Overview
Xi Liang was an official and Governor-General.
Other names
| Type | English | Chinese | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Courtesy name | Qingbi | 清弼 | Qingbi |
| Posthumous name | Wencheng | 文誠 | Wencheng |
Life and dates
Death
- AD 1917 to AD 1918 臥病六年…卒Illness · Notes bedridden six years, refused medicineDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 81
Age
- 66Reckoning SuiDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 81
Attested activity
- AD 1909 宣統元年Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 45
- AD 1874 同治十三年Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 4
- AD 1894 光緒二十年Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 6-7
- AD 1900 光緒二十六年Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 10-11
- AD 1903 光緒二十九年Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 28
- AD 1904 光緒三十年Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 30-31
Show 10 more source-backed claims
- AD 1907 光緒三十三年Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 36
- AD 1911 三年，始允解任調理Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 77
- AD 1875 to AD 1908 光緒Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 284-285, 289
- AD 1875 to AD 1879 光緒初Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 5
- AD 1910 朝鮮為日並Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 70-71
- AD 1911 武昌變作Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 78
- AD 1917 to AD 1918 臥病六年…卒，年六十有六，諡文誠Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 81
- AD 1912 遜位詔下Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 80
- AD 1909 to AD 1910 醇親王監國…入都面陳監國Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 60-61, 68
- AD 1910 to AD 1911 防疫事起…三月而疫絕Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 72-74
Origins and identity
- Mongol 蒙古Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 3
- Bayuete clan 巴岳特氏Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 3
Career and standing
- imperial commissioner 欽差大臣AD 1909 宣統元年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 45
- county magistrate of Shanxi 山西知縣AD 1874 同治十三年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 4
- prefect of Yizhou 沂州知府AD 1894 光緒二十年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 6
- governor of Shanxi 山西巡撫AD 1900 光緒二十六年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 11
- Rehe Military Lieutenant-Governor 熱河都統AD 1911 武昌變作…改授熱河都統 · AppointedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 79
- director-general of Henan river conservancy 河南河道總督AppointedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 17
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- governor of Henan 河南巡撫AppointedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 19
- concurrent supervisor of river works 兼管河工HeldDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 19
- Governor of the eastern provinces 督東HeldDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 75
- prefectural and county magistrate 牧令HeldDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 82
- eastern provinces governor 督東AD 1911 三年，始允解任調理 · LeftDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 77
- intendant of the Yan-Yi-Cao-Ji Circuit 兗沂曹濟道AD 1894 光緒二十年 · PromotedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 6
- governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang 閩浙總督AD 1903 光緒二十九年 · PromotedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 28
- provincial judicial commissioner 按察使PromotedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 8
- provincial treasurer of Hunan 湖南布政使PromotedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 9
- governor-general of the Three Eastern Provinces 東三省總督AD 1909 宣統元年 · TransferredDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 45
- acting governor-general of Sichuan 署四川AD 1903 光緒二十九年 · TransferredDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 28
- governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou 雲貴總督AD 1907 光緒三十三年 · TransferredDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 36
- governor of Hubei 湖北巡撫TransferredDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 16
- intendant of the Shanxi Jining Circuit 山西冀寧道TransferredDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 8
- Rehe lieutenant-general 熱河都統TransferredDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 22
- Wencheng 文誠Posthumously grantedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 81
Places and affiliations
- Polity Qing 清 · Relation ServedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 3-4, 61, 75, 285, 289
- AD 1909 宣統元年At Three Eastern Provinces 東三省 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 45
- AD 1874 同治十三年At Shanxi 山西 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 4
- AD 1894 光緒二十年At Shandong 山東 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 6
- AD 1903 光緒二十九年At Sichuan 四川 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 28
- AD 1907 光緒三十三年At Yunnan 雲南 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 36
Show 6 more source-backed claims
- At Henan 河南 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 17, 19
- At Hunan 湖南 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 9
- At Rehe 熱河 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 22
- At Shanxi 山西 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 8
- Organization Bordered Blue Banner 鑲藍旗 · Relation Member ofDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 3
- Organization Bureau for Seeking Good Government 求治局 · Relation FounderDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 24
Learning and skills
- EarnedAD 1874 同治十三年 · Credential metropolitan graduate 進士Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 4
Works and attributed material
- Remonstrated against centralizationAD 1875 to AD 1908 光緒 · Memorial · AuthorDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 289
- AD 1909 宣統元年Memorial · AuthorDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 47-49
- memorial against centralization 疏諫中央集權Memorial · Author · Direct quotationDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 64-66
- memorial urging real constitution 疏請實行憲法Memorial · Author · Direct quotationDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 61-62
- Narrative · SubjectDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 290
- peace and defense of Shanxi/Shaanxi both requiredReasoning · SpeakerDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 13
Events and relationships
- Abolished river conservancy directorate into governor portfolioAdministrative · MemorialistDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 18
- Asked to resign refusedPolitical · PetitionerDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 69
- Banned opium cultivationAD 1907 光緒三十三年 · Administrative · Memorialist · At Yunnan 雲南Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 36, 38
- Created New Army and military academyAD 1907 光緒三十三年 · Military · Reformer · At Yunnan 雲南Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 36-37
- Defended Shanxi and approached foreign forcesAD 1900 光緒二十六年 · Military · Defender · At Shanxi 山西Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 12-15
- Elevated Chaoyang and created Fuxin Jianping Longhua countiesAdministrative · Memorialist · At Rehe 熱河Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 27
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- Established Bureau for Seeking Good GovernmentAdministrative · Reformer · At Rehe 熱河Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 24
- Established rural pacification bureaus and militiaMilitary · Organizer · At Fengtian 奉Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 70-71
- Extended county administration west of DartsedoAD 1904 光緒三十年 · Administrative · Governor generalDated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 30, 34-35
- Impeached dozens of circuit and prefectural officialsAdministrative · Governor · At Henan 河南Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 20
- Impeached unworthy officials without mercyAdministrative · OfficialDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 83
- Led Hubei Hunan troops to escort courtAD 1900 光緒二十六年 · Military · Commander · At Shanxi 山西Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 10-11
- Memorialized against centralizationAD 1875 to AD 1908 光緒 · Political · Remonstrator · Counterpart Grand Council 樞廷 · Outcome obstructed by the Grand Council 樞廷轉相箝制Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 289
- Memorialized for constitutionPolitical · MemorialistDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 61-62
- Memorials unansweredPolitical · MemorialistDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 67
- Opened hunting ground wasteland for reclamationAdministrative · Reformer · At Rehe 熱河Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 25
- Ordered Batang Litang campaignDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 30-31
- Oversaw drought reliefAD 1875 to AD 1879 光緒初 · Administrative · Relief administrator · At Shanxi 山西Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 5
- Pacified Diao Anren and native chieftainsDated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 36, 43-44
- Planned for Shanxi Shaanxi and capital defenseMilitary · Intended commanderDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 78
- Presided international plague research congressScholarly · Chair · At Fengtian provincial yamen 省署Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 74
- Promoted Chinese financed Sichuan railway with rent sharesAD 1903 光緒二十九年 · Administrative · Advocate · At Sichuan 四川Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 28-29
- Reassigned to Rehe despite illnessPolitical · AppointeeDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 79
- Reformed civil military finance salt and banner livelihoodAdministrative · GovernorDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 75
- Remonstrated against centralizationPolitical · MemorialistDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 64-66
- Reorganized patrols and suppressed banditsMilitary · Commander · At Rehe 熱河Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 26
- Repeatedly pleaded illness to resignPolitical · PetitionerDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 76
- Requested imperial audience on Manchuria crisisAD 1909 宣統元年 · Political · PetitionerDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 59
- Requested twenty million tael loan for bank colonization mines railwaysAD 1909 宣統元年 · Administrative · MemorialistDated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 45, 56-58
- Retired after abdication edictPolitical · PetitionerDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 80
- Secret American loan draft for Jinzhou Aihui railwayAD 1909 宣統元年 · Administrative · NegotiatorDated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 45, 50-54
- Stated face to face to regentDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 68
- Suppressed Big Sword SocietyAD 1894 光緒二十年 · Military · Commander · At Shan County 單縣Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 6-7
- Suppressed Biyang missionary case and relieved refugeesLegal · Governor · At Biyang 泌陽Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 21
- Suppressed Hekou border raidAD 1907 光緒三十三年 · Military · Commander · At Hekou 河口Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 36, 39
- Suppressed plague as domestic matterMedical · Administrator · At Fengtian, Jilin, and Heilongjiang 奉、吉、黑三省Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 72-73
- Urged end ceremonial overseas tours and serious study for princesPolitical · MemorialistDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 63
- Urged recovery of Liaodong peninsulaAD 1909 宣統元年 · Diplomatic · AdvocateDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 47-49
- Warnings matched later crisisPolitical · Forecaster · Outcome the age especially admired his foresight 世尤服其先見Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 290
- transferred on Li Bingheng's memorial 李秉衡奏調Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 6
Assessments and attributes
- Assessment benevolent administration in successive prefectural and county posts · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 4
- Assessment esteemed by the people for honest relief work · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 5
- foresight 先見Assessment foresight admired · Mode hearsayDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 290
- Assessment praised-by-physicians-from-eleven-countries · Mode named-source-reportDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 74
- Assessment restored austere administrative discipline in Henan · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 20
- Assessment upright-unyielding-incorruptible · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 82-85
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- strong and upright; pacified within and repelled without 強直負重，安內攘外，頗有建樹Assessment upright, bore heavy responsibilities, pacified internal troubles and resisted foreign pressure, with notable achievements · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 285
- Assessment Yunnan's opium prohibition was the strictest among the provinces · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 38
- would not take a cash of unrighteous wealth; offered no gifts to the powerfulCharacterDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 84-85
Source notes
- Historicity historicalDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 3, 61, 285
- Jointly commissioned by the Huguang governor-general and the Hubei and Hunan governors to lead provincial troops for capital defense以湖廣總督、湖北湖南巡撫會委，統率鄂、湘軍隊入衛Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 11
References in the histories
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