1
南齊書卷第五十九列傳第四十
Book of Southern Qi, Volume 59, Biographies 40
2
芮芮虏河南氐羌
The Rouran Barbarians; Henan; the Di; the Qiang
3
芮芮虜，塞外雜胡也。 編髮左衽。 晉世什翼圭入塞內後，芮芮逐水草，盡有匈奴故庭，威服西域。 土氣早寒，所居爲穹廬氈帳。 刻木記事，不識文書。 馬畜丁肥，種衆殷盛。 常與魏虜爲讎敵。
The Rouran were a mixed Hu people living beyond the frontier passes. They wore braided hair and left-lapped robes. After Shiyijian of the Jin entered the interior in the Jin period, the Rouran followed pasture and water, took over the old Xiongnu heartland in full, and brought the Western Regions under their sway. The climate turned cold early, and they lived in domed felt tents. They kept records by carving wood and had no knowledge of writing. Their horses and herds grew fat, and their people were numerous and thriving. They were perennial foes of the Northern Wei.
4
宋世其國相希利垔解星筭數術，通胡、漢語，常言南方當有姓名齊者，其人當興。 昇明二年，太祖輔政，遣驍騎將軍王洪範使芮芮，剋期共伐魏虜。 建元元年八月，芮芮主發三十萬騎南侵，去平城七百里，魏虜拒守不敢戰，芮芮主於燕然山下縱獵而歸。 上初踐阼，不遑出師。
During Song times their state chancellor Xili'an mastered astrology and mathematics, spoke both Hu and Chinese, and often said that in the south there would be a man surnamed Qi who would rise to power. In the second year of Shengming, while the Founding Emperor held the regency, he sent General of Valiant Cavalry Wang Hongfan to Rouran to arrange a joint campaign against the Northern Wei. In the eighth month of the first year of Jianyuan, the Rouran ruler sent three hundred thousand horsemen south as far as seven hundred li from Pingcheng; the Northern Wei held their defenses and would not give battle, and the Rouran ruler hunted below Mount Yanran and withdrew. When the emperor first took the throne, he had no time to march out in person.
5
二年、三年，芮芮主頻遣使貢獻貂皮雜物。 與上書欲伐魏虜，謂上「足下」，自稱「吾」。 獻師子皮袴褶，皮如虎皮，色白毛短。 時有賈胡在蜀見之，云此非師子皮，乃扶拔皮也。 國相邢基祇羅迴奉表曰：
In the second and third years of the dynasty, the Rouran ruler repeatedly sent envoys bearing sable pelts and other gifts. In his memorial to the throne he proposed attacking the Northern Wei, addressed the emperor as "Your Foot," and referred to himself as "I." He presented a jacket-and-trousers set of supposed lion skin; the hide resembled tiger skin, pale in color with short fur. A foreign merchant then in Shu saw it and said it was not lion skin at all but baboon hide. The Rouran chancellor Xingjizhiluo Hui submitted a memorial that read:
6
夫四象稟政，二儀改度，而萬物生焉。 斯蓋虧盈迭襲，歷數自然也。 昔晉室將終，楚桓竊命，寔賴宋武匡濟之功，故能扶衰定傾，休否以泰。 祚流九葉，而國嗣不繼。 今皇天降禍於上，宋室猜亂于下。 臣雖荒遠，粗闚圖書，數難以來，星文改度，房心受變，虛危納祉，宋滅齊昌，此其驗也。 水運遘屯，木德應運，子年垂刈，劉穆之記，崏嶺有不衽之山，京房讖云「卯金十六，草肅應王」。 歷觀圖緯，休徵非一，皆云慶鍾蕭氏，代宋者齊。 會有使力法度及△此國使反，採訪聖德，彌驗天縱之姿。 故能挾隆皇祚，光權定之業，翼亮天功，濟悖主之難。 樹勳京師，威振海外。 杖義之功，侔縱湯、武。 冥績旣著，寶命因歸，受終之曆，歸于有道。 況夫帝無常族，有德必昌，時來之數，唯靈是與。 陛下承乾啓之機，因乘龍之運，計應符革祚，久已踐極，荒裔傾戴，莫不引領。 設未龍飛，不宜沖挹，上違天人之心，下乖黎庶之望。
The four emblems take up the mandate of rule, the two cosmic principles shift their measure, and the ten thousand things come into being. This is nothing but the alternation of decline and fullness, the natural rhythm of dynastic fortune. When the Jin house neared its end, Huan Wen of Chu seized power; it was Song Wu Di's work of rescue that propped up a failing dynasty, steadied a tottering state, and turned misfortune into prosperity. The throne passed through nine generations, yet the line of succession broke off. Now Heaven has sent down calamity from above, while the Song house below is riven by suspicion and turmoil. Though I dwell in a distant land, I have gleaned something from the charts and classics: as disasters have piled up one after another, the stars have shifted their stations—Fang and Xin have changed, Xu and Wei have taken in good fortune—Song is destroyed and Qi rises: this is the proof. The fortune of Water meets obstruction; the virtue of Wood answers the times; the zi year is ripe for the reaping; so runs Liu Muzhi's record; on Mount Min stands the Mountain of Unlapped Robes; and Jing Fang's prophecy reads, "Mao-metal at sixteen—grass and su shall answer as king." Surveying the prognostic charts and weft-texts, the auspicious omens are many, and all declare that fortune will settle on the house of Xiao—that Qi is destined to replace Song. By chance the envoy Li Fadu and other envoys of your state returned from their missions; in seeking out your sagely virtue they confirmed all the more your heaven-endowed excellence. Thus you could uphold the exalted imperial succession, bring glory to the work of securing the realm, aid Heaven's achievement, and deliver the realm from a wayward ruler's peril. You built up merit in the capital, and your prestige shook the lands beyond the seas. Your righteous achievement matched that of Tang and Wu. Once your hidden merit had shone forth, the precious mandate returned to you; the calendar of succession passed to the one who holds the Way. Moreover, the throne has no fixed house: those with virtue must prosper, and the fortune of the age belongs only to the worthy spirit. Your Majesty seized the opening granted by Heaven and rode the dragon's fortune; by every reckoning you matched the omens to change the dynasty and have long since ascended the throne, while distant lands bow in allegiance and all stretch their necks in hope. If the dragon has not yet taken flight, it is wrong to hold yourself back: above, you would defy the hearts of Heaven and men; below, you would betray the people's hopes.
7
皇芮承緒，肇自二儀，拓土載民，地越滄海，百代一族，大業天固。 雖吳漠殊域，義同脣齒，方欲剋期中原，龔行天罰。 治兵繕甲，俟時大舉。 振霜戈於幷、代，鳴和鈴於秦、趙，掃殄凶醜，梟剪元惡。 然後皇輿遷幸，光復中華，永敦隣好，侔蹤齊、魯。 使四海有奉，蒼生咸賴，荒餘歸仰，豈不盛哉！
Imperial Rouran inherits its line from the two cosmic principles, has broadened its lands and borne its people across the blue sea, remains one clan through a hundred generations, and its great enterprise is secured by Heaven. Though our lands lie far apart, we are as close as lips and teeth in purpose, and we mean to fix a day to march on the Central Plains and reverently execute Heaven's punishment. We are drilling troops and repairing armor, waiting for the moment to strike in force. We shall brandish our spears in Bing and Dai, sound our war bells in Qin and Zhao, sweep away the wicked, and cut down the arch-enemy. Then the imperial carriage may move north, the Central Plains will be restored, and we shall keep neighborly peace forever, matching the friendship of Qi and Lu. Let the four seas have a ruler to serve, let all people find refuge, and let the far wastes look up in allegiance—what glory could be greater!
8
永明元年，王洪範還京師，經途三萬餘里。 洪範，齊郡臨淄人，為太祖所親信。 建武中，為青冀二州刺史。 私占丁侵虜堺，奔敗結氣卒。
In the first year of Yongming, Wang Hongfan returned to the capital after a journey of more than thirty thousand li. Hongfan was from Linzi in Qi commandery and enjoyed the Founding Emperor's personal trust. During the Jianwu era he served as inspector of Qing and Ji. He privately seized households and encroached on the Wei frontier; after fleeing in defeat he died of choking rage.
9
芮芮王求醫工等物，世祖詔報曰：「知須醫及織成錦工、指南車、漏刻，竝非所愛。 南方治疾，與北土不同。 織成錦工，竝女人，不堪涉遠。 指南車、漏刻，此雖有其器，工匠久不復存，不副爲誤。」
The Rouran king asked for physicians and other items. Emperor Wu replied by edict: "We know you need physicians, brocade weavers, a south-pointing carriage, and a clepsydra—none of these are things we are willing to provide. Medicine in the south differs from practice in the north. Brocade weavers are all women and cannot endure a long journey. As for the south-pointing carriage and clepsydra, although the devices exist, the craftsmen who made them have long since vanished; it would be a mistake to send them."
10
自芮芮居匈奴故庭，十年，丁零胡又南攻芮芮，得其故地，芮芮稍南徙。 魏虜主元宏以其侵逼，遣偽平元王駕鹿渾、龍驤將軍楊延數十萬騎伐芮芮，大寒雪，人馬死者衆。
Ten years after the Rouran settled in the old Xiongnu heartland, the Dingling Hu attacked them from the south, seized that territory, and the Rouran gradually shifted southward. The Northern Wei ruler Yuan Hong, angered by their encroachments, sent the puppet Prince of Pingyuan Jialuhun and Dragon Charger General Yang Yan with several hundred thousand horsemen against the Rouran; bitter cold and snow killed multitudes of men and horses.
11
先是益州刺史劉悛遣使江景玄使丁零，宣國威德。 道經鄯善、于闐，鄯善爲丁零所破，人民散盡。 于闐尤信佛法。 丁零僭稱天子，勞接景玄使，反命。
Earlier, Liu Jun, inspector of Yizhou, sent the envoy Jiang Jingxuan to the Dingling to proclaim the empire's majesty and virtue. He passed through Shanshan and Khotan; Shanshan had been overrun by the Dingling and its people scattered. Khotan was especially devoted to Buddhism. The Dingling had presumptuously styled themselves Son of Heaven; they received Envoy Jingxuan with courtesy, and he returned to report.
12
芮芮常由河南道而抵益州。
The Rouran commonly traveled the Henan route to reach Yizhou.
13
河南，匈奴種也。 漢建武中，匈奴奴婢亡匿在涼州界雜種數千人，虜名奴婢爲貲，一謂之「貲虜」。 鮮卑慕容廆庶兄吐谷渾爲氐王。 在益州西北，亘數千里。 其南界龍涸城，去成都千餘里。 大戍有四，一在清水川，一在赤水，一在澆河，一在吐屈真川，皆子弟所治。 其王治慕駕川。 多畜，逐水草，無城郭。 後稍爲宮屋，而人民猶以氈廬百子帳爲行屋。 地常風寒，人行平沙中，沙礫飛起，行迹皆滅。 肥地則有雀鼠同穴，生黃紫花； 瘦地輙有鄣氣，使人斷氣，牛馬得之，疲汗不能行。
Henan was a Xiongnu people. In the Jianwu reign of Han, several thousand Xiongnu slaves fled and hid among mixed peoples on the Liangzhou frontier; the barbarians called slaves "property," whence the name "Property Barbarians." Tuyuhun, a younger half-brother of the Xianbei Murong Hui, became king of the Di. They lay northwest of Yizhou and stretched for thousands of li. Their southern border was Longgu City, over a thousand li from Chengdu. They maintained four major garrisons—at Qingshui River, Chishui, Jiao River, and Tuquzhen River—each governed by a royal son or younger brother. The king ruled from Mujia River. They raised many herds, followed pasture and water, and had no walled towns. They later built palaces of a sort, but the people still used felt tents and "hundred-son" marquees as their traveling homes. The land was perpetually windy and cold; when travelers crossed level sands, flying grit erased every footprint. On fertile ground sparrows and rats shared one burrow and yellow and purple flowers grew; on barren ground there was often a choking miasma that stopped men's breath; cattle and horses that breathed it grew weak, sweated, and could not go on.
14
宋初始受爵命，至宋末，河南王吐谷渾拾寅爲使持節、散騎常侍、都督西秦河沙三州諸軍事、車騎大將軍、開府儀同三司、領護羌校尉、西秦河二州刺史。
They first received titles and commissions under the Song; by the end of Song, King of Henan Tuyuhun Shiyin held the posts of Bearer of the Staff, Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry, Commander of Military Affairs in the Three Provinces of Western Qin, He, and Sha, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Grand Master with golden seal opening an office equal to the Three Excellencies, Colonel Protector of the Qiang, and Inspector of Western Qin and He.
15
建元元年，太祖即本官進號驃騎大將軍。 宋世遣武衞將軍王世武使河南，是歲隨拾寅使來獻。 詔答曰：「皇帝敬問使持節、散騎常侍、都督西秦河沙三州諸軍事、車騎大將軍、開府儀同三司、領護羌校尉、西秦河二州刺史、新除驃騎大將軍、河南王：寶命革授，爰集朕躬，猥當大業，祗惕兼懷。 夏中增感。 王世武至，得元徽五年五月二十一日表，聞之濕熱，想比平安。 又卿乃誠遙著，保寧遐壃。 今詔升徽號，以酬忠款。 遣王世武銜命拜授。 又仍使王世武等往芮芮，想即資遣，使得時達。 又奏所上馬等物悉至，今往別牒錦絳紫碧綠黃青等紋各十匹。」
In the first year of Jianyuan, the Founding Emperor was promoted from his existing post to general of agile cavalry. During Song, General of the Martial Guard Wang Shiwu was sent to Henan; that year he came with Shiyin's envoy bearing tribute. An edict replied: "The emperor respectfully greets the Bearer of the Staff, Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry, Commander of Military Affairs in Western Qin, He, and Sha, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Grand Master with an office equal to the Three Excellencies, Colonel Protector of the Qiang, Inspector of Western Qin and He, and newly appointed General of Agile Cavalry, King of Henan: the sacred mandate has passed to Us, and unworthily We bear the great task with reverence and fear. In midsummer Our feelings deepened. Wang Shiwu arrived with your memorial dated the twenty-first day of the fifth month of Yuanhui 5; hearing of the damp heat there, We trust you remain safe. Your loyalty shines from afar, guarding and pacifying the distant frontier. We now decree the advancement of your title in reward for your loyalty. We send Wang Shiwu with the commission to invest you. We also send Wang Shiwu and others on to Rouran; please supply and dispatch them promptly so they may arrive in time. We note your report that the horses and other tribute have all arrived; by separate dispatch We send brocades in crimson, purple, blue-green, green, yellow, and blue, ten bolts of each."
16
拾寅子易度侯好星文，嘗求星書，朝議不給。 寅卒，三年，以河南王世子吐谷渾易度侯爲使持節、都督西秦河沙三州諸軍事、鎮西將軍、領護羌校尉、西秦河二州刺史、河南王。 永明三年，詔曰：「易度侯守職西蕃，綏懷允緝，忠績兼舉，朕有嘉焉。 可進號車騎大將軍。」 遣給事中丘冠先使河南道，幷送芮芮使。 至六年乃還。 得玉長三尺二寸，厚一尺一寸。
Shiyin's son Yiduhou was fond of astronomy and once asked for star charts; the court refused to supply them. When Shiyin died, in the third year the heir of the King of Henan, Tuyuhun Yiduhou, was appointed Bearer of the Staff, Commander of Military Affairs in the Three Provinces of Western Qin, He, and Sha, General Who Pacifies the West, Colonel Protector of the Qiang, Inspector of Western Qin and He, and King of Henan. In the third year of Yongming, an edict read: "Yiduhou has kept his post on the western frontier, ruled with true harmony, and shown both loyalty and merit—we commend him. He is promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry." The court sent Attendant Within Qiu Guanxian on the Henan route and also to escort the Rouran envoy. He did not return until the sixth year. He brought back a jade slab three chi two cun long and one chi one cun thick.
17
易度侯卒，八年，立其世子休留茂爲使持節、督西秦河沙三州諸軍事、鎮西將軍、領護羌校尉、西秦河二州刺史。 復遣振武將軍丘冠先拜授，幷行弔禮。 冠先至河南，休留茂逼令先拜，冠先厲色不肯，休留茂恥其國人，執冠先於絕巖上推墮深谷而死。 冠先字道玄，吳興人，晉吏部郎傑六世孫也。 上初遣冠先，示尚書令王儉，儉答上曰：「此人不啻堪行。」 乃再銜命。 及死，世祖敕其子雄曰：「卿父受使河南，秉忠守死，不辱王命，我甚賞惜，喪屍絕域，不可復尋，於卿後宦塗無妨，甚有高比。」 賜錢十萬，布三十匹。
When Yiduhou died, in the eighth year his heir Xiulumao was appointed Bearer of the Staff, Supervisor of Military Affairs in the Three Provinces of Western Qin, He, and Sha, General Who Pacifies the West, Colonel Protector of the Qiang, and Inspector of Western Qin and He. The court again sent General Who Quells Martial Qiu Guanxian to invest him and offer condolences. When Guanxian reached Henan, Xiulumao tried to force him to bow first; Guanxian sternly refused. Ashamed before his people, Xiulumao seized him on a sheer cliff, pushed him into a deep ravine, and killed him. Guanxian, styled Daoxuan, was from Wuxing and a sixth-generation descendant of Jie, Minister of the Civil Service under the Jin. When the emperor first chose Guanxian, he showed him to Director Wang Jian, who told the throne: "This man is more than fit for the mission." So he was sent out again. After his death, Emperor Wu instructed his son Xiong: "Your father took the mission to Henan, kept faith unto death, and did not dishonor the imperial command. I prize and mourn him deeply. His body lies in a far land and cannot be recovered, but your official career will not suffer—you have a father to be proud of." He was granted one hundred thousand cash and thirty bolts of cloth.
18
氐楊氏，與苻氐同出略陽，漢世居仇池，地號百頃。 建安中，有百頃氐王是也。 晉世有楊茂，後轉彊盛，事見前史。 仇池四方壁立，自然有樓櫓却敵狀，高竝數丈。 有二十二道可攀緣而升，東西二門，盤道可七里。 上有岡阜泉源。 氐於上平地立宮室果園倉庫，無貴賤皆爲板屋土牆，所治處名洛谷。
The Yang clan of the Di, kin to the Fu Di, came from Lueyang; in Han times they lived at Chouchi, a place called Hundred Qing. In the Jian'an era there was a King of the Hundred-Qing Di—this was that line. In the Jin era there was Yang Mao; the clan later grew powerful—events are recorded in earlier histories. Chouchi rose on all sides like sheer walls, naturally forming towered ramparts to repel attack, several zhang high. Twenty-two paths allowed climbers to ascend; there were east and west gates, and the winding road ran about seven li. Above were hills and springs. On the plateau the Di built palaces, orchards, and storehouses; nobles and commoners alike lived in plank houses with earthen walls; their seat was called Luogu Valley.
19
宋元嘉十九年，龍驤將軍裴方明等伐氐，剋仇池，後爲魏虜所攻，失地。 氐王楊難當從兄子文德聚衆茄蘆，宋世加以爵位。 文德死，從弟僧嗣、文慶傳代之。 難當族弟廣香先奔虜，元徽中，爲虜攻殺文慶，以爲陰平公、茄蘆鎮主。 文慶從弟文弘爲白水太守，屯武興，朝議以爲輔國將軍、北秦州刺史、武都王仇池公。
In the nineteenth year of Yuanjia of Song, Dragon Charger General Pei Fangming and others attacked the Di and took Chouchi, but later the Northern Wei attacked them and they lost the territory. Wende, a cousin's son of the Di king Yang Nandang, gathered forces at Jialu and received titles under the Song. When Wende died, his younger cousins Sengsi and Wenqing succeeded him in turn. Nandang's clansman Guangxiang had earlier fled to the Northern Wei; in the Yuanhui era he attacked and killed Wenqing for them and was made Duke of Yinping and commander of Jialu. Wenqing's younger cousin Wenhong was administrator of Baishui and encamped at Wuxing; the court appointed him General Who Assists the State, Inspector of Northern Qin, King of Wudu, and Duke of Chouchi.
20
太祖即位，欲綏懷異俗。 建元元年，詔曰：「昔絕國入贄，美稱前冊，殊俗內款，聲流往記。 偽虜茄蘆鎮主、陰平郡公楊廣香，怨結同族，舋起親黨，當宋之世，遂舉地降敵。 茄蘆失守，華陽暫驚。 近單使先馳，宣揚皇威，廣香等追其遠世之誠，仰我惟新之化，肉袒請附，復地千里，氐羌雜種，咸同歸從。 宜時領納，厚加優卹。 廣香翻迷反正，可特量所授。 部曲酋豪，隨名酬賞。」 以廣香為督沙州諸軍事、平羌校尉、沙州刺史。 尋進號征虜將軍。
When the Founding Emperor took the throne, he sought to win over foreign peoples. In the first year of Jianyuan, an edict read: "In former times distant states brought tribute and won praise in earlier annals; foreign peoples submitted and their fame filled past records. Yang Guangxiang, the Northern Wei commander of Jialu and Duke of Yinping, bound by clan grievances and stirred up by kin, surrendered his territory to the enemy during Song. Jialu fell and Huayang was briefly thrown into alarm. Recently a lone envoy went ahead to proclaim imperial majesty; Guangxiang and others recalled their ancient loyalty, looked to Our renewing rule, came bare-chested to submit, restored a thousand li of territory, and Di and Qiang tribes alike returned to allegiance. They should be received at once and generously favored. Guangxiang, having turned from error back to loyalty, should receive a specially measured grant of office. Chieftains and leaders of his following are to be rewarded by name." Guangxiang was appointed Commander of Military Affairs in Shazhou, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and Inspector of Shazhou. Soon he was promoted to general who punishes the barbarians.
21
梁州刺史范柏年被誅，其親將李烏奴懼奔叛，文弘納之。 烏奴率亡命千餘人攻梁州，爲刺史王玄邈所破，復走還氐中。 荊州刺史豫章王嶷遣兵討烏奴，檄梁州能斬送烏奴首，賞本郡，烏奴田宅事業悉賜之。 與廣香書曰：
Fan Bonian, inspector of Liangzhou, was executed; his trusted officer Li Wunu, fearing for his life, fled in rebellion, and Wenhong took him in. Wunu led more than a thousand desperate men against Liangzhou, was defeated by Inspector Wang Xuanyao, and fled back to the Di lands. Xiao Yi, Prince of Yuzhang and inspector of Jingzhou, sent troops against Wunu and proclaimed that whoever in Liangzhou could deliver Wunu's head would receive his native commandery and all his lands and property. He wrote to Guangxiang:
22
夫廢興無謬，逆順有恒，古今共貫； 賢愚同察。 梁州刺史范柏年懷挾詭態，首鼠兩端，旣已被伐，盤桓稽命。 遂潛遣李烏奴叛。 楊文弘扇誘邊疆荒雜。 柏年今已梟禽，烏奴頻被摧破，計其餘燼，行自消夷。 今遣參軍行晉壽太守王道寶、參軍事行北巴西新巴二郡太守任湜之、行宕渠太守王安會領銳卒三千，遄塗風邁，浮川電掩。 又命輔國將軍三巴校尉明惠照、巴郡太守魯休烈、南巴西太守柳弘稱、益州刺史傅琰，竝簡徒競騖，選甲爭馳。 雍州水步，行次魏興，幷山東僑舊，會于南鄭。 或汎舟墊江，或飛旍劔道，腹背飆騰，表裏震擊。
Rise and fall follow no mistake; loyalty and rebellion have their constant law—past and present share one thread; the wise and the foolish see alike. Fan Bonian, inspector of Liangzhou, harbored treacherous designs and wavered between two sides; though already punished, he lingered and delayed his end. He then secretly sent Li Wunu into rebellion. Yang Wenhong stirred up the mixed peoples of the frontier. Bonian has already been executed; Wunu has been repeatedly defeated—their remaining embers will soon die out on their own. We now send Aide Wang Daobao, acting administrator of Jinshou; Staff Officer Ren Mizhi, acting administrator of Northern Ba-Xi and Xin-Ba; and acting administrator of Dangqu Wang Anhui, leading three thousand elite troops—swift as the wind on the road, lightning over the rivers. We also order General Who Assists the State and Colonel of Sanba Ming Huizhao, Administrator of Ba Lu Xiulie, Administrator of Southern Ba-Xi Liu Hongcheng, and Inspector of Yizhou Fu Yan—all to muster their forces at full speed and rush their best troops forward. Yongzhou's river and land forces will march by stages to Weixing, and together with the eastern émigré levies will assemble at Nanzheng. Some forces sailed the Dian River, others raced banners along the Sword Road—striking from front and rear like a gale, hammering within and without.
23
文弘容納叛戾，專爲淵藪，外侮皇威，內凌國族。 君弈世忠款，深識理順，想卽起義，應接大軍，共爲掎角，討滅烏奴，剋建忠勤，茂立誠節。 沈攸之資十年之積，權百旅之衆，師出境而城潰，兵未戰而自屠，朝廷無遺鏃之費，士民靡傷痍之弊。 況蕞爾小豎，方之篾如，其取殲殄，豈延漏刻。 忝以寡昧，分陝司蕃，清氛蕩穢，諒惟任職。 此府器械山積，戈旗林聳，士卒剽勁，蓄銳權威，除難剿寇，豈俟徵習！ 但以剪伐萌菌，弗勞洪斧，撲彼蚊蚋，無假多力。 皇上聖哲應期，恩澤廣被，罪止首惡，餘無所問。 賞罰之科，具寫如別。
Wenhong sheltered rebels and outlaws, turning his domain into a rebel nest; he affronted imperial authority abroad and bullied the imperial clan at home. You have been loyal for generations and understand where duty lies; we expect you to rise at once, join our main army in a pincer movement, destroy Wunu, win merit through loyalty, and stand as a model of integrity. Shen Youzhi had ten years of buildup and commanded armies a hundred brigades strong—yet his forces barely crossed the border before cities fell, and his men destroyed themselves without a battle; the court spent scarcely an arrow, and the people suffered hardly a wound. As for this petty rebel, he is not even a splinter beside Shen Youzhi—his destruction cannot take more than a moment. Though I am unworthy in my limited wisdom, I oversee the frontier and must clear away this corruption—that is my duty. This commandery's arms are heaped like mountains, its banners stand like a forest, its troops are fierce and ready—when cutting down rebels, why wait for drill! This is only clearing away sprouts—no need for the great axe; swatting gnats requires no great effort. Our sage emperor answers the times, and his grace is wide; guilt rests on the ringleader alone, and the rest will not be punished. Rewards and punishments are set forth in the attached schedule.
24
使道寶步出魏興，分軍泝墊江，俱會晉壽。 太祖以文弘背叛，進廣香爲持節、都督西秦州刺史。 廣香子北部鎮將軍郡事炅爲征虜將軍、武都太守。 以難當正胤楊後起爲持節、寧朔將軍、平羌校尉、北秦州刺史、武都王，鎮武興，卽文弘從兄子也。
Daobao marched out from Weixing, sent detachments up the Dian River, and all converged on Jinshou. Because Wenhong had rebelled, the Founding Emperor promoted Guangxiang to Bearer of the Staff and Commander of Western Qin. Guangxiang's son Jiong, who handled commandery affairs at the northern garrison, was appointed General Who Punishes the Barbarians and administrator of Wudu. Nandang's legitimate heir Yang Houqi was appointed Bearer of the Staff, General Who Pacifies the North, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, Inspector of Northern Qin, and King of Wudu, with his seat at Wuxing—Wenhong's cousin's son.
25
三年，文弘歸降，復以爲征西將軍、北秦州刺史。 先是廣香病死，氐衆半奔文弘，半詣梁州刺史崔慧景。 文弘遣從子後起進據白水。 白水居晉壽上流，西接涪界，東帶益路，北連陰平、茄蘆，爲形勝之地。 晉壽太守楊公則啓經略之宜，上答曰：「文弘罪不可恕，事中政應且加恩耳。 卿若能襲破白水，必加厚賞。」
In the third year Wenhong submitted again and was reappointed General Who Pacifies the West and Inspector of Northern Qin. Earlier Guangxiang had died; half the Di people went to Wenhong and half to Cui Huijing, inspector of Liangzhou. Wenhong sent his cousin's son Houqi to advance and occupy Baishui. Baishui lay upstream from Jinshou, bordered Fu to the west and the Yi road to the east, and linked Yinping and Jialu to the north—a strategic strongpoint. Jinshou administrator Yang Gongze submitted a plan of campaign; the emperor replied: "Wenhong's crime cannot be forgiven, yet for now the court should show him some grace. If you can storm and take Baishui, your reward will be greatly increased."
26
世祖即位，進後起號冠軍將軍。 永明元年，以征虜將軍炅為沙州刺史、陰平王，將軍如故。 二年，八座奏，後起勤彰款塞，忠著邊城。 進號征虜將軍。 四年，後起卒，詔曰：「後起奄至殞逝，惻愴于懷。 綏禦邊服，宜詳其選。 行輔國將軍、北秦州刺史、武都王楊集始，幹局沈亮，乃心忠款，必能緝境寧民、宣揚聲教。 可持節、輔國將軍、北秦州刺史、平羌校尉、武都王。」 後起弟後明為龍驤將軍、白水太守。 集始弟集朗為寧朔將軍。 五年，有司奏集始驅狐剪棘，仰化邊服。 母以子貴，宜加榮寵。 除集始母姜氏為太夫人，假銀印。 九年，八座奏，楊炅嗣勤西牧，馳款內昭，宜增戎章，用輝遐外。 進號前將軍。
When Emperor Wu took the throne, Houqi was promoted to general of the champion. In the first year of Yongming, General Who Punishes the Barbarians Jiong was appointed Inspector of Shazhou and King of Yinping, retaining his general's rank. In the second year the Eight Seats reported that Houqi's diligence had shown frontier loyalty and won renown on the border. He was promoted to general who punishes the barbarians. In the fourth year Houqi died; an edict read: "Houqi has died suddenly, and We are deeply grieved. To guard the frontier, the appointment must be carefully chosen. Acting General Who Assists the State, Inspector of Northern Qin, and King of Wudu Yang Jishi is capable and steadfastly loyal, and will surely pacify the frontier, settle the people, and spread imperial instruction. He is appointed Bearer of the Staff, General Who Assists the State, Inspector of Northern Qin, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and King of Wudu." Houqi's younger brother Houming was appointed general of the flying dragon and administrator of Baishui. Jishi's younger brother Jilang was appointed general who pacifies the north. In the fifth year the responsible offices reported that Jishi had cleared the frontier and won the border peoples' allegiance. As the mother is ennobled through her son, added honors are fitting. Jishi's mother, Lady Jiang, was made Grand Lady and granted a provisional silver seal. In the ninth year the Eight Seats reported that Yang Jiong had continued his loyal service on the western frontier and that his military honors should be increased to shine abroad. He was promoted to general of the vanguard.
27
十年，集始反，率氐、蜀雜衆寇漢川，梁州刺史陰智伯遣軍主寧朔將軍桓盧奴、梁季羣、宋△、王士隆等千餘人拒之，不利，退保白馬。 賊衆萬餘人縱兵火攻其城柵，盧奴拒守死戰。 智伯又遣軍主陰仲昌等馬步數千人救援。 至白馬城東千溪橋，相去數里，集始等悉力攻之，官軍內外奮擊，集始大敗，十八營一時潰走，殺獲數千人。 集始奔入虜堺。
In the tenth year Jishi rebelled and led Di and Shu mixed forces against Hanchuan; Yin Zhibo, inspector of Liangzhou, sent commanders including Colonel Who Pacifies the North Huan Lunu, Liang Jiqun, Song [name missing], and Wang Shilong with over a thousand men to resist; they failed and fell back to defend Baima. More than ten thousand rebels attacked the palisade with fire; Lunu held the defense and fought to the death. Zhibo sent Yin Zhongchang and other commanders with several thousand cavalry and infantry to relieve them. At the Qianxi Bridge east of Baima, a few li away, Jishi attacked with full force; government troops struck from within and without; Jishi was routed, eighteen camps fled at once, and several thousand were killed or captured. Jishi fled into Northern Wei territory.
28
隆昌元年，以前將軍楊炅爲使持節、督沙州諸軍事、平西將軍、平羌校尉、沙州刺史。
In the first year of Longchang, former general Yang Jiong was appointed Bearer of the Staff, Commander of Military Affairs in Shazhou, General Who Pacifies the West, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and Inspector of Shazhou.
29
集始入武興，以城降虜，氐人符幼孫起義攻之。
Jishi entered Wuxing and surrendered the city to the Wei; the Di leader Fu Yousun rose in revolt against him.
30
建武二年，氐、虜寇漢中。 梁州刺史蕭懿遣前氐王楊後起弟子元秀收合義兵，氐衆響應，斷虜運道。 虜亦遣偽南梁州刺史仇池公楊靈珍據泥山以相拒格。 元秀病死，符幼孫領其衆。 高宗詔曰：「仇池公楊元秀，氐王苗胤，乃心忠勇，醜虜凶逼，血誠彌厲，宣播朝威，招誘戎種，萬里齊契，響然歸從。 誠效顯著，寔有可嘉。 不幸殞喪，悽愴于懷。 夫死事加恩，陽秋明義。 宜追覃榮典，以弘勸獎。 贈仇池公。 持歸國。」
In the second year of Jianwu, Di and Wei forces raided Hanzhong. Inspector Xiao Yi sent Yuanxiu, nephew of the former Di king Yang Houqi, to gather loyal forces; Di tribes answered, cutting the enemy supply lines. The Wei also sent the puppet Southern Liangzhou inspector and Duke of Chouchi Yang Lingzhen to hold Nishan against them. Yuanxiu died of illness, and Fu Yousun took command of his forces. Emperor Gaozong's edict read: "Duke of Chouchi Yang Yuanxiu, of the Di royal line, was loyal and brave at heart; when the enemy pressed him hard his devotion only grew; he spread the court's authority and rallied the frontier tribes, and peoples far and near answered his call. His loyal service was clear and truly praiseworthy. His untimely death fills us with grief. Those who die in service deserve added honor—the Spring and Autumn Annals make that righteousness plain. Let posthumous honors be granted to encourage such loyalty. Grant him the posthumous title Duke of Chouchi. Grant him Bearer of the Staff and the privilege of returning to the state."
31
氐楊馥之聚義衆屯沮水關，城白馬北。 集始遣弟集朗率兵迎拒州軍於黃亘，戰大敗。 集始走下辯，馥之據武興。 虜軍尋退。 馥之留弟昌之守武興，自引兵據仇池。 詔曰：「氐王楊馥之，世纂忠義，率厲部曲，樹績邊城，克殄姦醜。 復內稟朝律，外撫戎荒，款心式昭，朕甚嘉之。 以爲持節、督北秦雍二州諸軍事、輔國將軍、平羌校尉、北秦州刺史、仇池公。」
The Di leader Yang Fuzhi gathered loyal forces and encamped at Jushui Pass, building a fort north of Baima. Jishi sent his brother Jilang to meet the provincial army at Huangxuan and suffered a crushing defeat. Jishi fled to Bian; Fuzhi took Wuxing. The Wei army soon withdrew. Fuzhi left his brother Changzhi to hold Wuxing and led his own forces to take Chouchi. An edict read: "Di King Yang Fuzhi has inherited loyalty for generations, led his followers well, won merit on the frontier, and destroyed the rebels. Inwardly he obeys the court's laws and outwardly he pacifies the frontier; his sincere heart is clear, and we commend him highly. He was appointed Bearer of the Staff, Commander of Military Affairs in Northern Qin and Yong, General Who Assists the State, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, Inspector of Northern Qin, and Duke of Chouchi."
32
沙州刺史楊炅進號安西將軍。 三年，炅死，以炅子崇祖爲假節、督沙州軍事、征虜將軍、平羌校尉、沙州刺史、陰平王。
Yang Jiong, inspector of Shazhou, was promoted to General Who Pacifies the West. In the third year Jiong died; his son Chongzu was appointed Provisional Bearer of the Staff, Commander of Military Affairs in Shazhou, General Who Punishes the Barbarians, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, Inspector of Shazhou, and King of Yinping.
33
四年，偽南梁州刺史楊靈珍與二弟婆羅、阿卜珍率部曲三萬餘人舉城歸附，送母及子雙健、阿皮於南鄭爲質。 梁州刺史陰廣宗遣中兵參軍王思考率衆救援，爲虜所得，婆羅、阿卜珍戰死。 靈珍攻集始於武興，殺其二弟集同、集衆。 集始窮急，請降。 以靈珍爲持節、督隴右軍事、征虜將軍、北梁州刺史、仇池公、武都王。 永元二年，復以集始爲使持節、督秦雍二州軍事、輔國將軍、平羌校尉、北秦州刺史。 靈珍後爲虜所殺。
In the fourth year the puppet Southern Liangzhou inspector Yang Lingzhen, with his brothers Poluo and Abuzhen, led more than thirty thousand followers in surrendering their city; they sent his mother and sons Shuangjian and Api to Nanzheng as hostages. Inspector Yin Guangzong sent Central Army Aide Wang Sikao with troops to rescue them; the Wei captured him; Poluo and Abuzhen died in battle. Lingzhen attacked Jishi at Wuxing and killed his brothers Jitong and Jizhong. Jishi, desperate, asked to surrender. Lingzhen was appointed Bearer of the Staff, Commander of Longyou Military Affairs, General Who Punishes the Barbarians, Inspector of Northern Liang, Duke of Chouchi, and King of Wudu. In the second year of Yongyuan, Jishi was again appointed Bearer of the Staff, Commander of Military Affairs in Qin and Yong, General Who Assists the State, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and Inspector of Northern Qin. Lingzhen was later killed by the Wei.
34
自虜陷仇池以後，或得或失。 宋以仇池爲郡，故以氐封焉。
After the Wei seized Chouchi, control passed back and forth. Song made Chouchi a commandery and enfeoffed the Di accordingly.
35
宕昌，羌種也。 各有酋豪，領部眾汧、隴閒。 宋末，宕昌王梁彌機為使持節、督河涼二州、安西將軍、東羌校尉、河涼二州刺史、隴西公。 建元元年，太祖進號鎮西將軍。 又征虜將軍、西涼州刺史羌王像舒彭亦進為持節、平西將軍。 後叛降虜。 永明元年，八座奏，前使持節、都督河涼二州軍事、鎮西將軍，東羌校尉、河涼二州刺史、隴西公、宕昌王梁彌機，前使持節、平北將軍、西涼州刺史、羌王像舒彭，竝著勤西垂，寧安邊境，可復先官爵。 詔又可以隴右都帥羌王劉洛羊為輔國將軍。
Dangchang was a Qiang people. Each tribe had chieftains leading their followers between the Qian and Long region. At the end of Song, King of Dangchang Liang Miji held the posts of Bearer of the Staff, Commander of He and Liang, General Who Pacifies the West, Colonel of the Eastern Qiang, Inspector of He and Liang, and Duke of Longxi. In the first year of Jianyuan, the Founding Emperor promoted him to general who guards the west. The Qiang king Xiang Shupeng, general who punishes the barbarians and inspector of Xiliang, was likewise promoted to bearer of the staff and general who pacifies the west. Later he rebelled and surrendered to the Wei. In the first year of Yongming the Eight Seats reported that the former King of Dangchang Liang Miji and the former Qiang king Xiang Shupeng had both served faithfully on the western frontier and secured the border, and that their former offices and titles should be restored. An edict also appointed Longyou commander Liu Luoyang, king of the Qiang, general who assists the state.
36
梁彌機卒。 三年，詔曰：「行宕昌王梁彌頡，忠款內附，著績西服，宜加爵命，式隆蕃屏。 可使持節、督河涼二州諸軍事、安西將軍、東羌校尉、河涼二州刺史、隴西公、宕昌王。」 頡卒。 六年，以行宕昌王梁彌承爲使持節、督河涼二州諸軍事、安西將軍、東羌校尉、河涼二州刺史、宕昌王。 使求軍儀及伎雜書，詔報曰：「知須軍儀等九種，竝非所愛。 但軍器種甚多，致之未易。 內伎不堪涉遠。 祕閣圖書，例不外出。 五經集注、論語，今特敕賜王各一部。」 俗重虎皮，以之送死，國中以爲貨。
Liang Miji died. In the third year an edict read: "Acting King of Dangchang Liang Miqie has loyally submitted and won merit on the western frontier; he should receive higher titles to strengthen the border. He was appointed Bearer of the Staff, Commander of Military Affairs in He and Liang, General Who Pacifies the West, Colonel of the Eastern Qiang, Inspector of He and Liang, Duke of Longxi, and King of Dangchang." Miqie died. In the sixth year, Acting King of Dangchang Liang Micheng was appointed Bearer of the Staff, Commander of Military Affairs in He and Liang, General Who Pacifies the West, Colonel of the Eastern Qiang, Inspector of He and Liang, and King of Dangchang. His envoy requested military regalia and books of entertainments; the court replied: "We know you need military regalia and nine other items—none of these are things we are willing to provide. Military equipment comes in many kinds and is not easy to send. Palace performers cannot endure a long journey. Books from the Secret Archive are not lent outside by rule. We grant you one copy each of the Collected Commentaries on the Five Classics and the Analects by special edict." They value tiger skins highly and use them in funerals; within the realm they serve as currency.
37
史臣曰：氐、胡獷盛，乘運迭起，秦、趙僭差，相係覆滅，餘類蠢蠢，被西疆而奄北際。 芮芮地窮幽都，戎馬天隔。 氐楊密邇，華、夷分民接境，侵犯漢、漾，浸逼狼狐，疆埸之心，窺望威德，梁部多難，於斯爲梗。 殘羌遺種，際運肇昌，盡隴憑河，遠通南驛，據國稱蕃，竝受職命。 晉氏衰敗，中朝淪覆，滅餘四夷，庶雪戎禍，授以兵杖，升進軍麾，後代因仍，貪廣聲教，綏外懷遠，先名後實。 貿易有無，世開邊利，羽毛齒革，无損於我。 若夫九種之事，有△△至於此也。
The historian writes: The Di and Hu grew fierce in their season; the states of Qin and Zhao rose in arrogance and fell in turn; the remnant tribes stirred on the western marches and pressed the northern frontier. The Rouran reached the far north, their cavalry separated from China by heaven itself. The Yang Di lay close by where Chinese and barbarians met; they encroached on Han and Yang and pressed toward Lang and Hu; the frontier looked to imperial virtue, and Liang province's troubles centered here. Qiang remnants seized their moment, held Longyou and the river routes, reached south along the courier roads, ruled as vassal states, and all received imperial commissions. When the Jin fell and the central court collapsed, the hope was to crush the four barbarians and avenge frontier disasters; arms and banners were granted them; later dynasties carried on the policy, eager to extend civilization abroad—title first, substance after. Trade in what each side lacked opened border profit—feathers, hides, and ivory cost us nothing. As for the affairs of the nine frontier peoples, [text lost] comes to this.
38
贊曰：芮芮、河南，同出胡種。 稱王僭帝，擅彊專統。 氐、羌孽餘，散出河、隴。 來賔往叛，放命承宗。
In praise: Rouran and Henan alike sprang from Hu stock. They styled themselves kings and emperors and ruled by force alone. Di and Qiang remnants scattered along the He and Long frontier. They came as guests and went as rebels, defying fate yet keeping their lines.