1
蠻
The Man.
2
蠻，種類繁多，言語不一，咸依山谷，布荊、湘、雍、郢、司等五州界。 宋世封西陽蠻梅蟲生為高山侯，田治生為威山侯，梅加羊為扞山侯。 太祖即位，有司奏蠻封應在解例，參議以：「戎夷疏爵，理章列代； 酋豪世襲，事炳前葉。 今宸曆改物，舊冊枃降，而梅生等保落奉政，事須繩總，恩命升贊，有異常品。 謂宜存名以訓殊俗。」 詔：「特留。」 以治生為輔國將軍、虎賁中郎，轉建寧郡太守，將軍、侯如故。
The Man peoples were of countless branches and spoke many tongues; they all dwelt in mountain valleys, scattered along the frontiers of Jing, Xiang, Yong, Ying, and Si provinces. During the Song dynasty, the court enfeoffed the Xiyang Man chieftains Mei Chong sheng as Marquis of Gaoshan, Tian Zhi sheng as Marquis of Weishan, and Mei Jiayang as Marquis of Hanshan. After the founding emperor took the throne, officials reported that Man titles should be abolished under the usual rules for dismissing fiefs; deliberators argued that distant enfeoffments for Rong and Yi peoples were established in the institutions of past dynasties, their chieftains held hereditary rank, as records of earlier ages make plain. Now that the dynasty had changed and old registers were being scaled back, Mei Sheng and others still held their domains and answered to the government—a case that demanded oversight—yet imperial favor had raised them to titles beyond ordinary rank. They argued that the titles should be retained to instruct these foreign peoples.' An edict read: 'Let them be retained.' Tian Zhi sheng was appointed General Assistant to the State and Tiger-Fang Central Commander, later transferred to Administrator of Jianning Commandery while keeping his general's title and marquisate unchanged.
3
建元二年，虜侵豫、司，蠻中傳虜已近，又聞官盡發民丁，南襄城蠻秦遠以郡縣無備，寇潼陽，縣令焦文度戰死。 司州蠻引虜攻平昌戍，戍主苟元賓擊破之。 秦遠又出破臨沮百方砦，殺略百餘人。 北上黃蠻文勉德寇汶陽，太守戴元孫孤城力弱，慮不自保，棄戍歸江陵。 荊州刺史豫章王遣中兵參軍劉伾緒領千人討勉德，至當陽，勉德請降，收其部落，使戍汶陽所治城子，令保持商旅，付其清通，遠遂逃竄。
In the second year of Jianyuan, Northern Wei forces invaded Yu and Si provinces; among the Man peoples word spread that the enemy was close, and that the government was drafting every able-bodied man. The Nanxiangcheng Man chieftain Qin Yuan, finding the counties undefended, attacked Tongyang, and Magistrate Jiao Wendu was killed in the fighting. Man bands in Si Province brought Wei troops against the Pingchang garrison, but Garrison Commander Gou Yuanbin routed them. Qin Yuan struck again, overrunning the Baifang stockade near Linju and killing or carrying off more than a hundred people. The Beishanghuang Man Wen Miande attacked Wenyang; Administrator Dai Yuansun, holding a lone outpost with too few men to defend it, abandoned the post and withdrew to Jiangling. Jingzhou Inspector the Prince of Yuzhang sent Central Army Major Liu Pixu with a thousand troops against Miande. At Dangyang, Miande surrendered; his followers were enrolled to garrison the walled town under Wenyang's jurisdiction, charged with safeguarding merchants on the roads and keeping the routes open, while Qin Yuan fled into hiding.
4
汶陽本臨沮西界，二百里中，水陸迂狹，魚貫而行，有數處不通騎，而水白田甚肥腴。 桓溫時，割以為郡。 西北接梁州新城，東北接南襄城，南接巴、巫二邊，竝山蠻凶盛，據險為寇賊。 宋泰始以來，巴建蠻向宗頭反，刺史沈攸之斷其鹽米，連討不剋。 晉 （天） 〔太〕興三年，建平夷王向弘、向瓂等詣臺求拜除，尚書郎張亮議：「夷貊不可假以軍號。」 元帝詔特以弘為折衝將軍、當平鄉侯，竝親晉王，賜以朝服。 宗頭其後也。 太祖置巴州以威靜之。
Wenyang had originally marked the western edge of Linju. For two hundred li the land and water routes wound through narrow defiles where men had to pass single file; in several stretches cavalry could not go at all, yet the irrigated fields were richly fertile. Under Huan Wen it was carved out as a separate commandery. It bordered Liangzhou's Xincheng on the northwest and Nanxiangcheng on the northeast, and met the Ba and Wu marches on the south. Mountain Man on every side were powerful and used the terrain to raid as bandits. From the Song Taishi reign onward the Bajian Man chieftain Xiang Zongtou rebelled; Inspector Shen Youzhi cut off his salt and grain supplies, but repeated campaigns failed to subdue him. In the Jin Text corrupt. In the third year of Jin Taixing, the Pingjian Yi king Xiang Hong and Xiang Qiong and others came to court seeking formal appointments; Zhang Liang of the Secretariat argued that barbarian peoples must not be granted military titles. Emperor Yuan nonetheless appointed Hong General Who Breaks the Charge and Marquis of Dangping Township, ranking him alongside the Prince of Jin, and granted him court dress. Zongtou was descended from him. The founding emperor established Ba Province to overawe and pacify the region.
5
其武陵酉溪蠻田思飄寇抄，內史王文和討之，引軍深入，蠻自後斷其糧。 豫章王遣中兵參軍莊明五百人將湘州鎮兵合千人救之，思飄與文和拒戰，中弩矢死，蠻眾以城降。
The Wuling Youxi Man Tian Sipiao raided the countryside; Internal Historian Wang Wenhe marched against him, advancing deep into Man territory, where the tribes cut his supply lines from the rear. The Prince of Yuzhang sent Central Army Major Zhuang Ming with five hundred men, together with Xiangzhou garrison troops, a thousand in all, to relieve the column. Sipiao met Wenhe in battle, took a crossbow bolt and died, and his followers surrendered the fortress.
6
永明初，向宗頭與黔陽蠻田豆渠等五千人為寇，巴東太守王圖南遣府司馬劉僧壽等斬山開道，攻其砦，宗頭夜燒砦退走。
Early in the Yongming era, Xiang Zongtou and the Qianyang Man Tian Douqu led five thousand raiders. Badong Administrator Wang Tunan sent Headquarters Major Liu Shoushou and others to hew paths through the mountains and assault their stockade; Zongtou burned the camp by night and fled.
7
三年，湘川蠻陳雙、李答寇掠郡縣，刺史呂安國討之不克。 四年，刺史柳世隆督眾征討，乃平。
In year 3 the Xiangchuan Man Chen Shuang and Li Da plundered the commanderies and counties; Inspector Lu Anguo campaigned against them without success. In year 4 Inspector Liu Shilong led a combined force against them and finally pacified the region.
8
五年，雍、司州蠻與虜通，助荒人桓天生為亂。
In year 5 the Man of Yong and Si provinces colluded with the Wei enemy and aided the renegade Huan Tiansheng in revolt.
9
六年，除督護北遂安左郡太守田駟路為試守北遂安左郡太守，前寧朔將軍田驢王〔為試守宜人左郡太守，田何代〕為試守新平左郡太守，皆郢州蠻也。
In year 6 Tian Silu, who had served as Supervisor-Protector and Administrator of North Sui'an Left Commandery, was confirmed as acting Administrator of that district; former General Ning Shuo Tian Lüwang was made acting Administrator of Yiren Left Commandery and Tian Hedai acting Administrator of Xinping Left Commandery—all of them Man chieftains from Ying Province.
10
九年，安隆內史王僧旭發民丁，遣寬城戍主萬民和助八百丁村蠻伐千二百丁村蠻，為蠻所敗，民和被傷，失馬及器仗，有司奏免官。
In year 9 Anlong Internal Historian Wang Xuxu drafted militia and sent Kuancheng Garrison Commander Wan Minhe to help an eight-hundred-household Man village fight a twelve-hundred-household Man village. The Man routed them; Minhe was wounded and lost horses and arms, and officials memorialized for his removal.
11
西陽蠻田益宗，沈攸之時，以功勞得將領，遂為臨川王防閤，叛投虜，虜以為東豫州刺史。 建武三年，虜遣益宗攻司州龍城戍，為戍主朱僧起所破。
The Xiyang Man Tian Yizong had won a commander's post through service under Shen Youzhi and became Defender of the Prince of Linchuan, then defected to the Wei and was appointed their Inspector of Eastern Yu. In Jianwu year 3 the Wei sent Yizong against the Longcheng garrison in Si Province, but Garrison Commander Zhu Senqi defeated him.
12
蠻俗衣布徒跣，或椎髻，或翦髮。 兵器以金銀為飾，虎皮衣楯，便弩射，皆暴悍好寇賊焉。
Man custom was to wear cloth and go barefoot; some wore topknots, others cropped their hair. They ornamented their weapons with gold and silver, wore tiger hides and carried shields, excelled with the crossbow, and were by nature fierce and prone to raiding.
13
東夷
The Eastern Yi.
15
高麗國
The state of Goguryeo.
16
=東夷高麗國，西與魏虜接界。 宋末，高麗王樂浪公高璉為使持節、散騎常侍、都督營平二州諸軍事、車騎大將軍、開府儀同三司。 太祖建元元年，進號驃騎大將軍。 三年，遣使貢獻，乘舶汎海，使驛常通，亦使魏虜，然彊盛不受制。
The Eastern Yi state of Goguryeo shared its western border with Northern Wei. Late in the Song, Goguryeo's King Gao Lian, Duke of Lelang, held Bearer of the Staff of Authority, Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry, Commander-in-Chief of Ying and Ping provinces, Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, and Grandee with Golden Tally equal to the Three Excellencies. In the founding emperor's first Jianyuan year his title was raised to Grand General of Agile Cavalry. In year 3 he sent tribute missions by sea; courier routes stayed open, and embassies went to Northern Wei as well, yet Goguryeo was strong enough to remain beyond anyone's control.
17
虜置諸國使邸，齊使第一，高麗次之。 永明七年，平南參軍顏幼明、冗從僕射劉思斅使虜。 虜元會，與高麗使相次。 幼明謂偽主客郎裴叔令曰：「我等銜命上華，來造卿國。 所為抗敵，在乎一魏。 自餘外夷，理不得望我鑣塵。 況東夷小貊，臣屬朝廷，今日乃敢與我躡踵。」 思斅謂偽南部尚書李思沖曰：「我聖朝處魏使，未嘗與小國列，卿亦應知。」 思沖曰：「實如此。 但主副不得升殿耳。 此閒坐起甚高，足以相報。」 思斅曰：「李道固昔使，正以衣冠致隔耳。 魏國必纓冕而至，豈容見黜。」 幼明又謂虜主曰：「二國相亞，唯齊與魏。 邊境小狄，敢躡臣蹤。」
The Wei set up hostels for foreign envoys, ranking Qi first and Goguryeo second. In Yongming year 7 Yan Youming, Pacification of the South Major, and Liu Sixie, Supernumerary Attendant of the Retinue, were sent as envoys to the Wei court. At the Wei New Year audience they were placed immediately after the Goguryeo envoys. Youming told the Wei Master of Guests Pei Shuling, 'We bear orders from the southern court and have come to your realm. Our only peer in rivalry is Wei. Every other foreign people ought not even to glimpse our chariot dust. As for that petty Mo people of the Eastern Yi, subjects of our court—how dare they today step on our heels!' Sixie told the Wei Southern Department Minister Li Sichong, 'Our sacred court has never seated Wei envoys alongside petty states—you know that as well as I. Li Sichong replied, 'That is indeed so. Only the chief envoy and his deputy may not ascend the hall. The seats provided here are set quite high—high enough to answer you in kind.' Sixie said, 'When Li Daogu came as envoy, the separation was only a matter of court dress. When the Wei come they will surely wear full regalia—how could they be demoted?' Youming also told the Wei ruler, 'Only two states stand as equals—Qi and Wei. Yet some petty Di on the frontier dares step on a minister's heels!'
18
高麗俗服窮袴，冠折風一梁，謂之幘。 知讀五經。 使人在京師，中書郎王融戯之曰：「服之不衷，身之災也。 頭上定是何物？」 答曰：「此即古弁之遺像也。」
Goguryeo custom favored narrow trousers and a cap with a single crosswise rib, called a ze. They could read the Five Classics. When a Goguryeo envoy was in the capital, Secretariat Gentleman Wang Rong teased him, quoting, 'Dress that is not centered brings bodily disaster. What in the world is that on your head?' The envoy replied, 'This is the ancient ceremonial cap preserved from antiquity.'
19
高璉年百餘歲卒。 隆昌元年，以高麗王樂浪公高雲為使持節、散騎常侍、都督營平二州諸軍事、征東大將軍、高麗王、樂浪公。 建武三年， 〈原闕〉 報功勞勤，實存名烈。 假行寧朔將軍臣姐瑾等四人，振竭忠効，攘除國難，志勇果毅，等威名將，可謂扞城，固蕃社稷，論功料勤，宜在甄顯。 今依例輒假行職。 伏願恩愍，聽除所假。 寧朔將軍、面中王姐瑾，歷贊時務，武功竝列，今假行冠軍將軍、都將軍、都漢王。 建威將軍、八中侯餘古，弱冠輔佐，忠効夙著，今假行寧朔將軍、阿錯王。 建威將軍餘歷，忠款有素，文武列顯，今假行龍驤將軍、邁盧王。 廣武將軍餘固，忠効時務，光宣國政，今假行建威將軍、弗斯侯。」
Gao Lian died at over a hundred years of age. In the first year of Longchang Gao Yun was appointed Bearer of the Staff of Authority, Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry, Commander-in-Chief of Ying and Ping, Grand General Who Conquers the East, King of Goguryeo, and Duke of Lelang. In Jianwu year 3, 〈Original text missing.〉 Rewarding merit and loyal toil truly preserves a name for posterity. Acting General Ning Shuo Jie Jin and three others have given their utmost loyalty, cleared away national danger, and in courage and resolve rival famed commanders—they are bulwarks of the realm and pillars of the altars of state; by their merits they deserve special recognition. I therefore grant them acting appointments according to precedent. I humbly beg your gracious approval to confirm these acting appointments. General Ning Shuo Jie Jin, King of Mianzhong, who has long served the state with distinguished military merit, is appointed acting General Who Wins the Championship, Commander-in-Chief, and King of Duhan. General Who Establishes Might Yu Gu, Marquis of Bazhong, who has served loyally since youth, is appointed acting General Ning Shuo and King of Acuo. General Who Establishes Might Yu Li, long noted for loyal service and civil and martial distinction, is appointed acting General of the Dragon Cavalry and King of Mailu. General of Broad Might Yu Gu, loyal in state service and a credit to government, is appointed acting General Who Establishes Might and Marquis of Fusi.'
20
牟大又表曰：「臣所遣行建威將軍、廣陽太守、兼長史臣高達，行建威將軍、朝鮮太守、兼司馬臣楊茂，行宣威將軍、兼參軍臣會邁等三人，志行清亮，忠款夙著。 往泰始中，比使宋朝，今任臣使，冒涉波險，尋其至効，宜在進爵，謹依先例，各假行職。 且玄澤靈休，萬里所企，況親趾天庭，乃不蒙賴。 伏願天監特愍除正。 達邊効夙著，勤勞公務，今假行龍驤將軍、帶方太守。 茂志行清壹，公務不廢，今假行建威將軍、廣陵太守。 （萬） 〔邁〕執志周密，屢致勤効，今假行廣武將軍、清河太守。」 詔可，竝賜軍號，除太守。 為使持節、都督百濟諸軍事、鎮東大將軍。 使兼謁者僕射孫副策命大襲亡祖父牟都為百濟王。 曰：「於戲！ 惟爾世襲忠懃，誠著遐表，滄路肅澄，要貢無替。 式循彝典，用纂顯命。 往欽哉！ 其敬膺休業，可不慎歟！ 制詔行都督百濟諸軍事、鎮東大將軍百濟王牟大今以大襲祖父牟都為百濟王，即位章綬等玉銅虎竹符四。 〔王〕其拜受，不亦休乎！」
Mou Da memorialized again: 'The three envoys I sent—acting General Who Establishes Might Gao Da, Administrator of Guangyang and concurrent Chief Clerk; acting General Who Establishes Might Yang Mao, Administrator of Chaoxian and concurrent Major; and acting General Who Proclaims Might Hui Mai, concurrent Major—are men of clear integrity and long-proven loyalty. In the Taishi era they served as envoys to the Song court; now, bearing my commission across dangerous seas, their achievements warrant promotion; I therefore grant each an acting appointment according to precedent. Your numinous grace is what men ten thousand li away look to; how much less should those who have come in person to the Celestial Court go unrewarded? I humbly beg Heaven's regard to confirm these appointments. Gao Da, long distinguished on the frontier and diligent in public service, is appointed acting General of the Dragon Cavalry and Administrator of Daifang. Yang Mao, upright in conduct and unfailing in public duty, is appointed acting General Who Establishes Might and Administrator of Guangling. Text corrupt. Hui Mai, steadfast and thorough in purpose and repeatedly diligent in service, is appointed acting General of Broad Might and Administrator of Qinghe. The edict approved; military titles and prefectural appointments were granted together. He was appointed Bearer of the Staff of Authority, Commander-in-Chief of Baekje, and Grand General Who Guards the East. Envoy and Concurrent Master of Ceremonies Sun Fu issued the written mandate investing Mou Da's late grandfather Mou Du as King of Baekje. It read: 'Ah! You who have inherited loyalty through generations, whose sincerity shines to distant lands, whose sea routes lie peaceful and whose tribute never fails— following the eternal canon, we invest you with the illustrious mandate. Go, and hold it in reverence! Receive this blessed charge with reverence—can you do otherwise? The imperial mandate to Mou Da, Commander-in-Chief of Baekje and King of Baekje: By right of great succession your grandfather Mou Du is invested as King of Baekje, with regalia of seal and cord and four tallies of jade, bronze, tiger, and bamboo. King, bow and receive—is this not a glorious blessing!'
21
是歲，魏虜又發騎數十萬攻百濟，入其界，牟大遣將沙法名、贊首流、解禮昆、木干那率眾襲擊虜軍，大破之。 建武二年，牟大遣使上表曰：「臣自昔受封，世被朝榮，忝荷節鉞，剋攘列辟。 往姐瑾等竝蒙光除，臣庶咸泰。 去庚午年，獫狁弗悛，舉兵深逼。 臣遣沙法名等領軍逆討，宵襲霆擊，匈梨張惶，崩若海蕩。 乘奔追斬，僵尸丹野。 由是摧其銳氣，鯨暴韜凶。 今邦宇謐靜，實名等之略，尋其功勳，宜在褒顯。 今假沙法名行征虜將軍、邁羅王，贊首流為行安國將軍、辟中王，解禮昆為行武威將軍、弗中侯，木干那前有軍功，又拔臺舫，為行廣威將軍、面中侯。 伏願天恩特愍聽除。」 又表曰：「臣所遣行龍驤將軍、樂浪太守兼長史臣慕遺，行建武將軍、城陽太守兼司馬臣王茂，兼參軍、行振武將軍、朝鮮太守臣張塞，行揚武將軍陳明，在官忘私，唯公是務，見危授命，蹈難弗顧。 今任臣使，冒涉波險，盡其至誠。 實宜進爵，各假行署。 伏願聖朝特賜除正。」 詔可，竝賜軍號。
That year Northern Wei sent several hundred thousand cavalry against Baekje and crossed its border; Mou Da sent Shafaming, Zanshouliu, Jielikun, and Muganna at the head of his troops to ambush the Wei army and routed them utterly. In Jianwu year 2 Mou Da sent a memorial through his envoys: 'From the time I first received investiture my house has enjoyed the court's favor; bearing your staff of command, I have beaten back rival powers. When Jie Jin and the others were honored with appointments before, my people all rejoiced in peace. In the last gengwu year the Xianyun enemy would not relent and marched deep into our territory. I sent Shafaming and others against them; our night assault fell like thunder, and the enemy fled in panic, collapsing like a tide in storm. We pursued the fleeing foe and struck them down until the fields lay red with the dead. Thus their fighting spirit was broken and their savage fury was forced to hide itself. Now the realm is at peace, thanks chiefly to the strategy of Shafaming and his fellows; when one weighs their merit, they clearly deserve honor and reward. I therefore propose provisional titles: Shafaming as Acting General Who Conquers the Barbarians and King of Mailuo; Zanshouliu as Acting General Who Pacifies the State and King of Bizhong; Jielikun as Acting General of Martial Prestige and Marquis of Fuzhong; and Muganna, who had already distinguished himself in battle and also took the platform fort, as Acting General of Broad Prestige and Marquis of Mianzhong. I humbly beg that Heaven's grace may look upon them with special favor and confirm these appointments.' He submitted another memorial: 'The envoys I sent—Mu Yi, Acting Dragon Cavalry General and Administrator of Lelang, who also served as chief clerk; Wang Mao, Acting General Who Establishes Martiality and Administrator of Chengyang, who also served as grand marshal; Zhang Sai, army aide, Acting General Who Shakes the Barbarians, and Administrator of Chaoxian; and Chen Ming, Acting General Who Raises the Martial—have all served without thought of private gain, devoted only to the public good, ready to give their lives in peril and to face hardship without flinching. Now charged with my mission, they have braved the dangers of wind and sea and given themselves to it with complete sincerity. They truly deserve promotion in rank, each with a provisional appointment. I humbly pray the sacred court will confirm their appointments in full.' The edict approved the request, and military titles were conferred on them all.
23
加羅國
The State of Kara
25
加羅國，三韓種也。 建元元年，國王荷知使來獻。 詔曰：「量廣始登，遠夷洽化。 加羅王荷知款關海外，奉贄東遐。 可授輔國將軍、本國王。」
The State of Kara belongs to the Samhan peoples. In the first year of Jianyuan King Hezhi of Kara sent envoys with tribute. An edict said: 'As the new reign begins, distant peoples are drawn into civilization. King Hezhi of Kara has come in sincere allegiance from beyond the sea, bearing tribute from the eastern reaches. Let him be invested as General Who Assists the State and King of his own country.'
27
倭國
Wa
29
倭國，在帶方東南大海㠀中。 漢末以來立女王。 土俗已見前史。 建元元年，進新除使持節、都督倭新羅任那加羅秦韓六國諸軍事、安東大將軍、倭王武號爲鎭東大將軍。
Wa lies on an island in the open sea southeast of Daifang. Since the end of the Han dynasty they have been ruled by queens. Its customs are already described in earlier histories. In the first year of Jianyuan the court promoted the newly appointed King Bu of Wa—Bearer of the Staff, Commander-in-Chief over Wa, Silla, Mimana, Kara, and Jinhan, and Grand General Who Pacifies the East—to Grand General Who Garrisons the East.
30
南夷
The Southern Yi
31
南夷林邑國，在交州南，海行三千里，北連九德，秦時故林邑縣也。 漢末稱王。 晉太康五年，始貢獻。
Among the Southern Yi, the state of Linyi lies south of Jiaozhou, three thousand li by sea; to the north it borders Jiude, and in Qin times it had been Linyi county. At the end of the Han it began calling itself a kingdom. In Jin Taikang year 5 it first sent tribute to the court.
32
宋永初元年，林邑王范楊邁初產，母夢人以金席藉之，光色奇麗。 中國謂紫磨金，夷人謂之「楊邁」，故以為名。 楊邁死，子咄立，慕其父，復改名楊邁。
In the first year of Song Yongchu, when King Fan Yangmai of Linyi was born, his mother dreamed that a figure spread a golden mat beneath him, radiant and strangely beautiful. The Chinese call that kind of gold purple-refined gold; the locals call it 'Yangmai,' and so he was named. When Yangmai died, his son Duo succeeded him; out of devotion to his father, he too took the name Yangmai.
33
林邑有金山，金汁流出於浦。 事尼乾道，鑄金銀人像，大十圍。 元嘉二十二年，交州刺史檀和之伐林邑，楊邁欲輸金萬斤，銀十萬斤，銅三十萬斤，還日南地。 大臣䓯僧達諫，不聽。 和之進兵破其北界犬戎區栗城，獲金寶無笇，毀其金人，得黃金數萬斤，餘物稱是。 和之後病死，見胡神為祟。 孝建二年，始以林邑長史范龍跋為揚武將軍。
Linyi has a Gold Mountain from which molten gold runs out onto the beach. They follow the Nirgrantha faith and cast gold and silver human images ten arm-spans in girth. In Yuanjia year 22 Inspector Tan Hezhi of Jiaozhou invaded Linyi; Yangmai offered to surrender ten thousand jin of gold, one hundred thousand jin of silver, and three hundred thousand jin of copper, and to restore the territory of Rinan. The minister Fan Shingda urged against it, but Yangmai would not listen. Hezhi pressed forward and took Qulicheng on their northern frontier; the booty in gold and jewels was beyond counting. He destroyed their golden images, seized tens of thousands of jin of gold, and carried off comparable stores of everything else. Hezhi later died of illness; people said the foreign god he had desecrated was tormenting him. In Xiaojian year 2 Fan Longba, chief clerk of Linyi, was first appointed General Who Raises the Martial.
34
楊邁子孫相傳為王，未有位號。 夷人范當根純攻奪其國，篡立為王。 永明九年，遣使貢獻金簟等物。 詔曰：「林邑 （蟲） 〔雖〕介在遐外，世服王化。 當根純乃誠款到，率其僚職，遠績克宣，良有可嘉。 宜沾爵號，以弘休澤。 可持節、都督緣海諸軍事、安南將軍、林邑王。」 范楊邁子孫范諸農率種人攻當根純，復得本國。 十年，以諸農為持節、都督緣海諸軍事、安南將軍、林邑王。 建武二年，進號鎮南將軍。 永泰元年，諸農入朝，海中遭風溺死，以其子文款為假節、都督緣海軍事、安南將軍、林邑王。
Yangmai's line continued to rule in succession, but without formal titles from the court. The local chieftain Fan Danggenchun seized the realm by force and installed himself as king. In Yongming year 9 he sent envoys with tribute, including golden mats and other gifts. An edict said: 'Linyi Text corrupt. Though it lies far beyond the frontier, it has for generations accepted the court's civilizing rule. Danggenchun has come in sincere allegiance at the head of his officials; his loyal service from afar deserves real praise. He should be granted rank and title so that imperial favor may reach him. Let him be Bearer of the Staff, Commander-in-Chief of coastal military affairs, General Who Pacifies the South, and King of Linyi.' Fan Zhunong, a descendant of Fan Yangmai, rallied his people against Danggenchun and won back the kingdom. In year 10 Zhunong was appointed Bearer of the Staff, Commander of coastal military affairs, General Who Pacifies the South, and King of Linyi. In Jianwu year 2 his title was raised to Grand General Who Garrisons the South. In the first year of Yongtai Zhunong came to court but drowned in a storm at sea; his son Wenkuan was appointed Provisional Bearer of the Staff, Commander of coastal military affairs, General Who Pacifies the South, and King of Linyi.
35
晉建興中，日南夷帥范稚奴文數商賈，見上國制度，教林邑王范逸起城池樓殿。 王服天冠如佛冠，身被香纓絡。 國人凶悍，習山川，善鬬。 吹海蠡為角。 人皆裸露。 四時暄暖，無霜雪。 貴女賤男，謂師君為婆羅門。 羣從相姻通，婦先遣娉求婿。 女嫁者，迦藍衣橫幅合縫如井闌，首戴花寶。 婆羅門牽婿與婦握手相付，呪願吉利。 居喪剪髮，謂之孝。 燔尸中野以為葬。 遠界有靈鷲鳥，知人將死，集其家食死人肉盡，飛去，乃取骨燒灰投海中水葬。 人色以黑為美，南方諸國皆然。 區栗城建八尺表，日影度南八寸。
During Jin's Jianxing era the Rinan chieftain Fan Zhinu, who had traveled many times as a merchant, saw how the central realm was governed and taught King Fan Yi of Linyi to raise city walls, towers, and palaces. The king wears a celestial crown shaped like a Buddhist crown and drapes himself in fragrant strings of jewels. The people are fierce, know every hill and stream, and fight well. They use sea conchs as war horns. The people go about naked. All four seasons are warm, and there is neither frost nor snow. Women are honored and men are held lightly; teachers and rulers are called Brahmans. Clans intermarry, and it is the woman who first sends betrothal gifts to choose a husband. A bride wears kāla cloth cut in horizontal panels and sewn together like a well-curb, with flowers and jewels on her head. A Brahman joins the groom's and bride's hands and chants blessings for good fortune. In mourning they cut their hair, which they call filial duty. They burn the dead in the open country as burial. In the remote borderlands there are sacred vultures that know when a person is about to die. They gather at the house, devour the corpse, and fly away; then the bones are burned to ash and cast into the sea in a water burial. Dark skin is considered beautiful there, as it is throughout the southern kingdoms. At Qulicheng they erected an eight-foot gnomon; at noon the shadow falls eight inches to the south.
36
自林邑西南三千餘里，至扶南。
Three thousand-odd li southwest of Linyi lies Funan.
37
扶南國，在日南之南大海西 （蠻） 〔灣〕中，廣袤三千餘里，有大江水西流入海。 其先有女人為王，名柳葉。 又有激國人混填，夢神賜弓一張，教乘舶入海。 混填晨起於神廟樹下得弓，即乘舶向扶南。 柳葉見舶，率眾欲禦之。 混填舉弓遙射，貫船一面通中人。 柳葉怖，遂降。 混填娶以為妻。 惡其裸露形體，乃疊布貫其首。 遂治其國。 子孫相傳。
The state of Funan lies west of the great sea south of Rinan Text corrupt. In a gulf more than three thousand li across, a great river runs westward into the sea. In earliest times a woman ruled as queen; her name was Liuye. There was also Hun Tian of the state of Ji, who dreamed that a god gave him a bow and told him to put to sea. Hun Tian rose at dawn, found the bow under a tree at the god's shrine, and at once sailed for Funan. When Liuye saw the ship, she gathered her people to drive it off. Hun Tian drew his bow and shot from a distance, sending an arrow clear through one side of the vessel. Terrified, Liuye surrendered. Hun Tian married her. Disliking their nakedness, he had them wrap layered cloth around their bodies. He then ruled the kingdom. His line ruled in succession.
38
至王槃況死，國人立其大將范師蔓。 蔓病，姊子旃 （慕） 〔篡〕立，殺蔓子金生。 十餘年，蔓少子長襲殺旃，以刃鑱旃腹曰：「汝昔殺我兄，今為父兄報汝。」 旃大將范尋又殺長，國人立以為王，是吳、晉時也。 晉、宋世通職貢。
When King Pan Kuang died, the people raised his chief general Fan Shiman to the throne. When Shiman fell ill, his sister's son Zhan Text corrupt. He seized the throne by force and killed Shiman's son Jinsheng. More than ten years later Shiman's youngest son Changxi killed Zhan, driving a blade into his belly and saying, 'You killed my elder brother; now I avenge my father and brother.' Zhan's general Fan Xun then killed Changxi, and the people made Fan Xun king—this was in the Wu and Jin period. Under Jin and Song it sent regular tribute.
39
宋末，扶南王姓僑陳如，名闍耶跋摩，遣商貨至廣州。 天竺道人那伽仙附載欲歸國，遭風至林邑，掠其財物皆盡。 那伽仙閒道得達扶南，具說中國有聖主受命。
At the end of Song the Funan king, of the Kau Chenru clan and named Jayavarman, sent traders to Guangzhou. The Indian monk Nagasena took passage on the ship intending to return home, but was blown by storm to Linyi, where his goods were plundered to the last item. Nagasena found his way to Funan and told at length how China had a sage ruler who had received Heaven's mandate.
40
永明二年，闍耶跋摩遣天竺道人釋那伽仙上表稱扶南國王臣僑陳如闍耶跋摩叩頭啟曰：「天化撫育，感動靈祇，四氣調適。 伏願聖主尊體起居康 （御） 〔豫〕，皇太子萬福，六宮清休，諸王妃主內外朝臣普同和睦，隣境士庶萬國歸心，五穀豐熟，災害不生，土清民泰，一切安穩。 臣及人民，國土豐樂，四氣調和，道俗濟濟，竝蒙陛下光化所被，咸荷安泰。」 又曰：「臣前遣使齎雜物行廣州貨易，天竺道人釋那伽仙於廣州因附臣舶欲來扶南，海中風漂到林邑，國王奪臣貨易，并那伽仙私財。 具陳其從中國來此，仰序陛下聖德仁治，詳議風化，佛法興顯，眾僧殷集，法事日盛，王威嚴整，朝望國軌，慈愍蒼生，八方六合，莫不歸伏。 如聽其所說，則化隣諸天，非可為喻。 臣聞之，下情踊悅，若蹔奉見尊足，仰慕慈恩，澤流小國，天垂所感，率土之民，竝得皆蒙恩祐。 是以臣今遣此道人釋那伽仙為使，上表問訊奉貢，微獻呈臣等赤心，并別陳下情。 但所獻輕陋，愧懼唯深。 伏願天慈曲照，鑒其丹款，賜不垂責。」 又曰：「臣有奴名鳩酬羅，委臣 （免） 〔逸〕走，別在餘處，構結兇逆，遂破林邑，仍自立為王。 永不恭從，違恩負義，叛主之諐，天不容載。 伏尋林邑昔為檀和之所破，久已歸化。 天威所被，四海彌伏，而今鳩酬羅守執奴兇，自專很彊。 且林邑扶南隣界相接，親又是臣奴，猶尚逆去，朝廷遙遠，豈復遵奉。 此國屬陛下，故謹具上啟。 伏聞林邑頃年表獻簡絕，便欲永隔朝廷，豈有師子坐而安大鼠。 伏願遣軍將伐兇逆，臣亦自効微誠，助朝廷剪撲，使邊海諸國，一時歸伏。 陛下若欲別立餘人為彼王者，伏聽勑旨。 脫未欲灼然興兵伐林邑者，伏願特賜勑在所，隨宜以少軍助臣，乘天之威，殄滅小賊，伐惡從善。 平蕩之日，上表獻金五婆羅。 今輕此使送臣丹誠，表所陳啟，不盡下情。 謹附那伽仙并其伴口具啟聞。 伏願愍所啟。 并獻金鏤龍王坐像一軀，白檀像一軀，牙塔二軀，古貝二雙，瑠璃蘇鉝二口，瑇瑁檳榔柈一枚。」
In Yongming year 2 Jayavarman sent the Indian monk Nagasena with a memorial in which he wrote, as King of Funan and subject Kau Chenru Jayavarman, kowtowing: 'Heaven's transforming power nurtures all beneath it, moving gods and spirits; the four seasons are in balance. I humbly pray that the sage sovereign's sacred person may rise and rest in health and Text corrupt. At ease; that the crown prince may enjoy boundless fortune, the six palaces dwell in tranquility, princes and princesses within and without and all court ministers live in harmony, neighboring peoples and subjects of every land turn their hearts to you, the five grains ripen in abundance, disasters do not arise, the realm is clear and the people secure, and all is stable. Your subject and my people dwell in a rich and happy land; the four seasons are harmonious; monks and laypeople flourish together—all alike under Your Majesty's radiant transforming power, and all enjoy peace and security.' He also wrote: 'I previously sent envoys with goods to trade at Guangzhou. The Indian monk Nagasena boarded my ship at Guangzhou intending to return to Funan, but wind and tide drove us to Linyi, where the king seized my merchandise and Nagasena's private property as well. He spoke at length of his journey from China, praising Your Majesty's sage virtue and humane rule, your care for customs and moral transformation, the flourishing of Buddhism, the gathering of monks, the daily growth of religious rites, the majesty and order of the throne, the dignity of court and state, and compassion for all living beings—so that in every direction under heaven none fail to submit. To hear him tell it, your transforming power reaches even the heavens beyond—words cannot do it justice. When I heard this my heart leaped with joy. If I might even briefly behold your sacred presence, I would look up to your compassionate grace as a stream of bounty reaching even a small kingdom such as mine; touched by Heaven, all people within the realm would share in that blessing. Therefore I now send this monk Nagasena as my envoy to present this memorial of greeting and tribute, offering in all humility the loyalty of my heart, and separately setting forth my petition below. Yet what I offer is meager and poor, and my shame and fear are very deep. I humbly pray that your heavenly kindness may look upon us with favor, recognize our heartfelt loyalty, and withhold your censure.' He also wrote: 'I have a slave named Jiuchouluo who was entrusted to me Text corrupt. He fled and made his base elsewhere, gathered wicked rebels, overran Linyi, and declared himself king. He never submits in respect, repays kindness with betrayal, and rebels against his master—a crime Heaven itself cannot abide. Reflecting on the past, Linyi was once conquered by Tan Hezhi and had long accepted the court's rule. Where your heavenly might reaches, all within the four seas submits—yet Jiuchouluo clings to his rebellious defiance and acts with brutal arrogance on his own authority. Linyi borders my own kingdom of Funan, and he is my own former slave—yet even he turned rebel. If the court is so remote, how can such lands be expected to remain loyal? This kingdom belongs to Your Majesty, and therefore I respectfully submit this full account. I understand that Linyi has recently cut off its tributary gifts and seeks to sever ties with the court forever—can a lion sit idle while a mere rat grows bold? I humbly ask that you send troops against these rebels; I shall offer what little loyalty I can to help the court destroy them, so that all the kingdoms along the southern seas may submit at once. If Your Majesty wishes to install someone else as king there, I await your decree. If you are not yet ready to launch a full campaign against Linyi, I beg you at least to instruct the local authorities to send a small force to aid me, so that under Heaven's aweful might we may wipe out these petty rebels and restore righteousness. When the land is pacified, I shall submit a memorial tribute of five patalas of gold. I now send this humble envoy to convey my heartfelt loyalty; the memorial above cannot fully express all that I wish to say. I respectfully attach Nagasena and his companions, who will report the full details orally. I humbly beg you to look with compassion upon my petition. I also present one gilded golden seated image of the Dragon King, one white sandalwood Buddha image, two ivory pagodas, two pairs of cowrie shells, two glass vessels, and one tortoiseshell betel tray.'
41
那伽仙詣京師，言其國俗事摩䤈首羅天神，神常降於摩躭山。 土氣恒暖，草木不落。 其上書曰：「吉祥利世閒，感攝於羣生。 所以其然者，天感化緣明。 仙山名摩躭，吉樹敷嘉榮。 摩䤈首羅天，依此降尊靈。 國土悉蒙祐，人民皆安寧。 由斯恩被故，是以臣歸情。 菩薩行忍慈，本迹起凡基。 一發菩提心，二乘非所期。 歷生積功業，六度行大悲。 勇猛超劫數，財命捨無遺。 生死不為猒，六道化有緣。 具脩於十地，遺果度人天。 功業既已定，行滿登正覺。 萬善智圓備，惠日照塵俗。 眾生感緣應，隨機授法藥。 佛化遍十方，無不蒙濟擢。 皇帝聖弘道，興隆於三寶。 垂心覽萬機，威恩振八表。 國土及城邑，仁風化清皎。 亦如釋提洹，眾天中最超。 陛下臨萬民，四海共歸心，聖慈流無疆，被臣小國深。」 詔報曰：「具摩䤈降靈，流施彼土，雖殊俗異化，遙深欣讚。 知鳩酬羅於彼背叛，竊據林邑，聚兇肆掠，殊宜剪討。 彼雖介遐 （休） 〔陬〕，舊脩蕃貢，自宋季多難，海譯致壅，皇化惟新，習迷未革。 朕方以文德來遠人，未欲便興干戈。 王既欵列忠到，遠請軍威，今詔交部隨宜應接。 伐叛柔服，寔惟國典，勉立殊效，以副所期。 那伽仙屢銜邊譯，頗悉中土闊狹，令其具宣。」 上報以絳紫地黃碧綠紋綾各五匹。
Nagasena traveled to the capital and reported that his people worship the god Mahesvara, who regularly descends upon Mount Modu. The climate is always warm, and the trees never lose their leaves. His written submission reads: 'Blessed and bringing good to the world, drawing all living beings to your grace. This is so because Heaven's transforming power and the bonds of fate are manifest. The sacred mountain is called Modu; blessed trees flourish there in splendor. The god Mahesvara descends here in his sacred presence. The whole land is blessed, and the people live in peace. Because we have received this grace, I now turn my heart in loyalty. The bodhisattva walks in patience and compassion, rising from ordinary human beginnings. Once the mind of enlightenment is awakened, the lesser paths of the two vehicles are no longer sought. Through life after life he accumulated merit, practicing the six perfections in boundless compassion. With courage surpassing countless ages, he gave away wealth and life without reserve. He did not shrink from birth and death, but taught beings throughout the six realms as fate allowed. Having fully traversed the ten bodhisattva stages, he left the fruit of salvation for gods and mortals alike. When his work was complete and his practice fulfilled, he attained perfect enlightenment. All virtues and wisdom complete, his merciful sun shines upon a world sunk in dust. When beings responded to his call, he gave each the medicine of the Law as their needs required. The Buddha's teaching reaches every quarter of the world, and none are left without salvation. The Emperor, sage in the Way, causes the Three Treasures to flourish. He bends his mind to the myriad affairs of state; his majesty and kindness reach to the ends of the earth. Through realm and city alike, his humane influence shines clear and pure. Even as Sakra surpasses all other gods, Your Majesty rules all peoples; the four seas turn their hearts to you; your sage compassion knows no bounds and reaches even my little kingdom deeply.' The imperial reply read: 'That Mahesvara's spirit descends and spreads its blessings in your land fills us with deep joy and praise, though your customs differ from ours. We know that Jiuchouluo has rebelled there, seized Linyi by force, gathered villains, and plundered at will—such conduct clearly calls for suppression. Though it lies in a remote corner, Text corrupt. Jiezhou once maintained tributary relations. Since the troubles of the Song years, maritime routes have been blocked; though your civilizing influence is renewed, old habits of defiance have not yet changed. I am now seeking to win distant peoples through civil virtue, and am not yet ready to take up arms. Since you have shown sincere loyalty and asked from afar for military support, I now command the Jiao region to assist you as circumstances require. Punishing rebellion and winning submission by gentleness is the proper duty of state; strive to achieve outstanding results worthy of our expectations. Nagasena has often served as an interpreter on the frontier and knows the Central Plain fairly well—let him explain in full.' In reply the court sent five bolts each of crimson, purple, yellow-on-purple-ground, and green patterned damask.
42
扶南人黠惠知巧，攻略傍邑不賓之民為奴婢，貨易金銀綵帛。 大家男子截錦為橫幅，女為貫頭，貧者以布自蔽。 鍜金鐶鏆銀食器。 伐木起屋，國王居重閤，以木柵為城。 海邊生大箬葉，長八九尺，編其葉以覆屋。 人民亦為閣居。 為船八九丈，廣裁六七尺，頭尾似魚。 國王行乘象，婦人亦能乘象。 鬪鷄及狶為樂。 無牢獄，有訟者，則以金指鐶若鷄子投沸湯中，令探之，又燒鎖令赤，著手上捧行七步，有罪者手皆燋爛，無罪者不傷。 又令沒水，直者入即不沈，不直者即沈也。 有甘蔗、諸蔗、安石榴及橘，多檳榔，鳥獸如中國。 人性善，不便戰，常為林邑所侵擊，不得與交州通，故其使罕至。
The Funanese are clever and resourceful; they raid neighboring settlements and take unsubmissive peoples as slaves, trading them for gold, silver, and colored silks. Men of wealthy families wear brocade sashes across the chest; women wear tube-shaped head wraps; the poor cover themselves with plain cloth. They forge gold rings and make silver tableware. They cut timber to build houses; the king lives in a multi-storied hall, and wooden palisades form the city walls. Large bamboo leaves eight or nine feet long grow by the sea; they weave these leaves to roof their houses. The common people also live in raised houses. Their boats are eight or nine zhang long and about six or seven chi wide, with bow and stern shaped like fish. The king travels by elephant, and women ride elephants as well. They amuse themselves with cockfighting and pig fighting. There are no prisons. In a lawsuit, a gold ring the size of a hen's egg is thrown into boiling water and the parties must retrieve it; or a lock is heated red-hot, placed on the hand, and carried seven paces—the guilty have their hands burned and blistered, while the innocent are unharmed. They also have the accused plunge into water: the innocent do not sink, while the guilty sink at once. Sugarcane, various reeds, pomegranates, and oranges grow there, and betel nuts are plentiful; the birds and beasts resemble those of China. The people are gentle by nature and not skilled in war; they are constantly raided by Linyi and cannot maintain contact with Jiaozhou, so their envoys rarely reach the court.
43
交州斗絕海島，控帶外國，故恃險數不賓。 宋泰始初，刺史張牧卒，交趾人李長仁殺牧北來部曲，據交州叛，數年病死，從弟叔獻嗣事，號令未行，遣使求刺史。 宋朝以南海太守沈煥為交州刺史，以叔獻為煥寧遠司馬、武平新昌二郡太守。 叔獻得朝命，人情服從，遂發兵守險不納煥，煥停鬱林病卒。 太祖建元元年，仍以叔獻為交州刺史，就安慰之。 叔獻受命，既而斷割外國，貢獻寡少。 世祖欲討之，永明三年，以司農劉楷為交州刺史，發南康、廬陵、始興郡兵征交州。 叔獻聞之，遣使願更申數年，獻十二隊純銀兜鍪及孔雀毦，世祖不許。 叔獻懼為楷所襲，間道自湘川還朝。
Jiaozhou lies cut off across the sea on its islands, commanding the outer kingdoms, and has therefore often withheld submission, trusting in its remote and defensible position. At the start of the Song Taishi era, Inspector Zhang Mu died. Li Changren of Jiaozhi killed Mu's northern troops, seized Jiaozhou, and rebelled. He died of illness after several years, and his younger cousin Shuxian took over before his authority was established and sent envoys requesting an imperial inspector. The Song court appointed Shen Huan, Administrator of Nanhai, as Inspector of Jiaozhou, and made Shuxian Huan's Ningyuan Major and Administrator of Wuping and Xinchang commanderies. Once Shuxian received the court appointment, the people submitted to him; he then raised troops to hold the passes and refused to admit Huan, who halted at Yulin and died of illness. In the first year of Jianyuan of Emperor Gao, Shuxian was again appointed Inspector of Jiaozhou and sent to pacify the region. Shuxian accepted the appointment, but then cut off the outer kingdoms, and tribute grew scarce. Emperor Wu resolved to punish him. In Yongming year 3 he appointed Liu Kai, Minister of Agriculture, as Inspector of Jiaozhou and mobilized troops from Nankang, Luling, and Shixing to campaign against the province. When Shuxian heard of this, he sent envoys asking for several more years' grace and offered twelve sets of pure silver helmets and peacock-feather canopies; Emperor Wu refused. Fearing an attack by Liu Kai, Shuxian took a hidden route through the Xiang region and returned to the capital.
44
六年，以始興太守房法乘代楷。 法乘至鎮，屬疾不理事，專好讀書。 長史伏登之因此擅權，改易將吏，不令法乘知。 錄事房季文白之，法乘大怒，繫登之於獄。 十餘日，登之厚賂法乘妹夫崔景叔得出，將部曲襲州執法乘，謂之曰：「使君既有疾，不宜勞。」 囚之別室。 法乘無事，復就登之求書讀，登之曰：「使君靜處猶恐動疾，豈可看書。」 遂不與。 乃啟法乘心疾動，不任視事，世祖仍以登之為交州刺史。 法乘還至嶺而卒。 法乘，清河人。 昇明中，為太祖驃騎中兵，至左中郎將。 性方簡，身長八尺三寸，行出人上，常自俯屈。 青州刺史明慶符亦長與法乘等，朝廷唯此二人。
In the sixth year, Fang Fachang, Administrator of Shixing, replaced Liu Kai. When Fachang reached his post he fell ill and neglected official business, devoting himself entirely to reading. Chief Clerk Fu Dengzhi seized power on this account, replacing officers and officials without Fachang's knowledge. Recorder Fang Jiwen reported this to Fachang, who flew into a rage and had Dengzhi imprisoned. After more than ten days, Dengzhi bribed Fachang's brother-in-law Cui Jingshu heavily and got out; he then led his troops in a surprise attack on the provincial seat, seized Fachang, and said to him, 'My lord, since you are ill, you should not overexert yourself.' He confined him in a separate room. With nothing else to do, Fachang asked Dengzhi for books to read. Dengzhi said, 'My lord, even resting quietly I fear your illness may worsen—how can you read books?' And he refused to give him any. He then reported that Fachang's heart ailment had worsened and that he was unfit to govern; Emperor Wu accordingly appointed Dengzhi Inspector of Jiaozhou. Fachang died on the road home before crossing the mountains. Fachang was a native of Qinghe. During the Shengming era he served Emperor Gao as Central Army Major under the Piaoqi Commandery and rose to Left Central Commandant. He was upright and plain by nature, stood eight chi three inches tall, and though he towered over others when he walked, he usually stooped to avoid seeming overbearing. Ming Qingfu, Inspector of Qingzhou, was equally tall; in the entire court only these two men matched in height.
45
【論】
Commentary
46
史臣曰：書稱「蠻夷猾夏」，蓋總而為言矣。 至於南夷雜種，分嶼建國，四方珍怪，莫此為先，藏山隱海，瓌寶溢目。 商舶遠屆，委輸南州，故交、廣富實，牣積王府。 充斥之事差微，聲教之道可被。 若夫用德以懷遠，其在此乎？
The historiographer writes: The Classic speaks of 'barbarians troubling the Middle Kingdom'—that is a general statement. Among the diverse peoples of the southern Yi, who have founded kingdoms on scattered islands, none surpass them in the rare wonders of the four quarters; treasures lie hidden in mountains and seas, and precious things dazzle the eye. Merchant ships arrive from distant seas and unload their goods in the southern provinces, so Jiaozhou and Guangzhou are rich and prosperous, and the imperial treasury overflows with their tribute. Though the burdens of trade and tribute have eased somewhat, the reach of civilizing influence can still be extended. If virtue is to win over distant peoples, is this not the place to begin?
47
贊曰：司、雍分壃，荊及衡陽。 參錯州部，地有蠻方。 東夷海外，碣石、扶桑。 南域憬遠，極泛溟滄。 非要乃貢，竝亦來王。
Encomium: Si and Yong mark the frontier; Jing and Hengyang follow. Provinces and districts interlock here, and barbarian lands lie within. The Eastern Yi lie beyond the sea, from Jieshi to Fusang. The southern realm stretches far away, reaching the boundless ocean. Not by force do they bring tribute—they come willingly to pay homage.