Zixia (子夏) | 24 Histories

Overview

Zixia was a scholar and Student.

PeriodAncient China

IdentityHistorical · Male

Roles

Found in

Life and dates

Attested activity

BC 507 to BC 420 子夏
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 27, passage 35
BC 500 子夏
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 483, passage 120
BC 500 憲章游、夏
Strongly inferred · Book of Liang 30, passage 201
BC 510 to BC 400 游夏同科
Strongly inferred · Records of the Three Kingdoms 59, passage 28
BC 507 to BC 420 自子夏
Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 16
BC 507 to BC 420 遊、夏
Directly stated · Book of Northern Qi 36, passage 72

Key source chapters

Works and attributed material

Mourning Dress commentary 喪服傳
Relation Commentary
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 27, passage 77
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 16

Events and relationships

Relation Disciple of · Person Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 16
Relation Student of · Person Confucius (孔子)
Strongly inferred · Book of Liang 30, passage 201

Assessments and attributes

Assessment highest disciple among the disciples · Mode historian-judgment Speaker Sima Qian (司馬遷)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 16
Assessment model for literary learning among the four categories · Mode historian-judgment Speaker Yao Cha (姚察)
Directly stated · Book of Liang 30, passage 201

References in the histories

Book of Northern Qi, Chapter 36Volume 36 Biographies 28: Xing Shao · 1 passage

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更明古今，重遵鄉飲，敦進郡學，精課經業，如此則元、凱可得之於上序，遊、夏可致之於下國，豈不休歟！ Clarify past and present, restore district drinking, advance commandery schools, test classic learning—then Yuan and Kai may appear in the capital schools, You and Xia in the provinces; would that not be glorious!

Book of Han, Chapter 76Volume 65: Dongfang Shuo · 1 passage

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譬若以周、邵為丞相，孔丘為御史大夫，太公為將軍，畢公高拾遺於後，弁嚴子為衛尉，皋陶為大理，後稷為司農，伊尹為少府，子贛使外國，顏、閔為博士，子夏為太常，益為右扶風，季路為執金吾，契為鴻臚，龍逢為宗正，伯夷為京兆，管仲為馮翊，魯般為將作，仲山甫為光祿，申伯為太僕，延陵季子為水衡，百里奚為典屬國，柳下惠為大長秋，史魚為司直，蘧伯玉為太傅，孔父為詹事，孫叔敖為諸侯相，子產為郡守，王慶忌為期門，夏育為鼎官，羿為旄頭，宋萬為式道候。」 Imagine the Duke of Zhou and the Duke of Shao as your chancellors; Confucius as chief censor; the Grand Duke as commander; Duke Bi Gao as court remonstrant; Bian Zhuangzi as captain of the guard; Gao Yao as chief judge; Hou Ji as minister of agriculture; Yi Yin as palace treasurer; Zigong as foreign envoy; Yan Hui and Min Ziqian as court scholars; Zixia as master of rites; Yi as western capital intendant; Zilu as capital commandant; Xie as master of guest ceremonies; Guan Longpeng as keeper of the imperial genealogy; the minister Boyi as metropolitan governor; Guan Zhong as northern capital intendant; Lu Ban as chief engineer; Zhong Shanfu as palace chamberlain; the Earl of Shen as master of the horse; Prince Jizi of Yanling as keeper of parks and waters; Baili Xi as commissioner for dependent peoples; Liuxia Hui as chamberlain to the empress; Shi Yu as censor of conduct; Qu Boyu as grand tutor; Kong Fu as supervisor of the heir apparent's household; Sunshu Ao as chancellor to the feudal lords; Zichan as commandery governor; Prince Qingji as a palace gate guard; Xia Yu as cauldron officer; Yi the Archer as vanguard officer; and Song Wan as road-clearing scout."

Book of Liang, Chapter 30Volume 30: Pei Ziye; Gu Xie; Xu Chi; Bao Quan · 1 passage

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若夫憲章游、夏，祖述回、騫，體兼文行，於裴幾原見之矣。 In modeling oneself on Ziyou and Zixia, following in the footsteps of Yan Hui and Min Ziqian, and combining literary talent with moral conduct — all of this we see in Pei Jiyuan.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 483Volume 483 Biographies 270: Confucian Scholars 4: Kong Yinzhi Son: Xing Xie, Yu Qi Son: Chuan Duo, Guang Qi Son: Zhao Huan, Sun :Xianpei, Zeng Sun : Qing Rong, Zeng Sun : Fan Hao, Xuan Sun : Xiang Ke, Lai Sun : Ling Yi · 1 passage

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又增設咸陽姬氏文王后，曲阜東野氏周公後，濟寧閔氏子騫後，濬縣端木氏子貢後，常熟言氏子遊後，鉅野卜氏子夏后，蕭縣顓孫氏子張後，菏澤、肥城兩冉氏伯牛、仲弓後，肥城有氏有子後，鄒平伏氏伏生後，孟縣韓氏文公後，郿縣張氏明公後，各一人。 It further added one post each for the Ji of Xianyang, heirs of King Wen; the Dongye of Qufu, heirs of the Duke of Zhou; the Min of Jining, heirs of Ziqian; the Duanmu of Junxian, heirs of Zigong; the Yan of Changshu, heirs of Ziyou; the Bu of Juye, heirs of Zixia; the Zhuansun of Xiaoxian, heirs of Zizhang; the two Ran lines of Heze and Feicheng, heirs of Boniu and Zhonggong; the You of Feicheng, heirs of Youzi; the Fu of Zouping, heirs of Fusheng; the Han of Mengxian, heirs of Master Wengong; and the Zhang of Meixian, heirs of Master Ming.

Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 59Volume 59: Book of Wu 14: Biographies of the Five Sons of the Lord of Wu · 1 passage

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究學甄微，游夏同科，則范慎。」 For scholarship that sifts the fine points and rivals the disciples You and Xia, there is Fan Shen."

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 23Treatise on Ritual · 1 passage

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自子夏，門人之高弟也，猶云「出見紛華盛麗而說，入聞夫子之道而樂，二者心戰，未能自決」，而況中庸以下，漸漬於失教，被服於成俗乎？ Even Zi Xia, the highest disciple among the disciples, still said: 'Going out I see variegated splendor and flourishing beauty and am pleased; entering I hear the Master's Dao and am happy. These two things battle in my heart, and I cannot decide for myself.' How much more so for those of middle and ordinary ability and below, who are gradually immersed in lost teaching and clothed in established customs?