Volume 57 Biographies 38: Wei Prisoners

魏虜

The Northern Wei

魏虜，匈奴種也，姓托跋氏。晉，并州刺史劉琨為屠各胡劉聰所攻，索頭猗盧遣子曰利孫將兵救琨於太原，猗盧入居代郡，亦謂鮮卑。被髮左衽，故呼為索頭。

The Northern Wei were of Xiongnu descent and took the surname Tuoba. During the Jin, Liu Kun, governor of Bing Province, came under attack by the Tugehu chieftain Liu Cong. Yilu of the Suotou Xianbei sent his son Li-sun with an army to relieve Kun at Taiyuan, and Yilu then settled in Dai Commandery; they were also known as Xianbei. Because they wore their hair loose and folded their coats to the left, they were called Suotou—"Disheveled Heads."

猗盧孫什翼犍，字鬱律旃，後還陰山為單于，領匈奴諸部。，苻堅遣偽并州刺史苻洛伐犍，破龍庭，禽犍還長安，為立宅，教犍書學。分其部黨君雲中等四郡，諸部主帥歲終入朝，并得見犍，差稅諸部以給之。

Yilu's grandson Shiyijian, courtesy name Yulüzhan, later withdrew to Yinshan as Shanyu and led the various Xiongnu tribes. Fu Jian sent his puppet governor of Bing, Fu Luo, against Shiyijian, shattered Longting, seized him, and brought him to Chang'an, where he was given a house and instructed in letters and learning. His followers were split among four commanderies, Yunzhong among them; tribal chiefs came to court each winter and were allowed to see Shiyijian, while levies from the tribes were assigned to maintain him.

堅敗，子珪，字涉圭，隨舅慕容垂據中山，還領其部，後稍彊盛。，珪破慕容寶於中山，遂有并州，僭稱魏，年號天（瑞）〔賜〕。追諡犍烈祖文平皇帝。珪死，諡道武皇帝，子木末立，年號太常，死，諡明元皇帝。子燾，字佛狸代立，年號太平真君。宋元嘉中，偽太子晃與大臣崔氏、寇氏不睦，崔、寇譖之。玄高道人有道術，晃使祈福七日七夜，佛狸夢其祖父竝怒，手刃向之曰：「汝何故信讒，欲害太子！」佛狸驚覺，下偽詔曰：「王者大業，纂承為重，儲宮嗣紹，百王舊例。自今已往，事無巨細，必經太子，然後上聞。」晃後謀殺佛狸見殺。燾死，諡太武皇帝。立晃子濬，字烏雷直勤，年號和平。追諡晃景穆皇帝。濬死，諡文成皇帝。子弘字萬民立，年號天安。，偽太子宏生，改年為皇興。

After Fu Jian's fall, his son Gui, courtesy name Shegui, followed his uncle Murong Chui in occupying Zhongshan, resumed leadership of his people, and gradually grew powerful. Gui defeated Murong Bao at Zhongshan, seized Bing Province, declared himself ruler of Wei, and adopted the reign title Tian (auspicious omen) [Gift]—completing the era name Tianci, "Heaven's Gift." Shiyijian was posthumously titled Emperor Liezu Wenping. When Gui died he received the temple name Emperor Daowu. His son Mumu succeeded under the era Taichang; at his death he was styled Emperor Mingyuan. His son Tao, courtesy name Foli, came to the throne and took the era Taiping Zhenjun. During Song's Yuanjia reign, Crown Prince Huang fell out with ministers of the Cui and Kou families, who then slandered him to the throne. The Daoist master Xuan Gao possessed occult powers; Huang had him perform seven days and seven nights of prayer. Foli dreamed that his grandfather Bing stood before him in rage, blade raised, crying, "Why do you heed slander and seek to destroy the crown prince!" Startled awake, Foli issued an edict: "A king's great enterprise rests above all on succession; investiture of the heir is the immemorial custom of the hundred kings. Henceforth, whether the matter be great or small, it must go through the crown prince before reaching me." Later Huang plotted to assassinate Foli and was put to death. When Tao died he received the temple name Emperor Taiwu. Huang's son Jun succeeded, courtesy name Wulei Zhiqin, under the era Heping. Huang was posthumously titled Emperor Jingmu. When Jun died he was styled Emperor Wencheng. His son Hong, courtesy name Wanmin, came to the throne under the era Tian'an. When Crown Prince Hong was born, the reign was renamed Huangxing.

什翼珪始都平城，猶逐水草，無城郭，木末始土著居處。佛狸破梁州、黃龍，徙其居民，大築郭邑。截平城西為宮城，四角起樓，女墻，門不施屋，城又無壍。南門外立二土門，內立廟，開四門，各隨方色，凡五廟，一世一閒，瓦屋。其西立太社。佛狸所居雲母等三殿，又立重屋，居其上。飲食廚名「阿真廚」，在西，皇后可孫恒出此廚求食。初，姚興以塞外虜赫連勃勃為安北將軍，領五部胡，屯大城，姚泓敗後，入長安。佛狸攻破勃勃子昌，娶勃勃女為皇后。義熙中，仇池公楊盛表云「索虜勃勃，匈奴正胤」是也。可孫昔妾媵之。殿西鎧仗庫屋四十餘閒，殿北絲綿布絹庫土屋一十餘閒。偽太子宮在城東，亦開四門，瓦屋，四角起樓。妃妾住皆土屋。婢使千餘人，織綾錦販賣，酤酒，養猪羊，牧牛馬，種菜逐利。太官八十餘窖，窖四千斛，半穀半米。又有懸食瓦屋數十閒，置尚方作鐵及木。其袍衣，使宮內婢為〔之〕。偽太子別有倉庫。

When Shiyijian first established his capital at Pingcheng, the people still followed pasture and water and had no walled towns; only under Mumu did they begin to live in settled habitations. Foli conquered Liangzhou and Huanglong, relocated the inhabitants, and undertook large-scale construction of walled districts. The western section of Pingcheng was taken as the palace precinct, with towers at each corner and crenellated parapets; the gates had no gatehouses, and there was no moat. Two earthen gates stood outside the south gate; inside were ancestral temples with four gates painted according to the colors of the four directions—five temples in all, one hall per reign, roofed with tile. To the west stood the Grand Altar of Soil. Foli's residence included three halls such as the Mica Hall; upper stories were added, and he lived on the top floor. The dining kitchen was called the "Azhen Kitchen" and lay to the west; Empress Kesun regularly went there herself for meals. Earlier, Yao Xing had appointed the frontier chieftain Helian Bobo Pacifier of the North, with command over the Five-Department Hu, garrisoned at Dacheng; after Yao Hong's defeat he entered Chang'an. Foli defeated Bobo's son Chang and married Bobo's daughter as his empress. During the Yixi era, Duke Yang Sheng of Chouchi wrote in a memorial that "the Suotou chieftain Bobo is the legitimate Xiongnu line"—meaning this connection. Kesun had once served among the concubine attendants. West of the hall stood more than forty rooms of the armory; north of the hall, more than ten earthen storehouses for silk, cotton, cloth, and brocade. The crown prince's palace lay east of the city, likewise with four gates, tiled roofs, and corner towers. Consorts and concubines all dwelled in earthen houses. Over a thousand maidservants wove damask and brocade for market, sold wine, kept pigs and sheep, tended cattle and horses, and grew vegetables for profit. The imperial kitchen maintained more than eighty granaries, each holding four thousand hu—half grain, half rice. Several dozen tiled rooms held suspended provisions; the Imperial Workshop produced iron and woodwork. Robes and garments were made by women of the inner palace. The crown prince maintained separate storehouses of his own.

其郭城繞宮城南，悉築為坊，坊開巷。坊大者容四五百家，小者六七十家。每南坊搜檢，以備奸巧。城西南去白登山七里，於山邊別立父祖廟。城西有祠天壇，立四十九木人，長丈許，白幘、練裙、馬尾被，立壇上，常以四月四日殺牛馬祭祀，盛陳鹵簿，邊壇奔馳奏伎為樂。城西三里，刻石寫五經及其國記，於鄴取石虎文石屋基六十枚，皆長丈餘，以充用。

The outer city ringed the palace to the south, entirely laid out in wards with lanes opening between them. The largest wards held four or five hundred households; the smallest, sixty or seventy. Southern wards were searched regularly to guard against subversion and fraud. Seven li southwest of the city stood Mount Baideng, where separate ancestral shrines to the forefathers were built at the mountain's foot. West of the city stood a Heaven altar with forty-nine wooden figures some ten feet tall, wearing white headcloths, white skirts, and horsehair cloaks. On the fourth day of the fourth month cattle and horses were sacrificed; the full guard of honor was displayed, and riders circled the altar at a gallop, performing music and acrobatics. Three li west of the city, stone stelae were inscribed with the Five Classics and the Wei state chronicle; sixty foundation blocks from Shi Hu's carved stone halls at Ye, each over ten feet long, were brought for the work.

國中呼內左右為「直真」，外左右為「烏矮真」，曹局文書吏為「比德真」，檐衣人為「樸大真」，帶仗人為「胡洛真」，通事人為「乞萬真」，守門人為「可薄真」，偽臺乘驛賤人為「拂竹真」，諸州乘驛人為「咸真」，殺人者為「契害真」，為主出受辭人為「折潰真」，貴人作食人為「附真」。三公貴人，通謂之「羊真」。佛狸置三公、太宰、尚書令、僕射、侍中，與太子共決國事。殿中尚書知殿內兵馬倉庫，樂部尚書知伎樂及角史伍伯，駕部尚書知牛馬驢騾，南部尚書知南邊州郡，北部尚書知北邊州郡。又有俟懃地何，比尚書；莫堤，比刺史；郁若，比二千石；受別官比諸侯。諸曹府有倉庫，悉置比官，皆使通虜漢語，以為傳驛。蘭臺置中丞御史，知城內事。又置九豆和官，宮城三里內民戶籍不屬諸軍戍者，悉屬之。

Within the realm the inner attendants were called zhizhen, the outer wu'aizhen; bureau clerks bidezhen; robe-bearers pudazhen; arms-bearers huluozhen; interpreters qiwanzhen; gatekeepers kebozhen; the court's humble courier-runners fuzhuzhen; provincial couriers xianzhen; executioners qihaizhen; agents who took testimony abroad zhekuizhen; and noble cooks fuzhen. The Three Excellencies and great nobles were collectively termed yangzhen. Foli appointed the Three Excellencies, Grand Steward, Director of the Department of State Affairs, Vice Director, and Attendants-in-Ordinary, who deliberated on state affairs together with the crown prince. The Palace Director oversaw troops, horses, and stores within the palace; the Music Director, performers, musicians, and guard detachments; the Chariot Director, cattle, horses, donkeys, and mules; the Southern Director, southern frontier provinces; and the Northern Director, northern frontier provinces. There was also the office of qinhun dihe, comparable to Director; moti, comparable to provincial inspector; yuruo, comparable to the two-thousand-dan grade; and shoubieguan, comparable to feudal lords. Every bureau maintained storehouses and parallel offices; incumbents were required to know both Xianbei and Chinese for relay work. The Orchid Terrace housed censors who oversaw affairs within the capital. A jiudouhe office was also established; all civilian households within three li of the palace whose registers were not attached to garrisons came under its jurisdiction.

其車服，有大小輦，皆五層，下施四輪，三二百人牽之，四施絙索，備傾倒。軺車建龍旂，尚黑。妃后則施雜綵幰，無幢絡。太后出，則婦女著鎧騎馬近輦左右。虜主及后妃常行，乘銀鏤羊車，不施帷幔，皆偏坐垂腳轅中；在殿上，亦跂據。正殿施流蘇帳，金博山，龍鳳朱漆畫屏風，織成幌。坐施氍毹褥。前施金香鑪，琉璃鉢，金椀，盛雜食器。設客長盤一尺，御饌圓盤廣一丈。為四輪車，元會日，六七十人牽上殿。蜡日逐除，歲盡，城門磔雄雞，葦索桃梗，如漢儀。

Their carriages included great and small imperial litters, each of five tiers mounted on four wheels and drawn by two or three hundred men, with ropes rigged on all four sides against tipping. Light carriages flew dragon banners; black was the preferred color. Consorts and empresses rode under multicolored canopies without pennant streamers. When the empress dowager went abroad, armored women on horseback flanked the litter. On ordinary outings the Wei ruler and his consorts rode silver-inlaid sheep carts without curtains, sitting sideways with their legs dangling over the shafts; in the hall they likewise sat with legs drawn up beneath them. The main hall was hung with tasseled curtains, a golden Boshan incense mountain, red-lacquered dragon-and-phoenix screens, and woven valances. Wool rugs and cushions were spread for seating. Before them stood golden censers, glass bowls, gold dishes, and vessels for assorted foods. Guests were served on long trays a foot wide; the imperial banquet was laid on a round platter ten feet across. The platter was mounted on a four-wheeled cart; on New Year's day sixty or seventy men hauled it into the hall. On the La festival they performed the year-end expulsion; at the city gates a rooster was sacrificed and reed ropes with peach staffs set up, following Han custom.

自佛狸至萬民，世增雕飾。正殿西築土臺，謂之白樓。萬民禪位後，常遊觀其上。臺南又有伺星樓。正殿西又有祠屋，琉璃為瓦。宮門稍覆以屋，猶不知為重樓。竝設削泥采，畫金剛力士。胡俗尚水，又規畫黑龍相盤繞，以為厭勝。

From Foli's reign through Wanmin's, each generation added further ornament. West of the main hall rose an earthen terrace called the White Tower. After Wanmin abdicated he often strolled there to take in the view. South of the terrace stood a Star-Watching Tower. West of the main hall were shrine halls roofed with glazed tiles. Palace gates were given modest roof coverings, but they had not yet adopted true multi-storied gate towers. Colored plaster reliefs were installed, depicting vajra guardian figures. Barbarian custom favored water symbolism; coiling black dragons were painted as charms against evil.

，萬民禪位子宏，自稱太上皇。宏立，號。至六年，萬民死，諡獻文皇帝。改號為承明元年，是歲也。祖母馮氏，黃龍人，助治國事。初，佛狸母是漢人，為木末所殺，佛狸以乳母為太后，自此以來，太子立，輒誅其母。一云馮氏本江都人，佛狸南侵，略得馮氏，濬以為妾，獨得全焉。明年丁巳歲，改號太和。

Wanmin abdicated in favor of his son Hong and took the title Retired Emperor. Hong came to the throne; his reign title [follows in the next line]. In the sixth year of his reign Wanmin died and was posthumously titled Emperor Xianwen. The era was changed to Chengming year one—the year of his death. His grandmother, Lady Feng of Huanglong, helped administer state affairs. Foli's birth mother had been Han and was killed by Mumu; Foli raised his wet nurse to empress dowager. Thereafter, whenever a crown prince was enthroned, his mother was executed. Another account holds that the Fengs were originally from Jiangdu; Foli seized Lady Feng on a southern campaign, and Jun took her as a concubine—she alone escaped the customary fate. The following year, a dingsi year, the reign was renamed Taihe.

宋明帝末年，始與虜和好。元徽昇明之世，虜使歲通。，偽太和三年也。宏聞太祖受禪，其冬，發眾遣丹陽王劉昶為太師，寇司、豫二州。明年，詔遣眾軍北討。宏遣大將郁豆眷、叚長命攻壽陽及鍾離，為豫州刺史垣崇祖、右將軍周盤龍、徐州刺史崔文仲等所破。

In the last years of Emperor Ming of Song, peace was first made with the Northern Wei. During the Yuanhui and Shengming reigns, Wei envoys arrived annually. This was the third year of the Wei era Taihe. When Hong learned that the Founding Emperor of Qi had taken the throne, that winter he mobilized an army and sent Prince Liu Chang of Danyang as Grand Preceptor to raid Si and Yu provinces. The following year an imperial edict ordered a general northern expedition. Hong sent the generals Yudoujuan and Duan Changming against Shouyang and Zhongli, but they were routed by Yuan Chongzu, governor of Yu, Right General Zhou Panlong, Cui Wenzong, governor of Xu, and their colleagues.

宏又遣偽南部尚書托跋等向司州，分兵出兖、青界，十萬眾圍朐山，戍主玄元度嬰城固守。青冀二州刺史盧紹之遣子奐領兵助之。城中無食，紹之出頓州南石頭亭，隔海運糧柴供給城內。虜圍斷海道，緣岸攻城，會潮水大至，虜渰溺，元度出兵奮擊，大破之。臺遣軍主崔靈建、楊法持、房靈民萬餘人從淮入海，船艦至夜各舉兩火，虜眾望見，謂是南軍大至，一時奔退。

Hong again sent the Southern Director Tuoba and others toward Si Province while detachments crossed from Yan and Qing; a hundred thousand troops besieged Qushan, whose commander Xuan Yuandu shut the gates and held out. Lu Shaozhi, governor of Qing and Ji, sent his son Huan with reinforcements. When food ran short inside the city, Shaozhi withdrew to Shitou Pavilion south of the provincial seat and shipped grain and fuel across the sea to sustain the garrison. The Wei forces severed the sea lanes and pressed the assault along the shore, but a great tide swept in and drowned many; Yuandu sallied out and struck hard, inflicting a crushing defeat. The court dispatched commanders Cui Lingjian, Yang Fachi, and Fang Lingmin with over ten thousand men from the Huai down to the sea; at night each ship raised two signal fires. The Wei troops, seeing them, believed a great southern fleet had arrived and fled in panic.

初，元度自云臂上有封侯志，宋世以示世祖，時世祖在東宮，書與元度曰：「努力成臂上之相也。」虜退，上議加封爵，元度歸功於紹之，紹之又讓，故竝見寢。上乃擢紹之為黃門郎。鬱州呼石頭亭為平虜亭。紹之字子緒，范陽人，自云盧諶玄孫。宋大明中，預攻廣陵，勳上，紹之拔迹自投，上以為州治中，受心腹之任。官至光祿大夫。，卒。

Yuandu had long claimed a birthmark on his arm foretelling ennoblement; during Song he showed it to the future Founding Emperor, then crown prince, who wrote back: "Strive to make good on that mark upon your arm." When the Wei army withdrew, the court debated rewards of rank; Yuandu credited Shaozhi, and Shaozhi declined in turn, so both ennoblements were set aside. The emperor instead promoted Shaozhi to Gentleman at the Yellow Gates. Yuzhou renamed Shitou Pavilion the Pacify-Barbarians Pavilion. Shaozhi, courtesy name Zixu, came from Fanyang and claimed descent from Lu Chen in the fourth generation. During Song's Daming reign, in the campaign against Guangling, when merit rolls were submitted Shaozhi stepped forward on his own; the emperor appointed him provincial administrator and treated him as a trusted confidant. He rose to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness. He died in office.

三年，領軍將軍李安民、左軍將軍孫文顯與虜軍戰於淮陽，大敗之。初，虜寇至，緣淮驅略，江北居民猶懲佛狸時事，皆驚走，不可禁止。乃於梁山置二軍，南置三軍，慈姥置一軍，洌州置二軍，三山置二軍，白沙洲置一軍，蔡州置五軍，長蘆置三軍，菰浦置二軍，徐浦置一軍，內外悉班階賞，以示威刑。

In the third year, General of the Guards Li Anmin and Left General Sun Wenxian met the Wei army at Huaiyang and won a great victory. When the Wei first invaded, they ravaged the Huai line; north-bank inhabitants, still remembering Foli's campaigns, fled in panic beyond all restraint. The court posted two armies at Liangshan, three to the south, one at Cilao, two at Liezhou, two at Sanshan, one at Baishazhou, five at Caizhou, three at Changlu, two at Gupu, and one at Xupu, distributing ranks and rewards throughout the command to display both favor and severity.

偽昌黎王馮莎向司州，荒人桓天生說莎云：「諸蠻皆響應。」莎至，蠻竟不動。莎大怒，於淮邊獵而去。及壽春摧敗，朐山不拔，虜主出定州，大治道路，聲欲南行，不敢進。迺與偽梁郡王計曰：「兵出彭、泗間，無復鬬志，要當一兩戰得還歸。」既於淮陽被破，一時奔走。青、徐間赴義民，先是或抄虜運車，更相殺掠，往往得南歸者數千家。

The Prince of Changli Feng Sha marched on Si Province; the frontier leader Huan Tiansheng assured him that "all the southern tribes will rise in answer." When Sha arrived, the tribes never stirred. Enraged, Sha hunted along the Huai and withdrew. After defeat at Shouyang and failure at Qushan, the Wei ruler moved to Ding Province and repaired the roads on a grand scale, proclaiming a southern march but daring not advance. He confided to the Prince of Liang Commandery: "Once our men were between the Peng and Si, they lost heart; we need only a battle or two before we can turn home." Defeated at Huaiyang, they broke and ran. Volunteer bands in Qing and Xu had earlier ambushed Wei supply trains and sometimes preyed on one another, yet thousands of households often made their way back south.

上未遑外略，以虜既摧破，且欲示以威懷，遣後軍參軍車僧朗北使。虜問僧朗曰：「齊輔宋日淺，何故便登天位？」僧朗曰：「虞、夏登庸，親當革禪；魏、晉匡（戰）〔輔〕，貽厥子孫。豈二聖促促於天位，兩賢謙虛以獨善？時宜各異，豈得一揆？苟曰事宜，故屈己應物。」虜又問：「齊主悉有何功業？」僧朗曰：「主上聖性寬仁，天識弘遠。少為宋文皇所器遇，入參禁旅。泰始之初，四方寇叛，東平劉子房、張淹，北討薛索兒，兼掌軍國，豫司顧命。宋桂陽、建平二王阻兵內侮，一麾殄滅。蒼梧王反道敗德，有過桀、紂，遠遵伊、霍，行廢立之事。袁粲、劉秉、沈攸之同惡相濟，又秉旄杖鉞，大定凶黨。戮力佐時，四十餘載，經綸夷險，十五六年，此功此德，可謂物無異議。」虜又問：「南國無復齊土，何故封齊？」僧朗曰：「營丘表海，實為大國。宋朝光啟土宇，謂是呂尚先封。今淮海之間，自有青、齊，非無地也。」又問：「蒼梧何故遂加斬戮？」僧朗曰：「蒼梧暴虐，書契未聞，武王斬紂，懸之黃鉞，共是所聞，何傷於義？」昇明中，北使殷靈誕、苟昭先在虜，聞太祖登極，靈誕謂虜典客曰：「宋魏通好，憂患是同。宋今滅亡，魏不相救，何用和親？」及虜寇豫州，靈誕因請為劉昶司馬，不獲。僧朗至北，虜置之靈誕下，僧朗立席言曰：「靈誕昔是宋使，今成齊民。實希魏主以禮見處。」靈誕交言，遂相忿詈，調虜曰：「使臣不能立節本朝，誠自慙恨。」劉昶賂客解奉君於會刺殺僧朗，虜即收奉君誅之，殯斂僧朗，送喪隨靈誕等南歸，厚加贈賻。世祖踐阼，昭先具以啟聞，靈誕下獄死，贈僧朗散騎侍郎。

The emperor, not yet ready for further campaigns abroad, sent Rear Army Adjutant Che Senglang north as envoy—both because the Wei were already broken and because he wished to show strength joined to conciliation. The Wei asked Senglang: "Qi has assisted Song only briefly—why seize the throne so soon?" Senglang replied: "Yu and Xia took power by elevation and personally performed the transfer of the mandate; Wei and Jin assisted (battle) [the throne], bequeathing it to their descendants. Were those two sage rulers to hurry onto the throne, or those two worthy ministers to retire into private virtue alone? Times differ in what they require—how could one rule fit all? When the times demand it, one bends oneself to answer circumstance." They asked again: "What deeds has the lord of Qi to his credit?" Senglang answered: "Our lord is sage and humane by nature, with vision granted from heaven. In youth Emperor Wen of Song singled him out for favor and brought him into the palace guard. At the opening of Taishi, rebellion broke out everywhere; he pacified Liu Zifang and Zhang Yan in the east, campaigned north against Xue Suo'er, held joint civil and military authority, and received the regent's charge for Yu and Si provinces. The princes of Guiyang and Jianping raised armies in civil war; he destroyed them at a single stroke. Prince Cangwu violated the Way and outdid Jie and Zhou in wickedness; following the example of Yi Yin and Huo Guang, our lord deposed and enthroned rulers. When Yuan Can, Liu Bing, and Shen Youzhi joined in rebellion, he took up banner and axe and crushed the traitor faction. For more than forty years he labored to sustain the age, and for fifteen or sixteen he steered the state through calm and crisis—merit and virtue on which none can disagree." They pressed again: "The south no longer holds Qi lands—why take the title Qi?" Senglang replied: "Yingqiu faces the sea—it was always a great state. The Song dynasty, expanding its realm, held this to be the original fief of Lü Shang. Between the Huai and the sea Qing and Qi still stand—we are not without territory." They asked further: "Why was Prince Cangwu executed outright?" Senglang said: "Cangwu's cruelty exceeds anything in the records; King Wu slew Zhou and displayed his head on the yellow axe—both are matters of record. Where is the injury to righteousness?" During Shengming, envoys Yin Lingdan and Gou Zhaoxian were detained in the north. When they heard the Founding Emperor had taken the throne, Lingdan told the Wei Master of Guests: "Song and Wei were allies who shared common perils. Song is now destroyed and Wei did not save it—of what use is alliance by marriage?" When the Wei invaded Yu Province, Lingdan asked to serve as Liu Chang's marshal but was refused. When Senglang arrived in the north, the Wei seated him below Lingdan. Senglang rose and said: "Lingdan was once Song's envoy; he is now a subject of Qi. I trust the Wei ruler will treat him with courtesy." Lingdan answered hotly and they traded insults. He told the Wei: "This envoy failed his court in loyalty—I am deeply ashamed." Liu Chang bribed an agent to have Xie Fengjun assassinate Senglang at a banquet. The Wei seized Fengjun and executed him, prepared Senglang's body for burial, sent the funeral south with Lingdan's party, and granted lavish compensation. When the Founding Emperor ascended the throne, Zhaoxian reported the full story; Lingdan died in prison; Senglang was posthumously made Gentleman Attendant at the Palace Steeds.

冬，遣驍騎將軍劉纘、前軍將軍張謨使虜。明年冬，虜使李道固報聘，世祖於玄武湖水步軍講武，登龍舟引見之。自此歲使往來，疆埸無事。

That winter Swift Cavalry General Liu Zuan and Vanguard General Zhang Mo were dispatched as envoys to the Wei. The following winter the Wei envoy Li Daogu came on a return visit; the Founding Emperor reviewed naval forces on Xuanwu Lake, boarded the dragon boat, and received him. Thereafter envoys exchanged visits yearly and the frontier remained quiet.

三年，初令鄰里黨各置一長，五家為隣，五隣為里，五里為黨。四年，造戶籍。分置州郡，雍州、涼州、秦州、沙州、涇州、華州、岐州、河州、西華州、寧州、陝州、洛州、荊州、郢州、北豫州、東荊州、南豫州、西兖州、東兖州、南徐州、東徐州、青州、齊州、濟州二十五州在河南；（湘）〔相〕州、懷州、（秦）〔汾〕州、東雍州、肆州、定州、瀛州、朔州、并州、冀州、幽州、平州、司州十三州在河北。凡分魏、晉舊司、豫、青、兖、冀、并、幽、秦、雍、涼十州地，及宋所失淮北為三十八州矣。

In the third year the state first ordered each ward to appoint a head: five households formed a neighborhood, five neighborhoods a hamlet, five hamlets a ward. In the fourth year household registers were drawn up. Provinces and commanderies were reorganized: Yong, Liang, Qin, Sha, Jing, Hua, Qi, He, Xihua, Ning, Shan, Luo, Jing, Ying, North Yu, East Jing, South Yu, West Yan, East Yan, South Xu, East Xu, Qing, Qi, and Ji—twenty-five provinces south of the Yellow River; (Xiang) Xiang Province, Huai Province, (Qin) Fen Province, East Yong, Si, Ding, Ying, Shuo, Bing, Ji, You, Ping, and Si—thirteen provinces north of the Yellow River. Altogether the former Wei and Jin lands of Si, Yu, Qing, Yan, Ji, Bing, You, Qin, Yong, and Liang, together with the Huai-north territories Song had lost, were reorganized into thirty-eight provinces.

明年，邊人桓天生作亂，虜遣步騎萬餘人助之，至比陽，為征虜將軍戴僧靜等所破。荒人胡丘生起義懸瓠，為虜所擊，戰敗南奔。偽安南將軍遼東公、平南將軍上谷公又攻舞陰，舞陰戍主輔國將軍殷公愍拒破之。六年，虜又遣眾助桓天生，與輔國將軍曹虎戰，大敗於隔城。

The following year the frontier leader Huan Tiansheng rose in revolt; the Wei sent more than ten thousand foot and horse to his aid, but at Biyang they were routed by Pacifier of the Barbarians Dai Sengjing and his colleagues. The frontier leader Hu Qiuji rebelled at Xuancheng, was beaten by the Wei, and fled south in defeat. The Pacifier of the South, Duke of Liaodong, and the Pacifier of the South, Duke of Shanggu, attacked Wuyin again; the garrison commander Yin Gongmin, Support-the-State General, held the city and repulsed them. In the sixth year the Wei again sent troops to aid Huan Tiansheng; they met Support-the-State General Cao Hu and suffered a crushing defeat at Gecheng.

至七年，遣使邢產、侯靈紹復通好。先是劉纘再使虜，太后馮氏悅而親之。馮氏有計略，作皇誥十八篇，偽左僕射李思沖稱史臣注解。是歲，馮氏死。八年，世祖還隔城所俘獲二千餘人。

In the seventh year envoys Xing Chan and Hou Lingshao were dispatched to renew friendly relations. Earlier Liu Zuan had again served as envoy to the Wei; Empress Dowager Feng took a liking to him and received him warmly. Lady Feng was resourceful and composed eighteen chapters of Imperial Admonitions; the Left Vice Director Li Sichong signed himself as historiographer and supplied commentary. That year Lady Feng died. In the eighth year the Founding Emperor repatriated more than two thousand captives taken at Gecheng.

佛狸已來，稍僭華典，胡風國俗，雜相揉亂。宏知談義，解屬文，輕果有遠略。遊河北至比干墓，作弔比干文云：「脫非武發，封墓誰因？嗚呼（分土）〔介士〕，胡不我臣！」宏以己巳歲立圓丘、方澤，置三夫人、九嬪。平城南有干水，出定襄堺，流入海，去城五十里，世號為索干都。土氣寒凝，風砂恒起，六月雨雪。議遷都洛京。

Since Foli's reign they had gradually adopted Chinese institutions, while barbarian custom and state usage intermingled in confusion. Hong was versed in philosophical discourse and literary composition, quick and decisive, with far-reaching designs. On a tour north of the Yellow River he came to Bigan's tomb and wrote an elegy: "Had King Wu not risen, who would have sealed this grave? Alas! (divided earth) [loyal knight]—why will you not be my minister!" In a jisi year Hong established the Round Mound and Square Pond altars and appointed three chief consorts and nine imperial concubines. South of Pingcheng runs the Gan River, which rises in Dingxiang and flows to the sea; fifty li from the city it was known as Suogan Du. The climate was bitterly cold, sandstorms constant, and snow fell even in the sixth month. The court debated relocating the capital to Luoyang.

九年，遣使李道固、蔣少游報使。少游有機巧，密令觀京師宮殿楷式。清河崔元祖啟世祖曰：「少游，臣之外甥，特有公輸之思。宋世陷虜，處以大匠之官。今為副使，必欲模範宮闕。豈可令氈鄉之鄙，取象天宮？臣謂且留少游，令使主反命。」世祖以非和通意，不許。少游，安樂人。虜宮室制度，皆從其出。

In the ninth year envoys Li Daogu and Jiang Shaoyou came on a return mission. Shaoyou was clever with his hands; he was secretly instructed to study the layout of the capital palaces. Cui Yuanzu of Qinghe wrote to the Founding Emperor: "Shaoyou is my sister's son and possesses the ingenuity of Gongshu Ban. Captured in Song times, he was made chief craftsman among the Wei. As deputy envoy he will surely copy our palace models. How can we let a felt-tent frontier copy the celestial palace? I urge that Shaoyou be detained while the chief envoy returns to deliver his report. The Founding Emperor, judging this incompatible with good relations, refused. Shaoyou came from Anle. The Wei palace system owed everything to his designs.

初，佛狸討羯胡於長安，殺道人且盡。及元嘉南寇，獲道人，以鐵籠盛之。後佛狸感惡疾，自是敬畏佛教，立塔寺浮圖。宏父弘禪位後，黃冠素服，持戒誦經，居石窟寺。宏，道人法秀與苟兒王阿辱瑰王等謀反，事覺，囚法秀，加以籠頭鐵鏁，無故自解脫，虜穿其頸骨，使呪之曰：「若復有神，當令穿肉不入。」遂穿而殉之，三日乃死。偽咸陽王復欲盡殺道人，太后馮氏不許。宏尤精信，粗涉義理，宮殿內立浮圖。

When Foli campaigned against the Jie Hu in Chang'an, he slaughtered the Buddhist clergy almost to a man. During the Yuanjia invasion he captured monks and confined them in iron cages. Later Foli fell gravely ill; thereafter he revered Buddhism and built pagodas and temples. After abdicating, Hong's father wore Daoist caps and plain robes, kept the precepts, chanted sutras, and lived at the Stone Grotto Temple. Under Hong the monk Faxiu conspired with King Gou'er, King Arugui, and others; when exposed he was imprisoned in an iron cage and shackles, yet broke free unaided; the Wei pierced his neck and bade him swear: "If you have divine power, let the blade not pierce your flesh." They pierced him through and put him to death; he lingered three days before dying. The Prince of Xianyang again sought to slaughter all monks, but Empress Dowager Feng forbade it. Hong was deeply devout, had some grasp of doctrine, and built pagodas within the palace.

宏既經古洛，是歲下偽詔尚書思慎曰：「夫覆載垂化，必由四氣運其功；曦曜望舒，亦須五星助其暉。仰惟聖母，睿識自天，業高曠古，將稽詳典範，日新皇度。不圖罪逆招禍，奄丁窮罰，追惟罔極，永無逮及。思遵先旨，勑造明堂之樣。卿所制體含六合，事越中古，理圓義備，可軌之千載。信是應世之材，先固之器也。羣臣瞻見模樣，莫不僉然欲速造，朕以寡昧，亦思造盛禮。卿可即於今歲停宮城之作，營建此構，興皇代之奇制，遠成先志，近副朕懷。」又詔公卿參定刑律。又詔罷臈前儺，唯年一儺。又詔：「季冬朝賀，典無成文，以袴褶事非禮敬之謂，若置寒朝服，徒成煩濁，自今罷小歲賀，歲初一賀。」又詔：「王爵非庶姓所僭，伯號是五等常秩。烈祖之冑，仍本王爵，其餘王皆為公，〔公〕轉為侯，侯即為伯，子男如舊。雖名易於本，而品不異昔。公第一品，侯第二品，伯第三品，子第四品，男第五品。」

After touring ancient Luoyang, Hong that year addressed Director Si Shen in an edict: "Heaven and earth unfold their transforming power only through the working of the four seasons; Sun and moon likewise need the five planets to lend their brilliance. Looking up to the holy mother: her wisdom is heaven-sent, her achievement towers over antiquity; she will consult the canonical models and renew the imperial order day by day. We never imagined that crime and rebellion would bring such calamity; suddenly she suffered the final penalty. Looking back, our sorrow is boundless — we can never reach her again. Mindful of her last wishes, I order that a model of the Bright Hall be prepared. The form you have devised encompasses the six directions, surpasses the standards of middle antiquity, and is complete in principle and rite — a pattern that may guide us for a thousand years. You are truly a man for the times, a pillar that will stand firm for generations. When the ministers saw the model, all agreed they wanted it built at once; I too, though unlearned, wish to perform this great ceremony. This year you shall suspend work on the palace city and build this structure instead, raising an extraordinary monument for our dynasty — fulfilling her distant wish and satisfying my present desire. He also ordered the ministers and nobles to collaborate on revising the penal statutes. He also abolished the pre-Laba exorcism, retaining only one annual exorcism rite. He also decreed: "There is no fixed precedent for winter-end court congratulations. Military dress is not what ritual decorum calls for, and issuing cold-weather court robes would only add needless trouble. Henceforth the minor New Year audience is abolished; there shall be a single New Year audience each year." He also decreed: "The title of king is not for common clans to assume; the rank of earl is the standing grade within the five ranks. Descendants of the Founding Ancestor keep their original royal titles; all other kings become dukes, dukes become marquises, marquises become earls, and viscounts and barons remain unchanged. Though the names differ from what they were, the ranks themselves remain as before. Duke is first rank, marquis second, earl third, viscount fourth, and baron fifth."

十年，上遣司徒參軍蕭琛、范雲北使。宏西郊，即前祠天壇處也。宏與偽公卿從二十餘騎戎服繞壇，宏一周，公卿七匝，謂之蹋壇。明日，復戎服登壇祠天，宏又繞三匝，公卿七匝，謂之繞天。以繩相交絡，紐木枝棖，覆以青繒，形制平圓，下容百人坐，謂之為「繖」，一云「百子帳」也。於此下宴息。次祠廟及布政明堂，皆引朝廷使人觀視。每使至，宏親相應接，申以言義。甚重齊人，常謂其臣下曰：「江南多好臣。」偽侍臣李元凱對曰：「江南多好臣，歲一易主；江北無好臣，而百年一主。」宏大慙，出元凱為雍州長史，俄召復職。

In the tenth year, the emperor dispatched Staff Officers Xiao Chen and Fan Yun as envoys to the north. Hong worshipped at the western suburbs, the same place where the heaven altar had stood before. Hong and the pseudo court ministers, with more than twenty mounted attendants in military dress, circled the altar — Hong once, the ministers seven times — in what was called "treading the altar." The next day, again in military dress they ascended the altar to worship Heaven; Hong circled three times and the ministers seven — this was called "encircling Heaven." Ropes were woven together, wooden poles lashed and braced, and the whole covered with green silk; the structure was flat and round, with space below for a hundred people to sit. They called it an "umbrella," or alternatively a "hundred-sons tent." Beneath it they held their feast and rested. They then worshipped at the ancestral temple and displayed governance at the Bright Hall, each time inviting the southern court's envoys to watch. Whenever envoys arrived, Hong received them in person and discoursed on matters of principle. He held men of Qi in high regard and often told his ministers, "South of the Yangtze has many excellent ministers." The pseudo attendant Li Yuankai replied, "South of the Yangtze has many fine ministers — they change their ruler every year; north of the Yangtze has no fine ministers, yet one ruler endures for a hundred years." Hong was deeply embarrassed. He posted Yuankai to Yong Province as chief administrator, then soon recalled him to court.

世祖初，治白下，謂人曰：「我欲以此城為上頓處。」後於石頭造（靈）〔露〕車三千乘，欲步道取彭城，形迹頗著。先是八年北使顏幼明、劉思斅反命，偽南部尚書李思沖曰：「二國之和，義在庇民。如聞南朝大造舟車，欲侵淮、泗，推心相期，何應如此？」幼明曰：「主上方弘大信於天下，不失臣妾。既與輯和，何容二三其德？壃埸之言，差不足信。且朝廷若必（恭恕）〔赫怒〕，使守在外，亦不近相淮濆。」思沖曰：「我國之彊，經略淮東，何患不蕩海東岳，政存於信誓耳。且和好既結，豈可復有不信？昔華元、子反，戰伐之際，尚能以誠相告，此意良慕也。」幼明曰：「卿未有子反之急，詎求登床之請？」

Early in the reign of Emperor Wu, Hong developed Baixia and told others, "I intend to use this city as my forward staging base." Later at Shitou he constructed open three thousand open carts, planning to reach Pengcheng by land march; his designs became quite obvious. Earlier, when the eighth-year northern envoys Yan Youming and Liu Siqiao returned, the pseudo Director of the Southern Department Li Sichong said, "Peace between our two states exists to shelter the people. I hear the southern court is building ships and chariots on a large scale, intending to strike the Huai and Si. We pledged our hearts to one another — how could this be?" Youming said, "Our sovereign is now extending great good faith throughout the realm, never failing in the bond between lord and subject. Now that we have restored harmony, how could we be double-dealing? Reports from the frontier are scarcely to be trusted. Moreover, if the court were truly to fly into furious wrath fly into furious wrath, the frontier garrisons are stationed far afield and would not draw near each other along the Huai." Sichong said, "Our state is strong; if we planned to advance east of the Huai, what would prevent us from sweeping to the eastern sea and Mt. Heng? All that matters is keeping our pledged word. Besides, now that friendship is established, how could distrust arise again? In antiquity Hua Yuan and Zifan, even in the midst of battle, could still speak to each other with sincerity — that spirit is truly worth emulating." Youming said, "You are not in Zifan's desperate straits — why ask for the privilege of sharing his couch?"

是後宏亦欲南侵徐、豫，於淮、泗間大積馬蒭。十一年，遣露布并上書，稱當南寇。世祖發揚、徐州民丁，廣設召募。北地人支酉，聚數千人，於長安城北西山起義。遣使告梁州刺史陰智伯。秦州人王度人起義應酉，攻獲偽刺史劉藻，秦、雍間七州民皆響震，眾至十萬，各自保壁，望朝廷救其兵。宏遣弟偽河南王幹、尚書盧陽烏擊秦、雍義軍，幹大敗。酉迎戰，進至咸陽北濁谷，圍偽司空長洛王繆老生，合戰，又大破之，老生走還長安。梁州刺史陰智伯遣軍主席德仁、張弘林等數千人應接酉等，進向長安，所至皆靡。

After this Hong also planned a southern invasion of Xu and Yu, stockpiling horse fodder in great quantities between the Huai and Si. In the eleventh year he issued open proclamations and a memorial announcing that he would raid the south. Emperor Wu mobilized the conscript levies of Yang and Xu provinces and greatly expanded recruitment. Zhi You of Beidi gathered several thousand men and rose in rebellion on Western Mountain north of Chang'an. He dispatched envoys to notify Yin Zhibo, Governor of Liang Province. Wang Duren of Qin Province rebelled in support of You, attacking and capturing the pseudo Governor Liu Zao. The people of seven provinces between Qin and Yong rose in response; their forces reached a hundred thousand, each holding fortified walls and awaiting imperial relief. Hong sent his brother, the pseudo Prince of Henan Gan, and Director Lu Yangwu to attack the loyalist forces in Qin and Yong; Gan suffered a crushing defeat. You gave battle, advancing to Turbid Valley north of Xianyang and besieging the pseudo Minister of Works, Prince of Changluo Miao Laosheng. In the general engagement he routed them again, and Laosheng fled back to Chang'an. Yin Zhibo, Governor of Liang Province, sent Commanders Xi Deren and Zhang Honglin with several thousand men to join You's forces and advance on Chang'an; everywhere they went, resistance collapsed.

會世祖崩，宏聞關中危急，乃稱聞喪退師。八月，使持節、安南大將軍、都督徐青齊三州諸軍事、南中郎將、徐州刺史、廣陵侯府長史、帶淮陽太守鹿樹生移齊兖州府長史府：「奉被行所尚書符騰詔：『皇師雷舉，搖旆南指，誓清江祲，志廓衡靄。以去月下旬，濟次河洛。會前使人邢巒等至，審知彼有大艾。以春秋之義，聞喪寢伐。爰勑有司，輟鑾止軔，休馬華陽，戢戈嵩北。便肇經周制，光宅中區，永皇基于無窮，恢盛業乎萬祀。（辰）〔宸〕居重正，鴻化增新，四海承休，莫不銘慶。』故以往示如律令。」并遣使弔國諱。遣偽大將楊大眼、張聰明等數萬人攻酉，酉、廣等竝見殺。

Just then Emperor Wu died. Hong, learning that Guanzhong was in peril, announced that he was withdrawing his army upon hearing of the mourning. In the eighth month, Lu Shusheng — envoy bearing credentials, General Who Pacifies the South, Commander-in-chief of military affairs in Xu, Qing, and Qi provinces, Captain of the Southern Gentlemen, Chief Administrator of the Marquis of Guangling's household, and concurrent Administrator of Huaiyang — addressed the Chief Administrator's office of Yan Province in Qi: "I have received the command transmitted by the Office of the Director of the Department in the official dispatch: 'The imperial army thunders forth, banners turn southward; we swear to cleanse the Yangtze of evil and to clear away the mists of Mt. Heng. Toward the end of last month we crossed the river and encamped at the Luo. When the earlier envoys Xing Luan and others arrived, we learned that they had suffered a great bereavement. In accordance with the principle of the Spring and Autumn Annals, upon hearing of mourning one ceases campaigning. Accordingly I have ordered the officials to halt the imperial carriage and draw rein, rest the horses at Huayang, and sheathe the weapons north of Song. He will then inaugurate the rites of Zhou, bring light to the central realm, establish the imperial foundation for eternity, and extend this glorious enterprise for ten thousand generations. imperial throne The imperial throne holds firm the orthodox succession; the great transforming power grows ever new; the four seas receive blessings, and all inscribe this rejoicing.' Therefore this is sent forth for your information — let it be carried out as decreed." He also sent envoys to offer condolences on the state's bereavement. Hong sent the pseudo generals Yang Dayan and Zhang Congming with tens of thousands of men to attack You; You, Guang, and the others were all killed.

，遣司徒參軍劉斅、車騎參軍沈宏報使至北。宏稱字玄覽。其夏，虜平北將軍魯直清率眾降，以為督洛州軍事，領平戎校尉、征虜將軍、洛州刺史。是歲，宏徙都洛陽，改姓元氏。初，匈奴女名托跋，妻李陵，胡俗以母名為姓，故虜為李陵之後，虜甚諱之，有言其是陵後者，輒見殺，至是乃改姓焉。

The court sent Staff Officer Liu Jiao of the Department of State Affairs and Cavalry Attendant Shen Hong as return envoys to the north. Hong used the style Xuanlan, "Profound View." That summer the Northern Wei general Lu Zhiqing of Pingbei surrendered with his troops. Hong appointed him to supervise military affairs in Luo Province, with concurrent titles as Colonel Who Pacifies the Barbarians, General Who Punishes the Barbarians, and Governor of Luo Province. That year Hong moved the capital to Luoyang and changed the imperial surname to Yuan. Long ago a Xiongnu woman named Tuoba married Li Ling; by barbarian custom the mother's name became the clan name, so the Northern Wei were said to be Li Ling's descendants. They fiercely suppressed this claim — anyone who said they were Li Ling's heirs was put to death. Only now did they change the surname.

宏聞高宗踐阼非正，既新移都，兼欲大示威力。是冬，自率大眾分寇豫、徐、司、梁四州。遣偽荊州刺史薛真度、尚書郗祁阿婆出南陽，向沙堨，築壘開溝，為南陽太守房伯玉、新野太守劉思忌所破。

Hong heard that Emperor Ming's accession was illegitimate; having just moved the capital, he also wished to display his power on a grand scale. That winter he personally led a great army in divided raids against the four provinces of Yu, Xu, Si, and Liang. He sent the pseudo Governor of Jing Province Xue Zhendu and Director Xi Qi'a'po out from Nanyang toward Shapo, where they built fortifications and dug trenches; Fang Yuyu, Administrator of Nanyang, and Liu Siji, Administrator of Xinye, defeated them.

春，高宗遣鎮南將軍王廣之出司州，右僕射沈文季出豫州，左衞將軍崔慧景出徐州。宏自率眾至壽陽，軍中有黑氈行殿，容二十人坐，輦邊皆三郎曷剌真，槊多白真毦，鐵騎為羣，前後相接。步軍皆烏楯槊，綴接以黑蝦蟆幡。牛車及驢駱駞載軍資妓女，三十許萬人。不攻城，登八公山，賦詩而去。別圍鍾離城，徐州刺史蕭惠休、輔國將軍申希祖拒守，出兵奮擊，宏眾敗，多赴淮死。乃分軍據邵陽州，柵斷水路，夾築二城。右衞將軍蕭坦之遣軍主裴叔業攻二城，拔之。惠休又募人出燒虜攻城車，虜力竭不能剋。

In spring Emperor Ming sent General Who Guards the South Wang Guangzhi out from Si Province, Right Vice Director Shen Wenji out from Yu Province, and Captain of the Left Guard Cui Huijing out from Xu Province. Hong personally led his army to Shouyang. The camp included a black felt travelling hall seating twenty men; beside the imperial carriage stood Three-Rank Halazhen guards, spears mostly tipped with white yak-hair tufts, and iron cavalry massed in continuous ranks. The infantry all bore black-shield spears, arrayed in linked formation behind black toad banners. Ox carts, donkeys, and camels carried military supplies and camp followers — some three hundred thousand people in all. He did not besiege the city; instead he ascended Mount Bagong, composed a poem, and withdrew. Separately he besieged Zhongli. Xiao Huixiu, Governor of Xu Province, and Shen Xizu, General Who Assists the State, defended the city; sallying forth in fierce counterattack they routed Hong's army, many of whom drowned in the Huai. He then divided his forces to hold Shaoyang Province, blocking the waterways with palisades and building two cities on either flank. Xiao Tanzhi, Captain of the Right Guard, sent Commander Pei Shuye to attack the two cities and captured them. Huixiu also recruited men to sally out and burn the barbarians' siege engines; the barbarians exhausted their strength and could not capture the city.

王奐之誅，子肅奔虜，宏以為鎮南將軍、南豫州刺史。遣肅與劉昶號二十萬眾，圍義陽。司州刺史蕭誕拒戰，虜築圍壍柵三重，燒居民淨盡，并力攻城，城中負楯而立。王廣之都督救援，虜遣三萬餘人逆攻太子右率蕭季敞於下梁，季敞戰不利。司州城內告急，王廣之遣軍主黃門侍郎梁王閒道先進，與太子右率蕭誄、輔國將軍徐玄慶、荊州軍主魯休烈據賢首山，出虜不備。城內見援軍至，蕭誕遣長史王伯瑜及軍主崔恭祖出攻虜柵，因風放火，梁王等眾軍自外擊之，昶、肅棄圍引退，追擊破之。

After Wang Huanzhi was executed, his son Su fled to the Northern Wei; Hong appointed him General Who Guards the South and Governor of Southern Yu Province. He sent Su together with Liu Chang — their combined force said to number two hundred thousand — to besiege Yiyang. Xiao Dan, Governor of Si Province, resisted in battle. The barbarians built three rings of trenches and palisades, burned the surrounding settlements to the ground, and concentrated all their strength on the assault; inside the city the defenders stood behind their shields. Wang Guangzhi came as overall commander to relieve the city. The barbarians sent more than thirty thousand men to intercept Crown Prince's Captain of the Right Xiao Jichang at Xialiang; Jichang fought poorly. With Si Province's capital in urgent peril, Wang Guangzhi sent Commander Liang Wang by a hidden route to advance first, joining Crown Prince's Captain of the Right Xiao Shuo, General Who Assists the State Xu Xuanqing, and Jing Province commander Lu Xiulie to seize Mount Xianshou and take the barbarians by surprise. Seeing the relief force arrive, Xiao Dan sent Chief Administrator Wang Boyu and Commander Cui Gongzu to sally out and attack the barbarian palisades. They set fire with the wind while Liang Wang and the other armies struck from without; Liu Chang and Su abandoned the siege and withdrew, and the pursuers routed them.

輔國將軍桓和出西陰平，偽魯郡公郯城戍主帶莫樓、為東海太守江道僧設伏路側，和與合戰，大敗之。青、徐民降者百餘家。青、冀二州刺史王洪範遣軍主崔延攻虜紀城，竝拔之。宏先又遣偽尚書盧陽烏、華州刺史韋靈智攻赭陽城，北襄城太守成公期拒守。虜攻城百餘日，設以鉤衝，不捨晝夜，期所殺傷數千人。臺又遣軍主垣歷生、蔡道貴救援，陽烏等退，官軍追擊破之。夏，虜又攻司州櫟城二戍，戍主魏僧岷、朱僧起拒敗之。

Huan He, General Who Assists the State, marched out from Western Yinping. The pseudo Duke of Lu, Tancheng garrison commander Dai Molou, and Jiang Daoseng, Administrator of Donghai, set an ambush along the road; He joined battle and routed them completely. More than a hundred families from Qing and Xu surrendered. Wang Hongfan, Governor of Qing and Ji provinces, sent Commander Cui Yan to attack the barbarian-held city of Ji and captured it. Earlier Hong had also sent the pseudo Director Lu Yangwu and Hua Province Governor Wei Lingzhi to attack Zheyang; Cheng Gongqi, Administrator of Northern Xiangcheng, held the city in defense. The barbarians besieged the city for more than a hundred days, deploying hook-rams without pause day or night; Gongqi's defenders killed and wounded several thousand of them. The court also sent Commanders Yuan Lisheng and Cai Daogui to relieve the city; Yangwu and the others withdrew, and the imperial army pursued and defeated them. In summer the barbarians again attacked the two garrisons at Licheng in Si Province; garrison commanders Wei Sengmin and Zhu Sengqi repulsed and defeated them.

偽安南將軍、梁州刺史魏郡王元英十萬餘人通斜谷，寇南鄭。梁州刺史蕭懿遣軍主姜山安、趙超宗等數軍萬餘人，分據角弩、白馬、沮水拒戰，大敗。英進圍南鄭，土山衝車，晝夜不息。懿率東從兵二千餘人固守拒戰，隨手摧卻。英攻城自春至夏六十餘日不下，死傷甚眾，軍中糧盡，擣麴為食，畜菜葉直千錢。懿先遣軍主韓嵩等征獠，回軍援州城，至黃牛川，為虜所破。懿遣氐人楊元秀還仇池，說氐起兵斷虜運道，氐即舉眾攻破虜歷城、睪蘭、駱谷、仇池、平洛、蘇勒六戍。偽尚書北梁州刺史辛黑末戰死。英遣軍副仇池公楊靈珍據泥公山，武興城主楊集始遣弟集朗與歸國氐楊馥之及義軍主徐曜甫迎戰於黃亘，大敗奔歸。時梁州土豪范凝、梁季羣於家請英設會，伏兵欲殺英，事覺，英執季羣殺之，凝竄走。英退保濁水，聞氐眾盛，與楊靈珍復俱退入斜谷，會天大雨，軍馬含漬，截竹煮米，於馬上持炬炊而食。英至下辨，靈珍弟婆羅阿卜珍反，襲擊，英眾散，射中英頰。偽陵江將軍悅楊生領鐵騎死戰救之，得免。梁、漢平。武都太守杜靈瑗、奮武將軍望法憘、寧朔將軍望法泰、州治中皇甫耽竝拒虜戰死。追贈靈瑗、法憘羽林監，法泰積射將軍。

The pseudo General Who Pacifies the South and Governor of Liang Province, Prince of Wei Commandery Yuan Ying, with more than a hundred thousand men passed through Xiegou and raided Nanzheng. Xiao Yi, Governor of Liang Province, sent Commanders Jiang Shan'an, Zhao Chaozong, and others — several armies totaling more than ten thousand men — to hold Jiaonu, Baima, and Jushui and resist; they were utterly defeated. Ying advanced to besiege Nanzheng, building earth mounds and deploying battering rams without cease day or night. Yi led his eastern followers, more than two thousand men, to hold the city and resist; whenever the enemy attacked he beat them back. Ying besieged the city from spring through summer for more than sixty days without capturing it; casualties were extremely heavy, provisions ran out, and the army pounded grain stalks for food while stored vegetable leaves fetched a thousand cash apiece. Yi had earlier sent Commander Han Song and others to campaign against the Liao; they turned back to relieve the provincial capital but were defeated by the barbarians at Huangniu Stream. Yi sent the Di tribesman Yang Yuanxiu back to Chouci to persuade the Di to rise and cut the barbarians' supply lines; the Di immediately mustered and captured the six barbarian garrisons at Licheng, Gaolan, Luogu, Chouci, Pingluo, and Sule. The pseudo Director and Governor of Northern Liang Province Xin Heimo was killed in battle. Ying sent Army Vice-Commander Lord of Chouci Yang Lingzhen to hold Nigong Mountain. Wuxing City Commander Yang Jishi sent his younger brother Jilang, together with the returned-country Di Yang Fuzhi and Righteous Army Commander Xu Yaofu, to meet them in battle at Huanggen; they were routed and fled back. At the time, Liang Province local magnates Fan Ning and Liang Jiqun invited Ying to a feast at home and lay in ambush to kill him; when the plot was discovered Ying seized Jiqun and put him to death, while Ning fled into hiding. Ying withdrew to defend Zhuoshui; hearing that Di forces were strong, he and Yang Lingzhen retreated together into Xiegu. Heavy rain soaked horses and men alike; they cut bamboo to cook rice and ate on horseback, torches in hand. When Ying reached Xiabian, Lingzhen's younger brother Poluo Abu Zhen rebelled and attacked; Ying's troops scattered and an arrow struck him in the cheek. The pseudo Lingjiang General Yue Yangsheng led armored cavalry in a desperate fight to save him, and he escaped. Liang and Han were pacified. Wudu Prefect Du Lingyuan, Fierce-Warrior General Wang Faxi, Pacifying-North General Wang Fatai, and Provincial Senior Clerk Huangfu Dan all resisted the barbarians and died fighting. Lingyuan and Faxi were posthumously enfeoffed as Supervisors of the Feathered Forest Guard, and Fatai as Accumulative-Shooting General.

時偽洛州刺史賈異寇甲口，為上洛太守李靜所破。三年，虜又攻司州櫟城，為戍主魏僧岷所拒破。秋，虜遣軍襲漣口，東海太守鄭延祉棄西城走，東城猶固守，臺遣冠軍將軍兖州刺史徐玄慶救援，虜引退，延祉伏罪。

At the time the pseudo Governor of Luozhou Jia Yi raided Jiakou and was routed by Shangluo Prefect Li Jing. In the third year the barbarians again attacked Lik City in Sizhou and were beaten back by Garrison Commander Wei Songmin. That autumn the barbarians raided Lian Estuary. Donghai Prefect Zheng Yanzhi abandoned the west city and fled while the east city continued to hold. The Court sent Champion General and Yanzhou Inspector Xu Xuanqing to relieve the siege; the barbarians withdrew and Yanzhi submitted to punishment.

初，偽太后馮氏兄昌黎王馮莎二女，大馮美而有疾，為尼，小馮為宏皇后，生偽太子詢。後大馮疾差，宏納為昭儀。宏初徙都，詢意不樂，思歸桑乾。宏制衣冠與之，詢竊毀裂，解髮為編服左衽。大馮有寵，日夜讒詢。宏出鄴城馬射，詢因是欲叛北歸，密選宮中御馬三千疋置河陰渚。皇后聞之，召執詢，馳使告宏，宏徙詢無鼻城，在河橋北二里，尋殺之，以庶人禮葬。立大馮為皇后，便立偽太子恪，是歲，偽也。

Earlier, Empress Dowager Feng's brother, Prince of Changli Feng Sha, had two daughters. The elder Feng was beautiful but afflicted with illness and became a nun; the younger Feng was Hong's empress and bore the pseudo crown prince Xun. Later, when the elder Feng recovered from her illness, Hong took her in as Worthy Lady. When Hong first moved the capital, Xun was unhappy and longed to return to Sanggan. Hong had court robes made for him; Xun secretly ripped them apart, wore his hair loose, and dressed in braided nomad garb with the left lapel forward. The elder Feng held Hong's favor and slandered Xun day and night. When Hong went out from Ye for mounted archery, Xun seized the chance to plot rebellion and flight north, secretly choosing three thousand palace horses and stationing them on the south bank of the river. The empress learned of it, had Xun seized, and sent a fast courier to Hong; Hong exiled Xun to Wubi City, two li north of He Bridge, soon had him killed, and buried him with the rites due a commoner. The elder Feng was installed as empress, and the pseudo crown prince Ke was immediately established; that year they altered the reign title.

偽征北將軍恒州刺史鉅鹿公伏鹿孤賀鹿渾守桑乾，宏從叔平陽王安壽戍懷柵，在桑乾西北。渾非宏任用中國人，與偽定州刺史馮翊公目隣、安樂公托跋阿幹兒謀立安壽，分據河北。期久不遂，安壽懼，告宏。殺渾等數百人，任安壽如故。

The pseudo North-Conquering General and Hengzhou Inspector Duke of Julu Fulu Gu Heluhun held Sanggan, while Hong's cousin Prince of Pingyang An Shou garrisoned the Huai palisade northwest of Sanggan. Heluhun resented Hong's reliance on Chinese officials; with the pseudo Dingzhou Inspector Duke of Fengyi Mu Lin and Duke of Anle Tuoba A'gan'er he plotted to install An Shou and carve up the lands north of the River. When the long-delayed plot failed to come off, An Shou feared exposure and reported to Hong. Hong killed Heluhun and several hundred others, but left An Shou in his post as before.

先是偽荊州刺史薛真度、尚書郄祁阿婆為房伯玉所破，宏怒，以南陽小郡，誓取滅之。四年，自率軍向雍州。宏先至南陽，房伯玉嬰城拒守。宏從數萬騎，罩黃繖，去城一里。遣偽中書舍人公孫雲謂伯玉曰：「我今蕩一六合，與先（後）行異。先行冬去春還，不為停久；今誓不有所剋，終不還北，停此或三五年。卿此城是我六龍之首，無容不先攻取。遠一年，中不過百日，近不過一月，非為難殄。若不改迷，當斬卿首，梟之軍門。闔城無貳，幸可改禍為福。但卿有三罪，今令卿知。卿先事武帝，蒙在左右，不能盡節前主，而盡節今主，此是一罪。前歲遣偏師薛真度暫來此，卿遂破傷，此是二罪。武帝之胤悉被誅戮，初無報効，而反為今主盡節，違天害理，此是三罪。不可容恕。聽卿三思，勿令闔城受苦。」伯玉遣軍副樂稚柔答曰：「承欲見攻圍，期於必剋，卑微常人，得抗大威，真可謂獲其死所。先蒙武帝（徒）採〔拔〕，賜預左右，犬馬知恩，寧容無感。但隆昌延興，昏悖違常，聖明纂業，家國不殊。此則進不負心，退不愧幽。前歲薛真度導誘邊氓，遂見陵突，既荷國恩，聊耳撲掃。回己而言，應略此責。」宏引軍向城南寺前頓止，從東南角溝橋上過，伯玉先遣勇士數人著斑衣虎頭帽，從伏竇下忽出，宏人馬驚退，殺數人，宏呼善射將原靈度射之，應弦而倒。宏乃過。宏時大舉南寇，偽咸陽王元憘、彭城王元勰、常侍王元嵩、寶掌王元麗、廣陵侯元燮、都督大將軍劉昶、王肅、楊大眼、奚康生、長孫稚等三十六軍，前後相繼，眾號百萬。其諸王軍朱色鼓，公侯綠色鼓，伯子男黑色鼓，竝有鼙角，吹脣沸地。

Earlier the pseudo Jingzhou Inspector Xue Zhendu and Director Qiqi Apo had been defeated by Fang Boyu. Hong flew into a rage — over a mere southern commandery like Nanyang he swore total destruction. In the fourth year he personally led an army toward Yong Province. Hong reached Nanyang first; Fang Boyu barred the gates and held the city. Hong followed with tens of thousands of horsemen beneath a yellow imperial parasol, halting one li from the city. He sent the pseudo Palace Secretariat Attendant Gongsun Yun to address Boyu: "I mean now to sweep all within the four seas, and my conduct differs from that of my predecessors after — my ways differ. Previous emperors marched out in winter and returned in spring, never tarrying long; Now I swear that unless I conquer I shall never return north; I may remain here three or even five years. Your city is the foremost target of my six dragon-banners — it must be taken first. At most a year; at middle distance no more than a hundred days; at nearest less than a month — hardly difficult to destroy. If you do not repent, I shall take your head and display it before the army gate. Surely the whole city can turn disaster to fortune — there must be no divided loyalty. You have committed three crimes, and I shall name them. You once served Emperor Wu at his side, yet you did not die for your former lord while you now die for your present one — that is your first crime. Last year I sent Xue Zhendu here at the head of a detached force; you routed and wounded him — that is your second crime. Emperor Wu's line was wiped out, yet you owed them nothing and now die for another master — defying Heaven and reason — that is your third crime. This cannot be forgiven. Think carefully — do not bring suffering upon the whole city. Boyu sent Army Vice-Commander Yue Zhirou to reply: "Hearing that you mean to besiege us and must prevail — a humble man like me, able to resist your great majesty — I may truly call this finding the place where I shall die. I first received Emperor Wu's special selection and promotion, granted a place at his side — even a dog or horse knows gratitude; could I be without feeling? Yet the Longchang and Yanxing reigns were corrupt and lawless; the wise sovereign succeeded to the throne — family and realm are one. Advancing I betray no one's trust; retreating I need feel no shame before the dead. Last year Xue Zhendu incited our border folk and we drove him off — having received the state's grace, I did no more than brush him aside. As for myself, that charge should be set aside. Hong halted his army before the south-city temple and crossed via the ditch bridge at the southeast corner. Boyu had sent several warriors in spotted robes and tiger-head caps to burst from hidden tunnels below; Hong's men panicked and retreated, and several were killed. Hong summoned the archer General Yuan Lingdu, who felled them as each bowstring sang. Hong then crossed. Hong then launched a great southern campaign. The pseudo Prince of Xianyang Yuan Xi, Prince of Pengcheng Yuan Xie, Regular Attendant Yuan Song, Prince of Baozhang Yuan Li, Marquis of Guangling Yuan Xie, and Grand Generals-in-Chief Liu Chang, Wang Su, Yang Dayan, Xi Kangsheng, and Zhangsun Zhi led thirty-six armies in succession; the host was said to number a million. Princes' hosts carried vermilion drums; dukes and marquises green drums; viscounts, barons, and lesser nobles black drums — war drums and horns together made the earth shake.

宏留偽咸陽王憘圍南陽，進向新野，新野太守劉思忌亦拒守。臺先遣軍主直閤將軍胡松助北襄城太守成公期守赭陽城，軍主鮑舉助西汝南、北義陽二郡太守黃瑤起戍舞陰城。宏攻圍新野城，戰鬪不息。遣人謂城中曰：「房伯玉已降，汝南（為）〔何〕獨自取糜碎？」思忌令人對曰：「城中兵食猶多，未暇從汝小虜語也。」雍州刺史曹虎遣軍至均口，不進。永泰元年，城陷，縛思忌，問之曰：「今欲降未？」思忌曰：「寧為南鬼，不為北臣。」乃死。贈冠軍將軍、梁州刺史。於是沔北大震，湖陽戍主蔡道福、赭陽城主成公期及軍主胡松、舞陰城主黃瑤起及軍主鮑舉、從陽太守席謙竝棄城走。虜追軍獲瑤起，王肅募人臠食其肉。追贈冠軍將軍、兖州刺史。數日，房伯玉以城降。伯玉，清河人。既降，虜以為龍驤將軍，伯玉不肯受。高宗知其志，月給其子希哲錢五千，米二十斛。後伯玉就虜求南邊一郡，為馮翊太守，生子幼，便教其騎馬，常欲南歸。永元末，希哲入虜，伯玉大怒曰：「我力屈至此，不能死節，猶望汝在本朝以報國恩。我若從心，亦欲間關求反。汝何為失計？」遂卒虜中。

Hong left the pseudo Prince of Xianyang Xi to besiege Nanyang and marched on Xinye, where Prefect Liu Siji also barred the gates and defended. The Court had already sent Commander Direct-Gate General Hu Song to help Beixiangcheng Prefect Cheng Gongqi hold Zheyang, and Commander Bao Ju to help Huang Yaoqi, Prefect of West Runan and North Yiyang, garrison Wuyin. Hong besieged Xinye and fighting raged without pause. He sent men to address the city: "Fang Boyu has already surrendered; Runan why why must you alone seek your own destruction? Siji sent a reply: "The city still has ample troops and grain — we have no time for talk with you barbarian whelps. Yong Province Inspector Cao Hu sent troops to Jun Estuary but halted without advancing. In the first year of Yongtai the city fell; Hong bound Siji and asked: "Do you wish to surrender now? Siji answered: "I would rather be a ghost in the south than a subject in the north. Then he died. He was posthumously enfeoffed Champion General and Liang Province Inspector. Panic spread north of the Mian. Husyang Garrison Commander Cai Daofu, Zheyang Commander Cheng Gongqi, Commander Hu Song, Wuyin Commander Huang Yaoqi, Commander Bao Ju, and Congyang Prefect Xi Qian all abandoned their posts and fled. The barbarian pursuit captured Yaoqi; Wang Su paid men to carve up his flesh and eat it. Yaoqi was posthumously enfeoffed Champion General and Yanzhou Inspector. Within days Fang Boyu surrendered the city. Boyu was from Qinghe. After his surrender the barbarians offered him the title Dragon-Steed General; Boyu refused. Emperor Gaozong understood his loyalty and each month sent his son Xizhe five thousand cash and twenty hu of grain. Later Boyu asked the barbarians for a post on the southern frontier and became Fengyi Prefect; though his son was still young he taught him horsemanship, always longing to return south. At the end of Yongyuan, Xizhe entered barbarian territory; Boyu raged and said: "My strength has bent to this point — unable to die in loyalty — yet I still hoped you would remain in our court to repay the state's grace. Had I followed my own heart, I too would have braved every pass to flee back. Why have you lost your wits? He died soon after in barbarian territory.

虜得沔北五郡。宏自將二十萬騎破太子率崔慧景等於鄧城，進至樊城，臨沔水而去。還洛陽，聞太尉陳顯達經略五郡，圍馬圈，宏復率大眾南攻，破顯達而死。喪還，未至洛四百餘里，稱宏詔，徵偽太子恪會魯陽。恪至，勰以宏偽法服衣之，始發喪。至洛，乃宣布州郡，舉哀制服，諡孝文皇帝。

The barbarians took five commanderies north of the Mian. Hong personally led two hundred thousand cavalry to defeat the crown prince and Cui Huijing at Deng City, advanced to Fancheng on the Mian, and then withdrew. On returning to Luoyang he learned that Grand Commandant Chen Xianda had seized five commanderies and was besieging Maquan; Hong marched south again with a vast army, routed Xianda, and killed him. As the funeral procession returned, still over four hundred li from Luoyang, orders were issued in Hong's name summoning the pseudo crown prince Ke to Luyang. When Ke arrived, Xie dressed him in Hong's mourning regalia by barbarian custom, and mourning was formally begun. Reaching Luoyang, they announced the death throughout the realm, raised lamentation, and invested Hong with the posthumous title Emperor Xiaowen.

是年，王肅為虜制官品百司，皆如中國。凡九品，品各有二。肅初奔虜，自說其家被誅事狀，宏為之垂涕。以第六妹偽彭城公主妻之。封肅平原郡公。為宅舍，以香塗壁。遂見信用。恪立，號，永元二年也。

That year Wang Su established official grades and a full bureaucracy for the barbarians on the Chinese model. There were nine grades in all, each divided into two ranks. When Su first defected he told how his family had been executed; Hong wept at the tale. Hong gave him his sixth sister, the pseudo Princess of Pengcheng, in marriage. Su was enfeoffed Duke of Pingyuan Commandery. A mansion was built for him, its walls coated with perfumed paste. He soon won Hong's full trust. Ke succeeded to the throne and altered the reign title; it was the second year of Yongyuan.

豫州刺史裴叔業以壽春降虜。先是偽東徐州刺史沈陵率部曲降。陵，吳興人，初以失志奔虜，大見任用，宏既死，故南歸，頻授徐、越二州刺史。時王肅偽征南將軍、豫州都督。朝廷既新失大鎮，荒人往來，詐云肅欲歸國。少帝詔以肅為使持節、侍中、都督豫徐司三州、右將軍、豫州刺史，西豐公，邑二千戶。

Yuzhou Inspector Pei Shuye surrendered Shouchun to the barbarians. Earlier the pseudo East Xuzhou Inspector Shen Ling had defected with his followers. Ling was from Wuxing. He had first defected to the barbarians in frustration and rose high in their service; after Hong's death he returned south and was repeatedly made Inspector of Xu and Yue. At the time Wang Su held the titles pseudo South-Conquering General and Yuzhou Inspector-General. The court had just lost a major stronghold, and wanderers from the frontier spread rumors that Su meant to return home. The Young Emperor appointed Su Bearer of the Staff of Authority, Palace Attendant, Inspector-General of Yu, Xu, and Si, Right General and Inspector of Yuzhou, Duke of Xifeng with two thousand households.

虜既得淮南，其夏，遣偽冠軍將軍南豫州刺史席法友攻北新蔡、安豐二郡太守胡景略於建安城，死者萬餘人，百餘日，朝廷無救，城陷，虜執景略以歸。其冬，虜又遣將桓道福攻隨郡太守崔士招，破之。

After taking Huainan, the barbarians that summer sent the pseudo Champion General and South Yuzhou Inspector Xi Fayou to attack Jian'an, where Hu Jinglüe, Prefect of North Xincai and Anfeng, held out. More than ten thousand perished; after a hundred days without relief from the court the city fell and the barbarians carried Jinglüe away captive. That winter the barbarians sent General Huan Daofu against Suixiang Prefect Cui Shizhao and routed him.

後偽咸陽王憘以恪年少，與氐楊集始、楊靈祐、乞佛馬居及虜大將支虎、李伯尚等十餘人，請會鴻池陂，因恪出北芒獵，襲殺之。憘猶豫不能發，欲更剋日。馬居說憘曰：「殿下若不至北芒，便可回師據洛城，閉四門。天子聞之，必走向河北（走）桑乾，仍斷河橋，為河南天子。隔河而治，此時不可失也。」憘又不從。靈祐疑憘反己，即馳告恪。憘聞事敗，欲走渡河，而天雨暗迷道，至孝義驛，恪已得洛城。遣弟（度）〔廣〕平王領數百騎先入宮，知無變，乃還。遣直衞三郎兵討憘，執殺之。虜法，謀反者不得葬，棄尸北芒。王肅以疾卒。

Later Prince Xi of Xianyang, finding Ke still young, conspired with the Di leaders Yang Qishi and Yang Lingyou, Qifo Maju, and more than ten Wei officers including Zhi Hu and Li Boshang to meet at Hongchi Pond, lure Ke to hunt on North Mang, and kill him. Xi wavered and could not strike, and wished to choose another day. Maju urged Xi: "If you do not go to North Mang, turn the army about, seize Luoyang, and shut the four gates. When the emperor hears of it, he will surely flee north of the river flee to Sanggan, cut the river bridge, and reign as emperor south of the river. To rule from south of the river—this chance must not be missed." Again Xi refused. Lingyou suspected Xi would betray him and galloped to warn Ke. When Xi learned the plot had failed, he tried to flee across the river, but rain and darkness confused the roads; at Xiaoyi Post he found Ke already held Luoyang. He sent his younger brother Du Prince Guang of Ping with several hundred horsemen to enter the palace first; finding no trouble, they returned. He sent the Direct Guard to seize and execute Xi. By Wei law rebels received no burial; Xi's body was cast out on North Mang. Wang Su died of illness.

【論】

【Discussion】

史臣曰：齊、虜分，江南為國歷三代矣。華夏分崩，舊京幅裂，觀舋阻兵，事興東晉。二庾藉元舅之盛，自許專征，元規臨邾城以覆師，稚恭至襄陽而反旆。褚裒以徐、兖勁卒，壹沒於鄒、魯。殷浩驅楊、豫之眾，大敗於山桑。桓溫弱冠雄姿，因平蜀之聲勢，步入咸關，野戰洛、鄴。既而鮮卑固於負海，羌、虜割有秦、代，自為敵國，情險勢分，宋武乘機，故能以次而行誅滅。及魏虜兼并，河南失境，兵馬土地，非復曩時。宋文雖得之知己，未能料敵，故師帥無功，每戰必殆。泰始以邊臣外叛，遂亡淮北，經略不振，乃議和親。太祖創命，未及圖遠，戎塵先起，侵暴方牧，淮、豫剋捷，青、海摧奔，以逸待勞，坐微百勝。自四州淪沒，民戀本朝，國祚惟新，歌奉威德，提戈荷甲，人自為鬪，深壘結防，想望南旗。天子習知邊事，取亂而授兵律，若前師指日，遠掃臨、彭，而督將逗留，援接稽（曉）〔晚〕，向義之徒，傾巢盡室。既失事機，朝議北寢，偃武脩文，更思後會。永明之世，據已成之策，職問往來，關禁寧靜。壃埸之民，竝安堵而息窺覦，百姓附農桑而不失業者，亦由此而已也。夫荊棘所生，用武之弊，寇戎一犯，傷痍難復，豈非此之驗乎？建武初運，獯雄南逼，豫、徐彊鎮，嬰高城，蓄士卒，不敢與之校武。胡馬蹈藉淮、肥，而常自戰其地。梯衝之害，鼓掠所亡，建元以來，未之前有。兼以穹廬華徙，即禮舊都，雍、司北部，親近許、洛，平塗數百，通驛車軌，漢世馳道，直抵章陵，鑣案所騖，晨往暮返。虜懷兼弱之威，挾廣地之計，彊兵大眾，親自凌殄，旍鼓彌年，矢石不息。朝規懦屈，莫能救禦，故南陽覆壘，新野頹隍，民戶墾田，皆為狄保。雖分遣將卒，俱出淮南，未解沔北之危，已深渦陽之敗。征賦內盡，民命外殫，比屋騷然，不聊生矣。夫休𠘶之數，誠有天機，得失之迹，各歸人事。豈不由將率相臨，貪功昧賞，勝敗之急，不相救讓？號令不明，固中國之所短也。

The historian writes: With Qi and the Wei divided, the south of the Yangtze sustained three dynasties as a realm. The heartland fractured and the old capital lay in shards; rebellion blocked the way, and the enterprise of Eastern Jin arose. The two Yuans, leaning on their status as imperial uncles, claimed independent command; Yuan Gui lost his army at Zhucheng, and Zhigong withdrew at Xiangyang. Chu Ai and the elite of Xu and Yan were wiped out at Zou and Lu. Yin Hao led the armies of Yang and Yu to crushing defeat at Shansang. Huan Wen, heroic in youth, used the prestige of conquering Shu to march to Xian Pass and fight at Luoyang and Ye. Then the Xianbei held the coast, while Qiang and Di held Qin and Dai as rival states; when peril and division opened a path, Emperor Wu of Song seized the moment and destroyed them one by one. Once the Northern Wei united the north, the lands south of the Yellow River were lost, and armies, horses, and territory were never again what they had been. Emperor Wen of Song gained able advisers yet could not read the enemy; his generals won nothing, and every battle brought disaster. From Taishi on, border commanders rebelled and Huai-north was lost; with strategy in decline, the court turned to marriage alliances. The Founding Emperor had barely raised the mandate when war broke out on the frontier; Huai and Yu were won, Qing and Hai swept clean—the court met force with ease and won a hundred victories without stirring. After four provinces were lost, the people still clung to the dynasty; when the state was renewed they praised its power, took up arms of their own will, and behind deep walls watched for the southern banners. The emperor, skilled in frontier war, took advantage of disorder to issue military law; had the earlier hosts marched on schedule to sweep Lin and Peng, but commanders delayed and reinforcements came too dawn late, those who had turned to the cause would have poured out family and home. The moment was lost; the court chose to let the northern campaign sleep, sheathe swords and cultivate learning, and wait for another day. Under Yongming the court rested on settled policy; envoys passed back and forth and the frontier stayed calm. Border folk lived at peace without intrigue; farmers kept to their fields and silkworms—this was part of the reason. Thorns grow where armies pass; once invaders strike, wounds heal slowly—is this not proof? At the start of Jianwu the Xiongnu pressed south; the great fortresses of Yu and Xu manned their walls and dared not meet the enemy in battle. Their horses overran the Huai and Fei, yet they fought again and again on the same ground. The ruin of siege ladders and battering rams, the loss to raid and drum—nothing like it had been seen since Jianyuan. The nomad court moved to grandeur and made the old capital its ritual center; northern Yong and Si lay close to Xu and Luo; level roads for hundreds of li bore post-horses and wheel tracks—the Han imperial way ran to Zhangling; where the whip pointed, one could leave at dawn and return by dusk. The Wei wielded the power of a united north and the strategy of wide lands; with vast armies the emperor himself came to crush the south; banners and drums sounded for years, arrows and stones without end. The court policy was timid and none could save the frontier; Nanyang's walls fell and Xinye collapsed; farmers' fields became barbarian strongholds. Though troops were sent to Huainan, the crisis north of the Mian was not eased before defeat at Woyang deepened the wound. Taxes drained the interior and lives were spent on the frontier; household after household knew no peace. The rhythm of rest and exertion has its heavenly pattern; the record of gain and loss belongs to human choice. Was it not because commanders faced one another, greedy for merit and blind to reward, desperate over victory and defeat, and unwilling to aid or yield? Unclear orders—this was truly China's weakness.

贊曰：天立勍胡，竊有帝圖。即安諸夏，建號稱孤。齊民急病，并邑焚刳。

The eulogy says: Heaven raised the fierce Hu, who seized the imperial design. They settled among the Chinese, took reign titles, and styled themselves rulers. The people of Qi suffered pressing calamity; towns and hamlets were burned and gutted.

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