Qin and Han · King of Qi

Tian Rong 田榮

Tián Róng

Died BC 205

Passages: 50
Chapters: 6
Histories: 2

Overview

The translated histories identify Tian Rong as a general, official, rebel, and ruler. This record brings together 50 passages from 6 chapters across 2 histories, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Tian Rong	田榮	Tián Róng
Personal
Title	King of Qi	齊王	Qi Wang
Title	King of Qi	齊王	Qí Wáng
Title	King of Qi	齊王
Title	King Tian Rong of Qi	齊王田榮
Given	Rong	榮	Rong
Surname	Tian	田	Tian
Personal	Tian Rong	田榮	Tian Rong
Personal name	Tian Rong	田榮	Tián Róng
Personal name	Tian Rong	田榮	Tian Rong

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Male

Sex: male
Strongly inferred · shiji:090:s0054
Sex: male
Explicit · shiji:094:s0002
Value: male
Strongly inferred · hanshu:042:s0030

Roles

General
Official
Rebel
Ruler
Warlord

Life and dates

Death

Manner: killed by locals · Place: Pingyuan / 平原 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 平原人殺榮 · Western Year: BC 205
Explicit · shiji:094:s0045
Text: killed by people of Pingyuan / 平原民殺榮
Explicit · hanshu:042:s0075

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 儋弟田榮收儋餘兵 · Western Interval: Start: BC 208 · End: BC 205
Explicit event contextual date · shiji:094:s0011, shiji:094:s0045
Source Date: Text: 漢二年 · Western Year: BC 205
Explicit · shiji:091:s0031
Source Date: Text: 漢元年秋 · Western Year: BC 206
Explicit · shiji:090:s0054
Source Date: Text: 齊王田榮叛楚 · Western Year: BC 206
Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:041:s0145

Family

Immediate source-linked family. Drag to pan, scroll or pinch to zoom, and select a person to open their record.

Kin of Tian Dan (田儋)
Kinship Term: cousin / 從弟 · Line: paternal
Parent of Tian Guang (田廣)
Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father
Sibling of Tian Dan (田儋)
Kinship Term: younger brother / 弟 · Subject Relative Age: younger
Sibling of Tian Heng (田橫)
Kinship Term: younger brother / 弟 · Subject Relative Age: younger · Shared Parentage: full

Career and standing

Label: Chancellor of Qi / 相 · Action: held
Explicit · shiji:094:s0020
Text: Chancellor of Qi / 相
Explicit · hanshu:042:s0048
Text: King of Qi / 自立為王
Explicit · hanshu:042:s0072
Title: King of Qi / 齊王 · Action: assumed
Explicit · shiji:094:s0043

Places and affiliations

Label: Qi / 齊 · Relation: associated-with
Explicit · shiji:090:s0054

Works and attributed material

Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Quoted: true
Explicit · shiji:094:s0022

Events and relationships

Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: drove-out-Tian-Jia · Other Person Id: Tian Jia (田假)
Explicit · shiji:094:s0015
Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: killed-Tian-Shi-and-Tian-An · Other Person Id: Tian Shi (田市)
Explicit · shiji:094:s0042
Relation: rival-of · Person Id: Xiang Yu (項羽)
Explicit · shiji:094:s0032, shiji:094:s0036
Type: father · Person Id: Tian Guang (田廣)
Explicit · hanshu:042:s0081
Type: younger-cousin · Person Id: Tian Dan (田儋)
Explicit · hanshu:042:s0030
Type: elder-brother · Person Id: Tian Heng (田橫)
Explicit · hanshu:042:s0030
Relation: ally-of · Person Id: Chen Yu (陳餘)
Explicit · shiji:094:s0038
Relation: younger-patrilineal-cousin · Person Key: Tian Dan (田儋)
Explicit · hanshu:001:s0088

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Book of Han, Chapter 1Volume 1: Annals of Emperor Gaozu 1 · 13 passages

田儋與從弟榮、橫起齊，自立為齊王。 Tian Dan and his younger brothers Rong and Heng rose up in Qi, establishing themselves as King of Qi.

章邯圍田榮於東阿。 Zhang Han besieged Tian Rong at Dong'e.

沛公與項梁共救田榮，大破章邯東阿。 Pei Gong and Xiang Liang together went to rescue Tian Rong and greatly defeated Zhang Han at Dong'e.

田榮歸，沛公、項羽追北，至城陽，攻屠其城。 Tian Rong returned. Pei Gong and Xiang Yu pursued the defeated enemy north to Chengyang and attacked, massacring the population of the city.

八月，田榮立田儋子市為齊王。 In the eighth month, Tian Rong established Tian Dan's son Shi as King of Qi.

秦三年十月，齊將田都畔田榮，將兵助項羽救趙。 In the tenth month of the third year of Qin, Qi general Tian Du rebelled against Tian Rong and led troops to help Xiang Yu rescue Zhao.

田榮聞羽徙齊王市於膠東而立田都為齊王，大怒，以齊兵迎擊田都。 When Tian Rong heard that Xiang Yu had moved Tian Shi, King of Qi, to Jiaodong and installed Tian Du as King of Qi, he was furious and led the Qi troops to attack Tian Du.

六月，田榮殺田市，自立為齊王。 In the sixth month, Tian Rong killed Tian Shi and established himself as King of Qi.

榮與越將軍印，因令反梁地。 Tian Rong gave Peng Yue a general's seal and ordered him to rebel in Liang territory.

越擊殺濟北王安，榮遂并三齊之地。 Peng Yue attacked and killed King of Jibei Tian An. Tian Rong then united the three Qi territories.

陳餘亦怨羽獨不王己，從田榮藉助兵，以擊常山王張耳。 Chen Yu also resented that Xiang Yu had not made him a king. He borrowed troops from Tian Rong and attacked Zhang Er, King of Changshan.

春正月，羽擊田榮城陽，榮敗走平原，平原民殺之。 In spring, in the first month, Xiang Yu attacked Tian Rong at Chengyang. Rong was defeated and fled to Pingyuan, where the people killed him.

夏四月，田榮弟橫收得數萬人，立榮子廣為齊王。 In summer, in the fourth month, Tian Rong's younger brother Heng gathered several tens of thousands of men and established Rong's son Guang as King of Qi.

Book of Han, Chapter 41Volume 32: Zhang Er and Chen Yu · 2 passages

及齊王田榮叛楚，餘乃使夏說說田榮曰：「項羽為天下宰不平，盡王諸將善地，徙故王王惡地，今趙王乃居代！ When Qi's king Tian Rong rebelled against Chu, Chen Yu sent Xia Yue to persuade Tian Rong, saying: "Xiang Yu is unfair as steward of all under heaven. He made all his generals kings over good lands and moved former kings to bad lands; now the King of Zhao actually dwells in Dai!

田榮欲樹黨，乃遣兵從餘。 Tian Rong wanted to build his own faction and sent troops to aid Chen Yu.

Book of Han, Chapter 42Volume 33: Wei Bao, Tian Dan and Hán Xin (King of Han) · 16 passages

儋從弟榮，榮弟橫，皆豪桀，宗彊，能得人。 His younger cousin Tian Rong and Rong's younger brother Tian Heng were both powerful local heroes who could attract followers.

儋從弟榮收儋餘兵東走東阿。 Tian Rong gathered Tian Dan's remaining troops and fled east to Dong'a.

榮之走東阿，章邯追圍之。 After Tian Rong fled to Dong'a, Zhang Han pursued and besieged him.

項梁聞榮急，乃引兵擊破章邯東阿下。 Hearing Tian Rong was in danger, Xiang Liang led troops and broke Zhang Han below Dong'a.

而榮怒齊之立假，乃引兵歸，擊逐假。 Tian Rong, enraged that Qi had installed Tian Jia, withdrew his troops and drove Tian Jia out.

榮乃立儋子市為王，榮相之，橫為將，平齊地。 Tian Rong then enthroned Tian Dan's son Tian Shi as king, served as his chancellor, made Tian Heng commander, and pacified Qi.

榮曰：「楚殺田假，趙殺角、閒，乃出兵。」 Tian Rong said, "Chu must kill Tian Jia and Zhao must kill Jiao and Jian—only then will I send troops."

項羽由此怨榮。 Because of this, Xiang Yu came to resent Tian Rong.

榮以負項梁，不肯助楚攻秦，故不得王。 Because Tian Rong had failed Xiang Liang and refused to aid Chu against Qin, he received no kingship.

榮使人將兵助陳餘，令反趙地，而榮亦發兵以距擊田都，都亡走楚。 Tian Rong sent men with troops to assist Chen Yu and ordered him to recover Zhao territory. Rong himself also raised troops to attack Tian Du, and Du fled to Chu.

榮留齊王市毋之膠東。 Tian Rong kept King Shi of Qi from departing for Jiaodong.

榮怒，追擊殺市於即墨，還攻殺濟北王安，自立為王，盡并三齊之地。 Tian Rong was enraged. He pursued King Shi to Jimo and killed him, then returned, attacked and killed Tian An, king of Jibei, made himself king, and annexed all the territory of the Three Qi.

榮發兵距之城陽。 Tian Rong sent troops to resist him at Chengyang.

榮兵敗，走平原，平原民殺榮。 Tian Rong's army was defeated; he fled to Pingyuan, where local people killed him.

榮弟橫收齊散兵，得數萬人，反擊項羽於城陽。 Tian Rong's brother Tian Heng gathered scattered Qi troops, raised tens of thousands, and counterattacked Xiang Yu at Chengyang.

以故橫復收齊城邑，立榮子廣為王，而橫相之，政事無巨細皆斷於橫。 For this reason Tian Heng again gathered in the cities and towns of Qi, established Tian Rong's son Tian Guang as king, and served as his chancellor. Every matter of government, large or small, was decided by Heng.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 90Biographies of Wei Bao and Peng Yue · 1 passage

漢元年秋，齊王田榮畔項王，（漢）乃使人賜彭越將軍印，使下濟陰以擊楚。 In the autumn of the first year of Han, when King Tian Rong of Qi rebelled against the King of Xiang, Han sent an envoy to bestow upon Peng Yue the seal of a general and ordered him to take Jiyin and attack Chu.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 91Biography of Qing Bu · 1 passage

漢二年，齊王田榮畔楚，項王往擊齊，徵兵九江，九江王布稱病不往，遣將將數千人行。 In the second year of Han, Tian Rong, the King of Qi, rebelled against Chu. The King of Xiang marched to attack Qi and demanded troops from Jiujiang, but Bu, the King of Jiujiang, pleaded illness and refused to go in person, dispatching only a general with several thousand men.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 94Biography of Tian Dan, King of Qi · 17 passages

儋從弟田榮，榮弟田橫，皆豪，宗彊，能得人。 His cousin Tian Rong and Rong's younger brother Tian Heng were both bold and formidable men. Their clan wielded great power and could rally followers to their cause.

儋弟田榮收儋餘兵東走東阿。 Tian Dan's kinsman Tian Rong rallied the remnants of Dan's army and retreated east to Dong'e.

田榮之走東阿，章邯追圍之。 When Tian Rong fell back to Dong'e, Zhang Han gave chase and laid siege to the city.

項梁聞田榮之急，乃引兵擊破章邯軍東阿下。 Xiang Liang, hearing of Tian Rong's dire straits, brought his forces to bear and shattered Zhang Han's army beneath the walls of Dong'e.

而田榮怒齊之立假，乃引兵歸，擊逐齊王假。 But Tian Rong, furious that Qi had installed Tian Jia as king, led his troops home and drove King Jia from the throne.

田榮乃立田儋子市為齊王。 Tian Rong then installed Tian Dan's son Shi as King of Qi.

榮相之，田橫為將，平齊地。 Rong served as chancellor and Tian Heng as general, and together they pacified the lands of Qi.

田榮曰：「使楚殺田假，趙殺田角、田閒，閒肯出兵。」 Tian Rong replied, "Have Chu execute Tian Jia, and have Zhao execute Tian Jiao and Tian Jian—only then will I send troops."

項羽往救趙，由此怨田榮。 Xiang Yu marched to Zhao's rescue, and from that time bore a deep grudge against Tian Rong.

田榮以負項梁不肯出兵助楚、趙攻秦，故不得王； Tian Rong, because he had failed Xiang Liang and refused to send troops to aid Chu and Zhao against Qin, was denied a kingdom.

頊王既歸，諸侯各就國，田榮使人將兵助陳餘，令反趙地，而榮亦發兵以距擊田都，田都亡走楚。 Once King Xiang returned west and the lords dispersed to their kingdoms, Tian Rong sent troops to aid Chen Yu, directing him to seize Zhao. At the same time, Rong raised his own forces and attacked Tian Du, who fled to Chu.

田榮留齊王市，無令之膠東。 Tian Rong kept King Shi in Qi and forbade him from proceeding to Jiaodong.

田榮怒，追擊殺齊王市於即墨，還攻殺濟北王安。 Tian Rong, enraged, gave chase and killed King Shi at Jimo. He then turned back and attacked and killed King An of Jibei.

於是田榮乃自立為齊王，盡并三齊之地。 Tian Rong thereupon proclaimed himself King of Qi, bringing all three Qi kingdoms under his rule.

齊王田榮兵敗，走平原，平原人殺榮。 King Tian Rong of Qi was defeated in battle and fled to Pingyuan, where the people of that place killed him.

榮弟橫，收齊散兵，得數萬人，反擊項羽於城陽。 Rong's younger brother Tian Heng rallied the scattered soldiers of Qi, assembling tens of thousands of men, and struck back against Xiang Yu at Chengyang.

以故田橫復得收齊城邑，立田榮子廣為齊王，而橫相之，專國政，政無巨細皆斷於相。 With Xiang Yu's attention diverted, Tian Heng recovered the cities of Qi. He installed Tian Rong's son Guang as King of Qi and served as his chancellor, concentrating all power in his own hands. Every affair of state, great or small, was decided by the chancellor.