目黃瑪等從中煽禍，以至焚劫稱兵。雲漢紿母出印，扶弟以奔，撫按以聞。廷議請釋紹勛罪以存大倫，權雷漢、黃瑪等以息囂孽，雲漢從寬削銜，戴罪管事。詔可。天啟二年，巡撫何士晉請復雲漢知州職，量加都司職銜，令率土兵援黔。從之。

In the second year of Wanli, the Sicheng native officials Cen Chengxun and others sent horses, incense burners, and other tribute. In the forty-first year, the native official Cen Yunhan presented local products to court. At first Yunhan was Chengxun's legitimate heir, but Chengxun doted on his bastard son Lei Han. Headmen such as Huang Ma stoked the quarrel from within until the affair erupted into arson, plunder, and open war. Yunhan tricked his mother into yielding the seal, then fled with his younger brother in tow. The grand coordinator and provincial inspector reported the matter. Court deliberation favored pardoning Chengxun to preserve family order, temporarily restraining Lei Han, Huang Ma, and the other troublemakers, and treating Yunhan leniently by reducing his rank while allowing him to govern under suspended punishment. The throne assented. In the second year of Tianqi, Grand Coordinator He Shijin asked that Yunhan be restored as prefect, given an appropriate Regional Military Commission title, and ordered to lead native troops to the aid of Guizhou. The request was granted.

泗城延袤頗廣，兵力亦勁，與慶遠諸州互相雄長。其流惡自豹而應而接，且三世。領縣一，曰程縣；長官司二，曰安隆，曰上林。

Sicheng sprawls across a wide territory and commands a formidable force; it contends for supremacy with the prefectures of Qingyuan. Its trail of violence ran from Bao to Ying to Jie—three generations without break. It governed one county, Cheng County; and two native official districts, Anlong and Shanglin.

程縣在泗城州之東北，舊號程醜莊。明初歸附，隸泗城州。洪武二十一年改為縣，編戶一里。後改屬慶遠府，尋復隸泗城州，設流官知縣。正統間，為岑豹所逼，棄官遁去，典史攝印，旋亦罹害。豹遂奪其印，據縣治。事聞，屢遣官諭之，歷岑應、岑接凡七十余年不服。嘉靖二年，接為諸土官攻殺，督府遣官按問，得縣印，貯於官，後僅存荒土。泗城、南丹、那地俱欲得之，時治兵相攻雲。

Cheng County stood northeast of Sicheng Prefecture and was once known as Cheng Chou Estate. In the early Ming it submitted and was placed under Sicheng Prefecture. In the twenty-first year of Hongwu it was made a county with one li of registered households. It was later transferred to Qingyuan Prefecture, then soon returned to Sicheng's jurisdiction, with a regular magistrate appointed to govern it. During the Zhengtong reign, harried by Cen Bao, the magistrate fled his post. The registrar took charge of the seal and soon met the same fate. Bao then seized the seal and took over the county seat. When the matter reached the capital, the court sent envoy after envoy to reason with him, yet through the reigns of Cen Ying and Cen Jie—for more than seventy years—he never yielded. In the second year of Jiajing, rival native officials attacked and killed Jie. The governor-general sent investigators, recovered the county seal, and placed it in government custody. Nothing remained of the county but empty land. Sicheng, Nandan, and Nadi all coveted the territory and repeatedly mobilized troops to fight one another over it.

安隆長官司，東抵泗城，西抵雲南，南抵上林長官司，北抵貴州宣慰司，元泗城州地也。洪武元年，泗城州土官岑善忠以次子子得領安隆峒。三十年，子得來朝，貢馬。設治所。永樂元年設安隆長官事，以子得為長官，撫其眾。十二年貢馬，賜鈔幣，予世襲。

The Anlong Native Official Office bordered Sicheng on the east, Yunnan on the west, the Shanglin Native Official Office on the south, and the Guizhou Pacification Commission on the north—lands that had formed part of Sicheng Prefecture under the Yuan. In the first year of Hongwu, the Sicheng native official Cen Shanzhong put his second son Zide in charge of the Anlong district. In the thirtieth year, Zide came to court and presented horses as tribute. A local administrative seat was established. In the first year of Yongle the post of Anlong native official was created, with Zide appointed to govern and pacify the people. In the twelfth year he sent horses as tribute; the court returned paper currency and granted hereditary succession.

龍州，古百粵地。漢屬交阯。宋置龍州，隸太平寨。元大德中，升州為萬戶府。洪武二年，龍州土官趙帖堅遣使奉表，貢方物。詔以帖堅為龍州知州，世襲。八年改隸廣西布政司。時帖堅言：「地臨交阯，所守關隘二十七處，有警須申報太平，達總司，比報下，已涉旬月，恐誤事機，乞依奉議、泗城二州，隸廣西便。」從之。十六年，帖堅以孝慈皇后喪，上慰表，貢馬及方物，賜綺帛鈔錠有差。

Longzhou was ancient territory of the Baiyue peoples. Under the Han it formed part of Jiaozhi. The Song founded Longzhou and placed it under Taiping Stockade. During the Yuan Dade reign, Longzhou was elevated from a prefecture to a Myriad Household Command. In Hongwu 2, Zhao Tie Jian, the native official of Longzhou, dispatched envoys with a formal submission and local tribute. The throne appointed Tie Jian prefect of Longzhou, with the office to pass down in his line. In the eighth year of Hongwu, Longzhou was placed under the Guangxi Provincial Administration Commission. Tie Jian then explained that Longzhou lay on the Jiaozhi frontier and guarded twenty-seven passes. Any alarm had to be reported through Taiping to the supreme command, and by the time orders returned a month might have passed—too slow for military needs. He asked that Longzhou, like Fengyi and Sicheng, be placed directly under Guangxi. The request was granted. In the sixteenth year, after the death of Empress Xiaoci, Tie Jian sent a memorial of condolence together with horses and local tribute, and was rewarded with graded gifts of silk, brocade, and paper money.

二十一年，帖堅病，無子，以其從子宗壽代署州事。帖堅卒，宗壽襲。鄭國公常茂以罪謫居龍州。帖堅妻黃氏有二女，一為太平州土官李圓泰妻，茂納其一為妾。時宗壽雖襲職，帖堅妻猶持土官印，與茂、圓泰專擅州事，數陵逼宗壽。會茂以病卒，其閽者趙觀海等亦肆侮宗壽。宗壽乃與把事等以計取土官印，上奏，言茂已死，並械觀海等至京。於是帖堅妻惶懼，使人告宗壽擄掠，又與圓泰謀劫茂妾並其奴婢往太平州，又盡掠趙氏祖父官誥諸物，又欲並取龍州之地。乃自至京，告宗壽實從子，不應襲，宗壽亦上章言狀。帝乃詔宗壽勿問，下吏議帖堅妻與圓泰罪，既而以遠蠻俱釋之。

In the twenty-first year Tie Jian fell ill. With no son of his own, he put his nephew Zongshou in charge of prefectural affairs. After Tie Jian's death, Zongshou inherited the post. Chang Mao, Duke of Zheng, was punished for a crime and exiled to Longzhou. Tie Jian's widow, Lady Huang, had two daughters. One had married Li Yuantai, the native official of Taiping Prefecture; Chang Mao took the other as his concubine. Although Zongshou had already taken office, Tie Jian's widow still kept the native seal. She, Chang Mao, and Yuantai together controlled the prefecture and repeatedly humiliated Zongshou. After Chang Mao died of illness, even his gatekeeper Zhao Guanhai and others openly abused Zongshou. Zongshou then worked with the bashi and other local officers to seize the native seal by stratagem. He memorialized the throne that Mao was dead and had Guanhai and the others escorted to the capital in chains. Tie Jian's widow, terrified, accused Zongshou of looting and conspired with Yuantai to abduct Chang Mao's concubine and her servants to Taiping Prefecture. She also stripped away the Zhao family's ancestral patents of office and other possessions, and even tried to seize Longzhou itself. She went to the capital herself to claim that Zongshou, being only a nephew, had no right to inherit. Zongshou submitted his own memorial setting out the facts. The emperor told officials to leave Zongshou alone and to determine the guilt of Tie Jian's widow and Yuantai, but in the end released them both as people from distant border regions.

久之，復有人告茂匿龍州未死，前宗壽所言皆妄。遂詔右軍都督府榜諭宗壽及龍州官民，言：「昔鄭國公常茂有罪，上以開平王之功，不忍遽置於法，安置龍州。土官趙帖堅故，其妻與茂結為婚姻，誘合諸蠻，肆為不道。帖堅侄宗壽襲職，與黃氏互相告訐，言茂已死。上以功臣子，猶加憐憫，釋二人告訐罪。今有人言茂實未死，宗壽等知狀。已遣散騎舍人諭宗壽捕茂，延玩使者久不復命，其意莫測。特命榜諭爾宗壽等知之，如茂果存，則送至京師以贖罪，如茂果死，宗壽亦宜親率大小頭目至京，具陳其由。」

Some time later, fresh reports arrived that Chang Mao was still alive in Longzhou and that Zongshou's earlier account had been entirely false. The throne then had the Right Military Commission issue a proclamation to Zongshou and the officials and people of Longzhou, saying: "Formerly Chang Mao, Duke of Zheng, had committed crimes, but the emperor, honoring the Prince of Kaiping's service, would not punish him immediately and instead settled him at Longzhou. After the native official Zhao Tie Jian died, his widow allied herself with Chang Mao by marriage, stirred up the border peoples, and committed one outrage after another. Tie Jian's nephew Zongshou inherited the post and exchanged accusations with Lady Huang, each claiming that Chang Mao was dead. The emperor, still mindful that Chang Mao was a meritorious minister's son, showed mercy and released both accusers from punishment. Now reports say Chang Mao is in fact still alive and that Zongshou and his party knew it all along. An attendant of the Regular Cavalry has already been sent to order Zongshou to capture Chang Mao, yet he has kept the envoy waiting and for a long time sent no answer. His intentions are impossible to read. This proclamation is addressed especially to Zongshou and his party: if Chang Mao is still alive, send him to the capital to atone for your guilt; if he is truly dead, Zongshou must come in person with all the headmen, great and small, and explain the whole affair at court."

廣西布政司言宗壽屢詔赴京，拒命不出，又言南丹、奉議等蠻梗化。帝復命致仕兵部尚書唐鐸往諭宗壽，訖不從命。詔發湖廣、江西所屬衛所馬步官軍六萬余，各賫三月糧，期以秋初俱赴廣西。命都督楊文佩征南將軍印，為總兵官，都指揮韓觀為左將軍，都督僉事宋晟為右將軍，劉真為參將，率京衛馬步軍三萬人至廣西，會討龍州及奉議、南丹、向武等州叛蠻。師行，帝撰文遣使祭嶽鎮海瀆，復遣禮部尚書任亨泰、監察御史嚴震直使安南，諭以討龍州趙宗壽之故，令陳日焜慎守邊境，毋助逆，勿納叛。遣人諭文調南寧衛兵千人，江陰侯吳高領之，柳州衛兵千人，安陸侯吳傑領之，皆令其建功自贖。又詔文等，如兵至龍州，宗壽親來見，具陳茂已死之由，則宥其罪。若詐遣人來，則進兵討之。既，鐸還京，言宗壽伏罪來朝，乞罷兵勿征。詔文移兵於奉議，仍命鐸至軍參軍事。宗壽偕耆民農裏等六十九人來朝謝罪，貢方物。

The Guangxi administration reported that Zongshou had repeatedly defied imperial summons to the capital and also that the peoples of Nandan, Fengyi, and other districts were refusing to submit. The emperor again sent the retired Minister of War Tang Duo to reason with Zongshou, but he still refused to comply. An edict mobilized more than sixty thousand cavalry and infantry from the guard units of Huguang and Jiangxi, each man carrying three months' rations, to gather in Guangxi at the start of autumn. Yang Wen was given the seal of General Who Pacifies the South as supreme commander, with Han Guan as Left General, Song Sheng as Right General, and Liu Zhen as staff colonel. They were to lead thirty thousand capital guards to Guangxi and join the campaign against the rebel peoples of Longzhou, Fengyi, Nandan, Xiangwu, and other districts. As the army marched, the emperor composed a ritual text and sent envoys to sacrifice to the sacred mountains and to the great rivers and seas. He also sent Minister of Rites Ren Hengtai and Censor Yan Zhenzhi to Annam to explain the campaign against Zhao Zongshou of Longzhou, warning Chen Rikun to hold the frontier strictly, give no aid to rebels, and shelter no fugitives. Yang Wen was also ordered to detach one thousand men from Nanning Guard under Marquis of Jiangyin Wu Gao, and one thousand from Liuzhou Guard under Marquis of Anlu Wu Jie, each charged to earn redemption through service. The emperor further instructed Wen and his officers that if Zongshou came in person when the army reached Longzhou and gave a full account of Chang Mao's death, he would be pardoned. If he tried to deceive them by sending someone else, they were to press the attack and punish him. Tang Duo then returned to the capital and reported that Zongshou had submitted, confessed guilt at court, and begged that the troops be stood down. An edict redirected Wen's army to Fengyi and again sent Tang Duo to the front to advise on the campaign. Zongshou then came to court with sixty-nine elders, including Nong Li, to beg forgiveness and present local tribute.

宗壽死，子景升襲。景升死，無嗣，以叔仁政襲。仁政再傳為趙源，源死無子。思恩土官岑浚率兵攻田州回，劫龍州，奪其印，納故知府源妻岑氏。詔下鎮巡官剿賊，而議立為源後者。以源庶兄浦有二子，相居長當立。相弟楷不能無望，則謀於岑氏，以仆韋隊子璋詭雲遺腹。岑氏恃兄子猛方兵雄，楷遂奏言，璋實源子，當立，為相所篡。事下督府勘，未決。璋賂鎮守太監傅倫舍人，詭稱有詔，檄猛調二萬兵，納璋入龍州。左江大震，相挈印奔況村。都御史楊旦討璋，猛殺之，相乃歸。相二子，長遂，次寶。相枝拇，寶亦枝拇，相絕愛之，曰：「肖我當立。」猛乃以寶去，髡為奴。

After Zongshou's death, his son Jingsheng inherited the post. When Jingsheng died without an heir, his uncle Renzheng took over. The line passed through Renzheng for two generations to Zhao Yuan, who died without a son. Cen Jun, the native official of Sinan, marched on Tianzhou, then swung back to raid Longzhou, seized its seal, and took Yuan's widow, Lady Cen, for himself. The throne ordered frontier officials to suppress the raiders and also to decide who should succeed Yuan. Yuan's elder half-brother Pu had two sons, and the elder, Xiang, was the rightful heir by seniority. Xiang's younger brother Kai, unwilling to accept this, conspired with Lady Cen and put forward the servant Wei Zhang's son Zhang as a supposed posthumous heir. Lady Cen leaned on her brother's son Meng, whose military power was then at its height. Kai memorialized that Zhang was Yuan's true son and rightful heir, and that Xiang had seized the succession by force. The case was sent to the supreme command for investigation, but no ruling was reached. Zhang bribed an attendant of the resident grand eunuch Fu Lun and forged an edict calling up twenty thousand of Meng's troops to install him in Longzhou. The Left River region was thrown into uproar, and Xiang fled with the seal to Kuang Village. Censor-in-chief Yang Dan marched against Zhang, but Meng killed him. Only then did Xiang return. Xiang had two sons: the elder Changsui and the younger Bao. Xiang had an extra thumb, and Bao did too. Xiang adored the boy and declared, "He is my very image and ought to inherit the post." Meng then carried Bao off and had him tonsured and kept as a slave.

嘉靖元年，相死，州人立遂。楷弒之，州人立其族弟暖。時王守仁提督兩廣，幕客岑伯高用事，楷賂伯高，言暖非趙氏裔，當立者楷也。遣上思州知州黃熊兆核之。熊兆黨伯高，言楷當立，以州印畀楷。楷遂殺暖，龍州大亂。州目黃安等潛往田州購寶。寶時為奴楊布家十三年矣，安等行百金購得之。言之督府，都御史林富謂楷勢已張，毋持之急，乃令楷攝職，俟寶長讓之。楷復，時時謀殺寶。富諭楷，令以印還寶，寶謝以五千金，益以腴田三十一村。楷計寶弱易與，不如邀厚利而徐圖之，遂聽命。楷復求韋璋之子應育之，令往來寶所。寶妻黃氏，思明府土官黃朝女也，貳於寶而與應通。應乃厚結州目，又數遣人與向武州締好，乞兵為衛。寶日荒悍，刑狡男子王良為閽。楷知良恨寶，激使內應，良許之。楷以千人夜至寶寢門呼良，良開門納楷兵，執寶寢所，斬之，以他盜聞。應以兵千人據州，並結朝自援。

In Jiajing 1, after Xiang died, the people of Longzhou installed Changsui as ruler. Kai assassinated him, and the people then installed his clansman Nuan. Wang Shouren was then grand coordinator of the two Guangs, and his aide Cen Bogao held real sway. Kai bribed Bogao, claiming Nuan was no true Zhao and that he himself was the rightful heir. Bogao sent Huang Xiong Zhao, prefect of Shangsi, to investigate. Huang Xiong Zhao sided with Bogao, ruled that Kai should succeed, and gave him the prefectural seal. Kai then murdered Nuan, and Longzhou descended into chaos. Prefectural officer Huang An and others secretly went to Tianzhou to buy Bao back. By then Bao had spent thirteen years as a slave in Yang Bu's household. Huang An and his party paid one hundred taels of gold and bought him out. They appealed to the supreme command. Censor-in-chief Lin Fu judged that Kai's power was already too great to confront directly, so he let Kai hold office temporarily on the understanding that he would yield to Bao when the boy came of age. Once back in power, Kai repeatedly plotted to kill Bao. Lin Fu ordered Kai to return the seal to Bao. Bao rewarded him with five thousand taels of gold and thirty-one fertile villages besides. Kai reckoned Bao weak and tractable, decided that large immediate gains were worth more than haste, and agreed. Kai also asked to raise Wei Zhang's son Ying and sent him to move freely in and out of Bao's household. Bao's wife, Lady Huang, was the daughter of Huang Chao, native official of Siming Prefecture. She betrayed Bao and took Ying as her lover. Ying then won over the prefectural officers and repeatedly sent men to Xiangwu Prefecture to court alliance and ask for armed support. Bao grew daily more brutal and overbearing. He punished a shrewd man named Wang Liang by appointing him gatekeeper. Learning that Liang hated Bao, Kai goaded him into serving as an inside agent, and Liang agreed. Kai came by night with a thousand men to the gate of Bao's quarters and called to Liang. Liang opened the gate, let the troops in, seized Bao in his bedchamber, and cut off his head, then spread word that ordinary bandits were to blame. Ying then seized the prefecture with a thousand troops and enlisted Huang Chao's support.

都御史蔡經屬副使翁萬達謀之。萬達謂楷狙詐，未可速圖。韋應巽懦寡慮，可旦夕擒，斷其中堅，然後可次第獲，督撫善之。萬達行部至太平，使人以他事召朝，諭之計，論應當死，言楷才勇，正須藉為龍州當一面耳。時諸言楷事者，故不為理，州人大嘩。萬達愈厚楷，楷信之，遂統精兵千人詣萬達言狀，並以三十一村地獻。萬達召楷及州目鄧瑀等入見，伏壯士劫之，曰：「汝罪大，宜自為計。誠死，尚可為爾子留一官。」楷自分無生理，乃手書諭其黨曰：「業已如此，亂無益也，可善輔我子以存趙。」萬達即杖楷，斃之，以楷書諭其州人。時楷子匡時，生四年矣，立之，一州悉定。乃以十三村還龍州，十八村隸崇善縣，於是龍州趙氏仍得襲。

Censor-in-chief Cai Jing put Vice Commissioner Weng Wanda in charge of the response. Weng Wanda judged Kai too cunning to be taken down quickly. Wei Ying Sun, he argued, was timid and shortsighted and could be seized within days. Remove the hard core first, and the rest would fall in sequence. The governor-general and grand coordinator agreed. On circuit in Taiping, Weng Wanda summoned Huang Chao on a pretext, laid out the plan, told him Ying deserved death, and said Kai's talent and fighting spirit were exactly what Longzhou needed on its frontier. Meanwhile every petition about Kai's crimes was deliberately ignored, and the people of Longzhou erupted in protest. Weng Wanda treated Kai with even greater favor. Trusting him, Kai led a thousand picked troops to report in person and offered up thirty-one villages. Weng Wanda summoned Kai and prefectural officer Deng Yu and the others to an audience, where hidden strongmen seized them and said, "Your crimes are grave. You had better decide your own fate. If you accept death, your son may still be left with an official post." Kai saw no way to survive and wrote in his own hand to his followers: "Things have come to this pass; further rebellion will do no good. Support my son faithfully and preserve the Zhao line." Weng Wanda then had Kai beaten to death with rods and circulated Kai's letter among the people of Longzhou. Kai's son Kuangshi was then only four years old. Once he was installed, the whole prefecture quieted. Thirteen villages were returned to Longzhou and eighteen were annexed to Chongshan County, and the Zhao line of Longzhou was once again established in hereditary succession.

歸順州，舊為峒，隸鎮安府。永樂間，鎮安知府岑誌綱分其第二子岑永綱領峒事，傳子瑛，屢率兵報效。弘治九年，總督鄧廷瓚言：「鎮安府之歸順峒，舊為州治，洪武初裁革。今其峒主岑瑛每效勞於官，乞設州治，授以土官知州。凡出兵令備土兵五千，仍歲領土兵二千赴梧州聽調。」詔從之，增設流官吏目一員。瑛死，子璋襲。復從璋奏，以本州改隸布政司。

Guishun Prefecture had originally been a dong subordinate to Zhen'an Prefecture. During the Yongle reign, Zhen'an Prefect Cen Zhigang put his second son Cen Yonggang in charge of the dong. The line passed to Yonggang's son Ying, who repeatedly led troops in the dynasty's service. In Hongzhi 9, Governor-General Deng Tingzan memorialized: "The Guishun dong of Zhen'an Prefecture was once a prefectural seat, abolished at the start of Hongwu. Its chief, Cen Ying, has repeatedly served the court well. I ask that the prefecture be restored and that he be appointed native prefect. Whenever troops are called out, he should keep five thousand native soldiers ready for duty, and each year send two thousand native soldiers to Wuzhou to await orders." The throne approved and added one regular official assistant to the prefecture. After Ying's death, his son Zhang inherited the post. On Zhang's further petition, the prefecture was placed directly under the Provincial Administration Commission.

璋多智略。田州岑猛以不法獲譴，都御史姚鏌將舉兵討之。璋，猛婦翁也。鏌慮璋黨猛，召都指揮沈希儀謀。希儀雅知璋女失寵，恨猛，又知部下千戶趙臣雅善璋。希儀因使趙臣語璋圖猛，璋受命。時猛子邦彥守工堯隘，璋詐遣兵千人助邦彥，言：「天兵至，以姻黨故，且與爾同禍。今發精兵來，幸努力堅守。」邦彥欣納之。璋遣人報希儀曰：「謹以千人內應矣。」時田州兵殊死拒戰，諸將莫利當隘者，希儀獨引兵當之。約戰三合，歸順兵大呼曰：「敗矣！」田州兵驚潰，希儀麾兵乘之，斬首數千級，邦彥死焉。猛聞敗，欲自經。而璋先已築別館，使人請猛。時猛倉皇不知所出，遂挈印從璋，使走歸順。璋詭為猛草奏，促猛出印實封之。璋既知猛印所在，乃鴆殺猛，斬其首，並府印函之，間道馳軍門。為讒言所阻，竟不論功。

Zhang was a man of considerable strategic talent. Cen Meng of Tianzhou had been censured for misconduct, and Censor-in-chief Yao Mo was preparing to march against him. Zhang was Meng's father-in-law. Yao Mo feared Zhang would take Meng's side and summoned Commander Shen Xiyi to consult. Shen Xiyi knew that Zhang's daughter had fallen out of favor and resented Meng, and that his chiliarch Zhao Chen was on close terms with Zhang. Shen Xiyi therefore sent Zhao Chen to propose a plot against Meng, and Zhang agreed. Meng's son Bangyan was then holding Gongyao Pass. Zhang sent a thousand men under false pretenses to reinforce him, saying, "The imperial army is coming. Because of our kinship by marriage, we shall share the same fate. I have sent elite troops to you now. Hold the pass with all your strength." Bangyan accepted them gladly. Zhang then sent word to Shen Xiyi: "As arranged, one thousand men are now inside as collaborators. By then the Tianzhou soldiers were fighting with desperate fury. No other general would take the narrow pass, but Xi Yi marched forward alone to meet them. After about three clashes, the Guishun soldiers suddenly roared, "We're beaten! The Tianzhou ranks broke in panic. Xi Yi drove his men in pursuit, taking several thousand heads; Bangyan fell in the fighting. When Meng learned of the rout, he tried to take his own life. Zhang, however, had already prepared a separate residence and sent men to fetch Meng. Meng, bewildered and with nowhere to turn, clutched his seal and went with Zhang, who hurried him off to Guishun. Zhang secretly drafted a memorial in Meng's name and pressed him to bring out his seal and have it affixed and sealed for sending. When Zhang had learned where the seal was kept, he poisoned Meng, severed his head, packed it with the prefectural seal, and galloped by a hidden route to headquarters. Slander blocked his reward, and in the end his deeds went unrecognized.

璋死，次子瓛襲。嘉靖四年，提督盛應期以瓛先助猛逆攻泗城，許自新，出兵討賊自贖。從之。十四年，四州盧蘇叛，糾瓛攻鎮安府。瓛破鎮安，並發岑真寶父母墳墓。事聞，革冠帶，許立功贖。瓛後從征交阯，卒於軍。子代襲，萬歷間以貢馬違限，給半賞。

After Zhang's death, his second son Huan inherited the post. In Jiajing 4, Grand Coordinator Sheng Yingqi noted that Huan had once aided the rebel Meng against Sicheng. He allowed him to make amends and sent him out to fight bandits in expiation. The court agreed. In the fourteenth year Lu Su of the Four Prefectures rose in revolt and drew Huan into an assault on Zhen'an Prefecture. Huan overran Zhen'an and even opened the tombs of Cen Zhenbao's parents. Once word reached the court, his cap and belt were stripped, though he was told he might win them back by distinguished service. Huan later marched on the Jiaozhi campaign and died in the field. His son Dai succeeded him. In the Wanli era he brought tribute horses late and received only half the customary reward.

向武州，宋置，隸橫山寨。元隸田州路。其界東北抵田州，西抵鎮安，南抵鎮遠。洪武二年七月，土官黃世鐵遣使貢馬及方物。詔以世鐵為向武州知州，許世襲。二十一年，廣西布政司言向武州叛蠻梗化。時都督楊文佩征南將軍印，討龍州、奉議等處，復奉命移師向武。文調右副將軍韓觀分兵進討都康、向武、富勞諸州縣，斬世鐵。以兵部尚書唐鐸言，置向武州守禦千戶所。

Xiangwu Prefecture was founded in Song times and answered to Hengshan Stockade. Under the Yuan it fell under Tianzhou Circuit. Its frontiers met Tianzhou to the northeast, Zhen'an to the west, and Zhenyuan to the south. In the seventh month of Hongwu 2, the native official Huang Shitie sent tribute horses and regional goods. The throne named Shitie magistrate of Xiangwu Prefecture and allowed the office to pass in his line. In the twenty-first year the Guangxi administration reported that rebel tribes in Xiangwu were resisting civilization. Grand Commander Yang Wen, who held the seal of the Pacifying-South General, was then campaigning in Longzhou, Fengyi, and elsewhere when he was ordered to turn his army toward Xiangwu. Yang Wen sent Right Vice General Han Guan with divided forces against Dukang, Xiangwu, Fulao, and other districts; Shitie was executed. At Minister of War Tang Duo's urging, a thousand-household guard and defense post was set up at Xiangwu Prefecture.

永樂二年，土官知州黃彧遣頭目羅以得貢馬，賜鈔幣。宣德四年，故土官知州黃謙昌子宗蔭貢馬，賜鈔。嘉靖四年，田州岑猛叛，向武土官以兵助猛。提督盛應期議大征，檄向武出兵討賊，以功贖罪。十六年，田州盧蘇叛，鎮安土官岑真寶以兵納岑邦佐，蘇求助於向武。時土官黃仲金怨真寶，遂與合兵，破鎮安。事聞，革仲金冠帶。二十七年，以仲金聽調有勞，詔許承襲原職，免赴京。四十二年，又以剿平瑤寇功，加仲金四品服。

In Yongle 2 the native magistrate Huang Yu sent the headman Luo Yide with tribute horses and received paper money in return. In Xuande 4, Zongyin, son of the former native magistrate Huang Qianchang, brought tribute horses and was given paper money. In Jiajing 4, when Cen Meng of Tianzhou revolted, the Xiangwu chieftain marched to his aid. Grand Coordinator Sheng Yingqi prepared a full expedition and commanded Xiangwu to join the hunt for rebels, offering remission of guilt for deeds done. In the sixteenth year Lu Su of Tianzhou rose up. The Zhen'an chieftain Cen Zhenbao received Cen Bangzuo with an armed escort, and Su turned to Xiangwu for help. The Xiangwu chieftain Huang Zhongjin, who resented Zhenbao, joined Su and together they took Zhen'an. When the affair was reported, Zhongjin lost his cap and belt of office. In the twenty-seventh year, for dutiful service when summoned, the throne restored Zhongjin to hereditary office and excused him the journey to court. In the forty-second year he was rewarded with fourth-rank robes for crushing Yao raiders.

向武領縣一，曰富勞，元置。洪武間，為蠻僚所據。建文時復置，仍隸向武州。永樂初，省武林入焉。土官亦黃氏世襲。

Xiangwu governed a single county, Fulao, which dated to Yuan times. In the Hongwu era it had been seized by Man and Liao tribes. It was restored under Jianwen and again placed under Xiangwu Prefecture. Early in Yongle, Wulin was abolished and absorbed into Fulao. Its native magistrates too passed in the Huang line.

奉議州，宋置。初屬靜江軍，後屬廣西經略安撫司。元屬廣西兩江道宣慰司。洪武初，土官黃誌威舊為田州府總管，來歸附。二年詔授其子世鐵為向武州知州，世襲。三年，誌威入朝貢。六年招撫奉議等州百十七處人民，皆款服。帝嘉誌威功，命以安州、侯州、陽縣屬之。七年以誌威為奉議州知州兼守禦，直隸廣西行省。二十六年，奉議州知州黃嗣隆遣人貢馬及方物，賜以鈔錠。

Fengyi Prefecture was founded in Song times. It first answered to Jingjiang Army, then to the Guangxi Pacification Commission. Under the Yuan it fell under the Guangxi Two Rivers Pacification Commission. Early in Hongwu the native leader Huang Zhiwei, once general administrator of Tianzhou Prefecture, came over to the Ming. In the second year the throne named his son Shitie magistrate of Xiangwu Prefecture, to be held in succession. In the third year Zhiwei attended court with tribute. In the sixth year he won over the people of Fengyi and 117 other districts, all of whom came in willingly. The emperor commended Zhiwei's work and placed Anzhou, Houzhou, and Yang County under his authority. In the seventh year Zhiwei became magistrate of Fengyi Prefecture and garrison commander at once, answering directly to the Guangxi provincial administration. In the twenty-sixth year Fengyi magistrate Huang Silong sent horses and regional goods and received ingots of paper money.

二十八年，廣西布政司言，奉議、南丹等處蠻人梗化。時都督楊文討龍州，伏罪，帝命移兵奉議剿賊，遣使諭文等：「近聞奉議、兩江溪峒等處，林木陰翳，蛇虺遺毒草莽中，雨過，流毒溪澗，飲之令人死。師入其地，行營駐劄，勿飲山溪水泉，恐余毒傷人。宜鑿井以飲，爾等其慎察之。」文發廣西都司及護衛官軍二萬人，調田州、泗城等土兵三萬八千九百人從征。師至奉議州，蠻寇聞官軍至，悉竄入山林，據險自固。文督諸將分兵捕之，復調參將劉真等領兵分道攻南丹叛寇。初，文等駐師奉議州之東南，分兵追捕賊黨，且遣人招降其脅從者。賊皆焚廬舍，走山谷，憑險阻立柵自固。文督將士屢攻破之，賊眾潰散。左副將軍韓觀等遂分兵追討都康、向武、富勞、上林諸州縣，破其更吾、蓮花、大藤峽等寨，斬向武土官黃世鐵並其黨萬八千三百余人，招降蠻民復業者六百四十八戶，徙置象州武山縣，蠻寇遂平。時兵部尚書致仕唐鐸參議軍事，以朝廷嘗命征剿畢日，置衛守之。乃會諸將相度形勢，置奉議等衛並向武、河池、懷集、武仙、賀縣等處守禦千戶所，設官軍鎮守。詔從其言。

In the twenty-eighth year Guangxi officials reported that tribes in Fengyi, Nandan, and neighboring districts were blocking assimilation. Grand Commander Yang Wen was then finishing operations at Longzhou. When the foe had surrendered, the emperor ordered him onward to Fengyi to hunt rebels and sent word: "We have heard that in Fengyi, the Two Rivers gorges, and the like the woods run dark and close. Serpents leave venom in the undergrowth; when rain washes it into the streams, a drink can kill a man. When your columns enter and make camp, do not drink from hill streams or springs, for the residue may still poison your men. Dig wells for your water instead. Take care to heed this. Yang Wen then raised twenty thousand men from the Guangxi regional command and its guards, and called up thirty-eight thousand nine hundred native troops from Tianzhou, Sicheng, and elsewhere. At Fengyi the tribes heard the imperial army was coming and scattered into the woods, fortifying the heights. Yang Wen set his generals to divided pursuit and sent Brigadier Liu Zhen and others on separate columns against the Nandan rebels. At first Yang's force camped southeast of Fengyi, sent out parties to run down rebel bands, and dispatched envoys to coax the coerced back to allegiance. The rebels burned their houses, took to the ravines, and raised palisades on the cliffs. Yang Wen drove his men again and again through their lines until the rebel host broke apart. Left Vice General Han Guan and others then fanned out against Dukang, Xiangwu, Fulao, Shanglin, and neighboring districts, storming Gengwu, Lianhua, Dateng Gorge, and other forts. They cut down the Xiangwu chieftain Huang Shitie and more than eighteen thousand three hundred of his men, brought six hundred forty-eight barbarian households back to settled life, and moved them to Wushan County in Xiang Prefecture. The frontier trouble was stilled. Tang Duo, the retired Minister of War then advising on the campaign, recalled the court's earlier order to garrison the region once pacification was complete. He and the commanders surveyed the ground and established guards at Fengyi and elsewhere, with thousand-household defense posts at Xiangwu, Hechi, Huaiji, Wuxian, Hexian, and the like, manned by regular garrisons. The throne approved the plan.

宣德二年，署州事土官黃宗蔭遣頭目貢馬。正統五年，宗蔭科斂劫殺，甚且欲戕其母。母避之，殺母侍者以泄怒，為母所告。僉事鄧義奏其事，帝敕總兵官柳溥及三司按驗以聞。嘉靖四年，田州岑猛叛，奉議土官嘗助猛攻泗城州。至是提督盛應期言，許其自新，令出兵討賊，以功贖罪。後土官知州死，皆以土判官掌州事。論者以奉議彈丸地，三面交迫田州，獨南界鎮安，其勢甚蹙。明初置衛，銓官如宋、元故事，蓋欲中斷田、鎮，以伐其謀雲。

In Xuande 2 the acting native magistrate Huang Zongyin sent a headman with tribute horses. In Zhengtong 5 Zongyin extorted, plundered, and killed, and at one point tried to kill his own mother. She fled; he slaughtered her attendants in fury, and she brought charges against him. Investigating censor Deng Yi reported the case. The emperor told Regional Commander Liu Pu and the three commissions to examine it and reply. In Jiajing 4, when Cen Meng of Tianzhou revolted, the Fengyi chieftain had helped him strike Sicheng Prefecture. Grand Coordinator Sheng Yingqi now urged clemency: let him turn out against the rebels and earn pardon by service. Afterward, whenever the native magistrate died, a native deputy handled the prefecture. Observers noted that Fengyi was scarcely larger than a pellet, hemmed on three sides by Tianzhou and open to Zhen'an only in the south—a desperately tight position. The early Ming garrisons, with appointments following Song and Yuan practice, were plainly meant to wedge between Tianzhou and Zhen'an and break their schemes.

江州界，東抵忠州，西抵龍州，南抵思明，北抵太平府。其州宋置，隸古萬寨。元屬思明路。明初，土官黃威慶歸附。授世襲知州，設流官吏目以佐之，直隸布政司。嘉靖四十二年，以平瑤、僮功，準江州土官子黃恩暫署本職。領縣一，曰羅白。洪武初，土官梁敬賓歸附，授世襲知縣。敬賓死，子復昌襲。永樂間，從征交阯被陷，子福裏襲。

Jiangzhou's frontiers ran east to Zhongzhou, west to Longzhou, south to Siming, and north to Taiping Prefecture. The prefecture was founded in Song times and answered to Guwan Stockade. Under the Yuan it fell under Siming Circuit. Early in the dynasty the native leader Huang Weiqing came over. He received a hereditary magistracy, a regular clerk was named to assist him, and the post reported directly to the provincial administration. In Jiajing 42, for quelling Yao and Zhuang raiders, the Jiangzhou chieftain's son Huang En was allowed to act in his father's place. It governed one county, Luobai. Early in Hongwu the native leader Liang Jingbin submitted and was made hereditary magistrate. After Jingbin's death his son Fuchang inherited the post. In Yongle he marched on Jiaozhi, was taken captive, and his son Fuli succeeded him.

思陵州，宋置，屬永平寨。元屬思明路。洪武初，省入思明府。二十一年復置思陵州。二十七年，土官韋延壽貢馬及方物。宣德四年，護印土官韋昌來朝，貢馬，賜鈔幣。正統間，貢賜如制。其界東至忠州，西北至思明，南至交阯。

Silang Prefecture was founded in Song times and belonged to Yongping Stockade. Under the Yuan it fell under Siming Circuit. Early in Hongwu it was abolished and absorbed into Siming Prefecture. In the twenty-first year Silang Prefecture was restored. In the twenty-seventh year the native official Wei Yanshou sent horses and regional goods. In Xuande 4 Wei Chang, the seal-keeping native official, attended court with tribute horses and received paper money. Through the Zhengtong era tribute and gifts followed the usual rules. Its bounds reached east to Zhongzhou, northwest to Siming, and south to Jiaozhi.

六年，儋州宜倫縣民陳昆六等作亂，攻陷州城。廣東指揮使司奏言：「近儋州山賊亂，已調兵剿。其儋、萬二州，山深地曠，宜設兵衛鎮之。」詔置儋、萬二州守禦千戶所。七年，儋州黎人符均勝等作亂，海南衛指揮張仁率兵討平之。又海南羅屯等洞黎人作亂，千戶周旺等討平之。澄邁縣賊王官舍亂，典史彭禎領民兵捕斬之。十五年，萬、崖二州民陳鼎叔等作亂，陷陵水縣，為海南衛官軍擊敗，追至藤橋，斬鼎叔等三百余人，余黨悉平。十七年，儋州宜倫縣黎民唐那虎等亂，海南衛指揮張信發兵討之。那虎及其黨鄭銀等敗遁，信追擒之，送京師。知州魏世吉受賄，縱銀去。帝謂兵部曰：「知州不能捕賊，及官軍捕至而反縱之乎？」命遣力士即其州杖世吉，責捕所縱者。

In the sixth year Chen Kunliu and others of Yilun County in Danzhou rebelled and took the prefectural seat. The Guangdong regional command reported: "Bandits have lately risen in Danzhou's hills, and troops are already in the field against them. Danzhou and Wanzhou lie in deep hills over wide country; garrisons should be posted to hold them. The throne then ordered thousand-household guard posts at Danzhou and Wanzhou. In the seventh year the Danzhou Li under Fu Junsheng rebelled; Hainan Guard commander Zhang Ren marched out and put them down. Li raiders from Luotun and other caves in Hainan also rose up; thousand-household Zhou Wang and others defeated them. In Chengmai the outlaw Wang Guanshe raised trouble; clerk Peng Zhen led militiamen who ran him down and killed him. In the fifteenth year Chen Dingshu and others of Wanzhou and Yazhou rebelled, seized Lingshui County, were beaten by the Hainan Guard, chased to Tengqiao, and more than three hundred including Dingshu were slain; the rest were cleared away. In the seventeenth year the Yilun Li under Tang Nahu and others rose up, and Hainan Guard commander Zhang Xin sent troops against them. Na Hu and his followers, including Zheng Yin, were defeated and fled, but Zhang Xin pursued them, captured them, and sent them to the capital. Prefect Wei Shiji took bribes and released Zheng Yin. The emperor told the Ministry of War, "Can a prefect fail to catch bandits—and then, when the official army has captured them, release them instead? He ordered strongmen sent immediately to that prefecture to beat Wei Shiji with the rod and required him to recapture those he had set free.

永樂三年，廣東都司言：「瓊州所屬七縣八洞生黎八千五百人，崖州抱有等十八村一千余戶，俱已向化，惟羅活諸洞生黎尚未歸附。」帝命遣通判劉銘賫敕撫諭之。御史汪俊民言：「瓊州周圍皆海，中有大、小五指，黎母等山，皆生熟黎人所居。比歲軍民有逃入黎洞者，甚且引誘生黎，侵擾居民。朝廷屢使招諭，黎性頑狠，未見信從。又山水峻惡，風氣亦異，罹其瘴毒，鮮能全活。近訪宜倫縣熟黎峒首王賢祐、嘗奉命招諭黎民，歸化者多。請仍詔賢祐，量授以官，俾招諭未服，戒約諸峒，無納逋逃。其熟黎則令隨產納稅，悉免差徭；其生黎歸化者，免稅三年；峒首則量所招民數多寡授以職。如此庶幾黎人順服。」從之。遣知縣潘隆本賫敕撫諭。

In the third year of Yongle, the Guangdong provincial military command reported, "Among the seven counties and eight dong under Qiongzhou are eight thousand five hundred unacculturated Li; in Yazhou, Baoyou and seventeen other villages, more than a thousand households, have all already submitted to the dynasty—only the unacculturated Li of Luohuo and the other dong have not yet come over. The emperor ordered that Assistant Prefect Liu Ming be sent with an imperial edict to win them over and announce the court's will. Censor Wang Junmin said, "Qiongzhou is encircled by sea. Within it rise the Greater and Lesser Wuzhi Mountains, Limu Mountain, and others—all home to acculturated and unacculturated Li. In recent years soldiers and civilians have fled into Li territory, and some have even incited unacculturated Li to raid settled communities. The court has repeatedly sent envoys to summon and instruct them, but the Li are stubborn and fierce and have shown little willingness to heed the throne. Moreover, the mountains and waters are rugged and forbidding, the climate unlike that of the interior, and those who contract its miasmas rarely escape with their lives. It has lately been learned that Wang Xianyou, a dong chief of the acculturated Li in Yilun County, had once been commissioned to win over the Li and had brought many to submission. He asked that Wang Xianyou again be ordered by imperial decree, granted an office commensurate with his standing, and charged to win over those still unsubmissive, restrain the various dong, and refuse to shelter fugitives. Acculturated Li should pay tax according to their produce and be wholly exempt from corvée service; unacculturated Li who come over should be exempt from tax for three years; and dong chiefs should receive offices according to how many people they bring in. In this way the Li might more readily be brought to obedience. The request was granted. Magistrate Pan Longben was dispatched with an imperial edict to carry out the pacification.

四年，瓊州屬縣生黎峒首羅顯、許誌廣、陳忠等三十三人來朝。初以生黎多未向化，遣銘招撫。至是向化者萬余戶，顯等從銘來朝，且乞以銘撫其眾。帝遂授銘瓊州知府，專職撫黎，仍授顯等知縣、縣丞、巡檢等官，賜冠帶鈔幣，遣還。自是諸黎感悅，相繼來歸。瓊山、臨高諸縣生黎峒首王罰、鐘異、王琳等來朝，命為主簿、巡檢。六年，銘復率土黎峒首王賢祐、王惠、王存禮等來朝，貢馬。命賢祐為儋州同知，惠、存禮為萬寧縣主簿。八年，文昌縣斬腳寨黎首周振生等來歸，賜以鈔幣，俾仍往招諸峒。九年，臨高縣典史王寄扶奉命招至生黎二千余戶，而以峒首王乃等來朝。命寄扶為縣主簿，並賜王乃等鈔。十一年，瓊山縣東洋都民周孔洙招諭包黎等村黎人王觀巧等二百三十戶，願附籍為民。從之。臨高民黃茂奉命招撫深峒、那呆等二十四峒生黎，率黎首王聚、符喜等來朝貢馬，黎民來歸者戶四百有奇。通計前後所撫諸黎共千六百七十處，戶三萬有奇，蓋皆本廟算雲。

In the fourth year, thirty-three unacculturated Li dong chiefs from Qiongzhou's constituent counties—including Luo Xian, Xu Zhiguang, and Chen Zhong—came to court. Earlier, because many unacculturated Li had not yet submitted, Liu Ming had been sent to win them over. By then more than ten thousand households had come over. Luo Xian and the others accompanied Liu Ming to court and asked that he continue to oversee their people. The emperor then appointed Liu Ming prefect of Qiongzhou with sole responsibility for pacifying the Li, while granting Luo Xian and the others posts as magistrates, assistant magistrates, and route inspectors, bestowing official caps, sashes, paper money, and silks before sending them home. From then on the Li were heartened and came over one after another. Unacculturated Li dong chiefs from Qiongshan, Lingao, and other counties—including Wang Fa, Zhong Yi, and Wang Lin—came to court and were appointed registrars and route inspectors. In the sixth year Liu Ming again led native Li dong chiefs including Wang Xianyou, Wang Hui, and Wang Cunli to court to present horses as tribute. Wang Xianyou was appointed Assistant Prefect of Danzhou, and Wang Hui and Wang Cunli registrars of Wanning County. In the eighth year Zhou Zhensheng and other Li chiefs from Zhanjiao Stockade in Wenchang County came over; they were given paper money and silks and sent back to win over the remaining dong. In the ninth year the Lingao County clerk Wang Jifu, acting on orders, brought in more than two thousand households of unacculturated Li, while dong chief Wang Nai and others came to court. Wang Jifu was appointed county registrar, and Wang Nai and the others were given paper money. In the eleventh year Zhou Kongzhu, a commoner of Dongyang District in Qiongshan County, won over Wang Guanqiao and two hundred thirty households of Li from Baoli and other villages, who asked to be registered as ordinary subjects. The request was granted. Huang Mao of Lingao, commissioned to win over the unacculturated Li of twenty-four dong including Shen Dong and Nadai, led Li chiefs Wang Ju and Fu Xi to court with horses as tribute; the Li who came over numbered more than four hundred households. Counting all who had been pacified, the Li numbered one thousand six hundred and seventy settlements and more than thirty thousand households in all—as the court's reckoning had it.

十四年，王賢祐率生黎峒首王撒、黎佛金等來朝貢，帝嘉納之。命禮部曰：「黎人遠處海南，慕義來歸，若朝貢頻繁，非存撫意。自今生黎土官峒首俱三年一貢，著為令。」十六年，感恩土知縣樓吉祿率峒首貢馬。十九年，寧遠土縣丞邢京率峒首羅淋朝貢。時崖州民以私忿相戰鬥，衛將利漁所欲，發兵剿之。瓊州知州王伯貞執不可，曰：「彼自相仇殺耳，非有寇城邑殺良民之惡，不足煩官軍。」衛將不從，伯貞乃遣寧遠縣丞黃童按視。果仇殺，逮治數人，黎人遂安。

In the fourteenth year Wang Xianyou led unacculturated Li dong chiefs including Wang Sa and Li Fojin to court with tribute, which the emperor graciously accepted. He told the Ministry of Rites, "The Li live far off in Hainan and have come over out of admiration for the dynasty's virtue; if they are kept coming to court incessantly, that is not what cherishing and pacifying them means. Henceforth unacculturated Li native officials and dong chiefs shall present tribute only once every three years—this was established as a standing rule. In the sixteenth year Lou Jilu, the native magistrate of Ganan, led dong chiefs to court with horses as tribute. In the nineteenth year Xing Jing, the native assistant magistrate of Ningyuan, led dong chief Luo Lin to court with tribute. At that time the people of Yazhou were fighting among themselves over private feuds; guard officers saw profit in the chaos and sent troops to suppress them. Prefect Wang Bojian of Qiongzhou objected, saying, "They are simply feuding among themselves. They have not raided towns or slaughtered innocent subjects—there is no need to call out the official army. The guard officers refused to listen, so Bojian sent Huang Tong, the assistant magistrate of Ningyuan, to investigate. It proved to be a private feud; several men were arrested and punished, and the Li were pacified.

宣德元年，樂會土主簿王存禮等遣黎首黎寧及萬州黎民張初等來貢，帝謂尚書胡濙曰：「黎人居海島，不識禮儀，叛服不常，昔專設官撫綏，今來朝，當加賚之。」九月，澄邁縣黎王觀珠、瓊山縣黎王觀政等聚眾殺瓊山土知縣許誌廣，流劫鄉村，殺掠人畜，命廣東三司勘實討之。二年，指揮王瑀等追捕黎賊，兵至金雞嶺，賊率眾拒敵，敗之，生擒賊首王觀政及從賊二百六十二人，斬首二百六十七級，余眾潰，奔走入山，招撫復業黎八百一十二戶，以捷聞，械送觀政等至京。帝謂尚書蹇義曰：「蠻性雖難馴，然至為變，必有激。宜嚴戒撫黎諸官，寬以馭之，若生事激變，國有常刑。」

In the first year of Xuande, Wang Cunli, the native registrar of Lehui, and others sent the Li chief Li Ning and Zhang Chu, a Li commoner of Wanzhou, to present tribute. The emperor told Minister Hu Ying, "The Li live on islands at sea and know little of court ritual; their loyalty is uneven. Offices were once set up especially to pacify them—now that they have come to court, they should be rewarded more generously. In the ninth month Wang Guanzhu of Chengmai County and Wang Guanzheng of Qiongshan County, together with others, mustered a mob, killed Xu Zhiguang, the native magistrate of Qiongshan, and raided the countryside, killing people and seizing livestock and goods. The Guangdong provincial administration, judiciary, and military were ordered to verify the facts and suppress them. In the second year Commander Wang Yu and others pursued the Li bandits. When the troops reached Jinjiling the bandits massed to resist and were defeated. The bandit chief Wang Guanzheng and two hundred sixty-two followers were taken alive, two hundred sixty-seven heads were cut off, and the rest fled into the mountains. Eight hundred twelve households of Li were won back and restored to their livelihoods. When victory was reported, Wang Guanzheng and the others were sent to the capital in cangues. The emperor told Minister Jian Yi, "Savage peoples are hard to tame, but when they rise in revolt there is always some provocation. He ordered a strict warning to all officials charged with pacifying the Li to govern them with forbearance, adding that anyone who provoked trouble and stirred rebellion would face the state's fixed penalties."

正統九年，崖州守禦千戶陳政聞黎賊出沒，偕副千戶洪瑜領軍搜捕賊，乃圍熟黎村，黎首出見，政等輒殺之。又令軍旗孫得等十五人焚其廬舍，殺其妻孥數人，擄其財物。各黎激變，政及官軍百人，皆為所殺。巡按御史趙忠以聞，坐瑜激變律斬。

In the ninth year of Zhengtong, Chen Zheng, commander of the Yazhou garrison defense battalion, heard that Li bandits were raiding back and forth. He and Vice Commander Hong Yu led troops to hunt them down but instead surrounded an acculturated Li village; when the Li chiefs came out to meet them, Chen and his men killed them on the spot. They also ordered the soldier Sun De and fifteen others to burn the villagers' houses, kill several of their wives and children, and carry off their property. The Li rose in fury. Chen Zheng and more than a hundred government troops were killed. Touring Censor Zhao Zhong reported the affair, and Hong Yu was executed under the statute for provoking rebellion.

景泰三年敕萬州判官王琥曰：「以爾祖父能招撫黎人，特授土官。爾能繼承父誌，亦既有年。茲特降敕付爾，撫諭該管村峒黎人，各安生業，不得仿效別峒生黎所為。其官軍亦不得擅入村峒，擾害激變。」

In the third year of Jingtai an edict addressed Wang Hu, the assistant magistrate of Wanzhou: "Because your grandfather and father were able to win over and pacify the Li, you were specially appointed a native official. You have carried on your father's work for some years now. This edict is now sent to you to pacify and instruct the Li of the villages and dong under your charge, that each may live in peace and not imitate the conduct of unacculturated Li in other dong. Official troops likewise must not enter villages and dong without authorization to harass and harm the people and provoke rebellion."

天順五年敕兩廣巡撫葉盛，以海南賊五百余占據城池，可馳至瓊，相機撫捕，勿使滋蔓。

In the fifth year of Tianshun an edict to the Liang-Guang grand coordinator Ye Sheng noted that more than five hundred Hainan bandits had seized towns and ordered him to hurry to Qiong, pacify and capture them as circumstances allowed, and keep the trouble from spreading.

弘治二年，崖州故土官陳迪孫、冠帶舍人陳崇祐朝貢。以其能撫黎人之逋逃復業者，厚賜之。十五年，黎賊符南蛇反，鎮兵討之，不下。戶部主事馮颙奏：「府治在大海南。有五指山峒，黎人雜居。外有三州、十縣、一衛、十一所。永樂間，置土官州縣以統之，黎民安堵如故。成化間，黎人作亂，三度征討。將領貪功，殺戮無辜。迨弘治間，知府張桓、余浚貪殘苛斂，大失黎心，釀成今日南蛇之禍。臣本土人，頗知事勢，乞仍考原設應襲土官子舍，使各集土兵，可得數萬，聽鎮巡官節制。有能擒首惡符南蛇者，復其祖職。以蠻攻蠻，不數月可奏績矣。」詔從之。

In the second year of Hongzhi Chen Disun, the former native official of Yazhou, and Chen Chongyou, a girdled attendant, came to court with tribute. Because they had been able to bring fugitive Li back to settled life, they were richly rewarded. In the fifteenth year the Li bandit Fu Nanshe rebelled. Garrison troops campaigned against him but could not bring him down. Feng Yong, a principal clerk in the Ministry of Revenue, memorialized, "The prefectural seat lies beyond the great sea to the south. In the Wuzhi Mountain dong the Li live intermixed. Beyond them lie three prefectures, ten counties, one guard, and eleven battalions. During the Yongle reign native-official prefectures and counties were set up to govern them, and the Li lived in peace as before. In the Chenghua reign the Li rebelled and punitive expeditions were sent three times. The generals, greedy for merit, slaughtered the innocent. By the Hongzhi reign Prefects Zhang Huan and Yu Jun had grown greedy, cruel, and harsh in their exactions, alienating the Li and brewing the disaster of Fu Nanshe. I am a native of the region and know the situation fairly well. I ask that the heirs originally designated to succeed the native offices be reviewed and each allowed to gather native troops—tens of thousands could be raised—to serve under the frontier pacification officials. Whoever captures the ringleader Fu Nanshe should have his ancestral office restored. Set barbarian against barbarian, and success can be reported within a few months. An edict approved the proposal.

嘉靖十九年，總督蔡經以崖、萬二州黎岐叛亂，攻逼城邑，請設參將一員，駐劄瓊州分守。二十八年，崖州賊首那燕等聚眾四千人為亂，詔發兩廣官軍九千剿之。給事鄭廷鵠言：

In the nineteenth year of Jiajing Grand Coordinator Cai Jing, citing rebellion among the Li and Qi of Yazhou and Wanzhou that was pressing upon towns and cities, asked that a vice general be appointed and stationed with the Qiongzhou frontier defense command. In the twenty-eighth year the Yazhou bandit chief Na Yan and others raised a force of four thousand men. An edict ordered nine thousand Liang-Guang government troops sent to suppress them. Supervising Secretary Zheng Tinghe said:

瓊州諸黎盤居山峒，而州縣反環其外。其地彼高而我下，其土彼膏腴而我鹹鹵，其勢彼聚而我散。故自開郡來千六百余年，無歲不遭黎害，然無如今日甚矣。今日黎患，非九千兵可辦，必添調狼土官兵，兼召募打手，集數萬眾，一鼓而四面攻之，然後可克。

The Li of Qiongzhou hold the mountain dong, while the prefectures and counties ring them on the outside. Their ground stands above ours, their soil is fertile while ours is salty and poor, their strength is massed while ours is dispersed. Thus from the founding of the prefecture more than sixteen hundred years ago there has scarcely been a year without Li raids, yet none has been as grave as the present. Today's Li crisis cannot be settled with nine thousand men. Lang and Tu native troops must be added, mercenary fighters recruited, and tens of thousands gathered for a single assault from all four sides—only then can victory be won.

嘗考剿除黎患，其大舉有二。元至元辛卯，曾空其穴，勒石五指山。其時雖建屯田府，立定安、會同二縣，惜其經略未盡，故所得旋失。嘉靖庚子，又嘗大渡師徒，攻毀巢岡，無處不至。於是議者謂德霞地勢平衍，擬建城立邑，招新民耕守。業已舉行，中道而廢，旋為賊資，以至復有今日。謹條三事：

A review of major campaigns to suppress the Li shows two great efforts. In the xinmao year of the Yuan Zhiyuan era their strongholds were once cleared and a stele was carved on Wuzhi Mountain. Although a garrison-agriculture prefecture was then established and the counties of Ding'an and Huitong were created, the strategy was not carried through, and what had been gained was soon lost again. In the gengzi year of Jiajing another great expedition crossed the mountains, destroyed nest villages and ridges, and reached every quarter. Deliberators then proposed that the terrain at Dexia was level and open, suitable for building a walled settlement and settling new subjects to farm and garrison it. Work had already begun but was abandoned halfway; the site soon became a bandit base, which led to the present crisis. I respectfully submit three proposals:

一，崖黎三面郡縣，惟東面連郎溫、嶺腳二峒岐賊，實當萬州陵水之沖。崖賊被攻，必借二峒東訌以分我兵勢。計須先分奇兵攻二峒，而以大兵徑搗崖賊。彼此自救不暇，莫能相顧，則殲滅可期。傳聞賊首那燕已入凡陽構集岐賊。此必多方誤我，且訛言搖惑，以堅諸部助逆之心。宜開示慰安，以解狐疑之黨。

First: the Li of Yazhou are bounded on three sides by prefectures and counties, but on the east they link with the Qi bandits of the Langwen and Lingjiao dong, directly threatening Wanzhou and Lingshui. When the Yazhou bandits come under attack, they will surely stir trouble in those two dong to the east and divide our forces. We should first detach a flanking force to strike the two dong while the main army drives straight at the Yazhou bandits. With each side too busy saving itself to aid the other, their destruction can be expected. Rumor has it that the bandit chief Na Yan has already entered Fanyang to rally the Qi bandits. This is surely a ruse meant to mislead us on several fronts and spread false reports to stiffen the resolve of rebel allies. We should openly reassure and comfort them to break up wavering factions.

一，隋、唐郡縣，輿圖可考，今多陷入黎中。蕩平後悉宜恢復，並以德霞、千家、羅活等膏腴之地盡還州縣，設立屯田，且耕且守。仍由羅活、磨斬開路，以達定安，由德霞沿溪水以達昌化。道路四達，井邑相望，非徒懾奸銷萌，而王路益開拓矣。

Second: the prefectures and counties of Sui and Tang times can still be traced on old maps, yet most have now fallen into Li hands. After the region is pacified they should all be restored, and fertile lands such as Dexia, Qianjia, and Luohuo returned fully to prefectural and county control, with garrison-agriculture colonies established to farm and defend at once. Roads should also be opened from Luohuo and Mozhan to reach Ding'an, and from Dexia along the streams to reach Changhua. With roads running in every direction and settlements facing one another, we would not only deter wrongdoers at the root but further extend the reach of imperial authority.

一，軍威既振，宜建參將府於德霞，各州縣許以便宜行事，以鎮安人心。其新附之民中有異志者，或遷之海北地方屯田，或編入附近衛所戎籍，如漢徙潳山蠻故事。又擇仁明慈惠之長，久任而安輯之，則瓊人受萬世利矣。

Third: once military prestige has been restored, a vice-general headquarters should be established at Dexia, and the prefectures and counties allowed discretionary authority to steady popular sentiment. Among the newly submitted, those with rebellious inclinations should either be relocated to garrison-agriculture settlements in Haibei or enrolled in the military registers of nearby guards, following the Han precedent of relocating the Tushan Man. Benevolent and capable officials should also be chosen and kept in office long enough to settle the region—then the people of Qiong will enjoy lasting benefit.

疏下兵部議，詔悉允行。

The memorial was referred to the Ministry of War for deliberation, and an edict approved it in full.

二十九年，總兵官陳圭、總督歐陽必進等督兵進剿，斬賊五千三百八十級，俘一千四十九人，奪牛羊器械倍之，招撫三百七十六人。捷聞，帝嘉其功，賜圭、必進祿米蔭襲有差。

In the twenty-ninth year Regional Commander Chen Gui, Grand Coordinator Ouyang Bijin, and others led a punitive campaign, cutting five thousand three hundred and eighty bandit heads, capturing one thousand forty-nine men, seizing twice as many cattle, sheep, and weapons, and winning over three hundred seventy-six people. When victory was reported, the emperor praised their achievement and granted Chen Gui and Ouyang Bijin graded privileges of salary rice and hereditary enfeoffment.

萬歷十四年，長田峒黎出掠，兵備道遣兵執戮之。草子坡諸黎召眾來報復，戰於長沙營，斬黎首百余級，於是黃村、田尾諸峒黎皆出降。

In the fourteenth year of Wanli the Li of Changtian Dong went out raiding, and the military defense circuit sent troops to capture and execute them. The Li of Caozipo mustered a force to retaliate. At Changsha Camp more than a hundred Li chiefs were beheaded, and thereafter the Li of Huangcun, Tianwei, and the other dong all surrendered.

瓊州黎人，居五指山中者為生黎，不與州人交。其外為熟黎，雜耕州地。原姓黎，後多姓王及符。熟黎之產，半為湖廣、福建奸民亡命，及南、恩、藤、梧、高、化之征夫，利其土，占居之，各稱酋首。成化間，副使塗棐設計犁掃，漸就編差。弘治間，符南蛇之亂，連郡震驚，其小醜侵突，無時而息雲。

Among the Li of Qiongzhou, those who live in Wuzhi Mountain are unacculturated Li and have no dealings with the prefecture's settled population. Outside them are the acculturated Li, who farm intermixed on prefectural lands. They were originally surnamed Li, but later mostly took the surnames Wang and Fu. Half the holdings of the acculturated Li were seized by fugitives and desperadoes from Huguang and Fujian and by conscript laborers from Nan, En, Teng, Wu, Gao, and Hua, who coveted the land, settled on it, and styled themselves chieftains. In the Chenghua reign Vice Commissioner Tu Fei devised a scheme of registration and clearance that gradually brought them under corvée rolls. In the Hongzhi reign Fu Nanshe's rebellion shook the whole prefecture, and lesser bandits raided without cease.

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