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張融
Zhang Rong
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張融字思光，吳郡吳人也。 祖褘，晉琅邪王國郎中令。 父暢，宋會稽太守。
Zhang Rong, courtesy name Siguang, was a native of Wu in Wu Commandery. His grandfather Zhang Hui served as Director of Gentlemen of the Langye princedom under the Jin. His father Zhang Chang was Administrator of Kuaiji under the Liu Song.
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融年弱冠，道士同郡陸脩靜以白鷺羽麈尾扇遺融，曰：「此旣異物，以奉異人。」 宋孝武聞融有早譽，解褐爲新安王北中郎參軍。 孝武起新安寺，僚佐多儭錢帛，融獨儭百錢。 帝曰：「融殊貧，當序以佳祿。」 出爲封溪令。 從叔永出後渚送之，曰：「似聞朝旨，汝尋當還。」 融曰：「不患不還，政恐還而復去。」 廣越嶂嶮，獠賊執融，將殺食之，融神色不動，方作洛生詠，賊異之而不害也。 浮海至交州，於海中作《海賦》曰：
While Rong was still in his early twenties, the Daoist Lu Xiujing of his home commandery gave him a fly-whisk fan made of egret feathers, saying, "This is no ordinary thing—it is fit for no ordinary man." When Emperor Xiaowu of Song heard of Rong's precocious renown, he appointed him from commoner status as an aide on the staff of the Prince of Xin'an's northern central army. When Xiaowu founded Xin'an Temple, most of his staff contributed money and silk; Rong alone gave a hundred cash. The emperor said, "Rong is desperately poor—he ought to be given a handsome salary." He was then sent out to serve as magistrate of Fengxi. His paternal uncle Zhang Yong came to Houzhu to see him off and said, "I hear the court intends to recall you before long." Rong replied, "I am not afraid I won't come back—I only fear coming back and being sent away again." In the steep passes of Guang and Yue, Liao bandits seized him and were about to kill and eat him. Rong's face never changed; he calmly recited in the Luoyang manner. The bandits were astonished and spared him. He sailed to Jiaozhou and, on the open sea, composed his "Rhapsody on the Sea," which begins:
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:蓋言之用也，情矣形乎。 使天形寅內敷，情敷外寅者，言之業也。 吾遠職荒官，將海得地，行關入浪，宿渚經波，傅懷樹觀，長滿朝夕，東西無里，南北如天，反覆懸烏，表裏菟色。 壯哉水之奇也，奇哉水之壯也。 故古人以之頌其所見，吾問翰而賦之焉。 當其濟興絕感，豈覺人在我外，木生之作，君自君矣。
The purpose of language is to give shape to emotion. When heaven's form unfolds within and feeling unfolds without, that is what words are meant to accomplish. I serve far off in a remote post and take the sea as my domain. I cross passes and enter the breakers, lodge on sandbars and ride the swells, cling to the shore and watch the trees, filled from morning to night. East and west have no end; south and north are like the sky itself. The sun hangs and turns, and within and without all is the moon's pale color. How mighty the wonder of water! How wondrous the might of water! The ancients sang what they saw of it; I have asked my brush and composed this rhapsody. When the crossing stirs the spirit and feeling is cut away, how could one feel that others stand outside oneself? As for Master Mu's composition—that is your own affair.
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:分渾始地，判氣初天。 作成萬物，爲山爲川。 總川振會，導海飛門。 爾其海之狀也，之相也：則窮區沒渚，萬里藏岸，控會河、濟，朝總江、漢。 回混浩潰，巔倒發濤。 浮天振遠，灌日飛高。 摐 〈麤江〉 撞則八紘摧隤，鼓怒則九紐折裂。 〈於活〉 長風以舉波，漷 〈音郭〉 天地而爲勢。 〈音盩〉 澤 〈于及〉 涾 〈音沓〉 洽 〈音合〉 ，來往相 〈麤合〉。 汩 〈于突〉 湥 〈音突〉 〈於渤〉 渤， 〈紆狀〉 石成窟。 西衝虞淵之曲，東振湯谷之阿。 若木於是乎倒覆，折扶桑而爲渣 〈在牙〉。 濩濼 〈音藥〉 〈音門〉 渾，涫 〈於官〉 𣷓 〈於和〉 碨 〈於磊〉 雍，渤 〈非勃〉 淬 〈音卒〉 淪 〈音崙〉 澊 〈音尊〉 ，灡淺壟嵸 〈音合〉。 湍轉則日月似驚，浪動而星河如覆。 旣烈太山與崑崙相壓而共潰，又盛雷車震漢破天以折轂。
Chaos was split apart and earth began; breath was distinguished and heaven first arose. It fashioned the ten thousand things, shaping mountains and rivers. It gathered rivers and shook their meeting place, channeling the sea through the Flying Gate. Such is the sea's form and aspect: far regions vanish into shoals, and shores ten thousand li long are swallowed up. It masters the Yellow River and the Ji, and each morning gathers the Yangtze and the Han. Swirling chaos floods outward in vast bursts; peaks overturn and breakers erupt. It lifts the sky and shakes the distant horizon, flooding the sun and soaring upward. It crashes 〈variant reading: jiang〉 When it strikes, the eight directions of the world are shattered and cast down; when it drums in fury, the nine bonds are torn apart. 〈Read as huo.〉 The long wind lifts the waves, roaring 〈pronounced guo〉 and makes heaven and earth its domain of force. 〈Pronounced dang.〉 marsh 〈read ji〉 flood 〈pronounced ta〉 join 〈pronounced he〉 , ebbing and flowing against each other 〈variant reading: he〉 Surging 〈read tu〉 and bursting 〈pronounced tu〉 〈read bo〉 the shallows, 〈twisted character form〉 stones form caverns. In the west it strikes the bend of the Dark Abyss; in the east it shakes the slopes of the Hot Springs Valley. The Ruo Tree is overturned thereby, and the Fusang is snapped into wreckage 〈read ya〉 Vast and surging 〈pronounced yao〉 〈pronounced men〉 chaotic, boiling 〈read guan〉 waves 〈read he〉 heaped 〈read lei〉 massed, the shallows 〈not pronounced bo〉 tempered 〈pronounced zu〉 submerged 〈pronounced lun〉 deep 〈pronounced zun〉 , shallow banks piled into ridges 〈pronounced he〉 When the rapids whirl, sun and moon seem to start; when the waves stir, the Milky Way seems overturned. It has already scorched Mount Tai and Kunlun as they press upon each other and collapse together; again the thunder-chariot in full force shakes the Milky Way, breaks heaven's axle, and snaps its wheel hubs.
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:淃 〈於員〉 漣涴 〈於卵〉 瀨 〈於嬾〉 ，輾轉縱橫。 揚珠起玉，流鏡飛明。 是其回堆曲浦，欹關弱渚之形勢也。 沙嶼相接，洲島相連。 東西南北，如滿于天。 梁禽楚獸，胡木漢草之所生焉。 長風動路，深雲暗道之所經焉。 苕苕蔕蔕，窅窅翳翳。 晨烏宿 〈音秀〉 於東隅，落河浪其西界。 茫沆 〈于剛〉 汴河，汨 〈于突〉 磈 〈于磊〉 漫無官桓。 旁踞委岳，橫竦危巒。 重彰岌岌，攢嶺聚立。 嵂 〈呂兀〉 〈音窟〉 〈呂今〉 嶔 〈欽〉 ，架石相陰。 〈徒罪〉 陁陁，橫出㫄入。 嵬嵬 〈支罪〉 磊磊，若相追而下及。 峰勢縱橫，岫形參錯。 或如前而未進，乍非遷而已却。 天抗暉於東曲，日倒麗於西阿。 嶺集雪以懷鏡，巖照春而自華。
Surging 〈read yuan〉 ripples swirling 〈read luan〉 rapids 〈read lan〉 , wheeling and crossing in every direction. It lifts pearls and raises jade, streams mirrors and flings forth light. Such is the aspect of its winding shoals and curved bays, its leaning passes and fragile islets. Sandy islets touch one another; river isles link together. East, west, south, and north—as if filling the sky. Where birds of Liang and beasts of Chu, trees of the north and grasses of Han are born. Where the long wind stirs the road and deep clouds darken the path. Far, far off, dim and dim, deep and deep, shadow upon shadow. The morning crow lodges 〈pronounced xiu〉 in the eastern corner, while the falling River's waves mark its western border. Vast and boundless 〈read gang〉 the Bian River, surging 〈read tu〉 heaped 〈read lei〉 boundless, without limit or measure. Beside them crouch winding peaks; across them rise perilous crags. Layer upon layer, steep and steep; ridges gather and stand massed. Towering 〈Lü Wu〉 〈pronounced ku〉 〈Lü Jin〉 lofty 〈qin〉 , stones set up casting shade on one another. 〈tu zui〉 Slanting, slanting, they thrust out sideways and plunge in. Lofty, lofty 〈zhi zui〉 massed and massed, as if pursuing one another downward to the depths. Peak forms run crosswise; ridge shapes are jumbled and uneven. Some seem to advance yet never move forward; suddenly, though not shifting, they already fall back. Heaven holds its light in the eastern bend; the sun pours its beauty on the western slope. Ridges gather snow as if holding mirrors; cliffs catch the spring light and bloom of themselves.
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:江洚 〈許江〉 〈許百〉 ，漈 〈于曷〉 巖拍 〈芬百〉 嶺。 觸山䃶石，汙湂 〈音合〉 〈音寒〉 況 〈于朗〉。 碨 〈於磊〉 泱 〈於朗〉 〈音阿〉 ，流柴磹 〈五感反〉 〈五窟〉。 頓浪低波， 〈苦降〉 䂭 〈苦交〉 硄 〈苦江〉 ，折嶺挫峰，窂浪硠 〈音郎〉 掊，崩山相 〈苦合〉。 萬里藹藹，極路天外。 電戰雷奔，倒地相磕。 獸門象逸，魚路鯨奔。 水遽龍魄，陸振虎。 却瞻無後，向望何前。 長尋高眺，唯水與天。 若乃山橫蹴浪，風倒摧波。 磊若驚山竭嶺以竦石，鬱若飛煙奔雲以振霞。 連瑤光而交綵，接玉繩以通華。
The rivers pour forth 〈Xu Jiang〉 〈Xu Bai〉 , seeping 〈read he〉 cliffs striking 〈Fen Bai〉 ridges. Striking mountains and smashing stones, fouling and seething 〈pronounced he〉 〈pronounced han〉 the situation 〈read lang〉 Heaped 〈read lei〉 vast 〈read lang〉 〈pronounced e〉 , streaming driftwood and pounding stones 〈fanqie: wu gan〉 〈wu ku〉 Halting waves and lowering billows, 〈ku jiang〉 striking 〈ku jiao〉 ringing 〈ku jiang〉 , breaking ridges and crushing peaks, deep waves booming 〈pronounced lang〉 pounding, mountains collapsing against one another 〈ku he〉 For ten thousand li, mist upon mist; the farthest road lies beyond heaven. Lightning battles and thunder runs; they strike the ground and knock against one another. Beasts at the gates flee like elephants; fish on the paths rush like whales. On water the dragon's soul is startled; on land the tiger is shaken. Looking back, there is nothing behind; looking ahead, what lies before? Long seeking and gazing from on high—only water and sky. When mountains lie across and kick the waves, wind overturns and destroys the billows. Massed as if startled mountains and exhausted ridges heaving up stones; dense as flying smoke and running clouds shaking the rosy glow. Linking the Radiant Light and crossing colors, joining the Jade Cord to pass splendor through.
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:爾乎夜滿深霧，晝密長雲，高河滅景，萬里無文。 山門幽暖，岫戶葐蒀。 九天相掩，玉地交氛。 汪汪橫橫 〈音皇〉 ，沆沆 〈于剛〉 浩浩 〈音害〉。 淬 〈麤貴〉 潰大人之表，泱 〈於朗〉 蕩君子之外。 風沬相排，日閉雲開。 浪散波合，岳起山隤。
Then at night it fills with deep mist; by day it is dense with long clouds; the high Milky Way hides its light, and for ten thousand li there is no pattern. Mountain gates are dim and warm; ridge doors are lush and fragrant. The nine heavens veil one another; jade earth exchanges its aura. Vast, vast, broad, broad 〈pronounced huang〉 , boundless, boundless 〈read gang〉 vast, vast 〈pronounced hai〉 It tempers 〈variant: gui〉 and bursts the great man's outward form; vast 〈read lang〉 it washes the gentleman's outward show. Wind and foam push one another; the sun closes and clouds open. Waves scatter and billows join; peaks rise and mountains crumble.
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:若乃漉沙構白，熬波出素。 積雪中春，飛霜暑路。 爾其奇名出錄，詭物無書。 高岸乳鳥，橫門產魚。 則何㦬 〈音羅〉 鱅 〈音容〉 鮨 〈音詣〉， 〈音非〉 魜 〈音人〉 䱻 〈音滑〉。 哄日吐霞，吞河漱月。 氣開地震，聲動天發。 噴灑噦 〈於月〉 噫 〈於戒〉 ，流雨而揚雲。 喬髗壯脊，架岳而飛墳。 〈音挺〉 動崩五山之勢，瞷 〈矣簡〉 睔 〈矣鮌〉 煥七曜之文。 蟕蠵瑁蛑，綺貝繡螺。 玄珠互綵，綠紫相華。 遊風秋瀨，泳景登春。 伏鱗漬綵，昇魵洗文。
Then filtering sand builds whiteness; boiling the waves brings forth plain salt. Snow piles up in mid-spring; flying frost on summer roads. Its strange names appear in records; its uncanny creatures have no books. High banks nurse birds; crosswise gates produce fish. Then there are He Luo 〈pronounced luo〉 yong 〈pronounced rong〉 yi 〈pronounced yi〉 〈pronounced fei〉 ren 〈pronounced ren〉 hua 〈pronounced hua〉 It dazzles the sun and spits rosy clouds, swallows the river and rinses the moon. Its breath opens and the earth quakes; its sound moves and heaven bursts forth. It sprays and splashes, hiccups 〈read yue〉 and sighs. 〈read jie〉 , unleashing rain and billowing clouds. Towering swells and brawny backs, spanning mountains and soaring over heaped crests. 〈pronounced ting〉 It stirs the force that topples the Five Mountains, gazing wide 〈read jian〉 with rolling eyes 〈read gun〉 and brightens the radiance of the seven luminaries. Loggerhead and ridley turtles, king-shell and mussel, patterned shells and embroidered spiral shells. Dark pearls trade colors; green and purple bloom against each other. Drifting winds in autumn rapids; swimming light rising into spring. Hidden scales steeped in color; rising fish wash their patterns bright.
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:若乃春代秋緒，歲去冬歸。 柔風麗景，晴雲積暉。 起龍塗於靈步，翔螭道之神飛。 浮微雲之如瞢，落輕雨之依依。 觸巧塗而去紺遠，抵欒木以激揚。 浪相礡傍各而起千狀，波獨湧乎驚萬容。 蘋藻留映，荷芰提陰。 扶容曼綵，秀遠華深。 明藕移玉，清蓮代金。 眄芬芳於遙渚，汎灼爍於長潯。 浮艫雜軸，遊舶交艘。 帷軒帳席，方遠連高。 入驚波而箭絕，振排天之雄飆。 越湯谷以逐景，渡虞淵以追月。 徧萬里而無時，浹天地於揮忽。 雕隼飛而未半，鯤龍趠 〈貪教〉 而不逮。 舟人未及復其喘，已周流宇宙之外矣。
: Then spring replaces autumn's thread; the year departs and winter returns. Soft winds and lovely light; clear clouds gather radiance. Dragon tracks rise on spirit paths; hornless dragons soar in divine flight along their courses. Floating faint clouds blur like mist; falling light rain drifts in lingering strands. Touching artful paths and receding far in indigo; striking clustered trees to stir and lift. Waves crash beside one another, each rising in a thousand shapes; billows surge alone, startling ten thousand forms. Duckweed and algae linger reflected; lotus and water chestnut lift their shade. Lotus blooms spread their colors; beauty extends far, splendor runs deep. Bright lotus roots seem to shift like jade; clear lotuses stand in place of gold. Gazing at fragrance on distant islets; spreading brilliance along the long shores. Floating barges crowd their axle-lines; traveling ships cross bow-lines. Curtained rails and canopy seats, extending far and linking high. They enter startled waves swift as severed arrows; they shake sky-rending heroic gales. They cross Tang Valley to chase the sun's light; ford Yu Abyss to pursue the moon. They span ten thousand li without pause; soak heaven and earth in a flash. The eagle-hawk has flown but halfway; kun fish and dragons leap 〈read chao〉 yet cannot catch up. Before the boatmen could catch their breath, they had already circled beyond the cosmos.
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:陰鳥陽禽，春毛秋羽。 遠翅風遊，高翮雲舉。 翔歸棲去，連陰日路。 瀾漲波渚，陶玄浴素。 長紘四斷，平表九絕。 雉翥成霞，鴻飛起雪。 合聲鳴侶，並翰翻羣。 飛關溢繡，流浦照文。
: Yin birds and yang fowl, spring plumage and autumn feathers. Far wings wander the wind; high pinions lift on clouds. Flying homeward and roosting away, linking shade and sun along the path. Tides swell at sandbars; bathing dark and washing white. Long cords severed in four directions; level marks cut off ninefold. Pheasants soar forming rosy clouds; swans flying raise snow. Voices join mates calling; wings together overturn the flock. Flying passes overflow with brocade; streaming shores reflect patterned light.
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:爾夫人微亮氣，小白如淋。 敘空澄遠，增漢無陰。 照天容於鮷渚，鏡河色於魦潯。 括蓋餘以進廣，浸夏洲以洞深。 形每驚而義維靜，跡有事而道無心。 於是乎山海藏陰，雲塵入岫。 天英徧華，日色盈秀。 則若士神中，琴高道外。 袖輕羽以衣風，逸玄裾於雲帶。 筵秋月於源潮，帳春霞於秀瀨。 曬蓬萊之靈岫，望方壺之妙闕。 樹遏日以飛柯，嶺回峰以蹴月。 空居無俗，素館何塵。 谷門風道，林路雲眞。
: Then its breath faintly brightens; pale whiteness like a downpour. Cool emptiness clears into the distance; the layered river of heaven holds no shadow. Reflecting heaven's face at the ti islet; mirroring the river's color at the sha shore. Embracing canopy surplus to advance breadth; soaking summer isles to hollow depth. Form ever startles yet principle stays still; traces act yet the Way is without mind. And so mountains and sea hide shade; cloud dust enters peaks. Heaven's brilliance spreads in glory; sun-color fills with splendor. Then like Ruoshi within the spirit, Qin Gao beyond the Way. Sleeves of light feathers clothe the wind; dark robes drift on cloud-belts. Spreading autumn moon at source tides; tenting spring glow at fair shoals. Sunning Penglai's spirit peaks; gazing at Fanghu's wondrous gate. Trees block the sun with flying boughs; ridges wheel peaks to kick the moon. Empty dwelling without the vulgar; plain hall—what dust? Valley gates, wind paths; forest roads, cloud truth.
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:若乃幽崖 〈於夾〉 〈倉夾〉 ，隈隩之窮，駿波虎浪之氣，激勢之所不攻。 有卉有木，爲灌爲叢。 絡糅網雜，結葉相籠。 通雲交拂，連韻共風。 蕩洲礉 〈去角〉 岸，而千里若崩，衝崖沃島，其萬國如戰。 振駿氣以擺雷，飛雄光以倒電。
: Then hidden cliffs 〈read ya〉 〈variant: ya〉 , the end of hidden bays; the fierce breath of wild waves and tiger surf, force that no surge can assail. There are plants, there are trees, forming thickets and forming groves. Interlaced and netted in tangle, leaves knit shading one another. Passing through clouds, brushing one another; linked rhyme with the wind. Scouring isles, rocky 〈read qiao〉 shores—and a thousand li seem to collapse; cliffs strike and drench isles, as ten thousand states at war. Shaking wild breath to wield thunder; flying heroic light to invert lightning.
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:若夫增雲不氣，流風斂聲。 瀾文復動，波色還驚。 明月何遠，沙裏分星。 至其積珍全遠，架寶諭深。 瓊池玉壑，珠岫岑。 合日開夜，舒月解陰。 珊瑚開繢，琉璃竦華。 丹文鏡色，雜照冰霞。 洪洪潰潰，浴干日月。 淹漢星墟，滲河天界。 風何本而自生，雲無從而空滅。 籠麗色以拂煙，鏡懸暉以照雪。
: Then increasing clouds without vapor; flowing winds reining their sound. Tidal patterns stir again; wave-colors startle anew. How far the bright moon; stars divided in the sand. Reaching where piled treasures wholly fill the far; treasured frameworks instruct the deep. Jade pools and jade gullies, pearl peaks and crests. Closing day to open night; spreading moon to release shadow. Coral opens its embroidery; glass stands in lofty splendor. Cinnabar patterns mirror colors; mixed light on ice and rosy clouds. Vast, vast, surging, surging—bathing sun and moon. Flooding the Han galaxy; seeping through the river of heaven's bounds. Whence does wind rise of itself; clouds have no source yet vanish into emptiness. Enclosing beauty to brush the mist; mirroring suspended glory to shine on snow.
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:爾乃方員去我，混然落情。 氣暄而濁，化靜自清。 心無終故不滯，志不敗而無成。 旣覆舟而載舟，固以死而以生。 弘芻狗於人獸，導至本以充形。 雖萬物之日用，諒何緯其何經。 道湛天初，機茂形外。 亡有所以而有，非膠有於生末。 亡無所以而無，信無心以入太。 不動動是使山岳相崩，不聲聲故能天地交泰。 行藏虛於用舍，應感亮於圓會。 仁者見之謂之仁，達者見之謂之達。 咶者幾於上善，吾信哉其爲大矣。
: Then square and round depart from me; blended, feeling falls away. Qi warms yet is turbid; transformation stills yet clears itself. Heart without end therefore unstuck; will undestroyed yet without fixed completion. It both capsizes boats and bears boats; truly by death and by life. Extending straw dogs among men and beasts; guiding to the root to fill form. Though the daily use of ten thousand things—who knows what warp, what weft? The Way is deep at heaven's dawn; opportunity flourishes beyond form. Without cause for being, yet being; not clinging to being at life's end. Without cause for nothingness, yet nothing; truly without mind to enter the Great. Not moving, yet movement makes mountains collapse together; not sounding, yet sound brings heaven and earth into harmony. Action and hiding empty in use and rejection; response and feeling bright in the round meeting. The benevolent see it and call it benevolence; the enlightened see it and call it enlightenment. The murmuring ones come near to supreme goodness—I truly believe how great it is!
16
融文辭詭激，獨與衆異。 後還京師，以示鎮軍將軍顧覬之，覬之曰：「卿此賦實超玄虛，但恨不道鹽耳。」 融卽求筆注之曰：「漉沙構白，熬波出素。 積雪中春，飛霜暑路。」 此四句，後所足也。
Rong's literary style was strange and sharp, unique among the crowd. Later he returned to the capital and showed it to General of the Garrison Gu Kesu, who said, "Your rhapsody truly surpasses abstract mysticism—but I only regret it says nothing of salt." Rong at once asked for a brush and added: "Filtering sand builds whiteness; boiling waves brings forth plain salt. Snow piles in mid-spring; flying frost on summer roads." These four lines were added later.
17
覬之與融兄有恩好，覬之卒，融身負墳土。 在南與交阯太守卞展有舊，展於嶺南爲人所殺，融挺身奔赴。
Kesu and Rong's elder brother had a bond of kindness; when Kesu died, Rong personally shouldered earth for the tomb. While in the south he had old ties with Administrator of Jiaozhi Bian Zhan; when Zhan was killed by men in Lingnan, Rong rushed forth in person to attend.
18
舉秀才，對策中第，爲尚書殿中郎，不就，爲儀曹郎。 ，明帝取荊、郢、湘、雍四州射手，叛者斬亡身及家長者，家口沒奚官。 元徽初，郢州射手有叛者，融議家人家長罪所不及，亡身刑五年。
Recommended as outstanding talent, he ranked first in the palace examination, was appointed Director of the Secretariat's Central Office but did not accept, and became Director in the Ministry of Rites. , Emperor Ming recruited archers from Jing, Ying, Xiang, and Yong; rebels were beheaded, and absconders and household heads had their household members confiscated as government slaves. At the beginning of Yuanhui, when archers in Ying Province rebelled, Rong argued that family members and household heads were beyond the scope of guilt, and that absconding should be punished with five years of penal servitude.
19
尋請假奔叔父喪，道中罰幹錢敬道鞭杖五十，寄繫延陵獄。 制，二品清官行僮幹杖，不得出十。 爲左丞孫緬所奏，免官。 尋復位，攝祠、倉部二曹。 領軍劉勉戰死，祠曹議「上應哭勉不」，融議「宜哭」。 於是始舉哀。 倉曹又以「正月俗人所忌，太倉爲可開不」，融議「不宜拘束小忌」。 尋兼掌正廚，融見宰殺，回車徑去，自表解職。
Soon afterward he took leave to rush to his uncle's funeral; on the road he had his runner Qian Jingdao flogged fifty strokes and detained in Yanling prison. By statute, when officials of the second pure rank beat attendants and runners with the staff, the strokes must not exceed ten. Left Vice Director Sun Mian impeached him, and he was removed from office. Before long he was restored to office and acted concurrently in the Sacrificial Affairs and Granaries bureaus. When General of the Garrison Liu Mian fell in battle, the Sacrificial Affairs bureau debated whether the emperor should mourn Mian; Rong argued that he should. Only then did the court begin mourning. The Granaries bureau again asked whether, since the first month was taboo among common people, the Great Granary might be opened; Rong argued that one ought not be constrained by minor taboos. Soon he also took charge of the imperial kitchen; when Rong saw the slaughtering, he turned his carriage around and left at once, submitting a memorial to resign.
20
爲安成王撫軍倉曹參軍，轉南陽王友。 融父暢先爲丞相長史，義宣事難，暢爲王玄謨所錄，將殺之。 玄謨子瞻爲南陽王前軍長史，融啓求去官，不許。
He served as Army Staff Recorder on the Pacification Army staff of the Prince of Ancheng, then became Companion to the Prince of Nanyang. Rong's father Zhang Chang had earlier served as chief clerk to the chief counsellor; when the Prince of Nanqiao Xuan's rebellion broke out, Chang was seized by Wang Xuemo and was about to be executed. Xuemo's son Zhan was chief clerk on the vanguard staff of the Prince of Nanyang; Rong submitted a petition asking to resign, but permission was denied.
21
融家貧願祿，初與從叔征北將軍永書曰：「融昔稱幼學，早訓家風，雖則不敏，率以成性。 布衣葦席，弱年所安，簞食瓢飲，不覺不樂。 但世業清貧，民生多待，榛栗棗脩，女贄旣長，束帛禽鳥，男禮已大。 勉身就官，十年七仕，不欲代耕，何至此事。 昔求三吳一丞，雖屢舛錯。 今聞南康缺守，願得爲之。 融不知階級，階級亦可不知，融政以求丞不得，所以求郡，求郡不得，亦可復求丞。」 又與吏部尚書王僧虔書曰：「融，天地之逸民也。 進不辨貴，退不知賤，兀然造化，忽如草木。 實以家貧累積，孤寡傷心，八姪俱孤，二弟頗弱，撫之而感，古人以悲。 豈能山海陋祿，申融情累。 阮籍愛東平土風，融亦欣晉平閑外。」 時議以融非治民才，竟不果。
Rong's family was poor and he wanted a salary; at first he wrote to his father's younger cousin, General who Campaigns North Zhang Yong, saying, "Rong was once praised for early study and upbringing in our family ways; though not clever, by temperament I have largely become what I am. Plain cloth and reed mats were what I made do with in youth; a basket of rice and a gourd of drink—I feel neither want nor unhappiness. But our hereditary poverty leaves many lives waiting on me: hazelnuts, chestnuts, jujubes, and dried meat—the daughters' dowries have already grown heavy; bundles of silk and bird offerings—the sons' marriage rites have already grown costly. I force myself into office; in ten years I have taken seven posts—not wishing to live by another man's plow, how did it come to this? Long ago I sought a single assistant magistrate in the Three Wu region, though I was repeatedly passed over. Now I hear Nankang lacks an administrator, and I wish to obtain that post. Rong does not know rank—and rank may not know Rong either; I sought an assistant magistrate and failed, so I seek a commandery; if I cannot get a commandery, I may seek an assistant magistrate again." He also wrote to Minister of the Civil Service Wang Sengqian, saying, "Rong is a recluse between Heaven and Earth. Going forward he does not tell noble from common; stepping back he does not know high from low—he sits blank before creation, suddenly like grass or wood. Truly poverty piles up at home and orphans and widows wound the heart: eight nephews all orphaned, two younger brothers quite frail—to raise them is moving; the ancients wept over such things. How could a paltry salary from some remote post express the burdens on Rong's heart? Ruan Ji loved the country air of Dongping; Rong too delights in the quiet beyond Jinping." At the time opinion held that Rong was no talent for governing people, and in the end he did not get the post.
22
辟太祖太傅掾，歷驃騎豫章王司空諮議參軍，遷中書郎，非所好，乞爲中散大夫，不許。 融風止詭越，坐常危膝，行則曳步，翹身仰首，意制甚多。 隨例同行，常稽遲不進。 太祖素奇愛融，爲太尉時，時與融款接，見融常笑曰：「此人不可無一，不可有二。」 卽位後，手詔賜融衣曰：「見卿衣服麤故，誠乃素懷有本； 交爾藍縷，亦虧朝望。 今送一通故衣，意謂雖故，乃勝新也。 是吾所著，已令裁減稱卿之體。 幷履一量。」
He was recruited as a staff member in the Founder's Grand Tutor's office, served as Remonstrance and Consultation Staff Officer to the Fast Cavalry General, Prince of Yuzhang, Bureau Director, and was promoted to Secretariat Gentleman; it was not to his taste, so he asked to become Regular Grand Master of the Palace, but permission was denied. Rong's bearing was eccentric and outlandish: when seated he often perched on the edge of his knees; when walking he dragged his steps; he tilted his body and lifted his head—his mannerisms were many. When he walked along with others as custom required, he was always slow and hung back. The Founder had always regarded Rong with special wonder and affection; when he was Grand Commandant he often received Rong warmly and, seeing him, would laugh and say, "This man—there must be one of him, and there cannot be two." After he took the throne, he personally drafted an edict gifting Rong clothes, saying, "Seeing your clothes coarse and worn, this truly springs from long-held simplicity; Yet to receive you in tatters also diminishes the court's dignity. Now I send one set of old clothes, meaning that though they are old, they still surpass new ones. They are ones I wore myself; I have had them cut down to fit your frame. Together with one pair of shoes."
23
融與吏部尚書何戢善，往詣戢，誤通尚書劉澄。 融下車入門，乃曰：「非是。」 至戶外，望澄，又曰：「非是。」 旣造席，視澄曰：「都自非是。」 乃去。 其爲異如此。
Rong was on good terms with Minister of the Civil Service He Ji and went to visit him, but mistakenly entered the residence of Minister of the Secretariat Liu Cheng. Rong got down from his carriage and entered the gate, then said, "This is not it." Reaching the outer courtyard and seeing Cheng, he again said, "This is not it." Once he had taken his seat and looked at Cheng, he said, "None of this is it at all." Then he left. His eccentricity was like this.
24
又爲長沙王鎮軍、竟陵王征北諮議，竝領記室，司徒從事中郎。 ，總明觀講，敕朝臣集聽。 融扶入就榻，私索酒飲之，難問旣畢，乃長嘆曰：「嗚呼！ 仲尼獨何人哉！」 爲御史中丞到撝所奏，免官，尋復。 融形貌短醜，精神清澈。 王敬則見融革帶垂寬，殆將至骼，謂之曰：「革帶太急。」 融曰：「旣非步吏，急帶何爲？」
He again served as Remonstrance and Consultation Staff Officer on the Pacification Army staff of the Prince of Changsha and the Northern Campaign staff of the Prince of Jingling, concurrently heading both secretariats, and as Attendant Gentleman in the Ministry of Education. , he lectured at the Zongming Hall, and an edict ordered court officials to assemble and listen. Rong was helped in and took his couch; he privately asked for wine and drank; when the hard questions were finished, he sighed long and said, "Alas! What sort of man was Confucius, alone among men!" Censor-in-Chief Dao Hui impeached him; he was dismissed from office, and soon restored. Rong was short and ugly in appearance, yet clear and lucid in spirit. Wang Jingze saw Rong's leather belt hanging loose and wide, nearly down to his hip bones, and said to him, "Your leather belt is too tight." Rong said, "Since I am not a foot messenger, why should the belt be tight?"
25
融假東出，世祖問融住在何處？ 融答曰：「臣陸處無屋，舟居非水。」 後日上以問融從兄緒，緒曰：「融近東出，未有居止，權牽小船，於岸上住。」 上大笑。 虜中聞融名，上使融接北使李道固，就席，道固顧之而言曰：「張融是宋彭城長史張暢子不？」 融嚬蹙久之，曰：「先君不幸，名達六夷。」 豫章王大會賔僚，融食炙始行畢，行炙人便去，融欲求鹽蒜，口終不言，方搖食指，半日乃息。 出入朝廷皆拭目驚觀之。 八年，朝臣賀衆瑞公事，融扶入拜起，復爲有司所奏，見原。 遷司徒右長史。
When Rong took leave to travel east, Emperor Shizu asked where Rong was living. Rong answered, "Your servant on land has no house; living in a boat is not living on water." Later the emperor asked Rong's clansman Xu; Xu said, "Rong recently went east and had no fixed lodging; for the time being he had a small boat towed and stayed on the shore." The emperor laughed aloud. Among the northerners Rong's name was known; the emperor had Rong receive the northern envoy Li Daogu. At table Daogu looked at him and said, "Is Zhang Rong the son of Zhang Chang, chief clerk of Pengcheng under Song, or not?" Rong frowned and knit his brows a long while, then said, "My late father, alas—his name reached the Six Barbarians. The Prince of Yuzhang held a great gathering of guests and staff; Rong had just finished serving the roasted meat when the server left. Rong wanted salt and garlic but would not speak; he only wagged his index finger, and only after half a day did he stop. Whenever he entered or left the court, people rubbed their eyes and stared in astonishment. In the eighth year, when court officials congratulated the emperor on auspicious omens, Rong was helped in to bow and rise; again the relevant offices impeached him, and he was pardoned. He was promoted to Right Chief Clerk of the Ministry of Education.
26
竟陵張欣時爲諸暨令，坐罪當死。 欣時父興世宋世討南譙王義宣，官軍欲殺融父暢，興世以袍覆暢而坐之，以此得免。 興世卒，融著高履負土成墳。 至是融啓竟陵王子良，乞代欣時死。 子良答曰：「此乃是長史美事，恐朝有常典，不得如長史所懷。」 遷黃門郎，太子中庶子，司徒左長史。 融有孝義，忌月三旬不聽樂，事嫂甚謹。 宋丞相義宣起事，父暢以不同將見殺，司馬竺超民諫免之。 暢臨終謂諸子曰：「昔丞相事難，吾緣竺司馬得活，爾等必報其子弟。」 後超民孫微冬月遭母喪，居貧，融往弔之，悉脫衣以爲賻，披牛被而反。 常以兄事微。 豫章王嶷、竟陵王子良薨，自以身經佐吏，哭輙盡慟。
Zhang Xinshi of Jingling was magistrate of Zhuji; convicted of a crime, he was sentenced to death. Xinshi's father Xingshi, when Song campaigned against the Prince of Nanqiao Xuan, the imperial army wished to kill Rong's father Chang; Xingshi covered Chang with his robe and sat on him, and by this Chang was spared. When Xingshi died, Rong wore tall clogs and shouldered earth to build the tomb. At this Rong submitted a memorial to the Prince of Jingling Xiao Ziliang, asking to die in Xinshi's place. Ziliang answered, "This is indeed a fine act for a chief clerk—but I fear the court has fixed statutes, and it cannot be as the chief clerk wishes." He was promoted to Gentleman at the Yellow Gate, Household Supervisor of the Heir Apparent, and Left Chief Clerk of the Ministry of Education. Rong was filial and righteous: during the mourning month he abstained from music for thirty days and served his elder brother's wife with great care. When the Liu Song chief counsellor Xuan raised rebellion, his father Chang, because he did not agree, was about to be killed; Chief Administrator Zhu Chaomin remonstrated and he was spared. Chang on his deathbed told his sons, "In those days when the chief counsellor's affair was desperate, I lived thanks to Chief Administrator Zhu—you must repay his descendants." Later Chaomin's grandson Wei suffered his mother's death in winter and lived in poverty; Rong went to condole, stripped off all his clothes as funeral gifts, and returned wrapped in an ox hide. He always treated Wei as an elder brother. When the Prince of Yuzhang Xiao Yi and the Prince of Jingling Xiao Ziliang died, having himself served as their staff officer, he wept each time to the full limit of grief.
27
，病卒。 年五十四。 遺令建白旌無旒，不設祭，令人捉麈尾登屋復魂。 曰：「吾生平所善，自當凌雲一笑。 三千買棺，無製新衾。 左手執《孝經》、《老子》，右手執小品《法華經》。 妾二人，哀事畢，各遣還家。」 又曰：「以吾平生之風調，何至使婦人行哭失聲，不須暫停閨閤。」
, he died of illness. He was fifty-four. His final testament ordered a white banner without tassels, no sacrifices, and had someone grasp a fly-whisk, climb the roof, and call back the soul. It said, "What I loved all my life—I shall naturally laugh above the clouds. Three thousand cash for a coffin; do not make a new quilt. In the left hand hold the Classic of Filial Piety and the Laozi; in the right hand hold the summary version of the Lotus Sutra. The two concubines—when mourning is finished, send each back home." It also said, "Given the bearing of my whole life, why should women be made to walk and wail aloud? Do not have them pause even briefly in the inner chambers."
28
融玄義無師法，而神解過人，白黑談論，鮮能抗拒。 永明中，遇疾，爲《門律自序》曰：「吾文章之體，多爲世人所驚，汝可師耳以心，不可使耳爲心師也。 夫文豈有常體，但以有體爲常，政當使常有其體。 丈夫當刪《詩》《書》，制禮樂，何至因循寄人籬下。 且中代之文，道體闕變，尺寸相資，彌縫舊物。 吾之文章，體亦何異，何嘗顛溫敘而錯寒暑，綜哀樂而橫歌哭哉？ 政以屬辭多出，比事不羈，不阡不陌，非途非路耳。 然其傳音振逸，鳴節竦韻，或當未極，亦已極其所矣。 汝若復別得體者，吾不拘也。 吾義亦如文，造次乘我，顛沛非物。 吾無師無友，不文不句，頗有孤神獨逸耳。 義之爲用，將使性入清波，塵洗猶沐。 無得釣聲同利，舉價如高，俾是道場，險成軍路。 吾昔嗜僧言，多肆法辯，此盡遊乎言笑，而汝等無幸。」 又云：「人生之口，正可論道說義，惟飲與食。 此外如樹網焉。 吾每以不爾爲恨，爾曹當振綱也。」
Rong's arcane doctrines had no master or method, yet his spiritual understanding surpassed others; in Dark-Light disputation few could stand against him. During Yongming, when ill, he wrote "Preface to the Gate Rule," saying, "The style of my writings often startles the world—you may let the ear follow the heart, but must not let the ear be the heart's master. How could writing have a fixed form? Only to take having form as constant—that is precisely making the constant always have its form. A man ought to abridge the Odes and Documents and formulate rites and music—why stoop to following old tracks and lodging under another man's eaves? Moreover, writing of the middle ages lacks transformation of the Way's body; inch and foot complement each other, patching old stuff. My writing's form—how is it different? When did I ever invert warm narrative and misplace cold and heat, gather grief and joy and scatter song and weeping? Precisely because phrasing goes many ways and parallel matters are unbound—not field-path, not lane-path, not this road, not that road. Yet its transmitting sound shakes and soars, its sounding cadences lift rhyme—perhaps not yet ultimate, yet already ultimate in its own reach. If you again find another form, I will not constrain you. My doctrine too is like my writing—sudden it takes me; in distress it is not a thing. I have no teacher, no friends—not patterned, not claused—rather a lone spirit drifting alone. Doctrine's use will make nature enter clear waves, dust washed as if bathed. Do not angle for renown in the same interest, hoist price as if high—lest this doctrinal ground become peril, a military road. I once loved monks' words and often indulged in dharma debate—all play within speech and laughter, and you had no share of fortune." He also said, "Human life's mouth—rightly may discuss the Way and expound doctrine; only drinking and eating Beyond this is like a spiderweb in the trees. I always regret not being so—you must uphold the main rope."
29
臨卒，又戒其子曰：「手澤存焉，父書不讀！ 況父音情，婉在其韻。 吾意不然，別遺爾音。 吾文體英絕，變而屢奇，旣不能遠至漢魏，故無取嗟晉宋。 豈吾天挺，蓋不隤家聲。 汝若不看，父祖之意欲汝見也。 可號哭而看之。」 融自名集爲《玉海》。 司徒褚淵問《玉海》名，融答：「玉以比德，海崇上善。」 文集數十卷行於世。
On nearing death he again admonished his sons, "The touch of a hand remains—and you will not read your father's writings! How much more a father's tone and feeling, gracefully within its rhymes! My intent is not so—I bequeath you my tone apart. My literary style is heroically unique, transforming again and again with repeated marvels; since it cannot reach back to Han and Wei, I take no need to sigh over Jin and Song. Is it my heaven-bestowed excellence? Rather that I did not let the family's renown fall. If you do not read, the intent of father and grandfather was that you should see. You may weep aloud over them as you read." Rong himself named his collected works "Jade Sea." Minister over the Masses Chu Yuan asked about the name "Jade Sea"; Rong answered, "Jade compares to virtue; the sea exalts supreme goodness." His collected writings, several tens of rolls, circulated in the world.
30
張氏知名，前有敷、演、鏡、暢，後有充、融、卷、稷。
The Zhang clan was renowned: earlier generations included Fu, Yan, Jing, and Chang; later ones included Chong, Rong, Juan, and Ji.
31
周顒
Zhou Yong
32
周顒字彥倫，汝南安城人。 晉左光祿大夫顗七世孫也。 祖虎頭，員外常侍。 父恂，歸郷相。
Zhou Yong, courtesy name Yanlun, was a native of Ancheng in Ru'nan. He was the seventh-generation descendant of Zhou Yi, Left Minister of the Household under the Jin. His grandfather Hutou served as Attendant Outside Regular Service. His father Xun served as Chancellor of Guixiang.
33
顒少爲族祖朗所知。 解褐海陵國侍郎。 益州刺史蕭惠開賞異顒，攜入蜀，爲厲鋒將軍，帶肥郷、成都二縣令。 轉惠開輔國府參軍，將軍、令如故。 仍爲府主簿。 常謂惠開性太險峻，每致諫，惠開不悅，答顒曰：「天險地險，王公設險，但問用險何如耳。」 隨惠開還都。
In youth Yong was recognized by his clansman and grandfather Zhou Lang. Upon leaving commoner status, he became Gentleman Attendant of the Hailing princedom. The Inspector of Yizhou Xiao Huikai admired Yong and took him into Shu, appointing him General Who Excites the Vanguard and concurrently magistrate of Feixiang and Chengdu counties. He was transferred to aide on Huikai's Pacification Army staff, retaining his generalship and magistracies. He then served as chief clerk of the princedom staff. He often said Huikai's nature was too precipitous and harsh, and repeatedly remonstrated; Huikai was displeased and answered Yong, "Heaven has peril, earth has peril; lords and kings set peril—the question is only how peril is used." He returned to the capital with Huikai.
34
宋明帝頗好言理，以顒有辭義，引入殿內，親近宿直。 帝所爲慘毒之事，顒不敢顯諫，輙誦經中因緣罪福事，帝亦爲之小止。 轉安成王撫軍行參軍。 元徽初，出爲剡令，有恩惠，百姓思之。 還歷邵陵王南中郎三府參軍。 太祖輔政，引接顒。 顒善尺牘，沈攸之送絕交書，太祖口授令顒裁答。 轉齊臺殿中郎。
Emperor Ming of Song was fond of discourse on principle; because Yong had eloquence and insight, he was brought into the palace halls and kept close on night watch. For the cruel and vicious things the emperor did, Yong dared not remonstrate openly but would recite sutra passages on karmic cause and the retribution of sin and blessing, and the emperor would somewhat desist. He was transferred to acting aide on the Pacification Army staff of the Prince of Ancheng. At the beginning of the Yuanhui era, he was appointed magistrate of Shan; he showed kindness and favor, and the people missed him when he left. Upon returning to court he served successively as aide on the three staffs of the Prince of Shaoling, Southern Gentlemen-of-the-Palace. When the Grand Progenitor assisted in government, he drew Yong in and received him. Yong was skilled at epistolary composition; when Shen Youzhi sent a letter severing relations, the Grand Progenitor dictated orally and had Yong draft the reply. He was transferred to Palace Attendant of the Qi headquarters.
35
建元初，爲長沙王參軍，後軍參軍，山陰令。 縣舊訂滂民，以供雜使。 顒言之於太守聞喜公子良曰：「竊見滂民之困，困實極矣。 役命有常，祗應轉竭，蹙迫驅催，莫安其所。 險者或竄避山湖，困者自經溝瀆爾。 亦有摧臂斮手，苟自殘落，販傭貼子，權赴急難。 每至滂使發動，遵赴常促，輙有柤杖被錄，稽顙階垂，泣涕告哀，不知所振。 下官未嘗不臨食罷箸，當書偃筆，爲之久之，愴不能已。 交事不濟，不得不就加捶罰，見此辛酸，時不可過。 山陰邦治，事倍餘城； 然略聞諸縣，亦處處皆躓。 唯上虞以百戶一滂，大爲優足，過此列城，不無凋罄。 宜應有以普救倒懸，設流開便，則轉患爲功，得之何遠。」 還爲文惠太子中軍錄事參軍，隨府轉征北。 文惠在東宮，顒還正員郎，始興王前軍諮議。 直侍殿省，復見賞遇。
At the beginning of the Jianyuan era, he served as aide to the Prince of Changsha, aide on the Rear Army staff, and magistrate of Shanyin. The county had long registered pang households to supply miscellaneous labor. Yong spoke of this to the Administrator, Xiao Ziliang, Duke of Wenxi: "I have privately seen the distress of pang households—it is truly at its limit. Service orders have their quota, yet tribute and response grow ever thinner; hounded and pressed, none can find rest. The desperate flee into mountains and lakes; the trapped hang themselves in ditches and drains. Some smash arms or sever hands to mutilate themselves, sell themselves or indenture their children to meet sudden hardship. Whenever pang-service envoys were dispatched, deadlines were tight; there were always those in shackles taken for registration, prostrate with foreheads to the ground at the steps, weeping and pleading, not knowing what to do. This subordinate has never failed, upon facing a meal, to lay down his chopsticks; when writing, to drop his brush—for long moments moved, unable to stop grieving. When labor exchanges failed, beatings had to be applied; seeing such bitterness, one could not bear to stay long. In Shanyin's district administration, affairs were twice those of other cities; yet from what I have heard, every county likewise stumbled everywhere. Only Shangyu, with one pang household per hundred households, was greatly better off; beyond that tier of cities, none escaped depletion and exhaustion. There ought to be some means broadly to rescue those hanging upside down, to set flowing channels and open conveniences—then turning calamity into merit would be within easy reach." He returned as Chief Recording Aide on the Central Army staff of Crown Prince Wenxui; with the princedom he was transferred to Pacify-the-North. When Wenxui was in the Eastern Palace, Yong returned as full Gentleman of the Palace and army staff counselor to the Prince of Shixing's Forward Army. He attended directly in the palace offices and again met with favor and esteem.
36
顒音辭辯麗，出言不窮，宮商朱紫，發口成句。 汎涉百家，長於佛理。 著《三宗論》。 立空假名，立不空假名。 設不空假名難空假名，設空假名難不空假名。 假名空難二宗，又立假名空。 西涼州智林道人遺顒書曰：「此義旨趣似非始開，妙聲中絕六七十載。 貧道年二十時，便得此義，竊每歡喜，無與共之。 年少見長安耆老，多云關中高勝乃舊有此義，當法集盛時，能深得斯趣者，本無多人。 過江東略是無一。 貧道捉麈尾來四十餘年，東西講說，謬重一時，餘義頗見宗錄，唯有此塗白黑無一人得者，爲之發病。 非意此音猥來入耳，始是眞實行道第一功德。」 其論見重如此。
Yong's voice and diction were eloquent and lovely; words poured without end—tones like bell and chime, vermilion and purple—sentences formed at the opening of the mouth. He ranged broadly through the hundred schools and excelled in Buddhist doctrine. He wrote "Treatise on the Three Schools." He established emptiness of provisional names and non-emptiness of provisional names. Setting non-emptiness of provisional names to challenge emptiness of provisional names; setting emptiness of provisional names to challenge non-emptiness of provisional names. Provisional-name emptiness challenged the two schools, and he further established provisional-name emptiness. The monk Zhilin of Western Liangzhou sent Yong a letter saying, "The meaning and purport of this doctrine seem not newly opened; the wondrous voice ceased midway for sixty or seventy years. This poor monk at age twenty already grasped this meaning, and secretly rejoiced each time, with no one to share it. In youth I saw the elders of Chang'an; many said the eminent masters of Guanzhong already held this meaning; when dharma assemblies flourished, those who could deeply attain this purport were originally not many. After crossing the river to the east, there was roughly not one. This poor monk, grasping a flywhisk for forty-odd years, lecturing east and west, was wrongly esteemed for a time; other meanings appear much in sectarian records, but on this path alone neither lay nor clerical had one who attained it—I fell ill over it. I did not expect this teaching unworthily to reach my ears—it is truly the first merit of genuine practice of the Way. His treatise was thus esteemed.
37
顒於鍾山西立隱舍，休沐則歸之。 轉太子僕，兼著作，撰起居注。 遷中書郎，兼著作如故。 常遊侍東宮。 少從外氏車騎將軍臧質家得衞恒散隷書法，學之甚工。 文惠太子使顒書玄圃茅齋壁，國子祭酒何胤以倒薤書求就顒換之，顒笑而答曰：「天下有道，丘不與易也。」
Yong built a hermitage west of Zhong Mountain and on rest days returned to it. He was transferred to Palace Steward of the Heir Apparent and concurrently Compiler, compiling the Veritable Records. He was promoted to Secretariat Gentleman, retaining his concurrent post as Compiler. He often attended and served in the Eastern Palace. In youth, from his mother's clan in General of Chariots and Cavalry Zang Zhi's household, he obtained Wei Heng's draft clerical script and studied it to great mastery. Crown Prince Wenxui had Yong write on the walls of the thatched study in the Mystic Enclosure; the National University Rector He Yin sought to exchange his inverted-leek script for Yong's, and Yong smiled and replied, "When the realm has the Way, Qiu would not trade for it."
38
每賔友會同，顒虛席晤語，辭韻如流，聽者忘倦。 兼善老、易，與張融相遇，輙以玄言相滯，彌日不解。 清貧寡欲，終日長蔬食，雖有妻子，獨處山舍。 衞將軍王儉謂顒曰：「卿山中何所食？」 顒曰：「赤米白鹽，綠葵紫蓼。」 文惠太子問顒：「菜食何味最勝？」 顒曰：「春初早韭，秋末晚菘。」 時何胤亦精信佛法，無妻妾。 太子又問顒：「卿精進何如何胤？」 顒曰：「三塗八難，共所未免。 然各有其累。」 太子曰：「所累伊何？」 對曰：「周妻何肉。」 其言辭應變，皆如此也。
Whenever guests and friends gathered, Yong would leave an empty seat for intimate talk; phrasing and tone flowed like water, and listeners forgot weariness. He was also skilled in Laozi and the Changes; meeting Zhang Rong, they would detain each other with arcane discourse, not parting for whole days. Poor and pure, with few desires, all day long he ate vegetables; though he had wife and children, he lived alone in a mountain lodge. General of the Guard Wang Jian said to Yong, "In the mountains, what do you eat?" Yong said, "Red rice and white salt, green mallow and purple smartweed." Crown Prince Wenxui asked Yong, "Among vegetable foods, which flavor is finest?" Yong said, "Early leeks at spring's first flush; late cabbages at autumn's end." At the time He Yin also devoutly practiced Buddhism and had no wife or concubine. The Crown Prince again asked Yong, "How does your religious devotion compare with He Yin's?" Yong said, "The three evil destinies and eight difficulties—neither of us has escaped them. Yet each has his own burden." The Crown Prince said, "What are the burdens?" He replied, "Zhou's wife, He's meat." His words and replies in quick adaptation were all like this.
39
轉國子博士，兼著作如故。 太學諸生慕其風，爭事華辯。 後何胤言斷食生，猶欲食肉、白魚、脯、糖蟹，以爲非見生物。 疑食蚶蠣，使學生議之。 學生鍾岏曰：「之就脯，驟於屈伸，蟹之將糖，躁擾彌甚。 仁人用意，深懷如怛。 至於車螯蚶蠣，眉目內闕，慚渾沌之奇，礦殼外緘，非金人之慎。 不悴不榮，曾草木之不若； 無馨無臭，與瓦礫其何算。 故宜長充庖廚，永爲口實。」 竟陵王子良見岏議，大怒。
He was transferred to Erudite of the National University, retaining his concurrent post as Compiler. The university students admired his style and vied in ornate disputation. Later He Yin said he had renounced eating living things, yet still wished to eat meat, white fish, cured meat, and sugared crab, holding that these were not creatures seen alive. Uncertain about eating clams and oysters, he had the students debate it. The student Zhong Yan said, "When it becomes cured meat, the rush of bending and stretching is sudden; when a crab meets sugar, its agitation is all the worse. A humane person's intent would be deeply pained, as if afflicted. As for razor clams and oysters, eyes and brows are inwardly lacking—they would be ashamed before Chaos's marvel; mineral shells sealed without, unlike the golden man's caution. Neither withering nor flourishing—they are not even like grass and trees; without fragrance or stench—what difference from rubble? Thus they ought ever to fill the kitchen and forever serve as tidbits." When Xiao Ziliang, Prince of Jingling, saw Yan's disputation, he was greatly angered.
40
胤兄點，亦遁節清信。 顒與書，勸令菜食。 曰：「丈人之所以未極遐蹈，或在不近全菜邪？ 脫灑離析之討，鼎俎網罟之興，載之簡策，其來寔遠。 誰敢干議？ 觀聖人之設膳脩，仍復爲之品節，蓋以茹毛飲血，與生民共始，縱而勿裁，將無厓畔。 善爲士者，豈不以恕己爲懷？ 是以各靜封疆，罔相陵軼。 況乃變之大者，莫過死生； 生之所重，無踰性命。 性命之於彼極切，滋味之在我可賒，而終身朝晡，資之以永歲，彼就冤殘，莫能自列，我業久長，吁哉可畏。 且區區微卵，脆薄易矝，歂彼弱麑，顧步宜衄。 觀其飲喙飛沈，使人憐悼，況可心心撲褫，加復恣忍吞嚼。 至乃野牧盛羣，閉豢重圈，量肉揣毛，以俟枝剝，如土委地，僉謂常理，可爲愴息，事豈一塗。 若云三世理誣，則幸矣良快，如使此道果然，而受形未息，則一往一來，一生一死，輪迴是常事。 雜報如家，人天如客，遇客日尠，在家日多，吾儕信業，未足長免，則傷心之慘，行亦自及。 丈人於血氣之類，雖無身踐，至於晨鳧夜鯉，不能不取備屠門。 財貝之一經盜手，猶爲廉士所棄； 生性之一啓鸞刀，寧復慈心所忍。 騶虞雖飢，非自死之草不食，聞其風豈不使人多愧。 衆生之稟此形質，以畜肌膋，皆由其積壅癡迷，沈流莫反，報受穢濁，歷苦酸長，此甘與肥，皆無明之報聚也。 何至復引此滋腴，自汙腸胃。 丈人得此有素，聊復寸言發起耳。」
Yin's elder brother He Dian also withdrew to purity and devout faith. Yong wrote him a letter urging him to eat vegetables. He said, "The reason you, sir, have not yet reached the utmost distant practice may lie in your not coming close to a fully vegetable diet, may it not? The debates of shedding constraints and dissecting distinctions, the rise of cauldrons, stands, nets, and traps recorded in bamboo and silk—their coming is indeed far off. Who would dare to intervene in debate? Observing how the sage set out meals and provisions, he still graded and regulated them—for eating raw flesh and drinking blood began together with the birth of the people; if indulged without restraint, there would be no margin or limit. One who is good at being a gentleman—would he not take putting oneself in another's place as his intent? Thus each keeps quiet within his borders and does not encroach upon or overrun another. Moreover, among great transformations, none surpasses death and life; among what living values, nothing exceeds life and fate. Life and fate to them is utmost urgent; flavor to me can be deferred—yet lifelong, morning and evening, I rely on them to sustain the year; they meet wrongful slaughter and mutilation, unable to plead for themselves, while my karma grows long-lasting—alas, how dreadfully fearsome. Moreover tiny eggs, fragile and thin, easily crushed; suckling fawns at every step would rightly blush. Watching them drink and peck, fly and sink, moves one to pity—how much less to chase them down heart by heart, stripping and flaying them, then further indulging cruel swallowing and chewing. Extending even to vast herds in open pasture, penned and fattened in layered enclosures, measuring flesh and gauging hide to await butchering and flaying—as if dirt cast to earth, all call it ordinary reason; one could sigh in grief—the matter is surely not of one kind alone. If one says the doctrine of the three ages is deception, then fortunate indeed and truly relieved; but if this Way is real and rebirth in form has not ceased, then going forth and returning, living once and dying once—transmigration is ordinary business. Mixed retribution is like staying at home; rebirths in human and heavenly realms are like lodging as a guest—guest days are few, home days are many. We who trust in karma cannot escape for long, and heart-breaking misery will reach us in turn. Though you do not yourself visit the slaughterhouse, sir, you still cannot do without morning duck and night carp from the butcher's gate. Wealth that has once passed through a thief's hands is still cast away by an upright man; yet when living flesh meets the cleaver, how could a compassionate heart bear it? Though the Zouyu is hungry, it will not eat grass that has not died of itself—hearing of its spirit, should it not make one deeply ashamed? All beings who receive this bodily form to store flesh and fat do so from accumulated delusion, sinking in the stream without return, receiving defiled retribution through long bitterness—this sweetness and richness are all aggregates of ignorance's retribution. Why then draw this rich nourishment to defile one's own bowels? You, sir, have long held this in principle; I offer only a brief word to stir the matter."
41
顒卒官時，會王儉講《孝經》未畢，舉曇濟自代，學者榮之。 官爲給事中。
When Yong died in office, Wang Jian had not yet finished lecturing on the Classic of Filial Piety; Yong recommended Tanji to succeed him, and the scholars honored the choice. He held the post of Supervising Censor.
42
【評贊】
Commentary and Eulogy
43
史臣曰：弘毅存容，至仁表貌，汲黯剛戇，崔琰聲姿，然後能不憚雄桀，亟成譏犯。 張融標心託旨，全等塵外，吐納風雲，不論人物，而干君會友，敦義納忠，誕不越檢，常在名教。 若夫奇偉之稱，則虞飜、陸績不得獨擅於前也。
The historiographer says: Only with resolute forbearance, utmost benevolence in bearing, Ji An's blunt integrity, and Cui Yan's voice and presence can one not fear powerful bullies and quickly become a target of censure. Zhang Rong marked his heart and entrusted his purpose, wholly beyond the dust of the world; he breathed wind and cloud and cared nothing for persons—yet in serving his lord and meeting friends he was earnest in righteousness and loyalty, never overstepping propriety, always within the bounds of moral teaching. As for the reputation of singular greatness, Yu Fan and Lu Ji cannot monopolize it among those who came before.
44
贊曰：思光矯矯，萬里千仞。 升同應諧，黜同解擯。 務在連衡，不謀銷印。 彥倫辭辯，苦節清韻。 白馬橫擒，雲梯獨振。
The eulogy says: Siguang towers aloft, ten thousand li and a thousand ren high. Promoted, he harmonized with those who answered; dismissed, he parted with those who were cast away. His aim lay in horizontal alliances, not in plotting to break seals. Yanlun's eloquence in debate, bitter austerity and clear tone. White Horse seized crosswise; Cloud Ladder alone was raised.
45
張融《海賦》文多脫誤，諸本同。
Zhang Rong's "Rhapsody on the Sea" has many omissions and errors in the text; all editions agree.
47
案
Editorial note: