Emperor Taizu of Jin (金太祖)

Overview

Emperor Taizu of Jin was a Jurchen leader Wanyan Aguda and founding emperor of the Jin dynasty.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Aguda	阿骨打	Āgǔdǎ
Posthumous name	Emperor Dasheng Wuyuan	大聖武元皇帝
Temple name	Martial Origin Emperor	武元皇帝
Epithet	founding ancestor	藝祖

Life and dates

Death

AD 1123 太祖崩
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 220

Attested activity

AD 1101 乾統元年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 27, passage 27
AD 1112 天慶二年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 102, passages 5, 7, 9
AD 1114 四年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 102, passage 13
AD 1121 天輔五年
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 19, passages 2, 215
AD 1068 to AD 1123 Emperor Taizu of Jin (AD 1068-1123)
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 32, passages 2-3; History of Jin 33, passages 1-2
AD 1117 七年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 28, passage 106

Show 22 more source-backed claims

AD 1115 五年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 28, passages 1-2
AD 1118 八年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 28, passage 112
AD 1120 十年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 28, passage 162
AD 1106 四年丙戌
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 135, passage 47
AD 1113 天慶三年
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passage 197
AD 1112 天慶二年
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passages 168, 170, 182; History of Liao 54, passages 23-24
AD 1114 天慶四年
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passage 215
AD 1123 天輔七年
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 46, passages 106, 109
AD 1118 天輔二年十二月
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 135, passage 68
AD 1121 天輔五年
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 46, passage 100
AD 1122 天輔六年
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 46, passage 104
AD 1068 to AD 1123 太祖
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 68, passage 44
AD 1068 to AD 1123 太祖（世祖之子）
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 59, passage 250
AD 1115 to AD 1123 太祖之猛安
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 209
AD 1122 太祖取燕前後
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 78, passage 15
AD 1114 to AD 1123 太祖征遼
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 35, passages 87, 108, 110, 138
AD 1115 太祖無變舊風之訓
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 45, passage 34
AD 1115 太祖肇造
Directly stated · History of Jin 46, passage 8
AD 1115 to AD 1123 太祖諸子
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 69, passage 1
AD 1116 收國二年
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 46, passages 95-96
AD 1115 收國元年九月
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 135, passage 52
AD 1114 秋七月
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 27, passages 219, 223

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Ancestor of Emperor Xizong (熙宗)
eldest grandson 長孫 · 2 generations
Directly stated · History of Jin 32, passage 190
Sibling of Emperor Taizong (太宗)
brother 兄弟 · Full siblings
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 32, passages 3-4
Spouse of Empress Shengmu (聖穆皇后)
chief wife 元妃 · Primary marriage
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 3
Kin of Zongxiong (宗雄)
clansman of a junior generation 族子
Directly stated · History of Jin 46, passage 100
Kin of Boluohuo (婆盧火)
clansman 宗人
Directly stated · History of Jin 46, passage 101
Spouse of Dunuke (獨奴可)
consort 娘子 · Concubinage
Directly stated · History of Jin 69, passage 10
Sibling of Emperor Kangzong (康宗)
elder brother 兄 · Full siblings
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 32, passages 21, 33
Spouse of Empress Xuanxian (宣獻皇后)
empress 皇后
Directly stated · History of Jin 69, passage 7
Spouse of Empress Qinxian (欽憲皇后)
empress 皇后
Directly stated · History of Jin 69, passage 6
Spouse of Empress Shengmu (聖穆皇后)
empress 皇后 · Primary marriage
Directly stated · History of Jin 69, passage 4
Spouse of Empress Guangyi (光懿皇后)
empress 皇后
Directly stated · History of Jin 69, passage 5
Parent of Zongwang (宗望)
father 父
son 子
Sources vary in certainty · History of Jin 69, passage 6; History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Zong Min (宗敏)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 69, passage 8
Parent of Zongyao (宗堯)
father 父
son 子
sons 諸子 · paternal line
Sources vary in certainty · History of Jin 69, passage 7; History of Jin 59, passage 461; History of Jin 19, passage 14
Parent of Gahuo (斡忽)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 69, passage 10
Parent of Zongbi (宗弼)
father 父
son 子
Sources vary in certainty · History of Jin 69, passage 8; History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Elu (訛魯)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 69, passage 6
Parent of Zong Jie (宗傑)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 69, passage 4
Parent of Zong Jun (宗峻)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 69, passage 4
Parent of Xinilie (習泥烈)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 69, passage 9
Parent of Ningji (甯吉)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 69, passage 9
Parent of Wulie (烏烈)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 69, passage 4
Parent of Eluduo (訛魯朵)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 69, passage 7
Parent of Yansun (燕孫)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 69, passage 9
Parent of Zong Juan (宗雋)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 69, passage 6
Parent of Zong Qiang (宗強)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 69, passage 8
Parent of Zong Gan (宗幹)
father 父
son 子
Sources vary in certainty · History of Jin 69, passage 5; History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Emperor Huizong (徽宗)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 32, passages 3, 5
Child of Emperor Shizu (世祖)
father 父
son 子
Sources vary in certainty · History of Jin 32, passages 30, 34; History of Jin 59, passage 250
Spouse of Honored Consort Xiao (崇妃蕭氏)
honored consort 崇妃 · Concubinage
Directly stated · History of Jin 69, passage 9
Sibling of Ang (昂)
imperial younger brother 皇弟
Directly stated · History of Jin 46, passage 105
Sibling of Yu (昱)
imperial younger brother 皇弟
Directly stated · History of Jin 46, passage 100
Kin of Zongxian (宗賢)
nephew by the collateral line 從姪
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 870
Spouse of Lady Wugulun (烏古論氏)
primary consort 元妃 · Secondary marriage
Directly stated · History of Jin 69, passage 8
Child of Elder brother of Yangge (楊割之兄)
same father as Wugusun 弟
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 27, passage 27
Parent of Zongjun (宗峻)
son 子 · paternal line
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 2
Parent of Ningji (寧吉)
son 子
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Xinilie (習泥烈)
son 子
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Wohu (斡忽)
son 子
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Zongmin (宗敏)
son 子
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Elu (訛魯)
son 子
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Jingxuan (景宣)
son 子
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Yansun (燕孫)
son 子
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Zongqiang (宗強)
son 子
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Wulie (烏烈)
son 子
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Eluduo (訛魯朶)
son 子
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Zongjie (宗傑)
son 子
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 461
Parent of Zongjun (宗雋)
son 子
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 461
Sibling of Nianhan (粘罕)
younger brother 弟 · Uncertain siblings
younger brother 弟
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passages 174, 223
Sibling of Hushe (胡舍)
younger brother 弟 · Uncertain siblings
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passage 223
Sibling of Wugusun (烏雅束)
younger brother 弟 · Full siblings
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passage 27
Sibling of Wukimai (吳乞買)
younger brother 弟
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passage 174
Sibling of Hushe (胡舍)
younger brother 弟
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passage 174

Kinship Role sons · Count 16
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 461

Key source chapters

Origins and identity

Ethnicity Jurchen 女直
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passage 223; History of Liao 28, passages 1, 106
Ethnicity Raw Jurchen 生女直
Directly stated · History of Liao 102, passages 6-7
Jurchen 女直
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passages 26-27; History of Liao 54, passage 24

Career and standing

Emperor Yingqian Xingyun Zhaode Dinggong Ruishen Zhuangxiao Renming Dasheng Wuyuan 應乾興運昭德定功睿神莊孝仁明大聖武元皇帝
Augmented
Directly stated · History of Jin 32, passage 72
Emperor Dasheng Wuyuan 大聖武元皇帝
Posthumously conferred
Directly stated · History of Jin 32, passage 3
Assumed
Emperor
Directly stated · History of Liao 28, passage 106
Emperor · Polity Jin 金
Directly stated · History of Liao 28, passage 106

Places and affiliations

Jin 金
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · History of Jin 46, passages 7-8
Jin 金
Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 59, passage 2
Jin
Relation Affiliated with
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 19, passage 2
Polity Jin
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 68, passage 44
Polity Jin 金 · Relation Associated with
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 32, passage 3
Polity Jin 金 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · History of Jin 45, passage 34

Show 3 more source-backed claims

Polity Jin 金 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 35, passage 87
Polity Id liao · Relation Opposed
Directly stated · History of Liao 28, passages 1, 32
Organization hezha meng'an 合紮猛安 · Relation Owner of
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 209

Works and attributed material

Imperial edict · Author · Speaker Emperor Taizu of Jin (金太祖) · Addressed to Shi Liai (時立愛) · Topic discipline of Jin troops and pacification of surrendered populations · With Woluo Ali (斡羅阿裏)
Directly stated · History of Jin 78, passages 162-167
Imperial edict · Author · Speaker Emperor Taizu of Jin (金太祖) · Addressed to Shi Liai (時立愛) · Topic retention of local officials and release of prisoners
Directly stated · History of Jin 78, passages 155-156
Edict · Author · With Saha (撒喝)
Directly stated · History of Jin 135, passages 55-58
Edict · Author · With King of Goryeo (高麗王)
Directly stated · History of Jin 135, passages 68-69
Edict · Author · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Emperor Taizu of Jin (金太祖)
Directly stated · History of Jin 46, passages 96-99
Letter · Author · With Emperor Tianzuo of Liao (遼天祚帝)
Directly stated · History of Liao 28, passages 2, 11, 112, 126

Show 2 more source-backed claims

Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · History of Liao 28, passages 32-35
Rebuked three tribal chiefs by comparing their service with Huandu and Mouyan.
Direct quotation · Mode direct-speech
Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 85

Events and relationships

Attacked
AD 1114 四年 · Military · Commander · At Ningjiang Prefecture 寧江州
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 102, passage 13
Attacked
Military · Commander · At Supreme Capital 上京
Directly stated · History of Liao 28, passage 162
Campaigned against Liao
Military · Commander
Directly stated · History of Jin 35, passages 108, 138
Captured
Military · Commander · At Huanglong Prefecture 黃龍府
Directly stated · History of Jin 135, passage 52
Crossed without boats
Military · Commander · At Hun Tong River 混同江
Directly stated · History of Jin 35, passage 110
Declined to sing and dance
Ceremonial · Invitee · With Emperor Tianzuo of Liao (遼天祚帝)
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passage 24

Show 31 more source-backed claims

Established Han style Secretariat and Military Affairs offices at Guangning after taking Yanjing
Administrative · With Zuo Qigong (左企弓)
Directly stated · History of Jin 78, passage 173
Later Mouyan and Zongjun both attended Taizu. When Zongjun seated himself above Mouyan, the emperor was angered and ordered Zongjun to take the lower place.
Biographical record · Source Text 後與宗峻俱侍太祖，宗峻坐謀演上，上怒，命坐其下。
Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 84
Liao appointed Muzong, Taizu, Cibushi, and Huandu each to the office of xiangwen.
Biographical record · Source Text 遼人命穆宗、太祖、辭不失、歡都俱為詳穩。
Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 45
Officials memorialized on his founding achievements
AD 1136 天會十四年八月庚戌 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 32, passage 6
Ordered redemption from slavery
AD 1116 收國二年 · Legal · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Jin 46, passages 95-99
Ordered survey and relocation to Taizhou
AD 1121 天輔五年 · Administrative · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Jin 46, passages 100-101, 103
Original shrine designated
AD 1139 熙宗天眷二年九月 · Ritual · Honoree · At Qingyuan Palace, Upper Capital 上京慶元宮
Directly stated · History of Jin 33, passage 2
Plotted with younger brothers, appointed commanders, gathered Jurchen troops, captured Liao border hawk officials, and attacked Ningjiang Prefecture
AD 1114 秋七月 · Military · Planner commander · With Nianhan (粘罕), Hushe (胡舍), Yinjishuge (銀術割), Yilie (移烈), Loushi (婁室), Mu (母)
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passages 223-224
Posthumous enshrinement requested
AD 1125 天會三年六月 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 32, passage 2
Posthumous title augmented
AD 1145 皇統五年 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 32, passages 37, 72
Raised troops
Military · Commander
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passage 182
Received a river shrine and added honors for the crossing recalled from his Liao campaign
AD 1185 大定二十五年 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 35, passages 108, 110
Received a completed temple and imperial portrait at Huining
AD 1165 大定五年 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 33, passage 11
Received a temple in the Western Capital
AD 1124 太宗天會二年 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 33, passage 1
Received an original shrine in the Upper Capital
AD 1139 熙宗天眷二年九月 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 33, passage 2
Received posthumous title and temple name
AD 1125 天會三年十二月二十五日 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 32, passage 3
Received vegetarian offerings on his death anniversary
AD 1165 大定五年 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 33, passage 147
Reduced Liao rents and taxes
AD 1115 太祖肇造 · Fiscal · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Jin 46, passage 8
Refused to dance
AD 1112 天慶二年 · Ritual · Participant
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 102, passages 7-8
Refused to dance
AD 1112 天慶二年頭魚宴 · Ritual · Participant
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passages 168-169
Sudden dash
Military · Commander · At Xian Prefecture 咸州
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passage 197
Temple erected
AD 1124 太宗天會二年 · Ritual · Honoree · At Western Capital 西京
Directly stated · History of Jin 33, passage 1
Took Yanjing and accepted the surrender of Liu Yanzong and other Liao officials
Military · With Liu Yanzong (劉彥宗), Zuo Qigong (左企弓)
Directly stated · History of Jin 78, passages 15-16
Urged war
Military · Advisor
Directly stated · History of Jin 135, passage 47
When Taizu campaigned against Liao, Gunan fought at Ningjiangzhou and Chuhedian, broke the Liao emperor's personal guard, and was rewarded each time for valor in battle. He inherited his father's commandery.
Biographical record · Source Text 從太祖伐遼，骨赧從軍戰甯江州出河店，破遼主親軍，皆以力戰受賞，襲其父謀克。
Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 157
When Taizu pursued Machan, Huandu struck him in the head with an arrow and took him prisoner.
Biographical record · Source Text 太祖追麻產，歡都射中其首，遂獲之。
Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 44
Relation Advised by · Person Yang Pu (楊樸)
Directly stated · History of Liao 28, passage 106
Relation Commander of · Person Yinjishuge (銀術割)
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passage 223
Relation Commander of · Person Yilie (移烈)
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passage 223
Relation Commander of · Person Mu (母)
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passage 223
Relation Commander of · Person Loushi (婁室)
Directly stated · History of Liao 27, passage 223

Assessments and attributes

Assessment bold and proud bearing; unusual gaze · Mode quotation Speaker Emperor Tianzuo of Liao (遼天祚帝)
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passage 25

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · History of Jin 33, passage 2; History of Liao 27, passage 27

References in the histories

Search passages

History

95 passages

History of Jin, Chapter 19Volume 19 Annals 19: Ancenstral Records: Emperor Jingxuan Zongjun, Ruizong, Zongyao, Xianzong, Yungong · 6 passages

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景宣帝諱宗峻，本諱繩果，太祖第二子。 Emperor Jingxuan—taboo-named Zongjun, born Shengguo—was the second son of Taizu.

母曰聖穆皇后唐括氏，太祖元妃。 His mother was Empress Shengmu of the Tangkuo clan, Taizu's chief wife.

太祖崩，帝與兄宗幹率宗室群臣立太宗。 When Taizu died, the emperor with his elder brother Zonggan led the imperial clan and ministers to install Taizong.

太祖征伐四方，諸子皆總戎旅，帝常在帷幄。 While Taizu warred in every direction his sons led armies; the emperor himself usually kept to the command tent.

天輔六年，太祖親征，太宗居黃龍府，安福哥誘新降之民以叛，帝與烏古乃討平之。 In the sixth year of Tianfu, while Taizu marched in person and Taizong held Huanglong Prefecture, Anfuge stirred newly submitted folk to revolt; the emperor and Wugunai crushed them.

合紮猛安者，太祖之猛安也。 The hezha meng'an were Taizu's meng'an.

History of Jin, Chapter 32Volume 32 Treatises 13: Rites 5: Conferring of Posthumous Titles · 8 passages

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天會三年六月，諳班勃極烈杲等表請追冊先大聖皇帝。 In the sixth month of Tianhui 3, Wanyan Gao and other senior councilors memorialized the throne, asking that the late Great Sage Emperor receive posthumous enshrinement.

十二月二十五日，奉玉冊、玉寶，恭上尊諡曰大聖武元皇帝，廟號太祖。 On the twenty-fifth of the twelfth month they presented jade registers and seals and reverently bestowed the posthumous title Emperor Dasheng Wuyuan, with the temple name Taizu.

十四年八月庚戌，文武百僚、太師宗磐等上議曰：「國家肇造區夏，四征弗庭，太祖武元皇帝受命撥亂，光啟大業。 On the gengxu day of the eighth month of year 14, the civil and military officials, led by Grand Preceptor Zong Pan, memorialized: 'From the founding of the realm within the Central Lands, with expeditions on every side bringing distant lords to court, Emperor Taizu, the Martial Primary Emperor, took Heaven's mandate to quell chaos and brilliantly opened the great enterprise.

仍請以始祖景元皇帝、景祖惠桓皇帝、世祖聖肅皇帝、太祖武元皇帝、太宗文烈皇帝為永永不祧之廟。 We further ask that the Founder Emperor Jingyuan, Jingzu Emperor Huihuan, Shizu Emperor Shengsu, Taizu Emperor Wuyuan, and Taizong Emperor Wenlie be designated as temples that shall never be removed from the main ancestral line.

皇統五年，增上太祖尊諡，禮官議：「自古辨祀，以南北郊、太社、太稷、太廟為序。 In Huangtong 5, when Taizu's posthumous title was augmented, the ritual officials deliberated: 'From antiquity, sacrifices have been distinguished in the order of the southern and northern suburban altars, the Grand Altars of Soil and Grain, and the Imperial Ancestral Temple.

舉冊官對舉冊，讀冊官中書令一拜起，跪，搢笏，讀冊文曰：「孝孫嗣皇帝臣某，謹拜手稽首奉玉冊玉寶，恭上尊諡曰應乾興運昭德定功睿神莊孝仁明大聖武元皇帝。」 The officials lifting the register held it between them; the reader, the Director of the Secretariat, bowed once, rose, knelt, inserted his tablet, and read the text of the register: 'The filial grandson, the succeeding emperor, your subject [name], reverently bows with joined hands and prostrates himself to present jade registers and jade seals, and reverently confers the posthumous title Emperor Yingqian Xingyun Zhaode Dinggong Ruishen Zhuangxiao Renming Dasheng Wuyuan.'

其日質明，太常寺官率所屬，于聖武殿設神禦床案，宣徽院排備茶酒果、時饌、茶食、香花等，並如太祖皇帝忌辰供備之數。 At dawn that day, officials of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices set up the spirit couch and table in Shengwu Hall; the Xuanhui Court arranged tea, wine, fruit, seasonal food, tea cakes, incense, and flowers in the same quantities as for Emperor Taizu's death anniversary.

元年十一月十六日，詔曰：「前君乃太祖之長孫，受太宗之遺命，嗣膺神器，十有五年。 On the sixteenth day of the eleventh month of the first year an edict stated: 'The former ruler was the eldest grandson of Emperor Taizu; he received Emperor Taizong's testamentary mandate, succeeded to the throne, and reigned for fifteen years.

History of Jin, Chapter 33Volume 33 Treatises 14: Rites 6: Original Shrines, Invocation Ceremonies, Pilgrimages, Other Temples · 10 passages

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太宗天會二年，立大聖皇帝廟于西京。 In Taizong's second Tianhui year, a temple to the Great Sage Emperor was erected in the Western Capital.

熙宗天眷二年九月，又以上京慶元宮為太祖皇帝原廟。 In the ninth month of Xizong's second Tianjuan year, the Qingyuan Palace in the Upper Capital was also designated as the original shrine of Emperor Taizu.

五年，會甯府太祖廟成，有司言宜以禦容安置。 In the fifth year, once the temple of Emperor Taizu at Huining was finished, the responsible offices advised that the imperial portrait should be installed there.

先是，衍慶宮藏太祖禦容十有二：法服一、立容一、戎衣一、佩弓矢一、坐容二、巾服一，舊在會寧府安置； Earlier, Yansqing Palace held twelve imperial portraits of Emperor Taizu: one in court robes, one standing, one in military dress, one bearing bow and arrows, two seated, and one in cap and robe—all formerly kept at Huining;

臣等參詳衍慶宮即漢之原廟，每遇太祖皇帝忌辰，百官朝拜。 We find that Yansqing Palace is the Han-style original shrine; on each anniversary of Emperor Taizu's death all officials perform the court audience.

既而複欲擇地建太宗殿於歸仁館，有司言：「山陵太祖、太宗、睿宗共一兆域，太廟世祖、太祖、太宗、睿宗亦同堂異室。 Later they again wished to build a hall for Emperor Taizong at Guiren Lodge. The responsible offices reported: "At the mountain tombs, Emperors Taizu, Taizong, and Ruizong share one burial precinct; in the Grand Ancestral Temple, Emperors Shizu, Taizu, Taizong, and Ruizong share one hall with separate chambers.

初，太祖忌辰，皇帝至褥位立，再拜。 Initially, on the anniversary of Emperor Taizu's death, the emperor came to the kneeling mat, stood, and bowed twice.

大定五年，奏旨：「太祖忌辰，衍慶宮薦享止用素食，諸京凡禦容所在皆同。 In Dading 5, a memorial to the throne stated: "On the anniversary of Emperor Taizu's death, offerings at Yansqing Palace should use only vegetarian food; all capitals where imperial portraits are kept should follow the same rule.

六年，有司奏：「太祖皇帝忌辰，車駕親奠，百官陪拜。 In the sixth year, the responsible offices memorialized: "On the anniversary of Emperor Taizu's death, the emperor presents offerings in person and all officials accompany the bows.

十八年八月，太祖忌辰，世祖、太宗同在一處致祭，有司言「歷代無一聖忌辰列聖預祭之典。」 In the eighth month of the eighteenth year, on the anniversary of Emperor Taizu's death, Emperors Shizu and Taizong were sacrificed to at the same site. The responsible offices stated: "Through the ages there is no precedent for other sage-emperors to receive preliminary sacrifice on one sage-emperor's anniversary."

History of Jin, Chapter 35Volume 35 Treatises 16: Rites 8: Consecration of Shrines to a Sages; Temple to the Warrior King Cheng of Zhou; Monarchs of Past Ages; Halls to Various Spirits in Changbai Shan, Dafang Shan, Amur River, Jia Yin Hou; Spirits of the Lu River; Spirits of Zhao Yin Shun; Spirits of Zhen an Gong, Rui Shen Gongl; Worshipping, Sacrifices, Vists, and State Ceremonies at Zhen Xian Jun Wang Temple · 5 passages

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列聖蕃衍熾昌，迄于太祖，神武征應，無敵於天下，爰作神主。 The successive sages multiplied and flourished brightly, reaching the Grand Ancestor, whose divine martial power responded in conquest, unmatched under Heaven—thus he became the divine sovereign.

大定二十五年，有司言：「昔太祖征遼，策馬徑渡，江神助順，靈應昭著，宜修祠宇，加賜封爵。」 In Dading 25, the responsible offices said: "In former days when the Grand Ancestor campaigned against Liao, he spurred his horse straight across; the river god aided his cause, and the spiritual response was manifest—a shrine should be repaired and enfeoffment bestowed."

其冊文雲：「昔我太祖武元皇帝，受天明命，掃遼季荒茀，成師以出，至於大江，浩浩洪流，不舟而濟，雖穆滿渡江面黿粱，光武濟河而水冰，自今觀之無足言矣！ The enfeoffment text reads: "In former days our Grand Ancestor, the Martial Origin Emperor, received Heaven's bright mandate, swept away the Liao dynasty's wild wasteland, and led his army forth to the great river—a vast torrent, yet he crossed without boats. Though King Mu of Zhou crossed the river on a turtle bridge and Emperor Guangwu crossed the Yellow River on ice, viewed from today these are hardly worth mentioning!

執徐之歲，四月孟夏，朕時邁舊邦，臨江永歎，仰藝祖之開基，佳江神之效靈，至止上都，議所以尊崇之典。 In the year of Zhixu, in early summer of the fourth month, I journeyed to the old domain, stood by the river and sighed long, looked up to the founding ancestor's establishment of the realm, and admired the river god's manifestation of spirit; arriving at the Upper Capital, I discussed the regulations by which to honor him.

舊名旺國崖，太祖伐遼嘗駐蹕於此。 Its former name was Wangguo Cliff; when the Grand Ancestor campaigned against Liao he once halted his carriage here.

History of Jin, Chapter 45Volume 45 Treatises 26: Punishment · 1 passage

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太宗雖承太祖無變舊風之訓，亦稍用遼、宋法。 Emperor Taizong, though he inherited Taizu's injunction to preserve old customs unchanged, also drew somewhat on Liao and Song legal practice.

History of Jin, Chapter 46Volume 46 Treatises 27: Finance and Economics 1: Thorough Examination and Organization of Registered Residences · 3 passages

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太祖肇造，減遼租稅，規模遠矣。 At the dynasty's founding, Taizu cut Liao-era rents and taxes, setting a far-sighted example from the start.

太祖下詔曰：「比以歲凶民饑，多附豪族，因陷為奴隸。 Taizu decreed: "Of late famine has driven the people to attach themselves to great clans and fall into slavery.

又詔孛堇阿實賚曰：「先皇帝以同姓之人昔有自鬻及典質其身者，命官為贖。 Chief Ashilai was also instructed: "The late emperor ordered officials to redeem clansmen who had sold or pawned themselves.

History of Jin, Chapter 59Volume 59 Tables 1: Imperial Family · 3 passages

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右世祖子，與康宗、太祖、太宗凡十一人。 Listed at right: sons of Shizu—eleven men, counting Kangzong, Taizu, and Taizong.

右太祖子，與景宣、睿宗凡十六人。 Listed at right: sons of Taizu—sixteen in all, with Jingxuan and Ruizong.

宗賢（本名阿魯。太祖從姪。婆速路兵馬都緫管。） Zongxian (born Alu; Taizu's nephew by the collateral line; Commander of the Bosu-route military).

History of Jin, Chapter 68Volume 68 Biographies 6: Huandu and His Son Mouyan; Yehe and His Sons Alubu, Gunan, and Egunai; Sanda's Son Pucha · 4 passages

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太祖追麻產，歡都射中其首，遂獲之。 When Taizu pursued Machan, Huandu struck him in the head with an arrow and took him prisoner.

遼人命穆宗、太祖、辭不失、歡都俱為詳穩。 Liao appointed Muzong, Taizu, Cibushi, and Huandu each to the office of xiangwen.

後與宗峻俱侍太祖，宗峻坐謀演上，上怒，命坐其下。 Later Mouyan and Zongjun both attended Taizu. When Zongjun seated himself above Mouyan, the emperor was angered and ordered Zongjun to take the lower place.

從太祖伐遼，骨赧從軍戰甯江州出河店，破遼主親軍，皆以力戰受賞，襲其父謀克。 When Taizu campaigned against Liao, Gunan fought at Ningjiangzhou and Chuhedian, broke the Liao emperor's personal guard, and was rewarded each time for valor in battle. He inherited his father's commandery.

History of Jin, Chapter 69Volume 69 Biographies 7: Taizu Sons: Zong Jun Formerly Named Eluguan, Zong Jie Formerly Named Meiliye, Zong Qiang Formerly Named Alu, Son: Shuang (Formerly Named Alin) Kexi, a Suo, Zong Min Formerly Named Alubu, Yuan Formerly Named Changsheng · 8 passages

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列傳第七太祖諸子宗雋本名訛魯觀宗傑本名沒里野宗強本名阿魯，子爽 Biography 7. Sons of Taizu: Zong Juan, born Eluguan; Zong Jie, born Meiliye; Zong Qiang, born Alu—and Shuang his son.

太祖聖穆皇后生景宣帝、豐王烏烈、趙王宗傑。 Empress Shengmu, consort of Taizu, bore the Jingxuan Emperor, Prince Feng Wulie, and Prince Zhao Zong Jie.

可喜材武過人，狠戾好亂，自乙太祖孫，頗有異志。 Kexi was fierce in battle beyond others, cruel and eager for disorder; as a grandson of Taizu, he nursed no small designs.

上念兄弟少，太祖孫惟數人在，惻然傷之。 The emperor thought how few brothers he had left, and that of Taizu's grandsons only a handful still lived—his heart ached for them.

烏帶曰：「彼太祖子也，不殺之，眾人必有異議，不如除之。」 Wudai said: "He is Taizu’s own son. Leave him alive and the court will murmur—better cut him down."

海陵意謂己乃太祖長房之孫，當立。 Hailing meant himself—grandson of Taizu in the senior house—to take the throne.

太祖諸孫中，惟胙王元天性賢者也。」 Of Taizu’s grandsons, only Prince of Zu Yuan was truly worthy by nature."

贊曰：「太祖躬擐甲胄，以定國家，舉無遺策，而諸子勇略材識，足以遂父之志。 The encomium says: "Taizu took the field in armor to found the realm and never left a move to chance. His sons had courage, plan, and wit enough to finish what he began.

History of Jin, Chapter 78Volume 78 Biographies 16: Liu Yanzong and His Sons E and Kuo; Kuo's Son Zhonghui; Liu Yi; Shi Liai; Han Qixian and His Son Duo · 11 passages

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太祖至居庸關，蕭妃自古北口遁去，都監高六送款于太祖。 When Taizu reached Juyong Pass, Empress Xiao slipped away through the Old Northern Pass while Commandant Gao Liu offered his submission to the Jin founder.

太祖奄至，駐蹕城南，彥宗與左企弓等奉表降。 The Jin founder arrived without warning and made camp south of the city; Yanzong joined Zuo Qigong and others in presenting a formal surrender.

太祖一見，器遇之，俾復舊，遷左僕射，佩金牌。 Taizu took to him at once, restored his former status, appointed him Left Vice Director, and bestowed a gold tablet of authority.

張覺為南京留守，太祖聞覺有異志，使彥宗、斜缽宣慰之。 Zhang Jue held the southern capital; when Taizu heard he was wavering in loyalty, he dispatched Yanzong and Xiebo to reassure him.

太祖至鴛鴦濼，不豫，還上京，留宗翰都統軍事，留彥宗佐之。 At Mandarin Duck Marsh Taizu fell ill, returned to the supreme capital, left Zonghan in overall command of the armies, and had Yanzong assist him.

天輔七年，太祖取燕，筈從其父兄出降，遷尚書左司郎中。 In Tianfu year 7, when Taizu seized Yan, Kuo surrendered with his father and brothers and was promoted to Director of the Left Office of State Affairs.

太祖崩，宋，夏遣使吊慰，凡館見禮儀皆筈詳定。 After Taizu's death, Song and Western Xia sent condolence missions, and Kuo laid down every detail of the reception ceremonies.

太祖已定燕京，訪求得平州人韓詢持詔招諭平州。 After Taizu secured Yanjing he found a man of Pingzhou named Han Xun and sent him with an edict to summon that region.

立愛既去平州歸鄉里，太祖以燕、薊與宋，新城入于宋。 Liai returned home from Pingzhou; Taizu ceded Yan and Ji to Song, and Xincheng fell under Song control.

初，太祖定燕京，始用漢官宰相賞左企弓等，置中書省、樞密院于廣寧府，而朝廷宰相自用女直官號。 When Taizu first secured Yanjing he began appointing Han officials such as Zuo Qigong as grand chancellors and set up the Secretariat and Bureau of Military Affairs at Guangning, while the central court still used Jurchen titles for its chancellors.

贊曰：太祖入燕，始用遼南、北面官僚制度。 The commentator says: When Taizu entered Yan he first adopted the Liao southern and northern bureaucratic systems.

History of Jin, Chapter 135Volume 135 Biographies 73: Foreign Countries 2: Goryeo, Explanation of the Language of the State of Jin, Official Titles, Human Affairs, Art, Classes of Objects, Family Names · 10 passages

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太祖獨曰：「若不舉兵，豈止失曷懶甸，諸部皆非吾有也。」 The future Taizu alone objected: "If we do not fight, we will lose not only Halin—every tribe will slip from our grasp."

收國元年九月，太祖已克黃龍府，命加古撒喝攻保州。 In the ninth month of the first Shouguo year, after Taizu had taken Huanglong Prefecture, he ordered Jagusa to attack Bozhou.

至是，命撒喝取之，久不下，撒喝請濟師，且言高麗王將遣使來。 Taizu now ordered Saha to capture it, but the siege dragged on. Saha asked for reinforcements and reported that the Goryeo king was about to send envoys.

太祖使納合烏蠢以百騎益之，詔撒喝曰：「汝領偏師，屢破重敵，多所俘獲，及聞胡沙數戰有功，朕甚嘉之。 Taizu sent Nahe Wuchun with a hundred cavalry as reinforcements and instructed Saha: "You have led a detached force, repeatedly defeated strong enemies, and taken many captives. I have also heard that Husha has distinguished himself in battle. I am greatly pleased.

太祖以撒喝為保州路都統。 Taizu appointed Saha supreme commander of the Bozhou Circuit.

太祖已破走遼主軍，撒喝破合主、順化二城，複請濟師攻保州，使斡魯以甲士千人往。 After Taizu had routed the Liao emperor's army, Saha captured Hezhu and Shunhua and again asked for troops to take Bozhou. Taizu sent Wolu with a thousand armored men.

二年閏月，高麗遣使來賀捷，且曰：「保州本吾舊地，願以見還。」 In the intercalary month of the second year, Goryeo sent envoys to congratulate Taizu on his victory and asked that Bozhou, "our former territory," be restored.

太祖謂使者曰：「爾其自取之。」 Taizu told the envoys, "You may take it yourselves."

既而，高麗國王使蒲馬請保州，詔諭高麗王曰：「保州近爾邊境，聽爾自取，今乃勤我師徒，破敵城下。 Soon the Goryeo king sent Puma to claim Bozhou. Taizu's reply read: "Bozhou lies on your frontier and I let you take it yourself. Instead you drew my army in to fight beneath its walls.

天輔二年十二月，詔諭高麗國王曰：「朕始興師伐遼，已嘗佈告，賴皇天助順，屢敗敵兵，北自上京，南至於海，其間京府州縣部族人民悉皆撫定。 In the twelfth month of Tianfu 2, Taizu notified the Goryeo king: "When I first marched against the Liao I made my intentions known. Heaven has favored the just cause, and I have repeatedly routed the enemy. From Shangjing in the north to the sea in the south, every capital, prefecture, district, tribe, and people in between has been brought under control.

History of Liao, Chapter 27Volume 27 Annals 27: Emperor Tianzuo 1 · 9 passages