1
占城居南海中，自瓊州航海順風一晝夜可至，自福州西南行十晝夜可至，即周越裳地。 秦為林邑，漢為象林縣。 後漢末，區連據其地，始稱林邑王。 自晉至隋仍之。 唐時，或稱占不勞，或稱占婆，其王所居曰占城。 至德後，改國號曰環。 迄周、宋，遂以占城為號，朝貢不替。 元世祖惡其阻命，大舉兵擊破之，亦不能定。
Champa stands in the southern seas. A fair wind from Qiongzhou brings you there in a day and night; from Fuzhou, ten days and nights sailing southwest will do the same. This was the Zhou domain of Yuechang. In Qin times it was Linyi; in Han times, Xianglin County. At the end of the Later Han, Qu Lian seized the region and first took the title King of Linyi. From the Jin through the Sui dynasties the arrangement continued unchanged. During the Tang it was called either Zhanbula or Zhanpo; the king's seat was known as Champa. After the Zhide era the state adopted the name Huan. Through the Zhou and Song periods the name Champa prevailed, and tribute to the court never lapsed. The Yuan founder Shizu despised their resistance to imperial command and sent a major expedition to crush them, but still could not bring them under control.
2
洪武二年，太祖遣官以即位詔諭其國。 其王阿荅阿者先已遣使奉表來朝，貢象虎方物。 帝喜，即遣官齎璽書、《大統歷》、文綺、紗羅，偕其使者往賜，其王復遣使來貢。 自後或比歲貢，或間歲，或一歲再貢。 未幾，命中書省管勾甘桓、會同館副使路景賢齎詔，封阿荅阿者為占城國王，賜彩幣四十、《大統歷》三千。 三年遣使往祀其山川，尋頒科舉詔於其國。
In Hongwu year 2, the Hongwu Emperor sent officials to convey his enthronement edict to Champa. King Archar had already sent envoys with a memorial to court, offering elephants, tigers, and regional tribute goods. The Emperor was pleased and at once sent officials with a sealed edict, the Datong Calendar, patterned silks, and gauze, returning with their envoys to confer these gifts; the king sent tribute again in turn. After that they sometimes sent tribute annually, sometimes in alternate years, and sometimes twice in a single year. Soon afterward he ordered Gan Huan of the Secretariat and Deputy Commissioner Lu Jingxian of the Bureau of Ceremonial Reception to carry an edict enfeoffing Archar as King of Champa, with forty lengths of colored silks and three thousand Datong Calendars as gifts. In year 3 envoys were sent to offer sacrifice to their mountains and rivers, and shortly afterward the civil examination edict was promulgated in their country.
3
初，安南與占城構兵，天子遣使諭解，而安南復相侵。 四年，其王奉金葉表來朝，長尺餘，廣五寸，刻本國字。 館人譯之，其意曰：「大明皇帝登大寶位，撫有四海，如天地覆載，日月照臨。 阿荅阿者譬一草木爾，欽蒙遣使，以金印封為國王，感戴忻悅，倍萬恆情。 惟是安南用兵，侵擾疆域，殺掠吏民。 伏願皇帝垂慈，賜以兵器及樂器、樂人，俾安南知我占城乃聲教所被，輸貢之地，庶不敢欺陵。」 帝命禮部諭之曰：「占城、安南並事朝廷，同奉正朔，乃擅自構兵，毒害生靈，既失事君之禮，又乖交鄰之道。 已咨安南國王，令即日罷兵。 本國亦宜講信修睦，各保疆土。 所請兵器，於王何吝，但兩國互構而賜占城，是助爾相攻，甚非撫安之義。 樂器、樂人，語音殊異，難以遣發。 爾國有曉華言者，其選擇以來，當令肄習。」 因命福建省臣勿徵其稅，示懷柔之意。
Earlier Annam and Champa had gone to war; the emperor sent envoys to counsel peace, yet Annam invaded again. In year 4 the king came to court with a memorial inscribed on a gold leaf more than a foot long and five inches wide, carved in the Champa script. The reception-house interpreters rendered it as follows: "The Great Ming Emperor has taken the throne and cherishes the four seas, covering and sustaining all as heaven and earth do, illuminating all as the sun and moon do. Archar is no more than a blade of grass, yet in awe I received your envoys, who sealed me as king with a golden seal; my gratitude and joy exceed anything I have ever known. Yet Annam has taken up arms, raiding our borders and killing and plundering officials and commoners. I humbly beg Your Majesty's mercy: grant us weapons, musical instruments, and musicians, so that Annam may know Champa stands within the sway of your civilizing teaching and pays tribute to your court, and will not dare oppress us further." The Emperor ordered the Ministry of Rites to reply: "Champa and Annam alike serve the court and observe the same calendar, yet you have taken up arms on your own and harmed the people. You have failed in loyalty to your sovereign and broken the norms of neighborly relations. I have already instructed the king of Annam to halt his troops at once. Your country as well should keep faith and cultivate harmony, each guarding your own borders. As for the arms you request, the Emperor would not begrudge a king—but while both countries are at war, to arm Champa would be to help you strike at each other, which is hardly the way to bring peace. Musical instruments and musicians cannot readily be sent, for your languages differ greatly. If any in your country understand Chinese, choose them and send them here; we shall have them trained." He also ordered the Fujian authorities not to collect taxes from them, as a sign of conciliatory regard.
4
六年，貢使言：「海寇張汝厚、林福等自稱元帥，剽劫海上。 國主擊破之，賊魁溺死，獲其舟二十艘、蘇木七萬斤，謹奉獻。」 帝嘉之，命給賜加等。 冬，遣使獻安南之捷。 帝謂省臣曰：「去冬，安南言占城犯境； 今年，占城謂安南擾邊，未審曲直。 可遣人往諭，各罷兵息民，毋相侵擾。」 十年與安南王陳耑大戰，耑敗死。 十二年，貢使至都，中書不以時奏。 帝切責丞相胡惟庸、汪廣洋，二人遂獲罪。 遣官賜王《大統歷》及衣幣，令與安南修好罷兵。
In year 6 the tribute envoys reported: "Sea pirates Zhang Ruhou, Lin Fu, and others called themselves marshals and raided the coast. Our king defeated them; the ringleaders drowned, and we took twenty of their ships and seventy thousand jin of sappanwood, which we respectfully present to Your Majesty." The Emperor praised them and ordered enhanced gifts in return. That winter envoys were sent to report victory over Annam. The Emperor told the provincial officials: "Last winter Annam claimed Champa had violated its border; this year Champa says Annam has harassed its frontier. I have not yet determined which side is in the right. Send envoys to instruct both sides to halt their armies and give the people peace, and not to raid one another." In year 10 he fought a major battle with the Annamese king Chen Ri, who was defeated and killed. In year 12 tribute envoys reached the capital, but the Secretariat failed to report them promptly. The Emperor sharply rebuked Chancellors Hu Weiyong and Wang Guangyang, and both men were punished. Officials were sent to grant the king the Datong Calendar, robes, and silks, with orders to make peace with Annam and cease fighting.
5
十三年遣使賀萬壽節。 帝聞其與安南水戰不利，賜敕諭曰：「曩者安南兵出，敗於占城。 占城乘勝入安南，安南之辱已甚。 王能保境息民，則福可長享； 如必驅兵苦戰，勝負不可知，而鷸蚌相持，漁人得利，他日悔之，不亦晚乎？」 十六年貢象牙二百枝及方物。 遣官賜以勘合、文冊及織金文綺三十二、磁器萬九千。 十九年遣子寶部領詩那日忽來朝，賀萬壽節，獻象五十四，皇太子亦有獻。 帝嘉其誠，賜賚優渥，命中官送還。 明年復貢象五十一及伽南、犀角諸物，帝加宴賚。 還至廣東，覆命中官宴餞，給道里費。
In year 13 envoys were sent to congratulate the Emperor on his birthday. Learning that their naval war with Annam had gone badly, the Emperor sent an edict: "When Annam's armies marched out before, they were beaten by Champa. Champa pressed the victory and invaded Annam; Annam's humiliation was already grave enough. If you can hold your borders and give your people peace, your blessings may endure; but if you insist on driving your armies to bitter war, the outcome is uncertain, and while snipe and clam grapple the fisherman takes the prize—will you not regret it too late when that day comes?" In year 16 he sent tribute of two hundred ivory tusks and regional goods. Officials were sent with tally documents, credentials, thirty-two lengths of gold-woven patterned silk, and nineteen thousand pieces of porcelain. In year 19 he sent his son Baobuleng Shinariku to court for the birthday celebration, presenting fifty-four elephants; the crown prince made gifts as well. The Emperor praised his sincerity, gave him generous rewards, and ordered a palace eunuch to escort him home. The following year he sent fifty-one more elephants plus kyara, rhinoceros horn, and other goods; the Emperor added banquets and further gifts. On their return to Guangdong, the Emperor again ordered a palace eunuch to give them a farewell banquet and traveling expenses.
6
真臘貢象，占城王奪其四之一，其他失德事甚多。 帝聞之，怒。 二十一年夏，命行人董紹敕責之。 紹未至，而其貢使抵京。 尋復遣使謝罪，乃命宴賜如制。
When Chenla sent tribute elephants, the king of Champa seized a quarter of them, among many other acts of misconduct. When the Emperor heard of this, he was furious. In the summer of year 21 he ordered Commissioner Dong Shao to deliver an edict of rebuke. Before Shao arrived, Champa's tribute envoys reached the capital. They soon sent envoys again to apologize, and the Emperor ordered banquets and gifts according to protocol.
7
時阿荅阿者失道，大臣閣勝懷不軌謀，二十三年弒王自立。 明年遣太師奉表來貢，帝惡其悖逆，卻之。 三十年後，復連入貢。
By then Archar had lost his way; the senior minister Ghe Sheng plotted treason, and in year 23 he murdered the king and seized the throne. The next year he sent his grand preceptor with a memorial and tribute, but the Emperor despised his usurpation and refused them. After thirty years tribute missions resumed in succession.
8
成祖即位，詔諭其國。 永樂元年，其王占巴的賴奉金葉表朝貢，且告安南侵掠，請降敕戒諭。 帝可之，遣行人蔣賓興、王樞使其國，賜以絨、錦、織金文綺、紗羅。 明年，以安南王胡牴奏，詔戢兵，遣官諭占城王。 而王遣使奏：「安南不遵詔旨，以舟師來侵，朝貢人回，賜物悉遭奪掠。 又畀臣冠服、印章，俾為臣屬。 且已據臣沙離牙諸地，更侵掠未已，臣恐不能自存。 乞隸版圖，遣官往治。」 帝怒，敕責胡牴，而賜占城王鈔幣。
When the Yongle Emperor took the throne, he sent an edict to their country. In Yongle 1, King Jaya Simhavarman came to court with a gold-leaf memorial, reporting Annam's raids and asking that an edict be sent to restrain them. The Emperor agreed and sent Commissioners Jiang Binxing and Wang Shu to their country with gifts of velvet, brocade, gold-woven silk, and gauze. The next year, on a memorial from the Annamese king Hu Di, an edict ordered both sides to cease fighting, and officials were sent to instruct the king of Champa. But the king sent envoys reporting: "Annam has ignored the edict and sent a fleet to invade us; when our tribute envoys returned, everything Your Majesty had granted them was seized. They also gave me robes and a seal, treating me as their vassal. They have already seized my territories around Shalijia and continue to raid without end; I fear I cannot survive. I beg to be brought under the imperial domain and that officials be sent to govern us." The Emperor was enraged, sent an edict rebuking Hu Di, and rewarded the king of Champa with paper money and silks.
9
四年貢白象方物，復告安南之難。 帝大發兵往討，敕占城嚴兵境上，遏其越逸，獲者即送京師。 五年攻取安南所侵地，獲賊黨胡烈、潘麻休等獻俘闕下，貢方物謝恩。 帝嘉其助兵討逆，遣中官王貴通齎敕及銀幣賜之。
In year 4 he sent tribute of a white elephant and regional goods, again reporting distress from Annam. The Emperor sent a major expedition against Annam and ordered Champa to mass troops on the frontier, block fugitives from crossing, and send any captives straight to the capital. In year 5 he recovered the lands Annam had seized, captured rebels including Hu Lie and Pan Maxiu, and presented prisoners at court, sending regional goods in gratitude. The Emperor praised his help in the campaign against the rebels and sent the eunuch Wang Guitong with an edict and gifts of silver and silks.
10
六年，鄭和使其國。 王遣其孫舍楊該貢象及方物謝恩。 十年，其貢使乞冠帶，予之。 覆命鄭和使其國。
In year 6 Zheng He was dispatched to their country. The king sent his grandson Sheyangai with elephants and regional goods to express gratitude. In year 10 their tribute envoys asked for official caps and belts, and these were granted. Zheng He was again dispatched to their country.
11
十三年，王師方征陳季擴，命占城助兵。 尚書陳洽言：「其王陰懷二心，愆期不進，反以金帛、戰象資季擴，季擴以黎蒼女遺之。 復約季擴舅陳翁挺侵昇華府所轄四州十一縣地。 厥罪維均，宜遣兵致討。」 帝以交址初平，不欲勞師，但賜敕切責，俾還侵地，王即遣使謝罪。 十六年，遣其孫舍那挫來朝。 命中官林貴、行人倪俊送歸，有賜。
In year 13, while the imperial army was campaigning against Chen Jikuai, Champa was ordered to send troops to assist. Minister Chen Qia reported: "Their king secretly wavered in loyalty, failed to advance on schedule, and instead supplied Chen Jikuai with gold, silks, and war elephants; Chen Jikuai gave him a daughter of Li Cang in return. He also agreed with Chen Jikuai's uncle Chen Wengting to invade the four prefectures and eleven counties under Shenghua. His guilt is equal to Chen Jikuai's; troops should be sent against him." The Emperor, since Jiaozhi had only just been pacified and he did not wish to burden the army further, sent only a stern edict demanding the return of seized territory; the king immediately sent envoys to apologize. In year 16 he sent his grandson Shenacuo to court. He ordered the eunuch Lin Gui and Commissioner Ni Jun to escort him home with gifts.
12
宣德元年，行人黃原昌往頒正朔，繩其王不恪，卻所酬金幣以歸，擢戶部員外郎。
In Xuande 1, Commissioner Huang Yuanchang went to announce the calendar; he censured the king for disrespect, refused the gold and silks offered him, and returned; he was promoted to vice director in the Ministry of Revenue.
13
正統元年，瓊州知府程瑩言：「占城比年一貢，勞費實多。 乞如暹羅諸國例，三年一貢。」 帝是之，敕其使如瑩言，賜王及妃彩幣。 然番人利中國市易，雖有此令，迄不遵。
In Zhengtong 1, Qiongzhou Prefect Cheng Ying said: "Champa has sent tribute annually in recent years, and the cost in labor and expense is considerable. I ask that it follow the precedent of Siam and the other states and send tribute once every three years." The Emperor agreed and instructed their envoys accordingly, granting colored silks to the king and queen. Yet the foreigners profited from trade with China, and despite the order they never complied.
14
六年，王占巴的賴卒，其孫摩訶賁該以遺命遣王孫述提昆來朝貢，且乞嗣位。 乃遣給事中管曈、行人吳惠齎詔，封為王，新王及妃並有賜。 七年春，述提昆卒於途，帝憫之，遣官賜祭。 八年遣從子且揚樂催貢舞牌旗黑象。
In year 6 King Jaya Simhavarman died; his grandson Mahapandita, acting on the late king's testament, sent the royal grandson Shatiguna to court with tribute to request the succession. The court sent Supervising Secretary Guan Tan and Commissioner Wu Hui with an edict to enfeoff him as king; the new king and queen both received gifts. In the spring of year 7 Shatiguna died en route; the Emperor took pity and sent officials to perform sacrificial rites. In year 8 he sent his nephew Qieyang Le to present dance placards, banners, and a black elephant as tribute.
15
十一年，敕諭摩訶賁該曰：「邇者，安南王黎浚遣使奏王欺其孤幼，曩已侵升、華、思、義四州，今又屢攻化州，掠其人畜財物。 二國俱受朝命，各有分疆，豈可興兵構怨，乖睦鄰保境之義。 王宜祗循禮分，嚴飭邊臣，毋恣肆侵軼，貽禍生靈。」 並諭安南嚴行備御，毋挾私報復。 先是，定三年一貢之例，其國不遵。 及詰其使者，則云：「先王已逝，前敕無存，故不知此令。」 是歲，貢使復至，再敕王遵制，賜王及妃彩幣。 冬復遣使來貢。
In year 11 an edict addressed Mahapandita: "Recently the king of Annam, Li Jun, reported that you have bullied him in his youth and orphanhood; you have already seized the four prefectures of Sheng, Hua, Si, and Yi, and now you repeatedly attack Huazhou, plundering its people, livestock, and goods. Both countries hold commissions from the court and each has its own borders—how can you raise troops and breed hatred, violating the duty of neighborly harmony and guarding your frontiers? You should respectfully observe your proper station, strictly restrain your border officials, and not raid at will, bringing disaster upon the people." Annam was also instructed to maintain strict defenses and not seek private revenge. Earlier the three-year tribute interval had been established, but Champa did not observe it. When their envoys were questioned, they said: "The former king has died and the earlier edict no longer survives, so we did not know of this rule." That year tribute envoys came again; the king was again ordered to observe the regulation, and colored silks were granted to the king and queen. That winter envoys were sent again with tribute.
16
十二年，王與安南戰，大敗被執。 故王占巴的賴侄摩訶貴來遣使奏：「先王抱疾，曾以臣為世子，欲令嗣位。 臣時年幼，遜位於舅氏摩訶賁該。 後屢興兵伐安南，致敵兵入舊州古壘等處，殺掠人畜殆盡，王亦被擒。 國人以臣先王之侄，且有遺命，請臣代位。 辭之再三，不得已始於府前治事。 臣不敢自專，伏候朝命。」 乃遣給事中陳誼、行人薛干封為王，諭以保國交鄰，並諭國中臣民共相輔翼。 十三年敕安南送摩訶賁該還國，不奉命。
In year 12 the king fought Annam, was utterly defeated, and taken captive. The late King Jaya Simhavarman's nephew Mahakshatriya sent envoys reporting: "When the late king fell ill he named me heir apparent, intending that I succeed him. I was still young then and yielded the throne to my maternal uncle Mahapandita. Later he repeatedly marched against Annam until enemy forces entered Jiuzhou, Gulei, and other districts, slaughtering and plundering people and livestock nearly to extinction; the king too was taken captive. The people asked me to take the throne, for I was the late king's nephew and there was a testament naming me. I refused again and again, and only when there was no choice did I begin to govern from before the palace. I dare not decide alone and humbly await the court's order." The court then dispatched Supervising Secretary Chen Yi and Commissioner Xue Ganfeng to invest him as king, enjoining him to safeguard the realm and live in friendship with his neighbors, and directing the kingdom's officials and people to support one another. In year 13 an edict ordered Annam to return Mahapandita to his country; Annam disobeyed.
17
景泰三年遣使來貢，且告王訃。 命給事中潘本愚、行人邊永封其弟摩訶貴由為王。
In Jingtai year 3 envoys came with tribute and reported the king's death. Supervising Secretary Pan Benyu and Commissioner Bian Yong were sent to invest his younger brother Mahakshatriya as king.
18
天順元年入貢，賜其正副使钑花金帶。 二年，王摩訶槃羅悅新立，遣使奉表朝貢。 四年復貢，自正使以下賜紗帽及金銀角帶有差。 使者訴安南見侵，因敕諭安南王。 九月，使來，告王喪。 命給事中黃汝霖、行人劉恕封王弟槃羅茶全為王。
In Tianshun 1 they presented tribute; the chief and deputy envoys were given gold belts with floral damascene. In year 2 the newly enthroned King Mahabandhula sent envoys with a memorial and tribute. In year 4 they sent tribute again; from the chief envoy down, gauze caps and gold or silver corner-belts were awarded by rank. The envoys reported Annam's encroachments, and the court issued an edict admonishing the king of Annam. In the ninth month envoys arrived announcing the king's death. Supervising Secretary Huang Rulin and Commissioner Liu Shu were dispatched to invest the king's brother Bhadravarman as king.
19
八年入貢。 憲宗嗣位，應頒賜蕃國錦幣，禮官請付使臣齎回，從之。 使者復訴安南見侵，求索白象。 乞如永樂時，遣官安撫，建立界牌石，以杜侵陵。 兵部以兩國方爭，不便遣使，乞令使臣歸諭國王，務循禮法，固封疆，捍外侮，毋輕構禍，從之。
In year 8 they presented tribute. When Emperor Xianzong ascended the throne, the customary grants of brocade and silk to tributary states came due; the Ministry of Rites asked that they be entrusted to the envoys for the return journey, and the request was approved. The envoys again reported Annam's incursions and its demands for white elephants. They asked that, as in the Yongle reign, officials be sent to reassure them and boundary stones set up to check further encroachment. The Ministry of War noted that the two countries were then at odds and dispatching envoys would be unwise; it proposed sending the envoys home to tell the king to observe proper conduct, hold the borders firm, resist outside aggression, and not rashly invite disaster. The proposal was accepted.
20
成化五年入貢。 時安南索占城犀象、寶貨，令以事天朝之禮事之。 占城不從，大舉往伐。 七年破其國，執王槃羅茶全及家屬五十餘人，劫印符，大肆焚掠，遂據其地。 王弟槃羅茶悅逃山中，遣使告難。 兵部言：「安南吞併與國，若不為處分，非惟失占城歸附之心，抑恐啟安南跋扈之志。 宜遣官齎敕宣諭，還其國王及眷屬。」 帝慮安逆命，令俟貢使至日，賜敕責之。
In Chenghua year 5 they sent tribute. Annam was then demanding rhinoceros horn, elephants, and other treasures from Champa and insisting that Champa treat Annam with the same deference owed the court. Champa refused and marched against Annam in force. In year 7 Annam overran the kingdom, seized King Bhadravarman and more than fifty of his kin, stole the seals of office, burned and looted widely, and occupied the land. The king's brother Panlo Chayue fled into the hills and sent envoys pleading for help. The Ministry of War argued: "Annam has annexed an allied kingdom. If nothing is done, we will lose Champa's loyalty—and risk encouraging Annam's arrogance. Officials should be sent with an edict ordering the return of the king and his family." The Emperor, fearing defiance from Annam, ordered that when its tribute envoys arrived an edict of rebuke be delivered.
21
八年，以槃羅茶悅請封，命給事中陳峻、行人李珊持節往。 峻等至新州港，守者拒之，知其國已為安南所據，改為交南州，乃不敢入。 十年冬還朝。
In year 8, at Panlo Chayue's request for investiture, Supervising Secretary Chen Jun and Commissioner Li Shan were sent with full credentials. Chen Jun's party reached Xinzhou Harbor but the guards turned them away; learning that Annam had seized the country and renamed it Jiaonan Prefecture, they did not dare enter. They returned to court in the winter of year 10.
22
安南既破占城，復遣兵執槃羅茶悅，立前王孫齋亞麻弗菴為王，以國南邊地予之。 十四年，遣使朝貢請封，命給事中馮義、行人張瑾往封之。 義等多攜私物，既至廣東，聞齋亞麻弗菴已死，其弟古來遣使乞封。 義等慮空還失利，亟至占城。 占城人言，王孫請封之後，即為古來所殺，安南以偽敕立其國人提婆苔為王。 義等不俟奏報，輒以印幣授提婆苔封之，得所賂黃金百餘兩，又往滿剌加國盡貨其私物以歸。 義至海洋病死。 瑾具其事，並上偽敕於朝。
After destroying Champa, Annam sent troops again to seize Panlo Chayue, installed the former king's grandson Jayavarman as ruler, and allotted him the kingdom's southern marches. In year 14 envoys came to court seeking investiture; Supervising Secretary Feng Yi and Commissioner Zhang Jin were sent to perform the ceremony. Feng Yi and his party carried much private cargo; reaching Guangdong they learned Jayavarman was dead and his brother Kulai had sent envoys requesting investiture. Fearful of returning with nothing to show, Feng Yi's party pressed on to Champa. Champa reported that the prince who had sought investiture was killed by Kulai soon after; Annam then used a forged edict to install a local man, Deva Bat, as king. Without awaiting imperial approval, Feng Yi invested Deva Bat with the seals and regalia, took more than a hundred taels of gold in bribes, stopped in Malacca to sell their private goods, and returned home. Feng Yi died of illness at sea. Zhang Jin reported the whole affair to court and submitted the forged edict.
23
十七年，古來遣使朝貢，言：「安南破臣國時，故王弟槃羅茶悅逃居佛靈山。 比天使齎封誥至，已為賊人執去，臣與兄齋亞麻弗菴潛竄山谷。 後賊人畏懼天威，遣人訪覓臣兄，還以故地。 然自邦都郎至占臘止五處，臣兄權國未幾，遽爾隕歿。 臣當嗣立，不敢自專，仰望天恩，賜之冊印。 臣國所有土地本二十七處，四府、一州、二十二縣。 東至海，南至占臘，西至黎人山，北至阿本喇補，凡三千五百餘里。 乞特諭交人，盡還本國。」 章下廷議，英國公張懋等請特遣近臣有威望者二人往使。 時安南貢使方歸，即賜敕詰責黎灝，令速還地，毋抗朝命。 禮官乃劾瑾擅封，執下詔獄，具得其情，論死。 時古來所遣使臣在館，召問之，云：「古來實王弟，其王病死，非弒。 提婆苔不知何人。」 乃命使臣暫歸廣東，俟提婆苔使至，審誠偽處之。 使臣候命經年，提婆苔使者不至，乃令還國。
In year 17 Kulai sent tribute envoys who reported: "When Annam destroyed our kingdom, the late king's brother Panlo Chayue fled to Mount Foling. By the time the imperial envoy arrived with the investiture patent, bandits had already seized him; my brother Jayavarman and I hid in the mountains. Later, fearing the court's wrath, the invaders searched out my brother and returned our old lands to him. But from Bang Du Lang to Zhanla we held only five districts; my brother had ruled only briefly when he suddenly died. The succession should fall to me, but I dare not act alone; I look to the Emperor's grace for investiture with patent and seal. Our kingdom once comprised twenty-seven districts—four prefectures, one zhou, and twenty-two counties. It stretched east to the sea, south to Zhanla, west to Liren Mountain, and north to Aben Labu—more than three thousand five hundred li in all. I beg that the Annamese be expressly ordered to return all our lands." The memorial went to court for deliberation; the Duke of Ying, Zhang Mao, and others proposed dispatching two senior ministers of standing as special envoys. Annam's tribute envoys were just leaving; the court at once issued an edict rebuking Li Hao and ordering the immediate return of the seized lands, with a warning against defying the throne. The Ministry of Rites impeached Zhang Jin for unauthorized investiture; he was arrested and jailed in the edict prison, the facts were fully established, and death was recommended. Kulai's envoys were still lodged in the capital; questioned, they said: "Kulai is truly the king's brother; the king died of illness, not by assassination. No one knows who Deva Bat is." The envoys were told to wait in Guangdong until Deva Bat's representatives arrived, when their claims would be investigated. The envoys waited more than a year; when Deva Bat's representatives never came, they were sent home.
24
明年，弘治改元，遣使入貢。 二年遣弟卜古良赴廣東，言：「安南仍肆侵陵，乞如永樂時遣將督兵守護。」 總督秦紘等以聞。 兵部言：「安南、占城皆《祖訓》所載不征之國。 永樂間命將出師，乃正黎賊弒逆之罪，非以鄰境交惡之故。 今黎灝修貢惟謹，古來膚受之醞，容有過情，不可信其單詞，勞師不征之國。 宜令守臣回咨，言近交人殺害王子古蘇麻，王即率眾敗之，仇恥已雪。 王宜自強修政，撫飖國人，保固疆圉，仍與安南惇睦修好。 其餘嫌細故，悉宜捐除。 倘不能自強，專藉朝廷發兵渡海，代王守國，古無是理。」 帝如其言。 三年遣使謝恩。 其國自殘破後，民物蕭條，貢使漸稀。
The following year, with the new Hongzhi reign, envoys came with tribute. In year 2 he sent his brother Buguliang to Guangdong with a plea: "Annam still encroaches at will; send generals with troops to guard us, as in the Yongle reign." Governor-General Qin Hong reported the petition to court. The Ministry of War replied: "Annam and Champa are both listed in the 'Ancestral Admonitions' as countries the dynasty must not attack. The Yongle campaign was to punish the Li regicides—not to settle border disputes between neighbors. Li Hao now sends tribute with scrupulous care; Kulai's complaints, taken at face value, may be exaggerated. We cannot trust a single petition and mobilize against a country the ancestors forbade us to attack. Frontier officials should reply that the Annamese recently killed Prince Gu Sumar, that the king rallied his forces and defeated them, and that the score is already settled. The king should strengthen his rule, comfort his people, hold his borders firm, and seek sincere friendship with Annam. All lesser grudges should be dropped. If he cannot govern himself yet expects the court to send troops across the sea to hold his kingdom for him, there is no precedent for that." The Emperor agreed. In year 3 envoys came to express thanks. After the devastation, people and goods dwindled, and tributary missions grew ever scarcer.
25
十二，年遣使奏：「本國新州港之地，仍為安南侵奪，患方未息。 臣年已老，請及臣未死，命長子沙古卜洛襲封，庶他日可保國土。」 廷議：「安南為占城患，已非一日。 朝廷嘗因占城之醞，累降璽書，曲垂誨諭。 安南前後奏報，皆言祗承朝命，土地人民，悉已退還。 然安南辨釋之語方至，而占城控訴之詞又聞，恐真有不獲已之情。 宜仍令守臣切諭安南，毋貪人土地，自貽禍殃，否則議遣偏師往問其罪。 至占城王長子，無父在襲封之理。 請令先立為世子攝國事，俟他日當襲位時，如例請封。」 帝報允。 尋遣王孫沙不登古魯來貢。
In year 12 envoys reported: "Annam still seizes our lands at Xinzhou Harbor, and our troubles continue. I am old; before I die I ask that my eldest son Sagobalo be invested as heir, so that our lands may yet be preserved." The court deliberated: "Annam's oppression of Champa is nothing new. Again and again, at Champa's plea, the court has sent imperial letters with patient counsel. Annam has repeatedly reported that it obeyed the court's orders and returned all lands and people. Yet as soon as Annam's explanations arrive, Champa's complaints follow—there may truly be circumstances neither side can escape. Frontier officials should again warn Annam not to seize others' territory and invite disaster—or else consider sending troops to call it to account. As for the king's eldest son, there is no precedent for investiture while his father still lives. He should be named heir apparent to govern in the meantime and seek formal investiture only when succession falls due." The Emperor approved. Soon after, the king's grandson Sabudenggulu arrived with tribute.
26
十八年，古來卒。 子沙古卜洛遣使來貢，不告父喪，但乞命大臣往其國，仍以新州港諸地封之。 別有佔奪方輿之奏，微及父卒事。 給事中任良弼等言：「占城前因國土削弱，假貢乞封，仰仗天威，詟伏鄰國。 其實國王之立不立，不繫朝廷之封不封也。 今稱古來已歿，虛實難知。 萬一我使至彼，古來尚存，將遂封其子乎？ 抑義不可而已乎？ 迫脅之間，事極難處。 如往時科臣林霄之使滿剌加，不肯北面屈膝，幽餓而死，迄不能問其罪。 君命國威，不可不慎。 大都海外諸蕃，無事則廢朝貢而自立，有事則假朝貢而請封。 今者貢使之來，豈急於求封，不過欲復安南之侵地，還粵東之逃人耳。 夫安南侵地，璽書屢諭歸還，佔據如故。 今若再諭，彼將玩視之，天威褻矣。 倘我使往封占城，羈留不遣，求為處分，朝廷將何以應？ 又或拘我使者，令索逃人，是以天朝之貴臣，質於海外之蠻邦。 宜如往年古來就封廣東事，令其領敕歸國，於計為便。」 禮部亦以古來存亡未明，請令廣東守臣移文占城勘報，從之，既而封事久不行。
In year 18 Kulai died. His son Sagobalo sent tribute without announcing his father's death, asking only that high ministers be sent to invest him and restore the Xinzhou Harbor territories. A separate memorial on seized territory briefly mentioned his father's death. Supervising Secretary Ren Liangbi argued: "Champa, weakened by war, has used tribute missions to seek investiture, counting on imperial prestige to intimidate its neighbors. In truth a king's throne does not depend on whether the court grants investiture. Now they claim Kulai is dead; we cannot verify that. If our envoy arrives and Kulai is still alive, do we invest the son anyway? Or would propriety forbid it? Caught in such a bind, the matter would be nearly impossible to manage. Recall Commissioner Lin Xiao's mission to Malacca: the ruler refused to bow north, Lin was imprisoned and starved to death, and his killers were never punished. Imperial authority must be handled with the utmost care. Overseas states generally neglect tribute when at peace and install themselves independently, then use tribute to request investiture when in trouble. This tribute mission is scarcely about investiture; they chiefly want Annam's seized lands back and fugitives returned from Guangdong. Imperial letters have repeatedly ordered Annam to return the seized lands; it still holds them. Further edicts will only be ignored—and imperial dignity diminished. If we send an envoy to invest Champa and he is detained, what can the court do? Or they may hold our envoy hostage to demand fugitives—making a minister of the court a captive in a foreign land. The prudent course is the precedent of Kulai's Guangdong investiture: let the envoy carry the edict home." The Ministry of Rites too, uncertain whether Kulai lived, asked Guangdong officials to inquire in Champa; this was approved, but investiture was never completed.
27
正德五年，沙古卜洛遣叔父沙系把麻入貢，因請封。 命給事中李貫、行人劉廷瑞往。 貫抵廣東憚行，請如往年古來故事，令其使臣領封。 廷議：「遣官已二年，今若中止，非興滅繼絕義。 倘其使不願領封，或領歸而受非其人，重起事端，益傷國體，宜令貫等亟往。」 貫終憚行，以乏通事、火長為詞。 廷議令廣東守臣採訪其人，如終不得，則如舊例行。 貫復設詞言：「臣奉命五載，似憚風波之險，殊不知占城自古來被逐後，竄居赤崁邦都郎，國非舊疆，勢不可往。 況古來乃前王齋亞麻弗菴之頭目，殺王而奪其位。 王有三子，其一尚存，義又不可。 律以《春秋》之法，雖不興問罪之師，亦必絕朝貢之使。 奈何又為採訪之議，徒延歲月，於事無益。」 廣東巡按丁楷亦附會具奏，廷議從之。 十年令其使臣齎敕往，自是遂為故事，其國貢使亦不常至。
In Zhengde year 5 Sagobalo sent his uncle Saxibama with tribute to seek investiture. Supervising Secretary Li Guan and Commissioner Liu Tingrui were dispatched. Li Guan reached Guangdong but feared the voyage and asked, as with Kulai before, that the envoys carry investiture home from there. The court debated: if envoys had already been preparing for two years, to abandon the mission now would betray the duty to restore a fallen state and preserve its royal line. If the envoys refuse investiture, or invest the wrong man on their return, new troubles would further damage imperial dignity. Guan and his party should proceed without delay. Li Guan still refused to go, citing the lack of interpreters and ship pilots. The court told Guangdong officials to find suitable men; if none could be found, the old Guangdong investiture precedent would apply. Li Guan offered new excuses: he had held the commission for five years and seemed to fear the sea—but Kulai, driven from Champa, lurked at Ak Bang Du Lang; the realm was no longer where it had been, and the journey was impracticable. Besides, Kulai had been a subordinate of King Jayavarman; he murdered his lord and usurped the throne. The king had three sons, and one still lives—investiture would also be unjust. By Spring and Autumn standards, even without sending a punitive expedition, tribute relations with a usurper must be severed. To pursue investigators instead merely wastes time and accomplishes nothing. Guangdong Surveillance Commissioner Ding Kai submitted a supporting memorial, and the court agreed. In Jiajing 10 envoys were sent to carry the investiture edict home—a practice thereafter fixed. Tribute missions from Champa became sporadic.
28
嘉靖二十二年遣王叔沙不登古魯來貢，訴數為安南侵擾，道阻難歸。 乞遣官護送還國，報可。
In Jiajing 22 the king's uncle Sabudeng Guru came with tribute, reporting repeated Annamite incursions and blocked routes that made return home impossible. He asked for escorts home; permission was granted.
29
其國無霜雪，四時皆似夏，草木常青。 民以漁為業，無二麥，力穡者少，故收獲薄。 國人皆食檳榔，終日不離口。 不解朔望，但以月生為初，月晦為盡，不置閏。 分晝夜為十更，非日中不起，非夜分不臥，見月則飲酒、歌舞為樂。 無紙筆，用羊皮槌薄燻黑，削細竹蘸白灰為字，狀若蚯蚓。 有城郭甲兵，人性狠而狡，貿易多不平。 戶皆北向，民居悉覆茅簷，高不得過三尺。 部領分差等，門高卑亦有限。 飲食穢污，魚非腐爛不食，釀不生蛆不為美。 人體黑，男蓬頭，女椎結，俱跣足。
Champa knows neither frost nor snow; all four seasons feel like summer, and vegetation stays green year-round. The people live by fishing; with no winter wheat and few who farm diligently, harvests are poor. Everyone chews betel nut and keeps it in the mouth from dawn to dusk. They do not reckon by new and full moons, marking only the moon's waxing as a month's start and its waning as its end, with no intercalary months. They divide day and night into ten watches, rise no earlier than noon, sleep no earlier than midnight, and whenever the moon appears they drink, sing, and dance for joy. Without paper or brushes, they beat sheepskin thin, smoke it black, and write with fine bamboo dipped in white ash—characters wriggling like earthworms. They have walled towns and armed forces; the people are fierce and cunning, and trade is often dishonest. Every house faces north; ordinary homes are thatched and may rise no higher than three feet. Officials are graded by rank, and even the height of doorways is regulated. Their diet is foul: fish must be rotten before they will eat it, and liquor is prized only when maggots have formed in the brew. Their skin is dark; men wear their hair loose, women in topknots, and all go barefoot.
30
王，瑣裡人，崇釋教。 歲時採生人膽入酒中，與家人同飲，且以浴身，曰「通身是膽」。 其國人采以獻王，又以洗象目。 每伺人於道，出不意急殺之，取膽以去。 若其人驚覺，則膽已先裂，不足用矣。 置眾膽於器，華人膽輒居上，故尤貴之。 五六月間，商人出，必戒備。 王在位三十年，則避位入深山，以兄弟子侄代，而己持齋受戒，告於天曰：「我為君無道，願狼虎食我，或病死。」 居一年無恙，則復位如初。 國中呼為「昔嚟馬哈剌」，乃至尊至聖之稱也。
The king is a native of Melaka and a devout Buddhist. At festival times they mix human gall into wine, drink it with their families, and bathe in it as well, saying, "The whole body is gall." The people gather gall to offer the king and also use it to wash elephants' eyes. They ambush travelers on the roads, kill them without warning, and carry off the gall. If the victim wakes in fright, the gall bladder will already have burst and be useless. Gall bladders are stored in vessels; Chinese gall always floats to the top and is therefore most prized. In the fifth and sixth months merchants who travel abroad must go on guard. After thirty years on the throne the king abdicates and withdraws to the deep mountains, leaving a brother's son or nephew to rule while he fasts and takes vows, praying to Heaven: "I have ruled without the Way; may wolves and tigers devour me, or may I die of illness. After a year unharmed, he resumed the throne as before. The realm honors this rite with the title Xilai Mahala—the highest and holiest designation.
31
國不甚富，惟犀象最多。 烏木、降香，樵以為薪。 棋柟香獨產其地一山，酋長遣人守之，民不得采，犯者至斷手。
The country is not especially rich, though rhinoceroses and elephants abound. Ebony and eaglewood are chopped for ordinary firewood. Precious chess-nan agarwood grows on a single mountain; the chief posts guards and forbids common gathering—offenders may lose a hand.
32
有鱷魚潭，獄疑不決者，令兩造騎牛過其旁，曲者，魚輒躍而食之，直者，即數往返，不食也。 有屍頭蠻者，一名屍致魚，本婦人，惟無瞳神為異。 夜中與人同寢，忽飛頭食人穢物，來即復活。 若人知而封其頸，或移之他所，其婦即死。 國設厲禁，有而不告者，罪及一家。
There is a crocodile pool used to settle doubtful cases: both parties ride oxen past it—the guilty are seized and devoured; the innocent may pass back and forth unharmed. There are flying-head demons, also called corpse-raising fish—women distinguished only by having no pupils. At night they sleep beside others; the head suddenly flies off to feed on filth, and when it returns the body lives again. If someone blocks the neck or moves the body elsewhere, the woman dies. The state forbids them strictly; failure to report one in the household punishes the entire family.
33
賓童龍
Panduranga
34
賓童龍國，與占城接壤。 或言如來入舍衛國乞食，即其地。 氣候、草木、人物、風土，大類占城，惟遭喪能持服，葬以僻地，設齋禮佛，婚姻偶合。 酋出入乘象或馬，從者百餘人，前後贊唱。 民編茅覆屋。 貨用金、銀、花布。
Panduranga borders Champa. Some hold that this was where the Buddha entered Shravasti to beg alms. Climate, flora, people, and customs closely resemble Champa, though mourners observe proper dress, bury the dead in remote places, hold vegetarian feasts and worship Buddha, and marriages are by mutual consent. The chief travels by elephant or horse with more than a hundred attendants chanting praises before and behind. The people thatch their houses with woven straw. They use gold, silver, and patterned cloth as currency.
35
有崑崙山，節然大海中，與占城及東、西竺鼎峙相望。 其山方廣而高，其海即曰崑崙洋。 諸往西洋者，必待順風，七晝夜始得過，故舟人為之諺曰：「上怕七州，下怕崑崙，針迷舵失，人船莫存。」 此山無異產。
Kunlun Mountain rises abruptly from the open sea, facing Champa and the eastern and western lands of India in a three-sided stand. The mountain is broad, square, and tall; the surrounding waters are called the Kunlun Sea. All who sail west must wait for fair winds and need seven days and nights to pass. Sailors have a proverb: "Above one fears the Seven Prefectures; below one fears Kunlun; lose the needle and rudder, and neither man nor ship survives. The mountain yielded nothing of note.
36
人皆穴居巢處，食果實魚蝦，無室廬井灶。
They live in caves and treetop shelters, eating fruit, fish, and shrimp, with no proper houses, wells, or stoves.
37
真臘，在占城南，順風三晝夜可至。 隋、唐及宋皆朝貢。 宋慶元中，滅占城而並其地，因改國名曰占臘。 元時仍稱真臘。
Chenla lies south of Champa—a fair wind brings you there in three days and nights. Under the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties it sent tribute. During Song Qingyuan it conquered Champa and annexed its lands, renaming the realm Zhanla. Under the Yuan it was again called Chenla.
38
洪武三年，遣使臣郭徵等齎詔撫諭其國。 四年，其國巴山王忽爾那遣使進表，貢方物，賀明年正旦。 詔賜《大統歷》及彩幣，使者亦給賜有差。 六年進貢。 十二年，王參答甘武者持達志遣使來貢，宴賜如前。 十三年復貢。 十六年遣使齎勘合文冊賜其王。 凡國中使至，勘合不符者，即屬矯偽，許縶縛以聞。 復遣使賜織金文綺三十二、磁器萬九千。 其王遣使來貢。 十九年遣行人劉敏、唐敬偕中官齎磁器往賜。 明年，敬等還，王遣使貢象五十九、香六萬斤。 尋遣使賜其王鍍金銀印，王及妃皆有賜。 其王參烈實{田比}邪甘菩者遣使貢象及方物。 明年復貢像二十八、象奴三十四人、番奴四十五人，謝賜印之恩。 二十二年三貢。 明年復貢。
In Hongwu 3 envoys led by Guo Zheng were sent with an edict to reassure and instruct the realm. In Hongwu 4 Basan Wang Hu'erna sent envoys with a memorial, local products, and New Year's greetings for the coming year. The court granted the Datong Calendar and patterned silks; the envoys received graded gifts as well. In Hongwu 6 they sent tribute. In Hongwu 12 King Samdach Gamwat Houdet sent tribute envoys; feasts and gifts followed the earlier precedent. In Hongwu 13 they sent tribute again. In Hongwu 16 envoys were dispatched with tally slips and credential documents for the king. Whenever envoys arrived, mismatched tallies marked them as impostors, who might be bound and reported. More envoys were sent bearing thirty-two lengths of brocaded silk and nineteen thousand pieces of porcelain. The king sent tribute envoys. In Hongwu 19 Commissioners Liu Min and Tang Jing went with eunuchs bearing porcelain gifts. The next year, when Jing's party returned, the king sent fifty-nine elephants and sixty thousand jin of incense as tribute. Soon envoys were sent with a gilt silver seal for the king; both king and consort received gifts. King Samleak Piphey Kamphea sent envoys with elephants and local products. The next year they sent twenty-eight elephant statues, thirty-four elephant keepers, and forty-five foreign slaves in thanks for the seal. In Hongwu 22 they sent tribute three times. The following year they sent tribute again.
39
其國城隍周七十餘里，幅員廣數千里。 國中有金塔、金橋、殿宇三十餘所。 王歲時一會，羅列玉猿、孔雀、白象、犀牛於前，名曰百塔洲。 盛食以金盤、金椀，故有「富貴真臘」之諺。 民俗富饒。 天時常熱，不識霜雪，禾一歲數稔。 男女椎結，穿短衫，圍梢布。 刑有劓、刖、刺配，盜則去手足。 番人殺唐人罪死； 唐人殺番人則罰金，無金則鬻身贖罪。 唐人者，諸番呼華人之稱也，凡海外諸國盡然。 婚嫁，兩傢俱八日不出門，晝夜燃燈。 人死置於野，任烏鳶食，俄頃食盡者，謂為福報。 居喪，但髡其發，女子則額上剪髮如錢大，曰用此報親。 文字以麂鹿雜皮染黑，用粉為小條畫於上，永不脫落。 以十月為歲首，閏悉用九月。 夜分四更。 亦有曉天文者，能算日月薄蝕。 其地謂儒為班詰，僧為苧姑，道為八思。 班詰不知讀何書，由此入仕者為華貫。 先時項掛一白線以自別，既貴曳白如故。 俗尚釋教，僧皆食魚、肉，或以供佛，惟不飲酒。 其國自稱甘孛智，後訛為甘破蔗，萬曆後又改為柬埔寨。
The capital's walls run more than seventy li; the realm spans thousands of li. Golden pagodas, golden bridges, and more than thirty palace halls stand within the realm. Each year the king holds a great assembly, displaying jade gibbons, peacocks, white elephants, and rhinoceroses at a place called Hundred Pagoda Province. Meals are served on gold plates and bowls—hence the saying "Prosperous Chenla." The people live in abundance. The climate is perpetually hot, with no frost or snow; grain ripens several times a year. Men and women wear topknots, short jackets, and wrap sarongs about the waist. Punishments include nose-cutting, mutilation, tattooing and exile; thieves lose hands and feet. If a native kills a Chinese, the penalty is death; if a Chinese kills a native, the penalty is a fine—or, without gold, enslavement to pay the debt. Tang ren is what every foreign state calls the Chinese—a usage common across the overseas realms. At weddings both families remain indoors for eight days, lamps burning day and night. The dead are left in the open for vultures and kites; swift consumption counts as blessed merit. In mourning men shave their heads; women clip a coin-sized patch of hair on the forehead, calling it repayment to their parents. Writing is done on deerskin and other hides dyed black, with powdered strokes that never fade. The year begins in the tenth month; intercalary months are always inserted in the ninth. The night is divided into four watches. Some understand astronomy and can calculate eclipses of the sun and moon. There Confucians are called banjie, Buddhist monks chugu, and Taoists basi. The banjie read no identifiable canon, yet those who rise through their ranks hold the highest civil posts. Once they wore a white cord at the neck to mark their station; even after promotion they still trailed white. Buddhism is widely honored; monks eat fish and meat—or offer them to the Buddha—but abstain from wine alone. The realm calls itself Kambuja, later corrupted to Kampuchea, and after Wanli became Cambodia.
40
暹羅，在占城西南，順風十晝夜可至，即隋、唐赤土國。 後分為羅斛、暹二國。 暹土瘠不宜稼，羅斛地平衍，種多獲，暹仰給焉。 元時，暹常入貢。 其後，羅斛強，並有暹地，遂稱暹羅斛國。
Siam lies southwest of Champa—ten days and nights with a fair wind—the Red Earth kingdom of Sui and Tang times. Later it divided into the two realms of Lohu and Siam. Siam's soil was too poor for grain, but Lohu's plains were fertile and yielded rich harvests, and Siam depended on it for food. Under the Yuan, Siam regularly sent tribute missions. Later Lohu grew powerful, absorbed Siam's lands, and came to be called the kingdom of Siam-Lohu.
41
洪武三年，命使臣呂宗俊等齎詔諭其國。 四年，其王參烈昭{田比}牙遣使奉表，與宗俊等偕來，貢馴象、六足龜及方物，詔賜其王錦綺及使者幣帛有差。 已，復遣使賀明年正旦，詔賜《大統歷》及彩幣。 五年貢黑熊、白猿及方物。 明年復來貢。 其王之姊參烈思寧別遣使進金葉表，貢方物於中宮，卻之。 已而其姊復遣使來貢，帝仍卻之，而宴賚其使。 時其王懦而不武，國人推其伯父參烈寶{田比}邪思裡哆囉祿主國事，遣使來告，貢方物，宴賚如制。 已而新王遣使來貢、謝恩，其使者亦有獻，帝不納。 已，遣使賀明年正旦，貢方物，且獻本國地圖。
In Hongwu 3, the court dispatched envoys led by Lü Zongjun to bear an edict to the kingdom. In the fourth year, King Samleak Pipiya sent envoys with a memorial, arriving with Zongjun's party. They offered tame elephants, six-legged tortoises, and local goods. The court granted the king brocades and rewarded the envoys with silks in graded amounts. Before long he sent envoys again to felicitate the coming New Year. The court granted them the Datong Calendar and colored silks. In the fifth year they sent black bears, white gibbons, and local products as tribute. The following year they sent tribute again. The king's elder sister Samleak Sinning separately sent envoys with a gold-leaf memorial and local products for the empress. The court refused them. His sister sent tribute again soon after. The Emperor once more refused the gifts but entertained and rewarded her envoys. The king was weak and unwarlike, so the people installed his uncle Samleak Piphet Sisili Duoluolu to govern. He sent envoys to inform the court, presented local goods, and was feasted and rewarded as prescribed. Soon the new king sent envoys with tribute and thanks. They brought additional gifts as well, but the Emperor declined them. He then sent envoys to felicitate the coming New Year, bearing local products and a map of his kingdom.
42
七年，使臣沙裡拔來貢。 言去年舟次烏豬洋，遭風壞舟，飄至海南，賴官司救護，尚存飄余兜羅綿、降香、蘇木諸物進獻，廣東省臣以聞。 帝怪其無表，既言舟覆，而方物乃有存者，疑其為番商，命卻之。 諭中書及禮部臣曰：「古諸侯於天子，比年一小聘，三年一大聘。 九州之外，則每世一朝，所貢方物，表誠敬而已。 惟高麗頗知禮樂，故令三年一貢。 他遠國，如占城、安南、西洋瑣裡、爪哇、浡泥、三佛齊、暹羅斛、真臘諸國，入貢既頻，勞費太甚。 今不必復爾，其移牒諸國俾知之。」 然而來者不止。 其世子蘇門邦王昭祿群膺亦遣使上箋於皇太子，貢方物。 命引其使朝東宮，宴賚遣之。 八年再入貢。 其舊明台王世子昭孛羅局亦遣使奉表朝貢，宴賚如王使。
In the seventh year, the envoy Shaliba arrived with tribute. He reported that the previous year his vessel had anchored at Wuzhu Yang, been wrecked in a storm, and drifted to Hainan. Officials had rescued the party, and he now presented what survived of the cargo—kapok, agarwood, sappanwood, and the like. The Guangdong authorities reported the matter. The Emperor found it strange that he brought no memorial. If the ship had truly capsized, how could tribute goods remain? Suspecting foreign merchants, he ordered the offerings refused. He told officials of the Secretariat and Ministry of Rites: "In ancient times, feudal lords paid the Son of Heaven a minor visit every other year and a major visit every three years. Beyond the Nine Provinces, states came to court once a generation; their tribute was only a token of loyalty and respect. Goryeo alone was reasonably well versed in ritual and music, so it alone was allowed tribute every three years. Other distant realms—Champa, Annam, Semudera in the Western Ocean, Java, Brunei, Srivijaya, Siam-Lohu, Khmer, and the like—have been sending tribute so often that the burden has grown too heavy. That practice should not continue. Send notices to all these kingdoms so they understand." Even so, the tribute missions did not stop. The Sumenbang prince Zhaolu Quanying also sent envoys with a letter to the heir apparent and local products. The court had his envoys received at the Eastern Palace, entertained them, rewarded them, and sent them home. In the eighth year they sent tribute once more. The former Mingtai prince Zhaobo Luo Ju also sent envoys with a memorial and tribute. They were feasted and rewarded like the king's own envoys.
43
十年，昭祿群膺承其父命來朝。 帝喜，命禮部員外郎王恆等齎詔及印賜之，文曰「暹羅國王之印」，並賜世子衣幣及道里費。 自是，其國遵朝命，始稱暹羅； 比年一貢，或一年兩貢。 至正統後，或數年一貢雲。
In the tenth year, Zhaolu Quanying came to court at his father's command. Delighted, the Emperor ordered Wang Heng of the Ministry of Rites and others to bear an edict and seal. The inscription read "Seal of the King of Siam," and the prince received robes, silks, and travel funds as well. Thereafter, following the court's command, the kingdom took the name Siam; it sent tribute every other year, or sometimes twice in a single year. After the Zhengtong era, missions might come only once every few years.
44
十六年，賜勘合文冊及文綺、磁器，與真臘等。 二十年貢胡椒一萬斤、蘇木一萬斤。 帝遣官厚報之。 時溫州民有市其沉香諸物者，所司坐以通番，當棄市。 帝曰：「溫州乃暹羅必經之地，因其往來而市之，非通番也。」 乃獲宥。 二十一，年貢象三十、番奴六十。 二十二年，世子昭祿群膺遣使來貢。 二十三，年貢蘇木、胡椒、降香十七萬斤。
In the sixteenth year, the court granted tally documents, brocades, and porcelain, as it did for Khmer and the rest. In the twentieth year they sent ten thousand jin of pepper and ten thousand jin of sappanwood. The Emperor sent officials to return rich gifts. Some Wenzhou residents who had bought the envoys' agarwood and other goods were charged with illegal foreign trade and condemned to death. The Emperor said: "Wenzhou lies on Siam's regular route. Trading with envoys as they pass through is not illicit foreign commerce." The men were pardoned. In the twenty-first year they sent thirty elephants and sixty foreign slaves. In the twenty-second year, Crown Prince Zhaolu Quanying sent envoys with tribute. In the twenty-third year they sent one hundred seventy thousand jin of sappanwood, pepper, and agarwood.
45
二十八年，昭祿群膺遣使朝貢，且告父喪。 命中官趙達等往祭，敕世子嗣王位，賜賚有加。 諭曰：「朕自即位以來，命使出疆，周於四維，足履其境者三十六，聲聞於耳者三十一，風殊俗異。 大國十有八，小國百四十九，較之於今，暹羅最近。 邇者使至，知爾先王已逝。 王紹先三之緒，有道於邦家，臣民懽懌。 茲特遣人錫命，王其罔失法度，罔淫於樂，以光前烈。 欽哉。」 成祖即位，詔諭其國。 永樂元年賜其王昭祿群膺哆囉諦剌駝紐鍍金銀印，其王即遣使謝恩。 六月，以上高皇帝尊謚，遣官頒詔，有賜。 八月覆命給事中王哲、行人成務賜其王錦綺。 九月命中官李興等齎敕，勞賜其王，其文武諸臣並有賜。
In the twenty-eighth year, Zhaolu Quanying sent envoys with tribute and news of his father's death. The court sent eunuchs led by Zhao Da to perform mourning rites, confirmed the crown prince as king, and granted him extra gifts. The edict read: "Since my accession I have sent envoys in every direction. Thirty-six realms my envoys have entered on foot, thirty-one more known by report—each with its own customs and ways. There are eighteen great kingdoms and one hundred forty-nine lesser ones; of them all, Siam is the closest to us now. Your envoys have just arrived with word that your late king has died. You succeed the line of three generations of kings, govern your realm with virtue, and your subjects rejoice. I now send envoys to invest you: hold fast to law and measure, do not sink into dissipation, and so honor your forefathers' legacy. Take heed." When the Yongle Emperor came to the throne, he issued an edict to the kingdom. In Yongle 1, King Zhaolu Quanying Duoluodilatuoniu received a gilded silver seal, and he at once sent envoys to give thanks. In the sixth month, officials were sent to proclaim the late Hongwu Emperor's posthumous title, bearing gifts. In the eighth month, when the envoys returned, Wang Zhe of the Secretariat and Attendant Cheng Wu were sent to grant the king brocades. In the ninth month, eunuchs led by Li Xing bore an imperial letter of consolation and reward for the king; his civil and military officials received gifts too.
46
二年有番船飄至福建海岸，詰之，乃暹羅與琉球通好者。 所司籍其貨以聞，帝曰：「二國修好，乃甚美事，不幸遭風，正宜憐惜，豈可因以為利。 所司其治舟給粟，俟風便遣赴琉球。」 是月，其王以帝降璽書勞賜，遣使來謝，貢方物。 賜齎有加，並賜《列女傳》百冊。 使者請頒量衡為國永式，從之。
In the second year a foreign vessel was driven onto the Fujian coast. Questioning showed it was bound in amity between Siam and Ryukyu. Officials inventoried the cargo and reported up. The Emperor said: "Friendship between the two kingdoms is a fine thing. A ship wrecked by storm deserves pity, not profit. Repair their vessel, give them grain, and when the winds allow send them on to Ryukyu." That same month, grateful for the Emperor's letter of reward, the king sent envoys with thanks and local products. The return gifts were increased, and the court also granted one hundred copies of the Biographies of Exemplary Women. The envoys asked for official weights and measures to serve as permanent standards for their kingdom. The court agreed.
47
先是，占城貢使返，風飄其舟至彭亨，暹羅索取其使，羈留不遣。 蘇門答剌及滿剌加又訴暹羅恃強發兵奪天朝所賜印誥。 帝降敕責之曰：「占城、蘇門答剌、滿剌加與爾俱受朝命，安得逞威拘其貢使，奪其誥印。 天有顯道，福善禍淫，安南黎賊可為鑑戒。 其即返占城使者，還蘇門答剌、滿剌加印誥。 自今奉法循理，保境睦鄰，庶永享太平之福。」 時暹羅所遣貢使，失風飄至安南，盡為黎賊所殺，止余孛黑一人。 後官軍征安南，獲之以歸。 帝憫之，六年八月命中官張原送還國，賜王幣帛，令厚恤被殺者之家。 九月，中官鄭和使其國，其王遣使貢方物，謝前罪。
Earlier, Champa tribute envoys returning home were blown off course to Pahang. Siam seized them and refused to release them. Samudera and Malacca also accused Siam of using its power to send troops and seize the seals and patents the Celestial Court had granted them. The Emperor sent a stern rebuke: "Champa, Samudera, and Malacca, like you, all hold mandates from the court. How dare you bully them, hold their envoys, and steal their patents and seals? Heaven's way is clear: virtue is rewarded and wickedness punished. The Le usurpers of Annam should be your warning. Return Champa's envoys at once and give back Samudera's and Malacca's patents and seals. Henceforth keep the law, guard your borders, and live at peace with your neighbors if you wish to enjoy lasting tranquility." Meanwhile, Siam's tribute envoys had been blown to Annam and slaughtered by the Le rebels; only Bo Hei survived. When the imperial army later campaigned in Annam, he was captured and brought home. The Emperor took pity on him. In the eighth month of the sixth year he sent eunuch Zhang Yuan to escort him home, granted silks to the king, and ordered generous compensation for the families of the slain envoys. In the ninth month, Zheng He visited the kingdom. The king sent envoys with local products to apologize for his earlier misconduct.
48
七年，使來祭仁孝皇后，命中官告之几筵。 時奸民何八觀等逃入暹羅，帝命使者還告其主，毋納逋逃。 其王即奉命遣使貢馬及方物，並送八觀等還，命張原齎敕幣獎之。 十年命中官洪保等往賜幣。
In the seventh year, envoys came to offer sacrifice to Empress Renxiao. Eunuchs were sent to announce the rite at her spirit tablet. Outlaws led by He Baguan had fled into Siam. The Emperor told the returning envoys to warn their king not to shelter fugitives. The king obeyed at once, sent horses and local products, and returned Baguan and his companions. Zhang Yuan was dispatched with an imperial letter and silks to reward him. In the tenth year, eunuchs led by Hong Bao were sent with silks as gifts.
49
十四年，王子三賴波羅摩剌答刂的賴遣使告父之喪。 命中官郭文往祭，別遣官齎詔封其子為王，賜以素錦、素羅，隨遣使謝恩。 十七年命中官楊敏等護歸。 以暹羅侵滿剌加，遣使責令輯睦，王復遣使謝罪。 宣德八年，王悉裡麻哈賴遣使朝貢。
In the fourteenth year, Prince Sanlai Borommaracha Decho De Lai sent envoys with news of his father's death. Eunuch Guo Wen was sent to perform mourning rites, and other officials bore an edict investing the son as king with gifts of plain brocades and gauze. Envoys accompanied them to give thanks. In the seventeenth year, eunuchs led by Yang Min escorted the envoys home. When Siam encroached on Malacca, the court sent envoys to rebuke the kingdom and demand peace. The king sent envoys to apologize again. In Xuande 8, King Xilimahalai sent envoys with tribute.
50
初，其國陪臣柰三鐸等貢舟次占城新州港，盡為其國人所掠。 正統元年，柰三鐸潛附小舟來京，訴占城劫掠狀。 帝命召占城使者與相質。 使者無以對，乃敕占城王，令盡還所掠人物。 已，占城移咨禮部言：「本國前歲遣使往須文達那，亦為暹羅賊人掠去，必暹羅先還所掠，本國不敢不還。」 三年，暹羅貢使又至，賜敕曉以此意，令亟還占城人物。 十一年，王思利波羅麻那惹智剌遣使入貢。
Earlier, the attendant minister Nai Sanduo and his party had anchored at Champa's Xinzho Harbor, where Champa men plundered them completely. In Zhengtong 1, Nai Sanduo slipped aboard a small boat to the capital and petitioned about Champa's raid. The Emperor summoned Champa's envoys to confront the accusers. The Champa envoys could not reply. The Emperor ordered the king of Champa to return every person and item taken. Champa then wrote the Ministry of Rites: "Two years ago our envoys bound for Xuwendana were also seized by Siam raiders. Siam must return its plunder first; only then can we return what we took." In the third year, when Siam's envoys arrived again, the court sent an edict explaining this and demanding the immediate return of Champa's captives and goods. In the eleventh year, King Siluoboluo Manarezhila sent tribute envoys.
51
景泰四年，命給事中劉洙、行人劉泰祭其故王波羅摩剌答刂的賴，封其嗣子把羅蘭米孫剌為王。 天順元年賜其貢使钑花金帶。 六年，王孛剌藍羅者直波智遣使朝貢。
In Jingtai 4, Liu Zhu of the Secretariat and Liu Tai were sent to mourn the late King Borommaracha Decho De Lai and invest his heir Ba Luolan Mi Sun La as king. In Tianshun 1, its tribute envoys received inlaid gold belts. In the sixth year, King Bolalanluo Zhezhibozhi sent envoys with tribute.
52
成化九年，貢使言天順元年所頒勘合，為蟲所蝕，乞改給，從之。 十七年，貢使還，至中途竊買子女，且多載私鹽，命遣官戒諭諸番。 先是，汀州人謝文彬，以販鹽下海，飄入其國，仕至坤岳，猶天朝學士也。 後充使來朝，貿易禁物，事覺下吏。
In Chenghua 9, envoys reported that their Tianshun tally documents had been destroyed by insects and asked for new ones. The court agreed. In the seventeenth year, returning envoys were found midway to have secretly bought children and carried large amounts of contraband salt. Officials were sent to warn all the foreign states. Earlier, Xie Wenbin of Tingzhou had gone to sea as a salt smuggler, been blown to Siam, and risen to the post of Kun Yue—a rank comparable to a Hanlin scholar at court. Later, while serving as an envoy to court, he traded in banned goods. When discovered, he was turned over to the magistrates.
53
十八年遣使朝貢，且告父喪，命給事中林霄、行人姚隆往封其子國隆勃剌略坤息剌尤地為王。 弘治十年入貢。 時四夷館無暹羅譯字官，閣臣徐溥等請移牒廣東，訪取能通彼國言語文字者，赴京備用，從之。 正德四年，暹羅船有飄至廣東者，市舶中官熊宣與守臣議，稅其物供軍需。 事聞，詔斥宣妄攬事柄，撤還南京。 十年進金葉表朝貢，館中無識其字者。 閣臣梁儲等請選留其使一二人入館肄習，報可。 嘉靖元年，暹羅、占城貨船至廣東。 市舶中官牛榮縱家人私市，論死如律。 三十二年遣使貢白象及方物，象死於途，使者以珠寶飾其牙，盛以金盤，並尾來獻。 帝嘉其意，厚遣之。
In the eighteenth year, envoys came with tribute and news of the king's death. Lin Xiao and Yao Long were sent to invest the son Guo Long Bo La Lue Kun Xi La You Di as king. In Hongzhi 10, the kingdom sent tribute. The Four Barbarians Hall had no Siam interpreter. Grand Secretaries Xu Pu and others asked that Guangdong be instructed to find men fluent in Siam's language and script and send them to the capital. The court agreed. In Zhengde 4, when Siam vessels were driven to Guangdong, maritime trade eunuch Xiong Xuan and local officials proposed taxing their cargo for military supplies. When word reached the throne, an edict rebuked Xuan for overstepping his authority and recalled him to Nanjing. In the tenth year they arrived with a gold-leaf memorial, but no one at the translation hostel could read their writing. Grand Secretaries Liang Chu and others asked that one or two envoys be kept to train at the hostel. The court approved. In Jiajing 1, merchant ships from Siam and Champa reached Guangdong. Maritime trade eunuch Niu Rong had let his household trade on the side; he was condemned to death under the statutes. In the thirty-second year they sent envoys with a white elephant and local goods. The elephant died on the journey, so the envoys set its tusks with jewels, placed them in a gold dish, and brought the tail as well. The Emperor admired their thoughtfulness and rewarded them generously on their departure.
54
隆慶中，其鄰國東蠻牛求婚不得，慚怒，大發兵攻破其國。 王自經，擄其世子及天朝所賜印以歸。 次子嗣位，奉表請印，予之。 自是為東蠻牛所制，嗣王勵志復仇。 萬曆間，敵兵復至，王整兵奮擊，大破之，殺其子，餘眾宵遁，暹羅由是雄海上。 移兵攻破真臘，降其王。 從此歲歲用兵，遂霸諸國。
During Longqing, the neighboring realm of Dongmanniu, rebuffed in a marriage suit, flew into a rage and marched a great army that smashed the kingdom. The king took his own life. The invaders carried off the crown prince and the seal the Celestial Court had granted, then withdrew. The second son took the throne, petitioned for a new seal, and received one. Thereafter they fell under Dongmanniu's sway, and the new king set his heart on revenge. In the Wanli era the enemy returned. The king rallied his troops, struck hard, and routed them, killing the invader's son while the rest fled under cover of night. From that point Siam dominated the seas. He turned his armies against Khmer, broke the kingdom, and forced its king to submit. He campaigned every year thereafter and came to lord it over the surrounding kingdoms.
55
六年遣使入貢。 二十年，日本破朝鮮，暹羅請潛師直搗日本，牽其後。 中樞石星議從之，兩廣督臣蕭彥持不可，乃已。 其後，奉貢不替。 崇禎十六年猶入貢。
In the sixth year the kingdom sent tribute envoys. In the twentieth year, after Japan overran Korea, Siam offered to send a covert force against Japan's rear. Grand Secretary Shi Xing favored the plan, but Governor-General Xiao Yan of the Two Guangs opposed it, and the matter was dropped. Tribute missions continued without fail thereafter. As late as Chongzhen 16 the kingdom still sent tribute.
56
其國，周千里，風俗勁悍，習於水戰。 大將用聖鐵裹身，刀矢不能入。 聖鐵者，人腦骨也。 王，瑣裡人。 官分十等。 自王至庶民，有事皆決於其婦。 其婦人志量，實出男子上。 婦私華人，則夫置酒同飲，恬不為怪，曰：「我婦美，而為華人所悅也。」 崇信釋教，男女多為僧尼，亦居菴寺，持齋受戒。 衣服頗類中國。 富貴者，尤敬佛，百金之產，即以其半施之。 氣候不正，或寒或熱，地卑濕，人皆樓居。 男女椎結，以白布裹首。 富貴者死，用水銀灌其口而葬之。 貧者則移置海濱，即有群鴉飛啄，俄頃而盡，家人拾其骨號泣而棄之於海，謂之鳥葬。 亦延僧設齋禮佛。 交易用海。 是年不用，則國必大疫。 其貢物，有像、象牙、犀角、孔雀尾、翠羽、龜筒、六足龜、寶石、珊瑚、片腦、米腦、糠腦、腦油、腦柴、薔薇水、碗石、丁皮、阿魏、紫梗、藤竭、藤黃、硫黃、沒藥、烏爹泥、安息香、羅斛香、速香、檀香、黃熟香、降真香、乳香、樹香、木香、丁香、烏香、胡椒、蘇木、肉荳蔻、白荳蔻、蓽茇、烏木、大楓子及撒哈剌、西洋諸布。 其國有三寶廟，祀中官鄭和。
The kingdom spans a thousand li in circuit. Its people are fierce and hardy, skilled in fighting at sea. Senior commanders arm themselves in sacred iron, proof against blade and arrow alike. Sacred iron is made from human skull bone. The king is of Semudera stock. Official ranks fall into ten grades. From king to commoner, every matter of consequence is decided by the wife. Their women possess judgment and force of will that outmatch the men. If a wife takes a Chinese lover, the husband will set out wine and drink with them without a qualm, saying, "My wife is beautiful, and Chinese men admire her." They are devout Buddhists. Many men and women become monks and nuns, live in temples, and keep fasts and vows. Their dress resembles that of China. The wealthy are especially devout: half of a fortune of a hundred gold pieces goes to the Buddha. The climate swings erratically between cold and heat. The land is low and wet, and everyone lives in stilt houses. Men and women wear topknots and wrap their heads in white cloth. When the wealthy die, mercury is poured into the mouth before burial. The poor are laid out on the shore. Crows descend at once and pick the body clean in moments. The family gathers the bones, weeping, and casts them into the sea. This is called bird burial. Monks are invited to hold vegetarian rites and worship the Buddha as well. Cowrie shells serve as currency in trade. If cowries are not used in a given year, the kingdom will surely suffer a great plague. Their tribute includes images, ivory, rhinoceros horn, peacock tails, kingfisher feathers, tortoise shells, six-legged tortoises, gems, coral, camphor in many forms, rosewater, bowl stones, cassia, asafetida, gamboge, sulfur, myrrh, bismuth ocher, benzoin, and a long list of aromatics—lohu, gharuwood, sandalwood, eaglewood, frankincense, cloves, pepper, sappanwood, nutmeg, cardamom, long pepper, ebony, galangal seeds—along with Sahala and other Western Ocean cloths. The kingdom maintains three Sanbao temples dedicated to the eunuch Zheng He.
57
爪哇在占城西南。 元世祖時，遣使臣孟琪往，黥其面。 世祖大舉兵伐之，破其國而還。
Java lies to the southwest of Champa. Under Kublai Khan, the envoy Meng Qi was sent there and had his face branded in punishment. The Khan marched a great army against it, broke the kingdom, and withdrew.
58
洪武二年，太祖遣使以即位詔諭其國。 其使臣先奉貢於元，還至福建而元亡，因入居京師。 太祖復遣使送之還，且賜以《大統歷》。 三年以平定沙漠頒詔曰：「自古為天下主者，視天地所覆載，日月所照臨，若遠若近，生人之類，莫不欲其安土而樂生。 然必中國安，而後四方萬國順附。 邇元君妥懽帖木兒，荒淫昏弱，志不在民。 天下英雄，分裂疆宇。 朕憫生民之塗炭，興舉義兵，攘除亂略。 天下軍民共尊朕居帝位，國號大明，建元洪武。 前年克取元都，四方底定。 占城、安南、高麗諸國，俱來朝貢。 今年遣將北征，始知元君已沒，獲其孫買的裡八刺，封為崇禮侯。 朕仿前代帝王，治理天下，惟欲中外人民，各安其所。 又慮諸蕃僻在遠方，未悉朕意，故遣使者往諭，咸使聞知。」 九月，其王昔裡八達剌蒲遣使奉金葉表來朝，貢方物，宴賚如禮。
In Hongwu 2, the Founding Emperor sent envoys with an accession edict to the kingdom. Its envoys had been paying tribute to the Yuan. Returning, they reached Fujian as the dynasty collapsed and settled in the capital instead. The Founding Emperor sent envoys to escort them home and granted them the Datong Calendar. In the third year, after pacifying the desert, an edict proclaimed: "Since antiquity, the ruler of the realm has looked upon all Heaven and Earth uphold, all sun and moon illuminate, near and far alike. Every living people wishes to dwell in peace on its own soil. But China must be secure first; only then will the myriad states of the four quarters submit. The Yuan ruler Toghon Temür was dissolute, weak, and indifferent to his people. Heroes across the realm carved up the land. I took pity on the people in their misery, raised righteous armies, and swept away chaos and violence. The armies and people of the realm together raised me to the throne. The dynasty is called Great Ming, and the reign era Hongwu. Two years ago we took the Yuan capital, and the four quarters were settled. Champa, Annam, Goryeo, and other kingdoms all came to court with tribute. This year our northern campaign learned that the Yuan ruler was dead. We captured his grandson Buyidili Baci and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Chongli. I govern as emperors of old did, wishing only that people within and beyond the realm may each live in peace where they belong. Fearing that distant foreign states might not understand my intent, I have sent envoys to proclaim it so that all may know." In the ninth month, King Xilbidalabu sent envoys with a gold-leaf memorial and local products. They were feasted and rewarded according to ritual.
59
五年又遣使隨朝使常克敬來貢，上元所授宣敕三道。 八年又貢。 十年，王八達那巴那務遣使朝貢。 其國又有東、西二王，東蕃王勿院勞網結，西蕃王勿勞波務，各遣使朝貢。 天子以其禮意不誠，詔留其使，已而釋還之。 十二年，王八達那巴那務遣使朝貢。 明年又貢。 時遣使賜三佛齊王印綬，爪哇誘而殺之。 天子怒，留其使月餘，將加罪，已，遣還，賜敕責之。 十四年遣使貢黑奴三百人及他方物。 明年又貢黑奴男女百人、大珠八顆、胡椒七萬五千斤。 二十六年再貢。 明年又貢。
In the fifth year envoys came again with court envoy Chang Kejing, bearing tribute and three patents and edicts granted by the Yuan. In the eighth year they sent tribute again. In the tenth year, King Badanabanawu sent envoys with tribute. The kingdom also had eastern and western kings. The Eastern king Wuyuanlaowangjie and the Western king Wulaobowu each sent envoys with tribute. The Son of Heaven found their courtesy insincere and ordered their envoys detained, then released and sent home. In the twelfth year, King Badanabanawu sent envoys with tribute. The following year they sent tribute again. At that time envoys were sent to invest the king of Srivijaya with seal and cord. Java lured them in and killed them. The Son of Heaven was furious. He held Java's envoys for more than a month and was about to punish them, then sent them home with a stern rebuke. In the fourteenth year they sent three hundred black slaves and other local goods as tribute. The next year they sent one hundred black slaves, eight large pearls, and seventy-five thousand jin of pepper. In the twenty-sixth year they sent tribute once more. The following year they sent tribute again.
60
成祖即位，詔諭其國。 永樂元年又遣副使聞良輔、行人甯善，賜其王絨、綿、織金文綺、紗羅。 使者既行，其西王都馬板遣使入賀，覆命中官馬彬等賜以鍍金銀印。 西王遣使謝賜印，貢方物。 而東王孛令達哈亦遣使朝貢，請印，命遣官賜之。 自後，二王並貢。
When the Yongle Emperor came to the throne, he issued an edict to the kingdom. In Yongle 1, Vice Envoy Wen Liangfu and Attendant Ning Shan were sent with velvet, cotton, brocaded silks, and gauze for the king. After those envoys had left, the Western king Duma Ban sent envoys to offer congratulations. Eunuchs led by Ma Bin were again ordered to grant a gilded silver seal. The Western king sent envoys to thank the court for the seal and brought local products. The Eastern king Boling Daha also sent envoys with tribute and asked for a seal. Officials were ordered to grant one. Thereafter both kings sent tribute.
61
三年遣中官鄭和使其國。 明年，西王與東王構兵，東王戰敗，國被滅。 適朝使經東王地，部卒入市，西王國人殺之，凡百七十人。 西王懼，遣使謝罪。 帝賜敕切責之，命輸黃金六萬兩以贖。 六年再遣鄭和使其國。 西王獻黃金萬兩，禮官以輸數不足，請下其使於獄。 帝曰：「朕於遠人，欲其畏罪而已，寧利其金耶？」 悉捐之。 自後，比年一貢，或間歲一貢，或一歲數貢。 中官吳賓、鄭和先後使其國。 時舊港地有為爪哇侵據者，滿剌加國王矯朝命索之。 帝乃賜敕曰：「前中官尹慶還，言王恭待敕使，有加無替。 比聞滿剌加國索舊港之地，王甚疑懼。 朕推誠待人，若果許之，必有敕諭，王何疑焉。 小人浮詞，慎勿輕聽。」 十三年，其王改名揚惟西沙，遣使謝恩，貢方物。 時朝使所攜卒有遭風飄至班卒兒國者，爪哇人珍班聞之，用金贖還，歸之王所。 十六年，王遣使朝貢，因送還諸卒。 帝嘉之，賜敕獎王，並優賜珍班。 自是，朝貢使臣大率每歲一至。
In the third year the eunuch Zheng He was sent on a mission to the kingdom. The next year the Western and Eastern kings went to war. The Eastern king was defeated and his realm destroyed. Court envoys happened to be passing through Eastern king territory. Escort soldiers entered the market, and Western king's men killed them—one hundred seventy in all. The Western king was terrified and sent envoys to apologize. The Emperor sent a stern rebuke and ordered payment of sixty thousand taels of gold as ransom. In the sixth year Zheng He was sent to the kingdom again. The Western king offered ten thousand taels of gold. Ritual officials found the sum short and asked that his envoys be imprisoned. The Emperor said: "With distant peoples I want only that they fear wrongdoing. Would I profit from their gold?" He remitted the entire sum. Thereafter tribute came every other year, every few years, or several times in a single year. Eunuchs Wu Bin and Zheng He visited the kingdom in turn. Old Port lands had been seized by Java. The king of Malacca, falsely claiming a court order, demanded them back. The Emperor then sent an edict: "When eunuch Yin Qing returned earlier, he reported that you received imperial envoys with growing courtesy. I have lately heard that Malacca is demanding Old Port territory, and you are greatly alarmed. I deal with others in good faith. If I truly granted such a demand, you would receive an imperial instruction. Why doubt? Do not lightly heed the gossip of petty men." In the thirteenth year the king took the name Yang Weixisha and sent envoys with thanks and local products. Some soldiers with court envoys were blown off course to Pancur. A Java man named Zhen Ban heard of it, ransomed them with gold, and returned them to the king. In the sixteenth year the king sent envoys with tribute and returned the soldiers. The Emperor commended the king with an imperial letter and rewarded Zhen Ban generously as well. Thereafter tribute envoys generally came about once a year.
62
八年，廣東參政張琰言：「爪哇朝貢頻數，供億費煩，敝中國以事遠人，非計。」 帝納之。 其使還，賜敕曰：「海外諸邦，並三年一貢。 王亦宜體恤軍民，一遵此制。」 十一年復三貢，後乃漸稀。
In the eighth year, Guangdong Vice Commissioner Zhang Yan reported: "Java's tribute missions come too often. The cost of hosting them drains the empire. Exhausting China to serve distant realms is no sound policy." The Emperor accepted the advice. When their envoys returned, an edict declared: "All overseas states shall send tribute once every three years. The king should show concern for his armies and people and follow this rule." In the eleventh year they sent tribute three times again, but missions gradually grew rare thereafter.
63
景泰三年，王巴剌武遣使朝貢。 天順四年，王都馬班遣使入貢。 使者還至安慶，酗酒，與入貢番僧斗，僧死者六人。 禮官請治伴送行人罪，使者敕國王自治，從之。 成化元年入貢。 弘治十二年，貢使遭風舟壞，止通事一舟達廣東。 禮官請敕所司，量予賜賚遣還，其貢物仍進京師，制可。 自是貢使鮮有至者。
In Jingtai 3, King Balawu sent envoys with tribute. In Tianshun 4, King Duma Ban sent envoys with tribute. On the return journey the envoys reached Anqing, got drunk, and brawled with tribute-bearing foreign monks; six monks were killed. The Ministry of Rites asked that the escorts be punished. The court ordered the king to discipline the envoys on his own, and this was approved. In Chenghua 1 they sent tribute. In Hongzhi 12, the tribute mission was hit by a storm and the boats were lost; only the interpreter's boat reached Guangdong. The Ministry of Rites asked that the relevant offices be ordered to give suitable gifts and send the envoys home, while the tribute goods should still go to the capital. The order was approved. After that, tribute missions rarely arrived.
64
其國近占城，二十晝夜可至。 元師西征，以至元二十九年十二月發泉州，明年正月即抵其國，相去止月餘。 宣德七年入貢，表書「一千三百七十六年」，蓋漢宣帝元康元年，乃其建國之始也。 地廣人稠。 性凶悍，男子無少長貴賤皆佩刀，稍忤輒相賊，故其甲兵為諸蕃之最。 字類瑣裡，無紙筆，刻於茭曌葉。 氣候常似夏，稻歲二稔。 無幾榻匕箸。 人有三種：華人流寓者，服食鮮華； 他國賈人居久者，亦尚雅潔； 其本國人最污穢，好啖蛇蟻蟲蚓，與犬同寢食，狀黝黑，猱頭赤腳。 崇信鬼道。 殺人者避之三日即免罪。 父母死，舁至野，縱犬食之； 不盡，則大戚，燔其餘。 妻妾多燔以殉。
The kingdom lies close to Champa, about twenty days' sail away. On the Yuan western expedition, the army left Quanzhou in the twelfth month of Zhiyuan 29 and reached Java the following first month—barely more than a month apart. In Xuande 7 they sent tribute. Their memorial dated the year to "1376," taken as the first year of Yuankang under Emperor Xuan of Han—the founding of their kingdom. The country is vast and densely populated. They are fierce by nature. Men of every age and rank go armed, and the least provocation turns to bloodshed, so their fighting men are the strongest among the foreign states. Their script resembles Semudera's. They use no paper or brush, carving their writing on palm leaves instead. The climate is perpetually summerlike, and rice is harvested twice a year. They use no tables, couches, spoons, or chopsticks. The population falls into three groups: Chinese settlers, who dress and dine elegantly; long-resident foreign merchants, who also favor refinement and cleanliness; and the natives themselves, the most unclean of all, who eat snakes, ants, insects, and earthworms, sleep and eat with dogs, and are dark-skinned, with shaggy heads and bare feet. They worship spirits and demons. Murderers who remain in hiding for three days go unpunished. When parents die, the body is taken into the wild and left for dogs; if the dogs do not finish it, they mourn bitterly and burn the rest. Many wives and concubines are burned alive to accompany the dead.
65
其國一名莆家龍，又曰下港，曰順塔。 萬曆時，紅毛番築土庫於大澗東，佛郎機築於大澗西，歲歲互市。 中國商旅亦往來不絕。 其國有新村，最號饒富。 中華及諸番商舶，輻輳其地，寶貨填溢。 其村主即廣東人，永樂九年自遣使表貢方物。
The kingdom is also known as Pujialong, Xiagang, and Shunta. During the Wanli reign, Dutch traders built warehouses east of Da Jian and the Portuguese on the west, and the two sides traded with each other every year. Chinese merchants traveled back and forth without interruption. The kingdom has a settlement called New Village, famed as the wealthiest. Chinese and foreign merchant vessels crowded its harbor until treasures overflowed. The village head was a Guangdong man who, in Yongle 9, sent his own envoys with a memorial and tribute goods.
66
阇婆，古曰阇婆達。 宋元嘉時，始朝中國。 唐曰訶陵，又曰社婆，其王居阇婆城，宋曰阇婆，皆入貢。 洪武十一年，其王摩那駝喃遣使奉表，貢方物，其後不復至。 或曰爪哇即阇婆。 然《元史爪哇傳》不言，且曰：「其風俗、物產無所考。」 太祖時，兩國並時入貢，其王之名不同。 或本為二國，其後為爪哇所滅，然不可考。
Java was anciently known as Jaraboda. Under the Liu Song emperor Yuanjia, it first sent missions to the Chinese court. The Tang knew it as Heling, also called Shepo, with its king at Jaraboda. The Song called it Java. In each era it sent tribute. In Hongwu 11, King Monanuo Nan sent envoys with a memorial and tribute, but no further missions followed. Some hold that Java and Jaraboda are the same place. Yet the History of Yuan's account of Java does not say so, and remarks: "Its customs and products cannot be verified." Under the Founding Emperor, both kingdoms sent tribute at the same time, and their kings bore different names. They may originally have been two kingdoms, with Java later destroying the other—but this cannot be confirmed.
67
蘇吉丹
Sukadana
68
蘇吉丹，爪哇屬國，後訛為思吉港。 國在山中，止數聚落。 酋居吉力石。 其水潏，舟不可泊。 商船但往饒洞，其地平衍，國人皆就此貿易。 其與國有思魯瓦及豬蠻。 豬蠻多盜，華人鮮至。
Sukadana was a Java dependency whose name was later corrupted to Sijigang. The kingdom sits in the mountains and consists of only a few settlements. Its chief resides at Jilishi. The waters are rough and ships cannot moor there. Merchant vessels call only at Raodong, where the land is flat and all local trade is conducted. Neighboring peoples include Siluwa and the Zhu Man. The Zhu Man are notorious thieves, and Chinese traders seldom visit.
69
碟裡，近爪哇。 永樂三年遣使附其使臣來貢。 其地尚釋教，俗淳少訟，物產甚薄。
Die Li lies near Java. In Yongle 3 it sent envoys with Java's tribute mission. Buddhism is honored there, manners are mild and litigation rare, and local goods are scarce.
70
日羅夏治
Riluoxiaji
71
日羅夏治，近爪哇。 永樂三年遣使附其使臣入貢。 國小，知種藝，無盜賊。 亦尚釋教，所產止蘇木、胡椒。
Riluoxiaji lies near Java. In Yongle 3 it sent envoys with Java's mission to pay tribute. It is a small kingdom whose people farm and among whom theft is unknown. They too honor Buddhism and produce only sappanwood and pepper.
72
三佛齊
Srivijaya
73
三佛齊，古名干陀利。 劉宋孝武帝時，常遣使奉貢。 梁武帝時數至。 宋名三佛齊，修貢不絕。
Srivijaya was anciently known as Kantoli. Under Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song, it often sent tribute missions. Under Emperor Wu of Liang, missions came again and again. The Song knew it as Srivijaya, and tribute never ceased.
74
洪武三年，太祖遣行人趙述詔諭其國。 明年，其王馬哈剌札八剌卜遣使奉金葉表，隨入貢黑熊、火雞、孔雀、五色鸚鵡、諸香、苾布、兜羅被諸物。 詔賜《大統歷》及錦綺有差。 戶部言其貨舶至泉州，宜徵稅，命勿徵。
In Hongwu 3, the Founding Emperor sent Attendant Zhao Shu to announce the court's wishes to the kingdom. The following year, King Maharaja Zapabala sent envoys with a gold-leaf memorial and tribute of black bears, turkeys, peacocks, multicolored parrots, aromatics, cotton cloth, dharani quilts, and other goods. The court granted the Datong Calendar and brocades in varying amounts. The Ministry of Revenue argued that its merchant ships reaching Quanzhou should be taxed, but the emperor ordered that no tax be collected.
75
六年，王怛麻沙那阿者遣使朝貢，又一表賀明年正旦。 時其國有三王。 七年，王麻那哈寶林邦遣使來貢。 八年正月復貢。 九月，王僧伽烈宇蘭遣使，隨招諭拂菻國朝使入貢。
In the sixth year, King Tamasana Aja sent envoys with tribute and a separate memorial congratulating the court on the coming New Year. At that time the kingdom had three kings. In the seventh year, King Manaha Baolinbang sent envoys with tribute. In the first month of the eighth year they sent tribute again. In the ninth month, King Senggalie Yulan sent envoys who came with the mission sent to summon Fulin to pay tribute.
76
九年，怛麻沙那阿者卒，子麻那者巫裡嗣。 明年遣使貢犀牛、黑熊、火雞、白猴、紅緣鸚鵡、龜筒及丁香、米腦諸物。 使者言：「嗣子不敢擅立，請命於朝。」 天子嘉其義，命使臣齎印，敕封為三佛齊國王。 時爪哇強，已威服三佛齊而役屬之，聞天朝封為國王與己埒，則大怒，遣人誘朝使邀殺之。 天子亦不能問罪，其國益衰，貢使遂絕。
In the ninth year Tamasana Aja died and was succeeded by his son Manazhe Wuli. The following year envoys brought rhinoceroses, black bears, turkeys, white monkeys, red-rimmed parrots, tortoise-shell vessels, cloves, borneol, and other goods. The envoys said: "The heir dares not take the throne without authorization and asks the court for confirmation." The emperor approved this conduct and ordered his envoys to carry a seal investing Manazhe Wuli as king of Srivijaya. Java was then powerful, had already subjugated Srivijaya, and flew into a rage when it learned the Ming had invested a king equal to its own. It sent men to lure the imperial envoys and kill them. The emperor could not punish Java, the kingdom declined further, and tribute missions stopped.
77
三十年，禮官以諸蕃久缺貢，奏聞。 帝曰：「洪武初，諸蕃貢使不絕。 邇者安南、占城、真臘、暹羅、爪哇、大琉球、三佛齊、浡泥、彭亨、百花、蘇門答剌、西洋等三十國，以胡惟庸作亂，三佛齊乃生間諜，紿我使臣至彼。 爪哇王聞知，遣人戒飭，禮送還朝。 由是商旅阻遏，諸國之意不通。 惟安南、占城、真臘、暹羅、大琉球朝貢如故，大琉球且遣子弟入學。 凡諸蕃國使臣來者，皆以禮待之。 我視諸國不薄，未知諸國心若何。 今欲遣使爪哇，恐三佛齊中途沮之。 聞三佛齊本爪哇屬國，可述朕意，移咨暹羅，俾轉達爪哇。」 於是部臣移牒曰：「自有天地以來，即有君臣上下之分，中國四裔之防。 我朝混一之初，海外諸蕃，莫不來享。 豈意胡惟庸謀亂，三佛齊遂生異心，紿我信使，肆行巧詐。 我聖天子一以仁義待諸蕃，何諸蕃敢背大恩，失君臣之禮。 倘天子震怒，遣一偏將將十萬之師，恭行天罰，易如覆手，爾諸蕃何不思之甚。 我聖天子嘗曰：『安南、占城、真臘、暹羅、大琉球皆修臣職，惟三佛齊梗我聲教。 彼以蕞爾之國，敢倔強不服，自取滅亡。』 爾暹羅恪守臣節，天朝眷禮有加，可轉達爪哇，令以大義告諭三佛齊，誠能省愆從善，則禮待如初。」 時爪哇已破三佛齊，據其國，改其名曰舊港，三佛齊遂亡。 國中大亂，爪哇亦不能盡有其地，華人流寓者往往起而據之。 有梁道明者，廣州南海縣人，久居其國，『閩、粵軍民泛海從之者數千家，推道明為首，雄視一方。 會指揮孫鉉使海外，遇其子，挾與俱來。
In the thirtieth year, ritual officials reported that the foreign states had long ceased sending tribute. The emperor said: "In early Hongwu, tribute missions from the foreign states never stopped. Recently Annam, Champa, Khmer, Siam, Java, Great Ryukyu, Srivijaya, Brunei, Pahang, Baihua, Sumatra, the Western Ocean, and some thirty other states—after Hu Weiyong's rebellion, Srivijaya sent spies and lured our envoys there. When the Java king learned of this, he sent men to restrain the offenders and ceremoniously escorted our envoys home. Trade was disrupted and contact with the kingdoms broke down. Only Annam, Champa, Khmer, Siam, and Great Ryukyu kept sending tribute as before; Great Ryukyu even sent princes to study at court. Every envoy from the foreign states was received with full ceremony. I have never slighted these kingdoms, yet I do not know what they think of us. I now wish to send envoys to Java, but fear Srivijaya may block them en route. I hear Srivijaya was once Java's dependency. Convey my wishes in a dispatch to Siam and let Siam pass them on to Java." The ministry then issued a dispatch: "Since the beginning of Heaven and Earth there have been rulers and subjects, high and low, and a boundary between China and the outer world. When our dynasty first united the realm, every overseas state came to pay homage. Who could have expected Hu Weiyong's rebellion, after which Srivijaya turned disloyal, deceived our envoys, and practiced deceit? Our sage emperor has treated every foreign state with benevolence and righteousness—how dare they repay such grace by violating the bond between ruler and subject? Should the emperor grow angry and send a single general with a hundred thousand men to execute Heaven's punishment, it would be as easy as turning one's hand—how little you foreign states have thought. Our sage emperor once said: "Annam, Champa, Khmer, Siam, and Great Ryukyu all fulfill their duties; only Srivijaya resists our civilizing influence. That petty kingdom dares defy us and invites its own ruin. Siam has kept faith as a subject, and the court has shown you special favor. Pass this on to Java and let Java admonish Srivijaya in the name of righteousness. If Srivijaya repents and reforms, it will be treated as before." By then Java had already destroyed Srivijaya, seized its territory, renamed it Old Port, and Srivijaya was no more. The country fell into chaos. Java could not hold all the territory, and Chinese settlers often seized portions for themselves. One Liang Daoming, a native of Nanhai County in Guangzhou, had long lived there. Several thousand Fujian and Guangdong families who crossed the sea followed him, made him their leader, and dominated the region. When Commander Sun Xuan went on a mission overseas, he met Daoming's son, brought him along, and returned with him.
78
永樂三年，成祖以行人譚勝受與道明同邑，命偕千戶楊信等齎敕招之。 道明及其黨鄭伯可隨入朝，貢方物，受賜而還。
In Yongle 3, because Attendant Tan Shengshou came from Daoming's home district, the Yongle Emperor ordered him to go with Thousand-Commander Yang Xin and others, bearing an edict to summon Daoming. Daoming and his follower Zheng Boke came to court, presented tribute, received gifts, and went home.
79
嘉靖末，廣東大盜張璉作亂，官軍已報克獲。 萬曆五年商人詣舊港者，見璉列肆為蕃舶長，漳、泉人多附之，猶中國市舶官雲。
At the end of the Jiajing reign, the Guangdong bandit Zhang Lian rebelled, and government troops reported that he had been captured. In Wanli 5, merchants reaching Old Port found Zhang Lian running shops as chief of the foreign merchant fleet. Many men from Zhangzhou and Quanzhou followed him, much like a Chinese port superintendent.
80
其地為諸蕃要會，在爪哇之西，順風八晝夜可至。 轄十五洲，土沃宜稼。 語云：「一年種穀，三年生金。」 言收穫盛而貿金多也。 俗富好淫。 習於水戰，鄰國畏之。 地多水，惟部領陸居，庶民皆水居。 編筏築室，系之於樁。 水漲則筏浮，無沉溺患。 欲徙則拔樁去之，不費財力。 下稱其上曰詹卑，猶國君也。 後大酋所居，即號詹卑國，改故都為舊港。 初本富饒，自爪哇破滅，後漸致蕭索，商舶鮮至。 其他風俗、物產，具詳《宋史》。
The site is a major crossroads of the foreign states, west of Java—eight days' sail with a fair wind. It controls fifteen districts on fertile land well suited to agriculture. A proverb says: "Sow grain for a year, and gold accrues for three. This means harvests are rich and the gold trade flourishes. The people are wealthy and prone to licentiousness. They are skilled in naval warfare, and neighboring states fear them. Water covers most of the land; only the chiefs live ashore, while commoners dwell on the water. They weave rafts into dwellings and moor them to piles. When the waters rise the rafts float with them, so there is no risk of foundering. To relocate they simply pull up the piles and go, at little cost in money or effort. Subordinates address their superiors as zhanbei, much as one would a sovereign. Later the great chief's seat was styled the state of Zhanbei, and the former capital was renamed Old Port. It was once genuinely prosperous, but after Java destroyed it the region gradually declined, and merchant vessels seldom called. Other customs and products are set forth in full in the History of Song.