1
南齊書卷十六‧志第八百官
Volume 16 Treatises 8: Official Posts
2
建官設職，興自炎昊，方乎隆周之冊，表乎盛漢之書。 存改回沿，備於歷代，先賢往學，以之雕篆者衆矣。 若夫胡廣舊儀，事惟簡撮，應劭官典，殆無遺恨。 王朗奏議，屬霸國之初基； 陳矯增曹，由軍事而補闕。 今則有《魏氏官儀》、《魚豢中外官》也。 山濤以意辯人，不囗囗囗。 荀勗欲去事煩，唯論并省。 定制成文，本之晉令，後代承業，案爲前准。 肇域官品，區別階資，蔚宗選簿梗概，欽明階次詳悉，虞通、劉寅因荀氏之作，矯舊增新，今古相校。 齊受宋禪，事遵常典，旣有司存，無所偏廢。 其餘散在史注，多已筌拾，覽者易知，不重述也。 〈諸臺府郎令史職吏以下，具見長水校尉王珪之《職儀》。〉
The founding of offices began with the sage-kings of antiquity; it shows in the Zhou archives at their zenith and stands written in the Han histories at their flood. Kept, revised, and handed down through every dynasty, it drew generations of scholars—countless hands have cut it into stone and brush. Hu Guang's Old Protocols compress the record to essentials; Ying Shao's Official Canon leaves little wanting. Wang Lang's memorials date to the first laying of a hegemon's foundations; Chen Qiao's supplements to the Cao Wei roster grew out of war and patched what was missing. Today we have the Wei House's Official Protocols and Yu Huan's Central and Outer Officials. Shan Tao read men by intuition; the text is lost. Xun Xu wanted to cut the clutter of detail and speak only of consolidation. Once rules were cast as written law they rested on the Jin code; later courts took up that work and made it their precedent. When the hierarchy was first drawn, grades and ranks were sorted apart: Fan Ye's register sketches the frame, the Qinming text fills the ladder; Yu Tong and Liu Yin, following the Xun family's books, bent the old into the new—ancient and present set side by side. Qi took the throne from Song by abdication and kept the usual forms; where an office already stood, none was singled out for abolition. What remains scattered through commentaries has mostly been gathered already; the reader can learn it elsewhere, so it is not told again here. 〈For clerks, recorders, and functionaries of the various bureaus and offices, see Colonel of the Long River Wang Guizhi's Protocols of Office.〉
3
相國。
Chancellor of State.
4
蕭、曹以來，爲人臣極位。 宋孝建用南譙王義宣。 至齊不用人，以爲贈，不列官。
From Xiao He and Cao Shen onward, it was the highest station a subject could hold. Under Song, Prince Yixuan of Nanqiao held it in the Xiaojian era. In Qi no living man held it; it was given only as a posthumous honor and dropped from the active roster.
5
太宰。
Grand Preceptor.
6
宋大明用江夏王義恭，以後無人。 齊以爲贈。
Song's Prince Yigong of Jiangxia held it in the Daming era; after that, no one. In Qi it was a posthumous title only.
7
太傅。
Grand Tutor.
8
太師、太保、太傅，周舊官。 漢末，董卓爲太師。 晉惠帝初，衞瓘爲太保。 自後無太師，而太保爲贈。 齊唯置太傅。
Grand Preceptor, Grand Guardian, and Grand Tutor were offices of the Zhou. Late in Han, Dong Zhuo held the Grand Preceptorship. At the start of Jin Huidi's reign, Wei Guan was made Grand Guardian. Thereafter no one held Grand Preceptor; Grand Guardian survived only as a posthumous grant. Qi kept only the Grand Tutor among them.
9
大司馬。
Grand Marshal.
10
大將軍。
Grand General.
11
宋元嘉用彭城王義康，後無人。 齊以爲贈。
In Song's Yuanjia era Prince Yikang of Pengcheng held it; after that, no one. In Qi it was a posthumous title only.
12
太尉。
Grand Commandant.
13
司徒。
Minister of Education.
14
司空。
Minister of Works.
15
三公，舊爲通官。 司徒府領天下州郡名數戶口簿籍。 雖無，常置左右長史、左西曹掾屬、主簿、祭酒、令史以下。 晉世王導爲司徒，右長史干寶撰立官府，《職儀》已具。
The Three Excellencies were once standing posts open to appointment. The Minister of Education's bureau kept the empire's registers of place-names, household counts, and population rolls. Even when the seat was empty, left and right senior recorders, western-bureau aides, chief clerk, libationer, and recorders below them were always in place. Under Jin, Wang Dao was Minister of Education; his right senior recorder Gan Bao drew up the office establishment—the Protocols of Office already cover it.
16
特進。
Special Advance.
17
位從公。
Rank equal to a duke.
18
諸開府儀同三司。
All holders of Acting Three Excellencies.
19
驃騎將軍。
General of Agile Cavalry.
20
車騎將軍。
General of Chariots and Cavalry.
21
衞將軍。
General of the Guard.
22
鎮軍將軍。
General Who Guards the Army.
23
中軍將軍。
General of the Central Army.
24
撫軍將軍。
General Who Pacifies the Army.
25
四征將軍。 〈東、西、南、北。〉
Four Campaign Generals. 〈East, West, South, North.〉
26
四鎮將軍。
Four Garrison Generals.
27
凡諸將軍加「大」字，位從公。 開府儀同如公。 凡公督府置佐：長史、司馬各一人，諮議參軍二人。 諸曹有錄事，功曹，記室，戶曹，倉曹，中、直兵，外兵，騎兵，長流，賊曹，城局，法曹，田曹，水曹，鎧曹，集曹，右戶，十八曹。 城局曹以上署正參軍，法曹以下署行參軍，各一人。 其行參軍無署者，爲長兼員。 其府佐史則從事中郎二人，倉曹掾、戶曹屬、東西閤祭酒各一人，主簿舍人御屬二人。 加崇者，則左右長史四人，中郎掾屬竝增數。 其未及開府，則置府亦有佐史，其數有減。 小府無長流，置禁防參軍。
Any general whose title took the prefix "Grand" ranked equal to a duke. An open office with honors equal to the three dukes ranked like a duke. Every duke-level commandery office appointed aides—one senior recorder and one marshal each, plus two advising staff officers. Its bureaus comprised recorders, merit clerks, secretaries, household and granary clerks, central and direct military sections, outer military and cavalry sections, long-service and bandit-suppression sections, city office, law, field, water, armor, assembly, and right-household sections—eighteen bureaus in all. From the city-office bureau up, each post had a regular staff officer; from the law bureau down, an acting staff officer. An acting staff officer without a dedicated post served as a standing concurrent appointee. Office aides and clerks comprised two attendant gentlemen, a granary aide, a household subordinate, eastern and western pavilion libationers, and two chief-clerk secretaries with imperial attendants. With added honors came four senior recorders, left and right, and more attendant gentlemen and subordinates. Even without an open office, a commandery staff kept aides and clerks—though fewer. Small staffs omitted the long-service bureau and posted a garrison-defense staff officer instead.
28
四安將軍。
Four Pacification Generals.
29
四平將軍。
Four Tranquility Generals.
30
左、右、前、後將軍。
Generals of the Left, Right, Front, and Rear.
31
征虜將軍。
General Who Subdues the Barbarians.
32
四中郎將。
Four Central Guard Commandants.
33
晉世荀羨、王胡之竝居此官。 宋、齊以來，唯處諸王，素族無爲者。
Under Jin, Xun Xian and Wang Huzhi both held the post. From Song and Qi onward it went only to imperial princes; no commoner clan ever held it.
34
冠軍將軍。
General Who Champions.
35
輔國將軍。
General Who Assists the State.
36
寧朔將軍。
General Who Pacifies the North.
37
寧遠將軍。
General Who Pacifies the Distance.
38
龍驤將軍。
Dragon-Courser General.
39
凡諸小號，亦有置府者。
Even some of these lesser titles could open a full staff office.
40
太常。
Minister of Ceremonies.
41
府置丞一人，五官、功曹、主簿，九府九史皆然。 領官如左：
Its office had one deputy, five officers, a merit clerk, and a chief clerk—the same pattern as the other eight ministries and their clerks. It oversaw the following posts:
42
博士，謂之太學博士。
Erudites, styled erudites of the Grand Academy.
43
國子祭酒一人。 博士二人。 助教十人。
One director of the Imperial Academy. Two erudites. Ten teaching assistants.
44
建元四年，有司奏置國學，祭酒准諸曹尚書，博士准中書郎，助教准南臺御史。 選經學爲先。 若其人難備，給事中以還明經者，以本位領。 其下典學二人，三品，准太常主簿； 戶曹、儀曹各二人，五品； 白簿治禮吏八人，六品； 保學醫二人； 威儀二人。 其夏，國諱廢學，有司奏省助教以下。 永明三年，立學，尚書令王儉領祭酒。 八年，國子博士何胤單爲祭酒，疑所服，陸澄等皆不能據，遂以玄服臨試。 月餘日，博議定，乃服朱衣。
In the fourth year of Jianyuan the ministries proposed a national academy: its director ranked with a bureau director of the masters of writing, its erudites with a secretariat gentleman, its assistants with a Southern Bureau censor. Candidates were chosen first for mastery of the classics. When no one qualified could be found, a palace attendant who had passed the classics examination might serve concurrently in his present rank. Below them stood two academy directors of third rank, equal to the Minister of Ceremonies' chief clerk; two household clerks and two ritual clerks each, fifth rank; eight white-register clerks for ritual paperwork, sixth rank; two academy physicians; two masters of ceremony. That summer mourning for the late emperor closed the schools; the ministries proposed cutting every post below teaching assistant. In Yongming 3 the academy was restored; Director of the Masters of Writing Wang Jian served as its director. In year 8 the academy erudite He Yin became sole director; with no precedent for his robes, Lu Cheng and the rest could not decide, and he examined candidates in black dress. After a month of debate among scholars, he took vermilion robes.
45
總明觀祭酒一人。
One director of the Zongming Observatory.
46
右太始六年，以國學廢，初置總明觀，玄、儒、文、史四科，科置學士各十人，正令史一人，書令史二人，幹一人，門吏一人，典觀吏二人。 建元中，掌治五禮。 永明三年，國學建，省。
Note: In the sixth year of Taishi, with the national academy shut, the Zongming Observatory was founded—Daoist, Confucian, literary, and historical sections, ten scholars each; plus one chief recorder, two document recorders, a steward, a gate officer, and two observatory clerks. In the Jianyuan era it managed the five rites. When the national academy reopened in Yongming 3, the observatory was abolished.
47
太廟令一人，丞一人。
Director of the Imperial Ancestral Temple, one; deputy, one.
48
明堂令一人，丞一人。
Director of the Bright Hall, one; deputy, one.
49
太祝令一人，丞一人。
Director of Imperial Sacrifices, one; deputy, one.
50
太史令一人，丞一人。
Director of the Imperial Astronomer, one; deputy, one.
51
廩犧令一人，丞一人。
Director of Sacrificial Victims: one; aide: one.
52
置令丞以下皆有職吏。
Below the director and aide, functional clerks were all appointed.
53
太樂令一人，丞一人。
Grand Musician: one; aide: one.
54
諸陵令。
Directors of the imperial tombs.
55
永明末置，用二品三品勳。 置主簿、戶曹各一人，六品保舉。
Established at the end of Yongming; appointees were drawn from holders of second- and third-rank merit. One registrar and one household-section chief were appointed; candidates were nominated at rank six.
56
光祿勳。
Supervisor of Attendants.
57
府置丞一人。 領官如左：
The bureau had one aide. Offices under its charge are as follows:
58
左右光祿大夫。
Left and Right Grandees of Splendor.
59
位從公，開府置佐史如公。
Rank equivalent to a duke; they opened a bureau and appointed aides and clerks like a duke.
60
光祿大夫。
Grandee of Splendor.
61
皆銀章青綬，詔加金章紫綬者，爲金紫光祿大夫。 樂安任遐爲光祿，就王晏乞一片金，晏乃啓轉爲金紫，不行。
All bore silver seals and green ribbons; when an edict added a golden seal and purple ribbon, the holder became a Grandee of Splendor with Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon. Ren Xia of Le'an held the grandeeship of splendor; he asked Wang Yan for a piece of gold, and Yan memorialized to promote him to golden seal and purple ribbon, but the request failed.
62
太中大夫。
Superior Grandee of the Palace.
63
中散大夫。
Palace Attendant Grandee.
64
諸大夫官，皆處舊齒老年，重者加親信二十人。
These grand-master posts went to men of long service and advanced years; for the more honored posts, twenty personal attendants were added.
65
衞尉。
Commandant of the Guards.
66
府置丞一人。 掌宮城管籥。 張衡西京賦曰「衞尉八屯，警夜巡晝」。 宮城諸却敵樓上本施鼓，持夜者以應更唱，太祖以鼓多驚眠，改以鐵磬云。
The bureau had one aide. He oversaw the palace city's gates and keys. Zhang Heng's Western Capital Rhapsody says, 「The commandant of the guards' eight garrisons—alert at night, patrol by day.」 On every parapet tower of the palace city drums had once been set up, and night watchmen answered the watch-change call with them. The Founder, saying the drums too often broke sleep, is said to have replaced them with iron chimes.
67
廷尉。
Commandant of Justice.
68
府置丞一人，正一人，監一人，評一人，律博士一人。
The bureau had one aide, one chief judge, one inspector, one reviewer, and one doctor of law.
69
大司農。
Grand Minister of Agriculture.
70
府置丞一人。 領官如左：
The bureau had one aide. Offices under its charge are as follows:
71
太倉令一人，丞一人。
Director of the Grand Granary: one; aide: one.
72
導官令一人，丞一人。
Director of the Guiding Office: one; aide: one.
73
藉田令一人，丞一人。
Director of the Sacred Fields: one; aide: one.
74
少府。
Minor Treasurer.
75
府置丞一人。 領官如左：
The bureau had one aide. Offices under its charge are as follows:
76
左右尚方令各一人，丞一人。
Left and Right Directors of the Imperial Workshops: one each; aide: one each.
77
鍛署丞一人。 〈永明三年省，四年復置。〉
Forging Office aide: one. 〈Removed in Yongming 3, restored in 4.〉
78
御府令一人，丞一人。
Director of the Imperial Wardrobe: one; aide: one.
79
東冶令一人，丞一人。
Director of the Eastern Foundry: one; aide: one.
80
南冶令一人，丞一人。
Director of the Southern Foundry: one; aide: one.
81
平准令一人，丞一人。
Director of Market Regulation: one; aide: one.
82
上林令一人，丞一人。 〈亦屬尚書殿中曹。〉
Director of the Superior Park: one; aide: one. 〈Also subordinate to the Household Section of the Secretariat.〉
83
將作大匠。
Master of Works.
84
太僕。
Director of the Imperial Stud.
85
大鴻臚。
Grand Herald.
86
三卿不常置。 將作掌宮廟土木。 太僕掌郊禮執轡。 鴻臚掌導護贊拜。 有事權置兼官，畢乃省。
The three ministers were not regularly appointed. The Master of Works oversaw palace and temple construction in earth and wood. The Director of the Imperial Stud oversaw suburban rites and held the reins. The Grand Herald oversaw escort, presentation, and praise at audience. When need arose, concurrent posts were set up ad hoc; when the task ended, they were abolished.
87
乘黃令一人。
Director of the Chariots and Horses, one person.
88
掌五輅安車，大行凶器轀輬車。
He managed the five regalia chariots, the comfort carriage, and the great-procession funeral wagons and bier-carriages.
89
客館令。
Director of the Guest Lodge.
90
掌四方賔客。
He received guests from all four quarters.
91
宣德衞尉、少府、太僕。
Xuande Minister of the Guard, Chamberlain for the Palace Revenues, and Chamberlain for the Imperial Stud.
92
鬱林王立，文安太后卽尊號，以宮名置之。
When the Prince of Yulin was made heir and Empress Dowager Wen'an took her honorific title, these offices were created and named after palace quarters.
93
大長秋。
Grand Chamberlain for the Palace Environs.
94
鬱林立皇后置。
Established when the Prince of Yulin raised his consort to empress.
95
錄尚書。
Recorder of the masters of writing.
96
尚書令。
Director of the masters of writing.
97
總領尚書臺二十曹，爲內臺主。 行遇諸王以下，皆禁駐。 左右僕射分道。 無令，左僕射爲臺主，與令同。
He headed all twenty departments of the secretariat and served as chief of the inner office. On the road, everyone from princes down had to stop and make way. The left and right vice directors used separate routes. If the directorate was vacant, the left vice director headed the secretariat with the director's authority.
98
左僕射。
Left vice director.
99
領殿中主客二曹事，諸曹郊廟、園陵、車駕行幸、朝儀、臺內非違、文官舉補滿敘疾假事，其諸吉慶瑞應衆賀、災異賊發衆變、臨軒崇拜、改號格制、莅官銓選，凡諸除署、功論、封爵、貶黜、八議、疑讞、通關案，則左僕射主，右僕射次經，維是黃案，左僕射右僕射署朱符見字，經都丞竟，右僕射橫畫成目，左僕射畫，令畫。 右官闕，則以次幷畫。 若無左右，則直置僕射在其中閒，總左右事。
He oversaw the Palace and Guest-Relations bureaus. Across the departments he took the lead on suburban and temple rites, imperial tombs, progresses, court ceremony, internal discipline, civil appointments and promotions, completed terms, and sick leave; on congratulatory rites for good omens, mass celebrations, disasters, rebellions, and other emergencies; on imperial-audience worship, era-title and regulatory changes, and arrival and selection of officials; and on every appointment, merit review, enfeoffment, demotion, eight deliberations, doubtful case, and transit permit—the left vice director led and the right vice director followed. On yellow documents both vice directors applied red seals and visible endorsements; after the secretariat aide finished review, the right vice director drew a horizontal closing stroke, then the left vice director and the director signed. If the official on the right was absent, the next in line signed together. If neither left nor right vice director was in place, one vice director was appointed between them to handle both sides.
100
吏部尚書。
Minister of the ministry of personnel.
101
領吏部、刪定、三公、比部四曹。
He oversaw the Personnel, Revision, Three Excellencies, and Comparison bureaus.
102
度支尚書。
Minister of revenue.
103
領度支、金部、倉部、起部四曹。
He oversaw the Revenue, Gold, Granary, and Construction bureaus.
104
左民尚書。
Minister for the left populace.
105
領左民、駕部二曹。
He oversaw the Left Populace and Chariot bureaus.
106
都官尚書。
Minister of justice.
107
領都官、水部、庫部、功論四曹。
He oversaw the Justice, Water, Stores, and Merit-Evaluation bureaus.
108
五兵尚書。
Minister of the five armies.
109
領中兵、外兵二曹。
He oversaw the Inner and Outer Military bureaus.
110
祠部尚書。
Minister of the sacrificial department.
111
右僕射通職，不俱置。
The right vice director held the post concurrently, and the two were not appointed separately.
112
起部尚書。
Minister of construction.
113
興立宮廟權置，事畢省。
Created temporarily to erect palaces and temples, then abolished when the work ended.
114
左丞一人。
Left aide, one person.
115
掌宗廟郊祠、吉慶瑞應、災異、立作格制、諸案彈、選用除置、吏補滿除遣注職。
He handled suburban and temple sacrifices, auspicious omens and congratulatory rites, disasters and anomalies, new regulations, case reviews and impeachments, appointments and dismissals, filling vacancies, and posting officials to duty.
116
右丞一人。
Right aide, one person.
117
掌兵士百工補役死叛考代年老疾病解遣、其內外諸庫藏穀帛、刑辠創業諍訟、田地船乘、稟拘兵工死叛、考剔討補、差分百役、兵器諸營署人領、州郡租布、民戶移徙、州郡縣併帖、城邑民戶割屬、刺史二千石令長丞尉被收及免贈、文武諸犯削官事。 白案，右丞上署，左丞次署。 黃案，左丞上署，右丞次署。 諸立格制及詳讞大事宗廟朝廷儀體，左丞上署，右丞次署。 自令僕以下五尚書八座二十曹，各置郎中令史以下，又置都令史分領之。 僕射掌朝軌，尚書掌讞奏，都丞任碎，在彈違諸曹緣常及外詳讞事。 應須命議相值者，皆郎先立意，應奏黃案及關事，以立意官爲議主。 凡辭訴有漫命者，曹緣諮如舊。 若命有諮，則以立意者爲議主。
He handled soldiers and artisans—recruitment, replacements for the dead and deserters, evaluations, and release for age, sickness, or disability; grain and silk in state storehouses inside and out; criminal, property, and litigation matters; land, boats, and transport; laborers who died or fled service, review, replacement, and corvée assignment; arms, camps, and workshop staffing; provincial and commandery cloth taxes; household moves; mergers of provinces, commanderies, and counties; reassignment of city populations; arrest, removal, reward, or posthumous honors for inspectors, two-thousand-shi officials, and county magistrates, aides, and commandants; and every civil or military case that stripped an office. On white documents the right aide signed first and the left aide second. On yellow documents the left aide signed first and the right aide second. For new regulations and major reviewed cases on ancestral temples and court ritual, the left aide signed first and the right aide second. From the director and vice directors through the five ministers, eight seats, and twenty bureaus, each office had gentlemen-attendants and clerks below them, with chief clerks assigned to supervise. Vice directors managed court protocol, directors handled memorials, and secretariat aides handled detail—checking routine violations in the bureaus and reviewing outside cases. When consultation was needed, gentlemen-attendants drafted the proposal first; for yellow-document memorials and related business, the drafter chaired the discussion. Petitions with vague instructions were routed through the bureaus as before. If the order called for consultation, the drafter chaired the discussion.
118
武庫令一人。
Director of the arsenal, one person.
119
屬庫部。
Subordinate to the Stores bureau.
120
車府令一人，丞一人。
Director of the carriage office, one person; aide, one person.
121
屬駕部。
Subordinate to the Chariot bureau.
122
公車令一人。
Director of the imperial carriages, one person.
123
大官令一人，丞一人。
Director of the commissariat, one person; aide, one person.
124
大醫令一人，丞一人。
Grand Physician-in-Chief, one person; aide, one person.
125
內外殿中監各一人。
Inner and outer superintendents of the palace halls, one each.
126
內外驊騮廄丞各一人。
Inner and outer assistant directors of the piebald stud, one each.
127
材官將軍一人，司馬一人。
General of materiel, one person; marshal, one person.
128
屬起部，亦屬領軍。
He answered to the Department of Mobilization and also to the Office of the Army.
129
侍中祭酒。 〈高功者稱之。〉
Chief of the gentlemen-in-attendance of the palace gate. 〈So titled for those of highest merit.〉
130
侍中。
Gentlemen-in-attendance of the palace gate.
131
漢世爲親近之職。 魏、晉選用，稍增華重，而大意不異。 宋文帝元嘉中，王華、王曇首、殷景仁等，竝爲侍中，情在親密，與帝接膝共語，貂拂帝手，拔貂置案上，語畢復手插之。 孝武時，侍中何偃南郊陪乘，鑾輅過白門閫，偃將匐，帝乃接之曰：「朕乃陪卿。」 齊世朝會，多以美姿容者兼官。 永元三年，東昏南郊，不欲親朝士，以主璽陪乘，前代未嘗有也。 侍中呼爲門下。 亦置令史。 領官如左：
Under the Han it was a post kept close to the throne. Wei and Jin made the appointment somewhat grander, yet its heart stayed the same. In Emperor Wen of Song's Yuanjia years Wang Hua, Wang Tan-shou, Yin Jingren, and others served together as gentlemen-in-attendance, intimate enough to talk knee to knee with the emperor—brushing his hand with their sable, slipping it off to lay on the table, then, when words were spent, sliding their hands back in. Under Emperor Xiaowu, He Yan, gentleman-in-attendance, rode beside the emperor at the southern suburb; as the train passed the White Gate barbican he was about to bow flat, and the emperor stayed him: "I shall keep you company." In Qi, court levees often doubled handsome men in other offices. In Yongyuan's third year Emperor Donghun, going to the southern suburb, refused to face the court gentlemen and set the keeper of the imperial seal beside him in the carriage—a thing no age before had seen. In court speech they were called "Gate Below." Clerk-recorders were appointed as well. Offices under its charge:
132
給事黃門侍郎。
Gentlemen attendants of the yellow gate.
133
亦管知詔令，世呼爲小門下。
They also handled edicts and orders; courtiers called them "Lesser Gate Below."
134
散騎常侍。 通直散騎常侍。 員外散騎常侍。
Regular attendant-in-ordinary. Direct regular attendant-in-ordinary. Supernumerary regular attendant-in-ordinary.
135
舊與侍中通官，其通直員外，用衰老人士，故其官漸替。 宋大明雖華選比侍中，而人情久習，終不見重，尋復如初。
Once they had shared rank with the gentlemen-in-attendance; direct and supernumerary posts went to aged men of note, and the office slowly hollowed out. In Song's Daming years the post was chosen with as much show as the gentlemen-in-attendance, yet custom had taught men not to esteem it, and soon it sank back to the old level.
136
散騎侍郎。 通直散騎侍郎。 員外散騎侍郎。
Gentleman cavalier attendant-in-ordinary. Direct gentleman cavalier attendant-in-ordinary. Supernumerary gentleman cavalier attendant-in-ordinary.
137
給事中。
Gentlemen for palace service.
138
奉朝請。
Court attendants at imperial audience.
139
駙馬都尉。
Commandant of the horse-consorts.
140
集書省職，置正書令史。 朝散用衣冠之餘，人數猥積。 永明中，奉朝請至六百餘人。
Duties of the Secretariat for Imperial Writings; chief clerks for documents were posted. Court attendants at audience were filled from men who had left the cap and gown; the rolls swelled past counting. By the Yongming years court attendants at audience numbered more than six hundred.
141
中書監一人，令一人，侍郎四人，通事舍人無員。
Superintendent of the palace secretariat, one; director, one; four gentlemen-attendants; palace messengers without fixed quota.
142
中書省職，置主書、令史、正書以下。
Duties of the palace secretariat; chief document clerks, recorder-clerks, document officers, and ranks below were posted.
143
祕書監一人，丞一人。 郎。 著作佐郎。
Director of the imperial library, one person; aide, one person. Gentleman. Assistant gentleman for compilation.
144
晉祕書閣有令史，掌衆書，見《晉令》，令亦置令史、正書及弟子，皆典教書畫。
Under Jin the library pavilion kept clerk-recorders over all books, per the Jin statutes; the director likewise posted clerk-recorders, document officers, and disciples, all to teach writing and painting.
145
御史中丞一人。
Inspector-in-chief of the censorate, one person.
146
晉江左中丞司隷分督百僚，傅咸所云「行馬內外」是也。 今中丞則職無不察，專道而行，騶輻禁呵，加以聲色，武將相逢，輙致侵犯，若有鹵簿，至相敺擊。 宋孝建二年制，中丞與尚書令分道，雖丞郎下朝相值，亦得斷之，餘內外衆官，皆受停駐。
East of the Yangzi under Jin the inspector-in-chief and the capital director split supervision of the hundred officials—Fu Xian's "running horses inside and out." Now the inspector-in-chief looks into everything; he keeps his own road, outriders and guards shouting the way clear, pomp and voice together. Military men who meet him often clash; where an imperial train passes, blows may be exchanged. Song's Xiaojian second year fixed that the inspector-in-chief and the director of the masters of writing took different roads; even aides and gentlemen meeting him after court could be stopped, and every other officer within or without had to pull aside.
147
治書侍御史二人。
Gentlemen for legal documents, two persons.
148
侍御史十人。
Gentlemen attendants of the censorate, ten persons.
149
蘭臺置諸曹內外督令以下。
The Orchid Terrace posted internal and external overseers, commanders, and ranks below for the various bureaus.
150
謁者僕射一人。
Superintendent of the receptionists, one person.
151
謁者十人。
Receptionists, ten persons.
152
謁者臺，掌朝覲賔饗。
The Receptionists' Office handled court audiences and banquets for guests.
153
領軍將軍、中領軍。
General Who Leads the Army; General of the Central Army Who Leads the Army.
154
護軍將軍、中護軍。
General Who Protects the Army; General of the Central Army Who Protects the Army.
155
凡爲中，小輕，同一官也。 諸爲將軍官，皆敬領、護。 諸王爲將軍，道相逢，則領、護讓道。 置長史、司馬、五官、功曹、主簿。
Posts marked central, minor, or light were the same office. Every general had to show deference to the Army Lead and Protect generals. If a prince holding a generalship met them on the road, the Army Lead and Protect generals gave way. Each office had a senior recorder, marshal, five officers, merit clerk, and registrar.
156
左右二衞將軍。
Left and right guard generals.
157
驍騎將軍。
Valiant Cavalry General.
158
游擊將軍。
Roving General.
159
晉世以來，謂領、護至驍、游爲六軍。 二衞置司馬次官功曹主簿以下。
Since Jin, the Army Lead and Protect posts through Valiant Cavalry and Roving were known as the Six Armies. The two guard offices appointed marshals, deputy staff officers, merit clerks, and registrars and below.
160
左右二中郎將。
Left and right central gentlemen of the suite.
161
前軍將軍、後軍將軍、左軍將軍、右軍將軍，號四軍。
Front, rear, left, and right army generals—called the Four Armies.
162
屯騎、步兵、射聲、越騎、長水五校尉。
Commandants of escort cavalry, footsoldiers, volley sound, crossbow cavalry, and long water—the five commandants.
163
虎賁中郎將。
Captain of the Rapid Tiger Guard in the suite of attendants.
164
冗從僕射。
Master of retainers on extraordinary assignment.
165
羽林監。
Superintendent of the Feathered Forest.
166
積射將軍。
General of Accumulated Volleys.
167
彊弩將軍。
Strong Crossbow General.
168
殿中將軍、員外殿中將軍。
Palace-hall general; supernumerary palace-hall general.
169
殿中司馬督。
Director of palace-hall staff officers.
170
武衞將軍。
Martial Guard General.
171
武騎常侍。
Martial cavalry attendant-in-ordinary.
172
自二衞、四軍、五校已下，謂之「西省」，而散騎爲「東省」。
From the two guards, four armies, and five commandants down was the Western Bureau; attendant cavalier posts formed the Eastern Bureau.
173
丹陽尹。
Intendant of Danyang.
174
位次九卿下。
His rank stood below the nine ministers.
175
太子太傅。
Grand tutor of the heir apparent.
176
少傅。
Junior tutor.
177
府置丞、功曹、五官、主簿。
The household appointed an aide, merit clerk, five officers, and registrar.
178
太子詹事。
Director of the heir apparent's household.
179
府置丞一人以下。
The household office appointed one aide and below.
180
太子率更令。
Crown prince's chief of ritual standards and timekeeping.
181
太子家令。
Crown prince's director of the household.
182
置丞。
An aide was appointed.
183
太子僕。
Crown prince's master of servants.
184
太子門大夫。
Crown prince's gate masters.
185
太子中庶子。
Crown prince's attendants-in-ordinary.
186
太子中舍人。
Crown prince's secretariat attendants.
187
太子洗馬。
Crown prince's groom.
188
太子舍人。
Crown prince's household attendants.
189
太子左右衞率各一。
Crown prince's left and right guard commandants, one each.
190
太子翊軍步兵屯騎三校尉。
Crown prince's supporting army, footsoldiers, and escort cavalry commandants.
191
太子旅賁中郎將一人。
Crown prince's travel tiger guard captain, one person.
192
太子左右積弩將軍。
Crown prince's left and right strong crossbow generals.
193
太子殿中將軍、員外殿中將軍。
Crown prince's palace-hall general and supernumerary palace-hall general.
194
太子倉官令。
Crown prince's director of the granary office.
195
太子常從虎賁督。
Crown prince's director of the constant-following tiger guard.
196
右東宮職僚。
On the right: Eastern Palace staff.
197
州牧、刺史。
Provincial governors and inspectors.
198
魏、晉世州牧隆重，刺史任重者爲使持節都督，輕者爲持節督，起漢從帝時，御史中丞馮赦討九江賊，督揚、徐二州軍事，而何、徐《宋志》云起魏武遣諸州將督軍，王珪之《職儀》云起光武，竝非也。 晉太康中，都督知軍事，刺史治民，各用人。 惠帝末，乃幷任，非要州則單爲刺史。 州朝置別駕、治中、議曹、文學祭酒、諸曹部從事史。
Under Wei and Jin, provincial governors were honored posts; inspectors with heavy responsibility became commissioners bearing the staff of authority and military overseers, lighter ones commissioners bearing the staff and supervisors. The office began under the Following Han emperor, when Inspector-General Feng She campaigned against Jiujiang bandits and directed Yang and Xu military affairs; but the He and Xu Song Gazetteer dates it to Cao Cao's dispatch of provincial generals to oversee troops, and Wang Guizhi's Protocol of Offices to Emperor Guangwu—all are mistaken. In Jin Taikang the military overseer commanded troops and the inspector governed the people, each with separate staffs. By the end of Emperor Hui the two offices were combined; save in a vital province, a man held the inspectorate alone. At every provincial court stood a chief administrator, a registrar, a deliberation bureau, a libationer of letters and learning, and the section clerks of the various departments.
199
護南蠻校尉。
Commandant Protecting the Southern Barbarians.
200
護三巴校尉。
Commandant Protecting the Three Ba.
201
宋置。 建元二年，改爲刺史。
Established in Song. In the second year of Jianyuan the post was retitled regional inspector.
202
寧蠻校尉。
Pacifying the Barbarians Commandant.
203
府亦置佐史，隷雍州。
Its headquarters also kept assistant clerks, under Yong Province.
204
平蠻校尉。
Pacifying Barbarians Commandant.
205
永明三年置，隷益州。
Established in Yongming 3, subordinate to Yi Province.
206
鎮蠻校尉。
Garrisoning Barbarians Commandant.
207
隷寧州。
Subordinate to Ning Province.
208
護西戎校尉。
Commandant Protecting the Western Rong.
209
護羌校尉。
Commandant Protecting the Qiang.
210
右四校尉，亦置四夷。
These four commandants; posts for the four quarters were set up as well.
211
平越中郎將。
General of the Household Pacifying the Yue.
212
府置佐史，隷廣州。
Its headquarters had assistant clerks, under Guang Province.
213
郡太守、內史。
Commandery administrators and interior ministers.
214
縣令、相。
District magistrates and chancellors.
215
郡縣爲國者，爲內史、相。
Where a commandery or district was a princedom, the posts were interior minister and chancellor.
216
鎮蠻護軍。
Army Protector Garrisoning the Barbarians.
217
安遠護軍。
Army Protector Pacifying the Distance.
218
晉世雜號，多爲郡領之。
Miscellaneous titles of Jin times; many were borne by men who headed their commanderies.
219
諸王師、友、文學各一人。
Each prince had one teacher, one friend, and one literary adviser.
220
國官郎中令、中尉、大農爲三卿，左右常侍、侍郎，上軍、中軍、下軍三軍，典書、典祠、學官、典衞四令，食官、廄牧長、謁者以下。 公侯置郎中令一卿。
A princedom kept a Director of the Palace, a Commandant, and a Grand Agronomist as its three ministers; left and right regular attendants and gentlemen-attendants; upper, middle, and lower armies; directors of documents, sacrifices, the academic office, and the guard; and below them the director of food, the chief of stables and pastures, ushers, and the rest. Dukes and marquises kept only the Director of the Palace as their single minister.
221
贊曰：百司分置，惟皇命職。 雲師鳥紀，各有其式。 [1]
In praise: the hundred bureaus stand divided in their stations; only the sovereign fixes their charge. Master of Clouds, Recorder of Birds—each keeps its proper measure. [1] Endnote marker.
222
全文以中華書局、一九七二年一月版《南齊書》爲本校。
The entire text has been collated against the Zhonghua Shuju edition of the Book of Southern Qi (January 1972).