Chang Shun (長順) | 24 Histories

Overview

Chang Shun was a general.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Courtesy name	Heting	鶴汀	Heting
Posthumous name	Zhongjing	忠靖	Zhongjing
Nickname	Little General Zhang	小長將軍

Life and dates

Death

AD 1904 三十年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 220

Age

Text: 年未四十 · Qualifier: not-yet-forty
AD 1864 同治三年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 188

Attested activity

AD 1894 二十年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 203-204
AD 1899 二十五年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 214
AD 1904 三十年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 220
AD 1900 二十六年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 467, passage 156
AD 1895 光緒二十一年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 467, passage 168
AD 1894 to AD 1895 光緒二十年……值中日戰亟
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 452, passage 156

Show 12 more source-backed claims

AD 1876 光緒二年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 196
AD 1888 光緒十四年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 200
AD 1862 to AD 1880 列傳總敘（與宋慶同卷）
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 2
AD 1864 同治三年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 185, 187
AD 1862 同治元年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 182
AD 1869 同治八年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 194
AD 1867 同治六年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 192
AD 1895 和議成
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 213
AD 1900 拳亂作
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 215
AD 1904 to AD 1905 日俄之戰
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 219
AD 1894 to AD 1895 逾歲，海城陷，遼西危棘，詔責長順守遼陽
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 151
AD 1860 隨文宗車駕狩熱河
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 179

Key source chapters

Origins and identity

Ethnicity Manchu 滿洲
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 178
Lineage Daohuri Gorbier clan 達呼裡郭貝爾氏
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 178

Career and standing

assistant commissioner at Hami 哈密幫辦大臣
AD 1876 光緒二年 · Acted as
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 196
frontier commander at Barkul 巴里坤領隊大臣
AD 1876 光緒二年 · Acted as
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 196
commander of all Fengtian forces 節制奉天各軍
AD 1894 二十年 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 204
General of Jilin 吉林將軍
AD 1899 二十五年 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 214
commandant of the Plain White Chinese Banner 正白旗漢軍都統
AD 1877 光緒三年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 199
grand minister of the interior 內大臣
AD 1877 光緒三年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 199

Show 17 more source-backed claims

general of Jilin 吉林將軍
AD 1888 光緒十四年 · Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 十四年 · Western Year: AD 1888
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 200
vice commandant 副都統
AD 1864 同治三年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 187
vice commandant of the Bordered Red Chinese Banner 鑲紅旗漢軍副都統
AD 1869 同治八年 · Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 八年 · Western Year: AD 1869
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 194
acting general of Uliastai 烏里雅蘇台將軍
AD 1871 同治十年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 195
military affairs of Fengtian and Jilin 奉、吉軍事
AD 1900 拳亂作 · Entrusted
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 217
blue-lance bodyguard 藍翎侍衛
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 179
Entehe'en Batulu 恩特赫恩巴圖魯
Bestowed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 183
first-rank court dress 頭品服
Bestowed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 187
enshrined in the Temple of Worthies 入祀賢良祠
AD 1904 三十年 · Posthumously granted
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 220
Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent 太子少保
AD 1904 三十年 · Posthumously granted
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 220
rewards 賞賚
Received
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 193
first-class Qingche duwei 一等輕車都尉
AD 1904 三十年 · Posthumously granted
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 220
Entered
AD 1895 和議成 · Leave for illness
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 213
Promoted
AD 1862 同治元年 · Second rank
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 182
Promoted
First rank
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 184
Restored
AD 1876 光緒二年 · Office restored · From Source Date: Text: 光緒二年 · Western Year: AD 1876
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 196
Dismissed
AD 1871 同治十年 · Dismissal
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 195

Places and affiliations

Polity Qing 清 · Relation Associated
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 2
Polity Qing 清 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 151, 178, 204, 214, 217
At Buteha 布特哈
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 178
AD 1899 二十五年
At Jilin 吉林 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 214
At Benxihu 本溪湖 · Relation Posted troops to
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 207
At Shahe 沙河 · Relation Posted troops to
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 206

Show 1 more source-backed claim

Organization Manchu Plain White Banner 滿洲正白旗 · Relation Member of
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 178

Learning and skills

Skill daring personal combat with short spear 恆持短矛單騎穿賊陣 · Level renowned
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 222

Works and attributed material

Jilin Gazetteer 吉林通志
Relation Commissioned
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 202
Urged join forces
Memorial · Author · With Song Qing (宋慶) · Mode self-report
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 210
拳匪不可恃，東省鐵路隨地皆駐俄兵，宜善為羈縻，寧嚴守以待戰，毋先戰以啟釁
AD 1900 拳亂作 · Memorial · Author · Mode self-report
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 216
遼陽有失，唯長順是問
Edict · Addressee · Mode named-source-report
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 204
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 186

Events and relationships

Accompanied emperor hunt
AD 1860 隨文宗車駕狩熱河 · Court · Escort · At Rehe 熱河 · With Emperor Xianfeng (文宗)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 179
Ambushed and defeated rebels around Lanzhou and Hezhou
AD 1867 同治六年 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 193
Attacked
AD 1894 二十年 · Military · Commander · At Haicheng 海城 · Outcome Failed after several days
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 210
Blood oath with officers
AD 1894 to AD 1895 既至，議以攻為守 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 152-153
Campaigned against Nian
AD 1861 to AD 1862 徵捻 · Military · Officer
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 181
Captured Qingshuibao and Ningxia
AD 1864 同治三年 · Military · Commander · At Ningxia 寧夏 · With Ma Hualong (馬化隆) · From Source Date: Text: 三年 · Western Year: AD 1864
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 185-187

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Defeated rebels
AD 1862 to AD 1864 多隆阿主陝西軍事 · Military · Officer · At Tongguan 潼關
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 183
Deterred enemy advance
AD 1894 二十年 · Military · Commander · At Liaoyang 遼陽 · Outcome Japanese halted; Liaoyang preserved
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 208-209
Directed campaign and relied on Xu Qingzhang
AD 1894 to AD 1895 光緒二十年……值中日戰亟 · Military · Front commander · With Xu Qingzhang (徐慶璋)
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 452, passage 156
Disagreed on Liaoyang strategy
AD 1894 to AD 1895 議遼陽戰守 · Military · Commander · At Liaoyang 遼陽 · With Yike Tang'a (依克唐阿)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 172
Entered with light escort
AD 1894 二十年 · Military · Commander · At Liaoyang 遼陽
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 207
Found Qianlong boundary stele
AD 1876 to AD 1877 新疆南路勘界 · Diplomatic · Boundary settler · At southern Xinjiang 新疆南路
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 197-198
Kept province secure
AD 1900 戰釁既開 · Military · Commander · At Jilin 吉林 · Outcome Jilin remained tranquil while Fengtian and Heilongjiang suffered
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 218
Maintained neutrality
AD 1904 to AD 1905 日俄之戰 · Diplomatic · Governor
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 219
Opposed war
AD 1900 拳亂作 · Political · Advisor
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 215
Ordered to hold Liaoyang
AD 1894 to AD 1895 逾歲，海城陷 · Military · Commander · At Liaoyang 遼陽 · With Yike Tang'a (依克唐阿)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 151
Ordered to relieve
AD 1894 二十年 · Military · Commander · At Liaoyang 遼陽
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 203-204
Reformed Jilin governance
AD 1888 光緒十四年 · Administration · Governor · At Jilin 吉林
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 201
Relieved siege
AD 1862 同治元年 · Military · Commander · At Yingzhou 潁州 · From Source Date: Text: 同治元年 · Western Year: AD 1862
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 182
Requested leave for illness
AD 1895 和議成 · Political · Subject
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 213
Returned to relieve
AD 1894 二十年 · Military · Commander · At Liaoyang 遼陽 · With Yike Tang'a (依克唐阿) · Outcome City unscathed
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 212
Suppressed bandits
AD 1860 to AD 1861 會馬賊陷朝陽 · Military · Officer · At Chaoyang 朝陽 · With Wenxiang (文祥)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 180
Suppressed riot
AD 1894 二十年 · Military · Commander · At Liaoyang 遼陽 · Outcome Executed one rioter; sent remaining troops to Shahe
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 205-206
Transferred to Lanzhou
AD 1867 同治六年 · Military · Commander · At Lanzhou 蘭州 · From Source Date: Text: 六年 · Western Year: AD 1867
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 192
Wounded then recovered Xianyang
AD 1862 to AD 1864 進攻咸陽馬家堡 · Military · Commander · At Majiabao, Xianyang 咸陽馬家堡
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 184
Relation Subordinate of · Person Wenxiang (文祥)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 180
Relation Subordinate of · Person Senggebao (勝保)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 181
Relation Subordinate of · Person Zuo Zongtang (左宗棠)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 196
Relation Cooperated with · Person Xu Qingzhang (徐慶璋)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 205-206, 212
Relation Military colleague of · Person Yike Tang'a (依克唐阿)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 212, 226
Relation Sworn brother of · Person Yike Tang'a (依克唐阿)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 171
Relation Treated as younger sworn brother of · Person Yike Tang'a (依克唐阿)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 171
Relation Subordinate of · Person Duo Long'a (多隆阿)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 183
Relation Military colleague of · Person Chen Shi (陳湜)
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 211
Relation Requested joint attack order from · Person Liu Kunyi (劉坤一)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 211
Relation Requested reinforcement from · Person Song Qing (宋慶)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 210

Assessments and attributes

Assessment always led assaults into hard fighting · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 188
Assessment dreaded by rebels who warned one another not to engage him · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 190-191
Assessment fine general combining counsel and courage; often used few to overcome many · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 222-223
Assessment foresight · Mode hearsay
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 218
Assessment often turned defeat into victory by flanking or blocking · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 189
Assessment reckless courage · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 181

Show 5 more source-backed claims

Assessment seasoned and cautious judgment · Mode named-source-report
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 217
Assessment with I Ketang'a preserved Liaoyang without loss; praised at home and abroad · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 226
His banners were white
Banner color
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 190
tall and broad-shouldered, ruddy face, full imposing beard and brows
Physical description
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 221
Item short spear 短矛 · Relation Used
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 222

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 452, passage 156; Draft History of Qing 461, passage 2

References in the histories

Search passages

History

22 passages

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 452Volume 452 Biographies 239: Hong Rukui, Yang Zonglian, Shi Pu, Shi Kekuan, Shen Baojing, Zhu Qiang Younger Brother: Qi Zhao, Zong Yuanhan, Xu Qingzhang, Xu Zhen, Kuai Guangdian, Chen Yusheng, Pan Minbiao, Yan Zuolin, Tang Xijin, Lou Chunfan · 1 passage

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長順、依克唐阿方督戰，皆倚以為重，屢詔嘉獎。 Chang Shun and Yike Tang'a, then commanding the front, both relied heavily on him, and the throne repeatedly commended his service.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 461Volume 461 Biographies 248: Song Qing, Lv Benyuan, Xu Bangdao, Ma Yukun, Yi Ke Tang A, Rong He, Zhang Shun · 19 passages

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宋慶呂本元徐邦道馬玉昆依克唐阿榮和長順宋慶，字祝三，山東萊州人。 Biographies of Song Qing, Lü Benyuan, Xu Bangdao, Ma Yukun, Yi Ketang'a, Rong He, and Zhang Shun. Song Qing, courtesy name Zhusan, was from Laizhou in Shandong.

逾歲，海城陷，遼西危棘，詔責長順守遼陽，依克唐阿助之，發帑金五十萬濟依軍。 A year later Haicheng fell and western Liaodong faced disaster; the court ordered Zhang Shun to hold Liaoyang with I Ketang'a's assistance and allocated five hundred thousand taels from the treasury to his army.

初與長順訂兄弟交，長順兄事之。 He and Zhang Shun had sworn brotherhood; Zhang Shun treated him as the elder of the two.

長順，字鶴汀，達呼裡郭貝爾氏，隸滿洲正白旗，世居布特哈。 Zhang Shun, whose style was Heting, belonged to the Daohuri Gorbier clan of the Plain White Banner, with his family long settled at Buteha.

多隆阿主陝西軍事，調赴軍，至潼關，大敗寇眾，賜號恩特赫恩巴圖魯。 When Duo Long'a commanded in Shaanxi, Zhang Shun was transferred to his force, won a great victory at Tongguan, and received the title Entehe'en Batulu.

長順曰：「不先翦其羽翼，城未可克也！」 Zhang Shun said: "Unless we cut off his outlying wings first, we will never take the city!"

時長順年未四十，而戰常陷堅。 Zhang Shun was not yet forty, yet he always led the assault himself.

其旗幟尚白，寇望見之，輙呼曰：「小長將軍至矣！」 His banners were white; rebels who sighted them would cry out: "Little General Zhang is here!"

時省城戎備寡，回眾數千突來犯，長順率百人隱小溝，出不意疾擊之，寇愕走，又敗之平番、皋蘭、狄道，既复規取河州，連破太子寺、高家集，被賞賚。 Lanzhou was thinly garrisoned when several thousand rebels attacked; Zhang Shun hid a hundred men in a ditch, sprang an ambush, and routed them, then defeated them again at Pingfan, Gaolan, and Didao; pressing toward Hezhou he took Taizisi and Gaojiaji in succession and was richly rewarded.

至是，長順陟巉岩，披蒙茸，獲見高宗御書界碑，俄使始無異辭，乃定。 Zhang Shun then climbed rugged cliffs through thick brush, found the boundary stele inscribed by the Qianlong emperor, and the Russians at last raised no objection; the line was fixed.

朝命長順往援，節制奉天各軍，並嚴詔：「遼陽有失，唯長順是問。」 The court ordered Zhang Shun to the rescue with command over all Fengtian forces, and issued a stern warning: "If Liaoyang fell, he alone would answer for it."

會長順領百騎至，斬閧者一，餘令還駐沙河。 Zhang Shun then arrived with a hundred cavalry, executed one of the ringleaders, and sent the rest back to camp at Shahe.

先是長順被命以軍五千分隊應赴，先至者令壁本溪湖，自輕騎入遼陽。 He had been ordered to bring five thousand men in columns; the first detachments he posted at Benxihu while he rode into Liaoyang with only a light escort.

已而進攻海城，戰數日弗勝，長順奏趣宋慶會師，詔不許。 He then pushed an attack on Haicheng but failed after several days; he asked the court to hurry Song Qing to join him, and was refused.

及日軍繞道復攻遼陽，適慶璋守靦峒峪，長順與依克唐阿回援，得無恙。 When the Japanese circled back to strike Liaoyang again, Xu Qingzhang was holding Miantongyu; Zhang Shun and I Ketang'a rushed back and the city came through unscathed.

拳亂作，俄羅斯內犯，奉天、黑龍江皆主戰，長順獨持不可。 When the Boxer rising brought Russian invasion, Fengtian and Heilongjiang both urged war; Zhang Shun alone argued against it.

三十年，卒，贈太子少保，予一等輕車都尉，諡忠靖，入祀賢良祠。 He died in the thirtieth year, was posthumously made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and first-class Qingche duwei, given the posthumous name Zhongjing (Loyal and Tranquil), and enshrined in the Temple of Worthies.

長順聳幹赬面，鬚眉灑然。 Zhang Shun was tall and broad-shouldered, with a ruddy face and a full, imposing beard.

東三省練軍自成軍後，終未當大敵，而依克唐阿、長順一奮其氣，遂保遼陽而無失，中外稱之。 The provincial armies of the northeast had never faced a first-class enemy since their creation, yet I Ketang'a and Zhang Shun, rallying their men once, held Liaoyang without loss — a feat praised at home and abroad.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 467Volume 467 Biographies 254: Li Bingheng, Wang Tingxiang, Nie Shicheng, Luo Rongguang, Shou Shan Zu Sun : Rui Chang, Feng Xiang, Chong Yu · 2 passages

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三姓、呼倫貝爾又紛紛告警，壽山亟電吉林將軍長順會攻哈爾濱，然猶囑其語俄總監工，謂若罷兵，願以全家質。 Sanxing and Hulunbuir also sent alarms; Shoushan wired Jilin Governor Chang Shun to attack Harbin jointly, yet still told the Russian chief engineer that if they halted he would pledge his whole family.

光緒二十一年，中日事起，將軍長順赴奉督師，鳳翔任餽運，給食不乏。 In 1895, when war broke out between China and Japan, General Chang Shun went to Fengtian to command; Fengxiang handled transport and food never ran short.