Emperor Xianfeng (咸豐帝)

Overview

The translated histories identify Emperor Xianfeng as a ruler. This record brings together 69 passages from 17 chapters across 1 history, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Emperor Xianfeng	咸豐帝	Xianfeng Di
Personal	Emperor
Title	Emperor	上
Temple name	Emperor Wenzong	文宗	Wenzong
Title	Emperor Wenzong
Temple name	Emperor Wenzong	文宗
Temple	Emperor Wenzong	文宗	Wenzong
Title	Emperor Wenzong	文宗
Title	Emperor Xianfeng	咸豐帝
Title	Emperor Xianfeng
Title	late emperor	先帝
Temple name	Wenzong	文宗	Wénzōng
Temple name	Wenzong	文宗	Wenzong
Temple	Wenzong	文宗	Wenzong
Title	Wenzong Emperor	文宗
Posthumous	Xian Emperor Wenzong	文宗顯皇帝
Regnal name	Xianfeng	咸豐	Xianfeng
Regnal	Xianfeng		Xianfeng
Regnal name	Xianfeng	咸豐
Regnal name	Xianfeng Emperor	咸豐帝
Title	Xianfeng Emperor	咸豐帝
Title	Xianfeng Emperor
Title	Xianfeng Emperor	文宗
Regnal	Xianfeng Emperor
Regnal	Xianfeng Emperor	咸豐帝	Xianfeng
Title	Your Majesty	皇上

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Male

Sex: male
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:141:s0063, qingshigao:384:s0001, qingshigao:389:s0029, qingshigao:393:s0057, qingshigao:394:s0147, qingshigao:423:s0015, qingshigao:440:s0115, qingshigao:465:s0161
Sex: male
Explicit · qingshigao:375:s0219, qingshigao:378:s0136, qingshigao:387:s0003, qingshigao:390:s0035, qingshigao:392:s0022, qingshigao:396:s0029, qingshigao:445:s0024
Value: male
Explicit · qingshigao:369:s0109

Roles

Ruler

Life and dates

Death

Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十一年 · Western Year: AD 1861
Explicit · qingshigao:387:s0062, qingshigao:387:s0032
Date Context: Source Date: Text: 咸豐十一年 · Western Year: AD 1861
Explicit · qingshigao:390:s0087

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 咸豐四年 · Regnal Year: 4 · Western Year: AD 1854
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0062, qingshigao:141:s0063
Source Date: Text: 十一年七月 · Western Year: AD 1861
Explicit · qingshigao:387:s0032
Source Date: Text: 咸豐 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1851 · End: AD 1861
Explicit · qingshigao:375:s0219
Source Date: Text: 咸豐七年 · Western Year: AD 1857
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:440:s0114, qingshigao:440:s0115
Source Date: Text: 咸豐三年 · Western Year: AD 1853
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:398:s0075
Source Date: Text: 咸豐二年 · Western Year: AD 1852
Explicit · qingshigao:393:s0101
Source Date: Text: 咸豐五年 · Western Year: AD 1855
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:423:s0046
Source Date: Text: 咸豐元年 · Western Year: AD 1851
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:369:s0203
Source Date: Text: 咸豐元年 · Western Year: AD 1851
Explicit · qingshigao:378:s0153, qingshigao:392:s0022, qingshigao:393:s0057, qingshigao:396:s0029
Source Date: Text: 咸豐元年 · Western Year: AD 1851
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:423:s0004
Source Date: Text: 咸豐八年 · Western Year: AD 1858
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:389:s0029
Source Date: Text: 咸豐八年 · Western Year: AD 1858
Explicit · qingshigao:394:s0159
Source Date: Text: 咸豐初 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1851 · End: AD 1861
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0102
Source Date: Text: 咸豐十一年 · Western Year: AD 1861
Explicit · qingshigao:390:s0087
Source Date: Text: 咸豐十年 · Western Year: AD 1860
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:389:s0100, qingshigao:423:s0221
Source Date: Text: 咸豐十年 · Western Year: AD 1860
Explicit · qingshigao:465:s0161
Source Date: Text: 咸豐四年 · Western Year: AD 1854
Explicit · qingshigao:394:s0147
Source Date: Text: 咸豐四年 · Western Year: AD 1854
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:396:s0051, qingshigao:396:s0058
Source Date: Text: 文宗即位 · Western Year: AD 1850
Explicit · qingshigao:378:s0136, qingshigao:384:s0172, qingshigao:387:s0003
Western Year: AD 1851 · Source Date: Text: 文宗即位
Explicit · qingshigao:391:s0006
Source Date: Text: 文宗嗣位 · Western Year: AD 1850
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:369:s0109
Source Date: Text: 文宗顯皇帝 · Western Year: AD 1861
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:445:s0024
Source Date: Text: 道光三十年 · Western Year: AD 1850
Explicit · qingshigao:390:s0062

Family

Immediate source-linked family. Drag to pan, scroll or pinch to zoom, and select a person to open their record.

Parent of Emperor Dezong (德宗)
Kinship Term: adopted son / 為子 · Parentage: adoptive · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father

Career and standing

Label: Emperor / 帝 · Action: acceded · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 文宗即位 · Western Year: AD 1850
Explicit · qingshigao:384:s0172
Label: Qing emperor / 文宗 · Action: held
Explicit · qingshigao:396:s0029
Date Context: Western Year: AD 1851 · Source Date: Text: 文宗即位
Explicit · qingshigao:391:s0006
Date Context: Source Date: Text: 文宗嗣位 · Western Year: AD 1850
Explicit · qingshigao:369:s0109
Date Context: Source Date: Text: 道光三十年 · Western Year: AD 1850
Explicit · qingshigao:390:s0062

Places and affiliations

Label: Qing / 清 · Relation: lived-under
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:375:s0219
Label: Qing / 清 · Relation: ruled
Explicit · qingshigao:369:s0109
Polity: Qing / 清 · Relation: ruled
Explicit · qingshigao:387:s0003, qingshigao:390:s0062, qingshigao:392:s0022, qingshigao:394:s0147, qingshigao:465:s0161
Polity: Qing / 清 · Relation: served
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0063, qingshigao:378:s0002, qingshigao:389:s0029

Works and attributed material

Work: Veritable Records of Emperor Wenzong / 文宗實錄 · Relation: subject-of
Explicit · qingshigao:465:s0161
Kind: edict · Role: speaker · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 咸豐九年 · Western Year: AD 1859
Explicit · qingshigao:389:s0031, qingshigao:389:s0032, qingshigao:389:s0033, qingshigao:389:s0034, qingshigao:389:s0035, qingshigao:389:s0036, qingshigao:389:s0037
Kind: edict · Role: author
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0063
Kind: judgment · Role: authority
Explicit · qingshigao:398:s0075

Events and relationships

Kind: diplomatic · Role: ruler · Action: declined-excessive-horse-donations · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 咸豐初 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1851 · End: AD 1861
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0102, qingshigao:141:s0103
Kind: legal · Role: ruler · Action: dismissed-Mujangga-cleared-Yao-and-Da
Explicit · qingshigao:384:s0172
Kind: court · Role: ruler · Action: imperial-tour-questioned · Other Person Id: Chongli (崇禮)
Explicit · qingshigao:440:s0115
Kind: political · Role: ruler · Action: ordered-rectification · Other Person Id: Qing Yun (慶昀) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 咸豐四年 · Regnal Year: 4 · Western Year: AD 1854
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0063
Kind: political · Role: ruler · Action: praised Wu Wenrong and later arrested Chonglun · Other Person Id: Wu Wenrong (吳文鎔) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 咸豐元年 · Western Year: AD 1851
Explicit · qingshigao:396:s0029, qingshigao:396:s0058

Assessments and attributes

Assessment: praised Wo Ren's memorial as blunt and honest · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · qingshigao:391:s0026

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 369Volume 369 Biographies 156: Lin Zexu, Deng Tingzhen, Da Hong A · 2 passages

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逾年，文宗嗣位，疊詔宣召，未至，以廣西逆首洪秀全稔亂，授欽差大臣，督師進剿，並署廣西巡撫。 The next year, after Emperor Wenzong succeeded to the throne, repeated summons reached him, but before he could arrive Hong Xiuquan had long been in rebellion in Guangxi. Lin was appointed imperial commissioner to lead a punitive expedition and also served as acting governor of Guangxi.

道光之季，東南困於漕運，宣宗密詢利弊，疏陳補救本原諸策，上畿輔水利議，文宗欲命籌辦而未果。 In the late Daoguang era the southeast was crippled by the grain-transport system. When the emperor privately asked about remedies, Lin memorialized on fundamental reforms and submitted a plan for waterworks in the capital region. Emperor Wenzong intended to put him in charge, but the plan never came to fruition.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 375Volume 375 Biographies 162: Bai Rong, Sun Huan, Shi Zhiyan, Na Qingan, Sheng Yin, Li Zongfang, Yao Yuanzhi, He Rulin, Ji Zhichang, Lie Chuan · 1 passage

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甫數月，宣宗崩，文宗猶欲用之，畀以外任。 After only a few months the Xuanzong Emperor died. The Wenzong Emperor still wished to use him and gave him an outside appointment.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 378Volume 378 Biographies 165: Huang Juezi, Jin Yinglin, Chen Qingyong, Su Tingkui, Zhu Qi · 2 passages

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文宗即位，以大學士朱鳳標薦，复授御史，蹶而再起，氣不少撓，疊上疏多關大計。 When the Xianfeng Emperor ascended, Grand Secretary Zhu Fengbiao recommended him for censor again; though he had fallen, he rose once more undaunted and submitted repeated memorials on matters of state.

咸豐元年，上謹始疏，請求宏濟之道，執勞謙之義，防驕泰之萌，推誠任賢，慎始圖治，選擇翰詹為講官，嚴取孝廉方正備採用，文宗嘉納之。 In Xianfeng 1 he submitted a memorial on careful beginnings, urging policies of great relief, humility in labor, guarding against pride, sincerity in employing talent, careful governance at the start, Hanlin lecturers, and strict selection of filial and upright candidates—the Xianfeng Emperor accepted it with praise.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 384Volume 384 Biographies 171: Lin Peihou, Li Xiangkun, Li Zongchuan, Wang Fengsheng, Huang Mian, Yu De Yuan, Yao Ying · 1 passage

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文宗即位，黜大學士穆彰阿，詔宣示中外，並及瑩與達洪阿被陷狀，於是復起用，授湖北武昌鹽法道，未行，擢廣西按察使，命參大學士賽尚阿軍事。 When the Wenzong Emperor came to the throne, Grand Secretary Mujangga was dismissed and an edict to the empire also cleared Yao and Da Hong'a of the false charges against them; Yao was then restored, appointed salt law intendant at Wuchang in Hubei, and before he could take up that post was promoted provincial judge of Guangxi and ordered to join Grand Secretary Saišangga's staff.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 387Volume 387 Biographies 174: Zong Shisushun, Mu Yin, Kuang Yuan, Jiao Youying, Chen Fuen · 14 passages

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文宗即位，擢內閣學士，兼副都統、護軍統領、鑾儀使。 When Emperor Xianfeng took the throne, Sushun was promoted to grand secretary and concurrently appointed vice commander-in-chief, commandant of the guards, and master of ceremonies.

時寇亂方熾，外患日深，文宗憂勤，要政多下廷議。 Rebellion was then at its height and foreign pressure was mounting day by day; the emperor was deeply troubled, and important policies were often debated in court.

文宗之信任久而益專。 The emperor's trust in him deepened with time until it was virtually exclusive.

肅順方護文宗梓宮在途，命睿親王仁壽、醇郡王奕枻往逮，遇諸密雲，夜就行館捕之，咆哮不服，械系。 Sushun was then escorting the late emperor's coffin on the road. Prince Rui Renshou and Prince Chun Yiyi were sent to seize him; they met at Miyun and captured him at night in the relay station. He roared defiance and was put in irons.

耆英子慶錫呈訴其父為肅順所陷，請昭雪，詔以耆英罪當死，肅順奏過當，文宗已斥之，特錮肅順子不得入仕以示戒。 Qiying's son Qingxi petitioned that his father had been framed by Sushun and asked exoneration. The edict held that Qiying's crime merited death, that Sushun's memorial had indeed gone too far and Wenzong had already censured it, and that Sushun's son was barred from office as a special warning.

十一年，文宗崩，偕肅順等同受顧命，贊襄政務。 In 1861, when Emperor Xianfeng died, he received the deathbed charge together with Sushun and the others and served as regent.

文宗召對，孚恩與怡親王載垣等爭論於上前，載垣等以失儀自劾，詔原其小節，予薄譴，而斥孚恩乖謬，降三級留任。 Emperor Xianfeng called them for audience; Fuen disputed with Prince Yi Zaiyuan and others before the throne. Zaiyuan and the rest impeached themselves for impropriety; an edict pardoned their minor faults with light censure but condemned Fuen as wrongheaded and demoted him three ranks while keeping him in post.

詔謂：「孚恩當大行皇帝行幸熱河，命諸臣議可否，孚恩有'竊負而逃，遵海濱而處'之語，意在迎合載垣等。 The edict declared: "When the late emperor fled to Rehe, ministers were asked whether the move was wise; Fuen quoted 'carrying one's burden and fleeing to dwell by the sea,' plainly to please Zaiyuan and his party.

大行皇帝上賓，留京諸大臣中獨召孚恩一人赴行在，足證為載垣等心腹。 When the late emperor died, Fuen alone among ministers left in Beijing was summoned to Rehe—proof enough that he was Zaiyuan's trusted man.

時廷臣議郊壇配位，孚恩言：「前議宣宗配位時，大行皇帝有定為三祖六宗之諭，出於大學士杜受田所擬，非大行皇帝意。」 At the same time the court debated imperial worship at the suburban altar. Fuen said: "When the former debate on matching Xuanzong was settled, the late emperor had an edict fixing three ancestors and six founders; this came from Grand Secretary Du Shoutian's draft, not the late emperor's own intent."

王大臣等用其言，仍請文宗配祀。 The princes and grand ministers took his view and still asked that Emperor Xianfeng be paired in worship.

許彭壽復引據文宗御製詩有「以後無須變更」之句，請下廷臣再議，議不配祀。 Xu Pengshou cited Emperor Xianfeng's own verse, "no need to change hereafter," and asked the court to debate again; the outcome was to deny him paired worship.

論曰：文宗厭廷臣習於因循，乏匡濟之略，而肅順以宗潢疏屬，特見倚用，治事嚴刻。 The historian remarks: Emperor Xianfeng wearied of ministers mired in routine and short on remedies for the realm; Sushun, a junior branch kinsman of the throne, was singularly trusted and ran affairs with harsh rigor.

文宗既崩，冀怙權位於一時，以此罹罪。 When Xianfeng died they hoped to cling to power for a season, and on that account met ruin.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 389Volume 389 Biographies 176: Bai Jun, Lin Kui, Rui Chang, Quan Qing · 3 passages

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會御史孟傳金疏劾本科士論未孚，命覆勘試卷，應議者五十卷，文宗震怒，褫柏葰等職，命載垣等會鞫，得柏葰聽信家人靳祥言，取中羅鴻繹情事，靳祥斃於獄。 When Censor Meng Chuanjin charged that the examination essays had failed to satisfy scholarly opinion, the papers were re-examined and fifty were found suspect. Emperor Wenzong was furious, stripped Baizhan and others of rank, and ordered Zaiyuan's group to investigate. They established that Baizhan had heeded his retainer Jin Xiang and passed Luo Hongyi; Jin Xiang died in custody.

文宗幸熱河，留京辦事，督防巡防。 When Emperor Wenzong fled to Rehe, Rui Chang stayed in Beijing to manage affairs and oversee patrol defense.

然自此司文衡者懍懍畏法，科場清肅，曆三十年，至光緒中始漸弛，弊竇复滋，終未至如前此之甚者，實文宗用重典之效，足以挽回風氣也。 Yet afterward those who controlled the examinations feared the law, and the field stayed clean for thirty years; abuses returned only gradually under Guangxu and never reached earlier extremes—truly the effect of Emperor Wenzong's severe example, enough to restore public morals.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 390Volume 390 Biographies 177: Jia Zhen, Zhou Zupei, Zhu Fengbiao, Dan Maoqian · 7 passages

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皇上沖齡踐阼，欽奉先帝遺命，派怡親王載垣等八人讚襄政務。 The Emperor ascended the throne while still very young and, in obedience to the late emperor's testament, appointed eight men including Prince Yi Zaiyuan to assist in government.

三年，文宗實錄、聖訓告成，以監修勞，賜花翎。 In the third year, when the Wenzong Emperor's Veritable Record and Sacred Instructions were completed, he was granted the peacock feather for supervising the compilation.

三十年，文宗即位，疏言：「我朝立政之要，用人之法，備載列聖實錄，請隨時披閱。 In the thirtieth year, when the Wenzong Emperor ascended the throne, he memorialized: "The essentials of our dynasty's governance and the methods of employing men are fully recorded in the Veritable Records of successive emperors; Your Majesty should read them regularly.

十一年，文宗崩，命總理喪儀，兼辦定陵平安峪工程。 In the eleventh year, when the Wenzong Emperor died, he was ordered to direct the mourning rites and also to oversee construction of the Ding Mausoleum at Ping'anyu.

五年，文宗實錄、聖訓成，賜其子文龠員外郎，文令舉人。 In the fifth year, when the Wenzong Emperor's Veritable Record and Sacred Instructions were completed, his sons Wen Yue and Wen Ling were granted an outer-court secretaryship and provincial graduate status respectively.

文宗原其無私，從寬坐失察革職。 The Wenzong Emperor excused him of any private motive and, treating the offense leniently as failure of oversight, dismissed him from office.

十一年，護送文宗梓宮回京，追錄扈從勞，加二級。 In the eleventh year he escorted the Wenzong Emperor's coffin back to the capital; his service in accompanying the court was recognized afterward and he was granted two additional ranks.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 391Volume 391 Biographies 178: Wo Ren, Li Tangjie, Wu Tingdong · 11 passages

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文宗即位，應詔陳言，略曰：「行政莫先於用人，用人莫先於君子小人之辨。 When the Xianfeng Emperor acceded, Wo Ren answered an imperial call for counsel with a memorial that began: 'In governing, nothing precedes the choice of men; in choosing men, nothing precedes telling the gentleman from the petty man.

皇上天亶聰明，孰賢孰否，必能洞知。 Your Majesty's Heaven-given discernment can surely see through who is worthy and who is not.

知人則哲，豈有他術，在皇上好學勤求，使聖志益明，聖德日固而已。 To know men is wisdom: there is no other secret. Your Majesty must study earnestly and seek counsel without cease, so your sage purpose grows ever clearer and your sage virtue firmer day by day.

疏入，上稱其切直，因諭大小臣工進言以倭仁為法。 When the memorial reached the throne, the Emperor praised its blunt honesty and told officials at every rank to speak their minds, taking Wo Ren as their example.

未幾，禮部侍郎曾國籓奏用人三策，上复憶倭仁言，手詔同褒勉焉。 Soon afterward Vice Minister of Rites Zeng Guofan submitted three proposals on appointing men; the Emperor again recalled Wo Ren's memorial and with his own hand issued an edict commending them both.

大理寺少卿田雨公疏言倭仁用違其才，上曰：「邊疆要任，非投閒置散也。 Assistant President Tian Yugong of the Court of Judicial Review argued that Wo Ren's talents were wasted on the assignment; the Emperor replied, 'A frontier post is a weighty charge, not a place to shelve a man in disgrace.

咸豐二年，倭仁复上敬陳治本一疏，上謂其意在責難陳善，尚無不合，惟僅泛語治道，因戒以留心邊務，勿託空言。 In 1852 Wo Ren again submitted a memorial on getting governance right at the root. The Emperor said his aim—to admonish and offer honest counsel—was not out of line, but that he spoke only in broad platitudes about the Way of rule, and warned him to mind frontier business and not hide behind empty rhetoric.

四年，侍郎王茂廕等請命會同籌辦京師團練，上以軍務非所長，寢其議。 In 1854 Vice Minister Wang Maoyin and others asked that Wo Ren be ordered to help organize militia training in the capital; the Emperor, saying military affairs were not his forte, set the proposal aside.

文宗即位，复日講，曾國籓薦棠階醇正堪備講官，召來京。 When the Xianfeng Emperor acceded, daily lectures resumed. Zeng Guofan recommended Tangjie as upright and fit to lecture the emperor, and he was called to Beijing.

文宗疑書元孤立，降旨切責，會廷棟召對，上詢是獄。 The Xianfeng Emperor suspected Shuyuan was being singled out and rebuked the ministries sharply; when Wu Tingdong was called to audience, the emperor asked about the case.

皇上讀書窮理，以裕知人之識； If Your Majesty reads to grasp principle, you will widen your eye for men;

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 392Volume 392 Biographies 179: Sai Shang A, Ne Er Jing E · 3 passages

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文宗深憂之，以賽尚阿親信近臣，命為欽差大臣，赴湖南防堵，將以代星沅也，特賜遏必隆刀，給庫帑二百萬兩備軍餉。 Emperor Wenzong was deeply alarmed; because Sai Shang'a was a trusted intimate, he was made imperial commissioner to go to Hunan and block the rebels, intending him to replace Xingyuan; he was specially given the ceremonial Yebilong saber and two million taels from the treasury for military expenses.

湖南巡撫羅繞典以聞，文宗震怒，詔斥賽尚阿調度無方，號令不明，賞罰失當，以致勞師糜餉，日久無功，褫職逮京治罪。 When Hunan Governor Luo Raodian reported the situation, Emperor Wenzong was furious; an edict denounced Sai Shang'a for confused command, muddled orders, and skewed rewards and punishments that had worn out the army, wasted funds, and produced nothing over months; he was stripped of office and sent to the capital for trial.

文宗大悅，賜訥爾經額雙眼花翎、黃馬褂，賚擢諸將有差。 Emperor Wenzong was delighted, gave Ne'erjing'e double-eyed peacock feathers and a yellow riding jacket, and rewarded and promoted the generals to varying degrees.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 393Volume 393 Biographies 180: Li Xingyuan, Zhou Tianjue, Lao Chongguang · 5 passages

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文宗覽而哀之，依總督例賜卹，賜金治喪，存問其母，子二人命俟服闋引見，諡文恭。 The Xianfeng Emperor read it with compassion, granted posthumous benefits according to the regulations for a governor, bestowed funds for the funeral, sent inquiries after his mother, ordered his two sons to be presented at court after their mourning period, and gave him the posthumous name Wengong.

文宗御極，求知兵大臣，尚書杜受田以天爵對，遂起廣西巡撫，偕欽差大臣李星沅辦賊。 When the Xianfeng Emperor ascended the throne, he sought officials versed in military affairs; Minister Du Shoutian recommended Tianjue, who was recalled as governor of Guangxi to join Imperial Commissioner Li Xingyuan in suppressing the rebels.

既至，連召對十一次，極言軍事，文宗為之動容，然方倚賽尚阿，亦未盡用其言。 Once in the capital, he was summoned for eleven consecutive audiences and spoke exhaustively on military affairs; the Xianfeng Emperor was moved, but as he was then relying on Sai Shang'a, he did not fully adopt Tianjue's counsel.

上震悼，詔嘉其秉性忠直，勇敢有為，心地品行迥超流俗，追贈尚書銜，依贈官賜卹，特諡文忠，不由內閣擬上； The Emperor was deeply grieved; an edict praised his loyal and upright character, his courage and capacity for action, and his moral conduct far above the common run; he was posthumously granted ministerial rank with funeral benefits accordingly, and was specially given the posthumous name Wenzhong without going through the Grand Secretariat's usual proposal;

李星沅、週天爵皆素以忠勤著，文宗採時譽而付以重任，於軍事皆不得要領。 Li Xingyuan and Zhou Tianjue were both known for loyalty and diligence; the Xianfeng Emperor, swayed by their contemporary reputations, entrusted them with heavy responsibilities, yet in military affairs neither grasped the essentials.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 394Volume 394 Biographies 181: Xu Guangjin, Ye Mingchen, Huang Zonghan · 2 passages

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榮據以上聞，文宗韙之。 Xiang forwarded the plan to the throne, and the Xianfeng Emperor approved it.

民團四起，文宗因徐廣縉等前拒英人入城，賴紳民之力，欲復用之，命在籍侍郎羅惇衍、京卿龍元僖、給事中蘇廷魁治團練。 Militia sprang up everywhere; recalling how Xu Guangjin had blocked British entry with gentry and commoners behind him, the Xianfeng Emperor wanted to revive that strategy and ordered retired Vice Minister Luo Dunyi, capital official Long Yuanxi, and Supervising Secretary Su Tingkui to organize the militia.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 396Volume 396 Biographies 183: Wu Wenrong, Pan Duo, Deng Erheng · 2 passages

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咸豐元年，入覲，文宗甚重之，嘉其忠誠勇於任事，勗以察情偽，惜身體，文鎔益感奮。 In the first year of the Xianfeng reign (1851) he went to court; Emperor Wenzong greatly valued him, praised his loyalty and courage in undertaking affairs, and urged him to discern truth from falsehood and take care of his health; Wenrong was all the more stirred to exertion.

文宗震怒，逮崇綸治罪，文鎔志節乃大白。 Emperor Wenzong was greatly angered, arrested Chonglun for punishment, and Wenrong's integrity was fully vindicated.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 398Volume 398 Biographies 185: Zong Shixianghou, Huo Longwu, Fu Zhu Hong A, En Zhang, Chen Shengyuan, Qi Suzao, Chen Kerang, Liu Tongying, Rui Chang, Jie Chun, Xi Ling A · 1 passage

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文宗悼惜，加等優血卩，贈右都御史，廕一子以知州用。 The Xianfeng Emperor mourned his loss and granted enhanced posthumous honors. Suzao was posthumously made Right Censor-in-Chief, and one son was given the privilege of appointment as prefect.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 423Volume 423 Biographies 210: Zong Jichen, Yin Gengyun, Wang Zheng, Mu Jixianga, You Baichuan, Shen Huai · 12 passages

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五年，聞上將謁陵，未有旨戒行，稷辰疏言：「畿南州縣被水，連歲用兵，民氣甫行休息，籥請展緩一年。」 In the fifth year (1855), when word spread that the emperor would soon visit the tombs though no formal notice had been issued, Jichen memorialized: "The counties south of the capital had been flooded, years of war had only just eased, and the people needed rest—I beg a one-year postponement."

上諭曰：「每歲謁陵，事同典禮，如果畿輔民力未逮，亦必權衡時勢，暫緩舉行。 The emperor replied: "The annual tomb visit was a ritual obligation, but if the capital region could not bear the burden, the court would weigh the times and defer the ceremony.

伏乞皇上命內外臣工各舉所知，無論已仕未仕，果能文武兼資，皆許徵起，必可網羅而盡得之。」 I beg Your Majesty to order every official, inside and outside the capital, to nominate men he knows—serving or not—who truly combine civil and military gifts, and to summon them to office. In that way the court could gather every capable man in the land."

咸豐五年，粵匪犯畿輔，惠親王綿愉為大將軍，僧格林沁參贊軍務，闢耕雲佐幕府，上書論防務，為文宗所知。 In the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), when Taiping forces threatened the capital region, Prince Hui Mianyu was named commander-in-chief with Sengge Rinchen as his deputy. Gengyun joined the staff, wrote on defense, and won the attention of the Xianfeng Emperor.

伏原紹述心傳，收回成命。」 I beg Your Majesty to follow that precedent and revoke the appointment."

惟懇俯念籓籬重地，立予罷斥，簡大員往代。 I beg Your Majesty to remember how vital this frontier province is, dismiss Chong'en at once, and send a senior replacement.

英、法合軍犯天津，耕雲專疏者七，會疏者二，力主決戰，上命王大臣集議。 When British and French forces attacked Tianjin together, Gengyun filed seven solo memorials and joined two joint ones, all urging war to the finish. The emperor convened the princes and senior ministers to deliberate.

十年，京師戒嚴，上將幸熱河，耕雲代團防大臣草疏諫阻，復自以書抵肅順，卒不聽。 In the tenth year (1860), with the capital under martial law and the emperor preparing to flee to Rehe, Gengyun drafted a remonstrance for the defense commissioner and wrote personally to Sushun, but neither appeal was heard.

侍郎文祥提督九門，遇耕雲東城，相持哭，因為規畫留守諸事。 Vice President Wenxiang, commanding the Nine Gates, met Gengyun in the eastern city. They embraced and wept, and Gengyun outlined plans for holding Beijing during the emperor's absence.

就令人材難得，或於總理衙門位置為宜，上應量為裁抑，或處以散職，或畀以虛銜，庶外邦服我旌別之嚴。 Even if talent were scarce and the Zongli Yamen needed staff, the emperor should curb such men—assign sinecures or empty titles—so foreign powers would respect China's standards of rank.

七年，捻匪自山東竄直隸，百川奏請飭統兵大臣迅速剿辦，又請嚴禁各省栽種罌粟，上皆採納。 In the seventh year (1868), when Nian rebels fled from Shandong into Zhili, Baichuan urged swift suppression and a ban on opium cultivation in every province. The emperor adopted both proposals.

咸豐十年，文宗狩熱河，淮不及從，慟哭欲投井，家人守之不得死。 In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), when the Xianfeng Emperor fled to Rehe, Huai could not accompany him and wept so bitterly he tried to throw himself into a well; his family stopped him.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 440Volume 440 Biographies 227: Ying Gui, Zong Shizailing, En Cheng, Zong Shifukun, Chong Li, Yu De · 1 passage

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文宗巡幸，嘗詢以事，奏對稱旨，嘉獎之。 When the Wenzong Emperor made an imperial tour, he once questioned Chongli on affairs. Chongli's replies pleased the emperor, who praised him.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 445Volume 445 Biographies 232: Wu Kedu, Zhu Yixin, Tu Keshou, An Weijun, Wen Ti, Jiang Chunlin · 1 passage

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欽奉兩宮皇太后懿旨，以醇親王之子承繼文宗顯皇帝為子，入承大統為嗣皇帝，俟嗣皇帝生有皇子，即承繼大行皇帝為嗣。 By decree of the two empress dowagers, the son of Prince Chun was adopted as heir to Emperor Wenzong, ascended the throne as successor emperor, and when he should have a son of his own, that son would succeed the late emperor in turn.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 465Volume 465 Biographies 252: Xu Tong With: Yu Shi, Yu Shi Son: Cheng Yu, Gang Yi, Zhao Shuqiao, Qi Xiu, Ying Nian, Yu Lu With: Ting Yong, Yu Xian With: Li Tingxiao · 1 passage

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咸豐十年，特賞檢討，協修文宗實錄。 In 1860 he was specially made a reviser and helped compile the Veritable Records of Emperor Wenzong.