Ming · Ming Emperor

Zhu Di 朱棣

Died AD 1424

Passages: 101
Chapters: 4
Histories: 1

Overview

The translated histories identify Zhu Di as a general, royal family member, and ruler. This record brings together 101 passages from 4 chapters across 1 history, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Zhu Di	朱棣	Zhu Di
Temple	Chengzu	成祖	Chengzu
Posthumous	Cultural Emperor	文皇帝
Posthumous name	Cultured Emperor	文皇帝
Title	Emperor	帝	Di
Posthumous	Emperor Wen	文皇帝
Title	Emperor Wen	文帝
Title	Emperor Wen	文皇	Wen Huang
Title	Prince of Yan	燕王	Yan Wang
Temple	Taizong	太宗	Taizong
Temple name	Taizong	太宗	Tàizōng
Personal name	Taizong Emperor who embodies Heaven, expands the Way, is lofty and bright, broadly carries fortune, sage in war and divine in accomplishment, purely benevolent and supremely filial, Cultured Emperor	太宗體天弘道高明廣運聖武神功純仁至孝文皇帝
Title	Taizong, the Cultured Emperor	太宗文皇帝
Personal	Zhu Di	棣	Di

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Male

Sex: male
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0003, mingshi:008:s0001, mingshi:058:s0029

Roles

General
Royal Family Member
Ruler

Life and dates

Death

Date Context: Source Date: Text: 二十二年七月 · Western Year: AD 1424 · Place: Yumu River / 榆木川
Explicit · mingshi:008:s0038
Place: Yumu River / 榆木川
Explicit · mingshi:058:s0029

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 二十二年七月 · Western Year: AD 1424
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:008:s0038
Source Date: Text: 十二月 · Western Year: AD 1424
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:058:s0059, mingshi:058:s0029
Source Date: Text: 建文三年 · Western Year: AD 1401
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:005:s0101, mingshi:005:s0103
Source Date: Text: 建文二年 · Western Year: AD 1400
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:005:s0066, mingshi:005:s0070
Source Date: Text: 建文元年 · Western Year: AD 1399
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:005:s0018, mingshi:005:s0022
Source Date: Text: 建文四年 · Western Year: AD 1402
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:005:s0134, mingshi:005:s0172, mingshi:005:s0178
Source Date: Text: 成祖舉兵 · Western Year: AD 1399
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:008:s0018
Source Date: Text: 成祖踐阼 · Western Year: AD 1402
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:008:s0026
Source Date: Text: 文帝崩於榆木川 · Western Year: AD 1424
Explicit · mingshi:058:s0029
Source Date: Text: 永樂五年 · Western Year: AD 1407
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:169:s0041
Source Date: Text: 洪武三十一年閏五月 · Western Year: AD 1398
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:005:s0010, mingshi:005:s0011
Source Date: Text: 洪武三十五年 · Western Year: AD 1402
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:005:s0185, mingshi:005:s0210
Source Date: Text: 洪武三年 · Western Year: AD 1370
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:005:s0003
Source Date: Text: 洪武二十三年 · Western Year: AD 1390
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:005:s0007
Source Date: Text: 洪武十三年 · Western Year: AD 1380
Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:005:s0004

Family

Immediate source-linked family. Drag to pan, scroll or pinch to zoom, and select a person to open their record.

Spouse of Empress Xu (徐氏)
Kinship Term: consort / 妃 · Union Category: primary-marriage · Subject Role: husband · Object Role: wife
Parent of Zhu Gaochi (朱高熾)
Kinship Term: crown prince / 皇太子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father
Kinship Term: eldest son / 長子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father · Subject Birth Order: 1 · Line: paternal
Parent of Zhu Gaoxu (朱高煦)
Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father
Kinship Term: Gaoxu / 高煦 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
Parent of Heir Apparent of Yan (燕世子)
Kinship Term: heir apparent / 世子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
Child of Empress Xiaoci Gao (孝慈高皇后)
Kinship Term: mother / 母 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: mother
Sibling of Zhu Hui (朱橞)
Kinship Term: Prince of Gu / 谷王 · Shared Parentage: uncertain
Sibling of Prince of Jin (晉王)
Kinship Term: Prince of Jin / 晉王 · Shared Parentage: uncertain
Sibling of Zhu Quan (朱權)
Kinship Term: Prince of Ning / 寧王 · Shared Parentage: uncertain
Sibling of Zhu Su (朱橚)
Kinship Term: Prince of Zhou / 周王 · Shared Parentage: uncertain
Child of Taizu (太祖)
Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father · Line: paternal
Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father · Subject Birth Order: 4
Parent of Zhu Gaosui (朱高燧)
Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father
Kin of Jianwen Emperor (建文皇帝)
Kinship Term: uncle / 叔父 · Subject Role: paternal-uncle · Object Role: nephew
Sibling of Prince of Dai (代王)
Shared Parentage: uncertain
Sibling of Zhu Fu (朱榑)
Shared Parentage: uncertain
Sibling of Prince of Xiang (湘王)
Shared Parentage: uncertain
Sibling of Prince of Min (岷王)
Shared Parentage: uncertain

Career and standing

Label: emperor / 皇帝 · Action: assumed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 建文四年 · Western Year: AD 1402
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0178
Title: Prince of Yan / 燕王 · Action: received · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 洪武三年 · Western Year: AD 1370
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0003
Date Context: Source Date: Text: 建文四年 · Western Year: AD 1402
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0178

Places and affiliations

Label: Ming / 明 · Relation: ruled
Explicit · mingshi:008:s0026
Label: Ming / 明 · Relation: served
Explicit · mingshi:169:s0040
Polity: Ming / 明 · Relation: served
Explicit · mingshi:058:s0086
Place: Changling / 長陵 · Relation: buried-at · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 庚申 · Western Year: AD 1424
Explicit · mingshi:008:s0097
Place: Beiping / 北平 · Relation: posted-to · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 洪武十三年 · Western Year: AD 1380
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0004
Place: Beiping / 北平 · Relation: based-at
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0004, mingshi:005:s0091, mingshi:005:s0125
Place: Yumu River / 榆木川 · Relation: died-at
Explicit · mingshi:058:s0029

Works and attributed material

Work: Veritable Records of Taizu / 太祖實錄 · Relation: ordered-revision · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 洪武三十五年 · Western Year: AD 1402
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0206
Kind: testament · Role: author · Action: left-final-testament-following-Taizu
Explicit · mingshi:058:s0029
Kind: edict · Role: author · Note: Hongwu 35 / Yongle 1 calendar and tax remissions
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0185, mingshi:005:s0186, mingshi:005:s0187
Kind: memorial · Role: author · Other Person Id: Jianwen Emperor (建文皇帝) · Note: denounced Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0023
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Note: Datong cold strategy
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0064
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Note: must fight speech
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0084
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Note: strategy regarding Jinglong and Wu Gao
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0039, mingshi:005:s0040, mingshi:005:s0041
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Note: Yangzhou strategy
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0160, mingshi:005:s0161, mingshi:005:s0162

Events and relationships

Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: campaigned-against · Other Person Id: Nir Buqa (乃兒不花) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 洪武二十三年 · Western Year: AD 1390
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0007, mingshi:005:s0008
Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: raised arms / Jingnan campaign · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 成祖舉兵 · Western Year: AD 1399
Explicit · mingshi:008:s0018
Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: raised-Jingnan-army · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 建文元年秋七月 · Western Year: AD 1399
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0022, mingshi:005:s0024, mingshi:005:s0025
Kind: political · Role: commissioner · Action: sent Hu Ying to search for Jianwen · Other Person Id: Hu Ying (胡濙)
Explicit · mingshi:169:s0041
Kind: ritual · Role: officiant · Action: suburban-sacrifice · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 洪武三十五年秋七月 · Western Year: AD 1402
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0184

Assessments and attributes

Assessment: wise, brave, and strategically capable; won service by sincerity · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0006
Kind: physical-description · Statement: striking stature with fine beard and mustache
Explicit · mingshi:005:s0005

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

History of Ming, Chapter 5Volume 5 Annals 5: Chengzu 1 · 80 passages

成祖啟天弘道高明肇運聖武神功純仁至孝文皇帝諱棣，太祖第四子也。 Chengzu, the Emperor Wen, whose posthumous titles ran through Opener of Heaven, Broadener of the Way, Lofty and Bright, Founder of the Fortune, Sacred in Martial Valor and Divine in Achievement, Pure in Benevolence and Supreme in Filial Piety, bore the personal name Di and was the fourth son of the dynastic founder.

洪武三年，封燕王。 In Hongwu year 3 he received the title Prince of Yan.

王貌奇偉，美髭髯。 The Prince was striking in stature, with a fine beard and mustache.

晉王怯不敢進，王倍道趨迤都山，獲其全部而還，太祖大喜。 The Prince of Jin hung back in fear, but the Prince of Yan forced the march to Yidu, captured the whole enemy host, and returned in triumph. Taizu was delighted.

是後屢帥諸將出征，並令王節制沿邊士馬，王威名大振。 After that he often led the generals in the field and was given authority over frontier soldiers and horses; his name resounded along the border.

王自北平入奔喪，聞詔乃止。 The Prince left Beiping to mourn but turned back when he heard the edict.

憚燕王強，未發，乃先廢周王橚，欲以牽引燕。 Dreading the Prince of Yan's strength, he held back and first deposed Prince Zhou Zhu Su, hoping to bait the Prince of Yan into the open.

王內自危，佯狂稱疾。 The Prince felt himself marked and played the madman, pleading sickness.

泰、子澄密勸帝除王，帝未決。 Tai and Zicheng secretly pressed the emperor to destroy the Prince, but he could not bring himself to act.

建文元年夏六月，燕山百戶倪諒告變，逮官校於諒、周鐸等伏誅。 In the sixth month of summer in Jianwen year 1, Ni Liang, a Yan Mountain centurion, denounced a plot; palace aides were seized, and Yu Liang, Zhou Duo, and others were put to death.

下詔讓王，幷遣中官逮王府僚，王遂稱疾篤。 An edict rebuked the Prince and palace eunuchs were sent to seize his household staff; he then claimed to be deathly ill.

都指揮使謝貴、布政使張昺以兵守王宮。 Regional Commander Xie Gui and Administration Commissioner Zhang Bing ringed the palace with troops.

王密與僧道衍謀，令指揮張玉、朱能潛納勇士八百人入府守衞。 The Prince plotted in secret with the monk Daoyan and had Zhang Yu and Zhu Neng slip eight hundred picked warriors into the palace to guard it.

八月，天子以耿炳文為大將軍，帥師致討。 In the eighth month the court named Geng Bingwen grand general and marched him against the Prince.

壬子，王夜渡白溝河，圍雄，拔其城，屠之。 On renzi the Prince forded the Baigou by night, invested Xiong, stormed it, and slaughtered the garrison.

甲寅，都指揮潘忠、楊松自鄚州來援，伏兵擒之，遂据鄚州，還駐白溝。 On jiayin the commanders Pan Zhong and Yang Song marched from Mozhou to the rescue; the Prince's ambush took them, and he seized Mozhou before withdrawing to the Baigou.

王懼與北軍戰，南軍且乘之也，乃縱保歸，俾揚言王帥兵且至，誘其軍盡北渡河。 Fearing a clash with the northern wing while the southerners exploited his flank, the Prince sent Bao back with a story that the Prince's main body was closing in, drawing the whole enemy host across to the north bank.

壬戌，王至真定，與張玉、譚淵等夾擊炳文軍，大破之，獲其副將李堅、甯忠及都督顧成等，斬首三萬級。 On renxu he came to Zhending and, with Zhang Yu and Tan Yuan, caught Geng Bingwen in a pincer, broke him completely, and took his deputies Li Jian and Ning Zhong and the regional commander Gu Cheng; thirty thousand heads were counted.

王語諸將曰：「景隆色厲而中餒，聞我在必不敢遽來，不若往援永平以致其師。 The Prince told his commanders, "Jinglong blusters but his heart fails him. While he knows I am here he will not rush forward — we should relieve Yongping and pull him after us.

丙戌，燕師援永平。 On bingxu the Yan host set out for Yongping.

壬辰，吳高聞王至，果走，追擊敗之。 On renchen Wu Gao, hearing the Prince was near, fled as foretold; the Prince chased him down and broke his force.

景隆聞王征大宁，果引軍圍北平，筑垒九門，世子堅守不戰。 Li Jinglong, learning the Prince had gone to Da Ning, did invest Beiping, threw up works at the Nine Gates, and the heir apparent held the walls without fighting.

十一月庚午，王次孤山。 In the eleventh month, on gengwu, the Prince made camp at Gushan.

王祷於神，至則冰合，乃济師。 The Prince prayed; when he reached the river the floes had knit into a road, and he took his army across.

景隆遣都督陳晖侦敌，道左，出王軍后。 Li Jinglong sent the regional commander Chen Hui to scout; Chen took the left track and fell in behind the Prince's line.

王分軍還擊之，晖眾爭渡河，冰忽解，溺死無算。 The Prince split off a detachment to hit him from behind; Chen Hui's men rushed the river, the ice gave way, and the drowned were beyond counting.

王以精骑先破其七營，諸將继至，景隆大敗，奔還。 With elite horsemen he shattered seven camps in succession; the other commanders piled on, Li Jinglong was routed, and fled.

王乃謀侵大同，曰：「攻大同，彼必赴救，大同苦寒，南軍脆弱，且不戰疲矣。」 The Prince turned toward Datong, saying, "Strike Datong and they must march to save it — a land of killing cold where southern soldiers wilt before they even fight."

王已旋軍居庸，景隆兵多冻餒死者，不见敌而還。 The Prince had already swung back to Juyong; Li Jinglong's men froze and starved by the thousands, found no foe, and trudged home.

乙卯，王營苏家桥。 On yimao the Prince camped at Sujia Bridge.

王以百骑前，佯卻，誘安阵动，乘之，安敗走。 The Prince led a hundred riders forward, pretended to flee, drew Ping An's line into disorder, and charged; Ping An broke and ran.

暝收軍，王以三骑殿，夜迷失道，下馬伏地视河流，乃辨東西，渡河去。 At dusk he drew in his men; the Prince himself rearguarded with three riders. Night found him off the track; he dismounted, pressed his ear to the water to read its flow, found east from west, forded, and escaped.

景隆横阵數十里，破燕后軍。 Li Jinglong's battle line stretched for tens of li and shattered the Yan rear.

王自帥精骑横擊之，斬瞿能父子。 The Prince led picked cavalry in a flanking blow and killed Qu Neng and his son.

王荡其左，景隆兵乃绕出王后，大戰良久，飞矢雨注。 The Prince rolled up their left; Li Jinglong's men curled behind him, and the fight dragged on under a rain of arrows.

王三易馬，矢盡揮剑，剑折走登堤，佯引鞭若招后继者。 Three horses fell under him; when his quiver was empty he hacked with his sword until the blade snapped; he scrambled onto a dike and flicked his whip as if calling up reserves.

景隆疑有伏，不敢前，高煦救至，乃解。 Li Jinglong feared a trap and held back; Zhu Gaoxu arrived in time and the Prince was saved.

時南軍益集，燕將士皆失色。 More southern troops poured in by the hour, and the Yan ranks went grey with fear.

王奋然曰：「吾不進，敌不退，有戰耳。」 The Prince roused them: "Stand still and they will not leave — there is only to fight."

會旋风起，折景隆旗，王乘风縱火奋擊，斬首數萬溺死者十余萬人。 A whirlwind snapped Li Jinglong's standards; the Prince rode the gust, fired the field, and cut deep — tens of thousands slain and more than a hundred thousand drowned.

五月癸酉，王入德州，景隆走济南。 In the fifth month, on guiyou, the Prince entered Dezhou; Li Jinglong escaped to Jinan.

時徐凯方城沧州，王佯出兵攻遼東，至通州，循河而南，渡直沽，昼夜兼行。 Xu Kai was then besieging Cangzhou; the Prince pretended a strike into Liaodong, reached Tongzhou, turned south along the canal, crossed Zhigu, and drove without pause day or night.

盛庸遣兵來襲，擊敗之。 Sheng Yong sent a column against him; the Prince beat it off.

乙卯，及庸戰於東昌，庸以火器劲弩歼王兵。 On yimao he met Sheng Yong at Dongchang; fire weapons and heavy crossbows cut the Prince's men to pieces.

會平安軍至，合圍數重，王大敗，溃圍以免，亡數萬人，張玉戰死。 Ping An came up and ringed him in layer after layer; the Prince suffered a crushing defeat, hacked his way out, left tens of thousands dead on the field, and Zhang Yu fell fighting.

王以十余骑逼庸營野宿，及明起视，已在圍中。 The Prince camped with barely a dozen riders under Sheng Yong's very sentries; at dawn he woke surrounded.

是日复戰，自辰至未，两軍相胜负，東北风忽起，尘埃蔽天，燕兵大呼，乘风縱擊，庸大敗。 They fought again from chen to wei with neither side gaining; then a northeast gale blew up, dust swallowed the field, the Yan men roared, and charging with flame they broke Sheng Yong completely.

王以計誘之，杰、安出兵襲王。 The Prince baited them; Wu Jie and Ping An sallied to ambush him.

天子使大理少卿薛岩來报，谕王释甲，王不奉詔。 The emperor sent Xue Yan, vice minister of the Court of Judicial Review, with a reply urging the prince to disarm. The prince refused the command.

夏五月，杰、安、庸分兵斷燕饷道，王遣指揮武胜上書，诘其故。 That summer, in the fifth month, Jie, An, and Yong split their armies to sever the Yan supply lines. The prince sent Commander Wu Sheng to demand an explanation in writing.

王遂遣李远略沛縣，焚粮舟萬計。 The prince then dispatched Li Yuan against Pei County and burned grain barges by the ten thousand.

平安乘虚捣北平，王遣劉江迎戰，安敗走。 Ping An stole a march on Beiping while the prince’s main force was away. The prince sent Liu Jiang to meet him; An was beaten and fled.

房昭屯易州西水寨，攻保定，王引兵圍之。 Fang Zhao held the West Water Stockade near Yizhou and pressed Baoding. The prince marched to encircle him.

十一月乙巳，王自為文祭南北阵亡將士。 In the eleventh month, on yisi, the prince himself drafted a ritual address and sacrificed to the dead of both armies, north and south.

当是時，王稱兵三年矣。 By then the prince had been at war for three years.

王乃慨然曰：「频年用兵，何時已乎？ The prince spoke with sudden passion: "Year after year we have fought. When will this ever end?

三月壬辰，平安以四萬骑蹑王軍，王設伏淝河，大敗之。 In the third month, on renchen, Ping An came after him with forty thousand horse. The prince laid an ambush on the Fei River and broke them utterly.

王引兵驰援，清突圍出，合擊敗之。 The prince rushed to his rescue. Qing burst the ring; together they struck and routed the enemy.

夏四月丙寅，王營小河，為桥以济，平安趨爭桥，陳文戰死。 That summer, in the fourth month on bingyin, the prince camped at Xiaohe and threw a bridge across. Ping An raced to seize it; Chen Wen fell fighting.

平安軍桥南，王軍桥北，相持數日。 An held the south bank, the prince the north. For days neither side yielded.

平安转戰，遇王於北坂，王几為安槊所及。 Ping An wheeled to fight again and met the prince on North Slope. An’s spear nearly found him.

番骑王骐跃入阵，掖王逸去。 The frontier rider Wang Qi plunged into the press, caught the prince under his arm, and dragged him clear.

王曰：「南軍饥，更一二日饷至，猝未易破。」 The prince said, "The southern army is starving. In a day or two their grain will come up. Then they will not break easily."

時燕连失大將，淮士盛暑蒸湿，諸將请休軍小河東，就麦观衅。 Yan had lately lost one great commander after another. The Huai country sweltered in midsummer damp; the generals begged to halt east of Xiaohe, rest among the wheat, and wait for a chance.

王曰：「今敌持久饥疲，遮其饷道，可以坐困，奈何北渡懈將士心。」 The prince said, "The foe has been hungry and exhausted for weeks. Cut their supplies and we can crush them without stirring—why recross the river and loosen our men's grip?"

王怒曰：「任公等所之。」 The prince snapped, "Go, then—wherever you please."

丁丑，何福等營灵璧，燕遮其饷道，平安分兵六萬人护之。 On dingchou He Fu camped at Lingbi. Yan interdicted his supplies; Ping An detached sixty thousand men to guard the convoys.

己卯，王帥精锐横擊。 On jimao the prince led his elite in a slashing charge across their line.

何福空壁來援，王軍少卻，高煦伏兵起，福敗走。 He Fu stripped his camp to rescue the van. The prince’s line gave a little ground; Zhu Gaoxu’s ambush rose; Fu broke and ran.

癸巳，王集諸將議所向，或言宜取鳳阳，或言先取淮安。 On guisi the prince called his captains to decide their next blow. Some urged Fengyang; others, Huai’an first.

王曰：「鳳阳楼橹完，淮安多积粟，攻之未易下。 The prince said, “Fengyang’s walls are whole; Huai’an is fat with grain. Either will cost us dearly.

六月癸丑，江防都督佥事陳瑄以舟師叛，附於王。 In the sixth month, on guichou, Chen Xuan, deputy commander of river defense, turned his fleet and joined the prince.

乙丑，至金川門，谷王橞、李景隆等开門納王，都城遂陷。 On yichou he came to Jinchuan Gate. The Prince of Gu, Zhu Hui, Li Jinglong, and others opened the gates and let him in. The capital fell that day.

是日，王分命諸將守城及皇城，還駐龍江，下令抚安軍民。 That same day he posted his generals to hold the city and the Forbidden City, withdrew his headquarters to Longjiang, and proclaimed calm for soldiers and people alike.

己巳，王謁孝陵。 On jisi he paid homage at the Xiaoling tombs.

王升辇，詣奉天殿即皇帝位。 He mounted the palanquin, entered the Hall of Imperial Heaven, and took the throne.

复周王橚、齊王榑爵。 He restored the ranks of the Prince of Zhou, Zhu Su, and the Prince of Qi, Zhu Fu.

癸巳，改封吳王允熥廣澤王，衡王允熞懷恩王，徐王允𤐤敷惠王，隨母妃呂氏居懿文太子陵園。 On guisi he demoted Prince Wu Zhu Yunhuang to Prince of Guangze, Prince Heng Zhu Yunxiao to Prince of Huai'en, and Prince Xu Zhu Yunxi to Prince of Fuhui, setting them with their mother Consort Lü at Crown Prince Yiwen's mausoleum.

論欸附功，封驸馬都尉王宁為侯，茹瑺、陳瑄及都督同知王佐皆為伯。 Those who had come over in time were also honored: the emperor’s son-in-law Wang Ning was made a marquis; Ru Yao, Chen Xuan, and Assistant Commander Wang Zuo were each made an earl.

廢广澤王允熥、懷恩王允熞為庶人。 The Prince of Guangze, Zhu Yunhuang, and the Prince of Huai’en, Zhu Yunxiao, were stripped to common rank.

History of Ming, Chapter 8Volume 8 Annals 8: Renzong · 15 passages

仁宗敬天體道純誠至德弘文欽武章聖達孝昭皇帝，諱高熾，成祖長子也。 Emperor Renzong—honored after death as one who revered Heaven, embodied the Way, and united pure sincerity, supreme virtue, literary cultivation, martial achievement, sagely wisdom, and filial devotion—was named Gaochi and was the eldest son of the Chengzu Emperor.

成祖舉兵，世子守北平，善拊士卒，以萬人拒李景隆五十萬眾，城賴以全。 During Chengzu's uprising the heir held Beiping, won the troops' hearts, and with ten thousand men held off Li Jinglong's army of five hundred thousand, saving the city.

先是，郡王高煦、高燧俱以慧黠有寵於成祖。 Earlier, his younger brothers the princes Gao Xu and Gao Sui had both won Chengzu's affection through quick wit.

世子不啟緘，馳上之。 The heir never broke the seal but raced to deliver the packet intact to Chengzu.

而儼先潛報成祖曰：「世子與朝廷通，使者至矣。」 Huang Yan had already whispered to Chengzu, "The heir is in league with the court—the envoy has arrived."

成祖發書視之，乃歎曰：「幾殺吾子。」 Chengzu opened the letter and groaned: "I was within a hair's breadth of destroying my own son."

成祖踐阼，以北平為北京，仍命居守。 When Chengzu took the throne he made Beiping the Northern Capital but still left the heir in charge there.

成祖數北征，命之監國，裁決庶政。 Chengzu marched north again and again, leaving him to govern and decide the daily business of rule.

十年，北征還，以太子遣使後期，且書奏失辭，悉徵宮僚黃儼等下獄。 In Yongle 10, on returning from the north, Chengzu blamed the heir's late dispatch of envoys and lapses in memorial wording and threw Huang Yan and the rest of the household staff into prison.

侍郎胡濙奉命察之，密疏太子誠敬孝謹七事以聞，成祖意乃釋。 Vice Minister Hu Ying was sent to inquire and privately reported seven proofs of the heir's loyalty, respect, filial piety, and restraint; Chengzu's suspicions eased.

二十二年七月，成祖崩於榆木川。 In the seventh month of Yongle 22 Chengzu died at Yumu River.

庚申，葬文皇帝於長陵。 On gengshen the late Chengzu was interred at Changling.

奉太祖、太宗配。 Taizu and Taizong were joined in the rite as corollary spirits.

丙寅，太宗神主祔太廟。 On bingyin Taizong's spirit tablet was installed in the Imperial Ancestral Temple.

其後成祖乘輿，歲出北征，東宮監國，朝無廢事。 Afterward, when Chengzu took the field and campaigned north year after year, the Eastern Palace governed the realm and the court knew no neglect.

History of Ming, Chapter 58Volume 58 Treatises 34: Rites 12 · 5 passages

文帝崩於榆木川，遺詔一遵太祖遺制。 Emperor Wen died at Yumu River; his final testament followed Taizu's regulations in full.

禮官跪於左，奏太宗體天弘道高明廣運聖武神功純仁至孝文皇帝謁辭。 A rites official knelt on the left and announced: "Taizong, Emperor who embodies Heaven, expands the Way, is lofty and bright, broadly carries fortune, sage in war and divine in accomplishment, purely benevolent and supremely filial, Cultured Emperor, pays his farewell visit."

內侍奏請太宗文皇帝神靈上神主。 Palace attendants announced a request that the spirit of Taizong, the Cultured Emperor, ascend to the spirit tablet.

典儀唱「太宗文皇帝謁廟」。 The master of ceremonies called out: "Taizong, the Cultured Emperor, pays visit to the temple."

退朝，仍終太宗服制。 After retiring from court, he still observed the remainder of Taizong's mourning period.

History of Ming, Chapter 169Volume 169 Biographies 57: Gao Gu, Hu Ying, Wang Zhi · 1 passage

濙曰：「文皇定陵寢於此，示子孫以不拔之計也。」 Hu Ying said, "Emperor Wen laid the imperial tombs here to show his line a capital they must not abandon."