Volume 57 Treatises 32: Geography 4, Hei Long Jiang

志三十二

Treatise 32

=地理四=

Geography 4

黑龍江：古肅慎國北境。明領於奴兒干都司。清初有索倫、達呼爾諸部，散居黑龍江內外額爾古納河及精奇里江之地。天聰、崇德中，次第征服。征羅剎，始設鎮守黑龍江等處將軍及副都統駐江東岸之愛渾城，尋並移駐墨爾根。三十七年，副都統移駐齊齊哈爾。三十八年，將軍亦移駐，遂為省治。後增設墨爾根、黑龍江、呼蘭、呼倫貝爾、布特哈各副都統。光緒末，裁省其半，改置廳、府、縣有差。三十三年，罷將軍，設黑龍江巡撫，改為行省，悉裁副都統各缺，變置地方官制。宣統三年，為道三，府七，廳六，州一，縣七。擬設之府一，直隸廳十一，縣五。南至松花江與吉林界，西至額爾古訥河與俄領薩拜哈勒省及外蒙古車臣汗旗界，西南接內蒙古之烏珠穆沁左翼、科爾沁右翼中、前、後各旗界，東至松花、黑龍兩江合流處，仍界吉林，北及東北皆與俄領阿穆爾省界。廣二千八百餘里，袤一千五百餘里。北極高四十五度五十分至五十二度五十分。京師偏東三度四十分至十六度二十分。案黑龍江舊界，楊賓柳邊紀略云：「艾渾將軍所屬，東至海，西至你不楮俄羅斯界。」你不楮即尼布楚，今俄名捏爾臣斯克。艾渾將軍即黑龍江將軍，此清初界也。自安巴格爾必齊河口，即循此河上流之外興安嶺，東至於海。凡嶺以南，流入黑龍江之溪河屬中國，嶺以北屬俄羅斯。中、俄分嶺，此康熙二十八年尼布楚條約界也。自額爾古訥河入黑龍江處起，至黑龍江與松花江會流處止，以南以西屬黑龍江省，以北以東屬俄羅斯，中、俄分江，此咸豐八年璦琿條約界也。尼布楚在安巴格爾必齊河西五百餘里，本中國茂明安、布拉特、烏梁海諸部落地。崇德中，即為俄羅斯人竊據，築城居之，以侵掠索倫、達呼爾諸部，為邊患者三十餘年。定界，遂捐以畀俄，已蹙舊界地五百餘里矣。若外興安嶺以南，黑龍江以北以東舊界地，殆三千七百里有奇，其境內山川、部落、城屯雖為俄有，亦並志之，不忘其朔焉。外興安嶺為崑崙北出之大幹。蓋崑崙山脈南幹，為涼州南山，為賀蘭山，為陰山，為內興安嶺。北幹為蔥嶺，為天山，為阿爾泰山，為墾特山，為外興安嶺。內外者，據黑龍江言之。餘若斗色山、若楊山、若珠德赫山、若訥丹哈達拉山、若達勒替沙山、若阿喇拉山、若道斯哈達、若察哈彥哈達、若茂哈達，皆外興安嶺支絡，並在江東北。水以安巴格爾必齊河為康熙舊界入江之始。由此而東，曰卓魯克齊河、曰烏魯穆河、曰格爾必齊河、曰呼吉河、曰張他拉河、曰鄂爾多昆河、曰烏爾蘇河、曰波羅穆達河、曰額爾格河、曰巴爾坦河，又東少南，曰託羅河、曰臥諾河、曰巴里彥河、曰阿蘇河、曰淘斯河、曰凱蘭河、曰阿喇拉河、曰大蘭河、曰庫哷恩河、曰額蘇里河、曰多普塔拉河。又南曰精奇里江，為諸河最，源出外興安嶺極北之地，東南流，轉西南流，江形如弓。有烏爾格河、託克吉魯河、烏爾替河、克德畢河，自西北來注之。有阿爾吉河、巴里木河、塔烏爾堪河、畢奇勒圖河、欽都河、寧尼河、額勒格河、牒葉普河、鐵牛河、西里木迪河、察勒布克爾河、英肯河、們臥勒河、莫昆河、巴沙河、楊奇尼河、密奇訥河、翁額納拉河、巴里木邁庫里河、託莫臥河、伊羅河、昆貝河、屯布河、迪音河，自東北來注之。黑龍江水色微黑，精奇里江獨黃，又稱黃河。又南而東，曰謨里爾克河、曰博屯河。又南而東，曰牛滿河，源出外興安嶺，嶺東舊界吉林。西南流，東合烏旺那河、烏莫勒德河、攸瓦爾奇河、敖拉河、塔拉耐河、塔里木河、薩公那河、吉克河，西合臥爾喜河、卓羅奇河、木爾木河、楊奇里河、珠奇河、寧那河、伊莫勒河、楚克河。牛滿河亦稱斗滿河，又南而東，曰哈拉河、曰阿拉河、曰塔拉木河、曰庫勒圖爾河、曰庫木弩河、曰珠春河、曰格林河、曰胡裕魯河、曰蘇魯河、曰伊圖裡河、曰畢占河。以上諸河，並南入黑龍江。畢占河以南，舊為吉林境。其部落，則精奇里江東西，為索倫部、達呼爾部。有索倫村，在精奇里江、額爾格河之間，南距黑龍江城五六日程。欽都河西及巴爾坦河東，為使鹿鄂倫春部。自額蘇里河口溯江而西，至額爾格河口，為庫爾喀部，其城屯有曰鐸辰城、阿薩津城、多金城、烏魯蘇穆丹城、郭博勒屯、博和哩屯、噶勒達遜屯、穆丹屯、都孫屯、烏爾堪屯、德篤勒屯、額蘇哩屯、額爾圖屯，並在江北岸東岸。雅克薩城在黑龍江城西北一千三百餘里，城東即提咸河灣城，本索倫部築。嗣因博木博果爾等據城以叛，崇德四年討平之，墟其城。順治初年，羅剎竊據，又築之。康熙二十五年，復克其城。二十八年界約，雅克薩之地俄羅斯所治之城，盡行毀除。今其地俄名阿勒巴沁雲。宣統三年，編戶二十四萬一千零一十一。口一百四十五萬三千三百八十二。其名山：特爾根、佛思亨、興安嶺。黑省之山，皆脈自車臣汗部肯特山，入境則特爾根，折而東而南，綿亙嫩江、黑龍間者，以興安嶺目之。至混同、黑龍兩江將會處，乃起佛思亨。內興安嶺自索岳爾濟山入境，為哈瑪爾，為室韋，為雅克，為西興安嶺，為伊勒呼里。分支西北迤，為治吉察。正支又東北，為嫩江源。又東南，為庫穆爾，為東興安嶺。西出一支為和羅爾。又西曰烏雲和爾冬吉。正支又東迤，為小興安嶺。又分支東北為老爺嶺。正支東盡於佛思亨。其巨川：黑龍、精奇里、松花、烏蘇諸江。其驛路：東北逾興安嶺達海蘭泡。電線：自齊齊哈爾至海蘭泡，南達吉林。鐵路：齊昂；其屬俄者，東清北段。

Heilongjiang: the northern frontier of the ancient Sushen kingdom. Under the Ming dynasty, it fell under the jurisdiction of the Nue'ergan Military Commission. In the early Qing, the Solon, Daur, and other tribes were dispersed across the Heilongjiang region, on both banks of the river and along the Argun and Shilka rivers. During the Tiancong and Chongde reigns, these peoples were brought under Qing control one after another. During the campaigns against the Russians, the Qing first established a General of Garrison Troops for Heilongjiang and other regions, with a deputy commander garrisoned at Aihun on the river's east bank; both posts were soon transferred to Mergen. In the thirty-seventh year, the deputy commander was relocated to Qiqihar. In the thirty-eighth year, the general was transferred there as well, and Qiqihar became the provincial capital. Subsequently, additional deputy commanders were established at Mergen, Heilongjiang, Hulan, Hulun Buir, and Buteha. In the late Guangxu period, half of these posts were abolished and replaced with a mix of subprefectures, prefectures, and counties. In the thirty-third year, the general's post was abolished and a Heilongjiang governor was appointed; the region was reorganized as a province, all deputy commander positions were eliminated, and a new local administrative structure was put in place. By the third year of the Xuantong reign, the province comprised three circuit intendancies, seven prefectures, six subprefectures, one department, and seven counties. Plans called for one additional prefecture, eleven directly administered subprefectures, and five counties. It bordered Jilin to the south along the Songhua River; to the west, the Argun River marked the boundary with Russian Sabkhal Province and the Outer Mongolian Tsetsen Khan Banner; to the southwest it adjoined the Left Wing Ujimchin Banner and the Middle, Front, and Rear Banners of the Right Wing Khorchin in Inner Mongolia; to the east it extended to the confluence of the Songhua and Heilong rivers, still bordering Jilin; and to the north and northeast it bordered Russian Amur Province. It measured over 2,800 li from east to west and over 1,500 li from north to south. Its latitude ranged from 45°50′ to 52°50′ north. It lay between 3°40′ and 16°20′ east of the capital. On the old borders of Heilongjiang, Yang Bin's Notes on the Willow Palisade records: 'The territory under the Aihun General extended east to the sea and west to the Russian border at Nibuchu.' Nibuchu is Nerchinsk, known in Russian as Nerchinsk. The Aihun General was the Heilongjiang General — this was the border as it stood in the early Qing. From the mouth of the Amba Garganchi River, the border followed the upper course of that river along the Outer Khingan Range eastward to the sea. All streams and rivers south of the range that drained into the Heilongjiang belonged to China; those north of the range belonged to Russia. China and Russia were divided along the mountain range — the boundary set by the Nerchinsk Treaty of Kangxi 28. From the point where the Argun River enters the Heilongjiang to the confluence of the Heilongjiang and Songhua rivers, the territory south and west of the river belonged to Heilongjiang Province and the territory north and east belonged to Russia — the boundary set by the Aigun Treaty of Xianfeng 8. Nerchinsk lay more than 500 li west of the Amba Garganchi River, on land that had originally belonged to the Maoming'an, Buryat, and Uriankhai tribes under Chinese jurisdiction. During the Chongde reign, Russians seized the area, built a fort, and settled there, raiding the Solon, Daur, and other tribes and troubling the frontier for more than thirty years. When the boundary was fixed, the territory was ceded to Russia, already reducing the old frontier by more than 500 li. The old borderland south of the Outer Khingan Range and north and east of the Heilongjiang amounted to roughly 3,700 li; although its mountains, rivers, tribes, and fortified settlements now belong to Russia, they are recorded here as well, so that their origins are not forgotten. The Outer Khingan Range is the northern branch of the Kunlun mountain system. The southern branch of the Kunlun Range runs through the Southern Mountains of Liangzhou, the Helan Mountains, the Yin Mountains, and the Inner Khingan Range. The northern branch runs through the Pamir, the Tianshan, the Altai, the Kent Mountains, and the Outer Khingan Range. The terms 'inner' and 'outer' are defined with reference to the Heilongjiang. Other peaks — Mount Douse, Mount Yang, Mount Zhudehe, Mount Nedan Hadala, Mount Daleti Sha, Mount Alala, Daos Had, Chahayan Had, and Mao Had — are all spurs of the Outer Khingan Range, lying northeast of the river. Of the waterways, the Amba Garganchi River marks the point where the old Kangxi border first meets the Heilongjiang. From this point eastward lie the Zhuoluoqi, Ulumu, Garganchi, Huji, Zhangtala, Ordokun, Wursu, Bolomuda, Erge, and Baitan rivers; farther east and slightly south are the Tuoluo, Wono, Baliyan, Asu, Taosi, Kailan, Alala, Dalan, Kuleen, Esuri, and Duoputala rivers. Farther south is the Shilka River, the largest of these waterways; it rises in the far north of the Outer Khingan Range, flows southeast, then turns southwest in a bow-shaped course. The Urge, Tokjilu, Wurti, and Kede Bi rivers join it from the northwest. The Arji, Balimu, Tawurkan, Biqiltu, Qindu, Ningni, Elege, Dieyepu, Tieniu, Xilimudi, Chalebuker, Yingken, Menwole, Mokun, Basha, Yangqini, Miqi'ne, Weng'enala, Balimu Maikuli, Tuomowo, Yiluo, Kunbei, Tunbu, and Diyin rivers join it from the northeast. The Heilongjiang's waters are slightly dark, but the Shilka alone runs yellow and is also known as the Yellow River. Farther south and east lie the Molierke and Botun rivers. Farther south and east is the Niuman River, which rises in the Outer Khingan Range; east of the range lay the old border with Jilin. It flows southwest, receiving from the east the Uwangna, Wumo'lede, Youwa'erqi, Aola, Talanai, Talimu, Sagongna, and Jike rivers, and from the west the Wo'erxi, Zhuoluoqi, Mu'ermu, Yangqili, Zhuqi, Ningna, Yimo'le, and Chuke rivers. The Niuman River is also known as the Douman River; farther south and east lie the Hala, Ala, Talamu, Kuletu'er, Kumunu, Zhuchun, Gelin, Huyu'lu, Sulu, Yitu'li, and Bizhan rivers. All of these rivers flow south into the Heilongjiang. South of the Bizhan River lay what had formerly been Jilin territory. The tribes on both sides of the Shilka River were the Solon and Daur. A Solon village lay between the Shilka and Erge rivers, five or six days' journey south of Heilongjiang City. West of the Qindu River and east of the Baitan River lived the reindeer-using Oroqen. From the mouth of the Esuri River upstream to the mouth of the Erge River lived the Kurka tribe; their fortified settlements included Duochen City, Asajin City, Duojin City, Wursumudan City, and the stations at Guobole, Boheli, Galeda'xun, Mudan, Dusun, Wurkan, Dedule, Esuli, and Ertu — all on the north and east banks of the river. Albazin lay more than 1,300 li northwest of Heilongjiang City; east of the city stood Tixianhewan City, originally built by the Solon. Later, when Bumu Boguo'er and others seized the city in rebellion, the Qing suppressed them in Chongde 4 and razed the fort. In the early Shunzhi reign, the Russians seized the site and rebuilt the fort. In Kangxi 25, the Qing recaptured the city. Under the border treaty of Kangxi 28, all Russian-administered forts in the Albazin region were demolished. The place is now known in Russian as Albazin. In Xuantong 3, registered households numbered 241,011. The population stood at 1,453,382. Its notable mountains are Tergen, Fosiheng, and the Khingan Range. The mountains of Heilongjiang Province all trace their origin to Kent Mountain in the Tsetsen Khan Banner; upon entering the province they become Tergen, then turn east and south, running continuously between the Nen and Heilong rivers — known collectively as the Khingan Range. At the point where the Hunjiang and Heilong rivers converge, Fosiheng rises. The Inner Khingan Range enters from Suoyuerji Mountain, running through Hamar, Shiwei, Yak, the Western Khingan Range, and Yilehuli. A branch extends northwest as Zhijicha. The main range turns northeast, forming the source of the Nen River. Farther southeast lie Kumuer and the Eastern Khingan Range. A western branch extends as Heluo'er. Farther west lies Wuyun Huo'erdongji. The main range extends eastward again as the Lesser Khingan Range. Another branch extends northeast as Laoyeling. The main range terminates in the east at Fosiheng. Its major rivers are the Heilong, Shilka, Songhua, and Wusu. Its courier routes run northeast over the Khingan Range to Hailanpao. Telegraph lines run from Qiqihar to Hailanpao and south to Jilin. Railways: the Qi'ang line; Under Russian control: the northern section of the Chinese Eastern Railway.

龍江府：衝，繁，疲，難。巡撫，民政、提學、提法司駐。即齊齊哈爾。舊曰卜魁。明，朵顏衛地。光緒三十一年，設黑水廳。三十四年改置府，為黑龍江省治。西南至京師三千三百餘里。廣六百六十餘里，袤六百六十餘里。北極高四十七度二十七分。京師偏東七度三十二分。北：敖寶山。西：五道梁子、碾子山、廉家大岡。東北：嫩江自訥河入，南流，至府城東北。東分一支為塔哈爾河，西南受阿倫河、音河，逕城西南。距城約五里曰船套，康熙中嫩江水師戰船泊此。光緒三十三年闢為商埠。由西南江口斜開引河縈泗城西。沿江築長堤一、小堤二。嫩江又西南納雅爾河，入安達。東：胡裕爾河自拜泉入，西流，入塔哈爾河。一支南出，歧為九道溝，西南入安達。舊設站十，在府境四：卜魁、特穆德赫、塔拉爾、寧年。西路臺十七，在府境三：七家、甘井子、那奇希。官商路二：東南東官地屯達海倫；小五明馬屯達景星鎮。卡倫三：曰莽鼐，曰綽羅，曰博爾齊勒。又和倫部卡倫三：曰拉哈鄂佛羅，曰溫德亨，曰蘇克台蘇蘇。鐵路二：齊昂，東清。商埠，光緒三十一年中日約開。

Longjiang Prefecture: strategically important, busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. The provincial governor, civil administration bureau, education commissioner, and judicial commissioner were all stationed here. This is Qiqihar. Formerly known as Buque. Under the Ming dynasty, it was the territory of the Duoyan Guard. In Guangxu 31, Heishui Subprefecture was established. In the thirty-fourth year it was elevated to a prefecture and became the capital of Heilongjiang Province. It lies more than 3,300 li southwest of the capital. It measures over 660 li in both width and length. Its latitude is 47°27′ north. It lies 7°32′ east of the capital. To the north: Mount Aobao. To the west: Wudaoliangzi, Nianzishan, and Lianjiadagang. To the northeast: the Nen River enters from Nehe, flows south, and reaches the northeast of the prefectural seat. A branch splits off to the east as the Tahar River; flowing southwest it receives the Arun and Yin rivers and passes southwest of the city. About five li from the city lies Chuantaotao, where Nen River naval warships were moored during the Kangxi reign. In Guangxu 33 it was opened as a treaty port. From the southwest river mouth a diversion canal was cut diagonally, encircling the west side of the city. Along the river one long embankment and two smaller ones were built. The Nen River continues southwest, receives the Ya'er River, and enters Anda. To the east: the Huyu'er River enters from Baiquan, flows west, and joins the Tahar River. A branch extends south, splits into the Jiudaogou channels, and flows southwest into Anda. Ten courier stations were formerly established; four lay within the prefecture: Buque, Temudehe, Talal, and Ningnian. There were seventeen western-route stations; three lay within the prefecture: Qijia, Ganjingzi, and Naqixi. Two official merchant roads: one from Dongguandi Station southeast to Hailun; One runs from Xiaowumingma Station to Jingxing Town. There are three karun outposts: Mangnai, Chuo'luo, and Bo'erqile. There are also three karun outposts of the Helun tribe: Laha'efoluo, Wendehang, and Suketai Susu. Two railways serve the area: the Qi'ang line and the Chinese Eastern Railway. It was opened as a treaty port under the Sino-Japanese agreement of Guangxu 31.

呼蘭府：衝，繁，難。省東南八百四十里。即呼蘭副都統城。明為呼蘭山衛。光緒三十年，移呼蘭廳治呼蘭城，升為府。廣一千二百餘里，袤四百二十餘里。北極高四十六度十二分。京師偏東九度五十九分。領州一，縣二。西南：松花江自肇州入，東流入巴彥。呼蘭河自蘭西入，南流，大堿溝自西來注之。屈東南，逕府城南入松花江。東：漂河自巴彥入。又東，少陵河，則綽羅河亦自巴彥入，右受韓溝河，南流，同入松花江。北：濠河自綏化入，左受大荒溝河，西流入呼蘭河。府境據呼蘭河下游水域，松花襟其南，長河支港，足資灌溉，土味膏沃，號為產糧之區。雍正十三年後，移屯設庄，日事開闢。咸豐、同治之際，直隸、山東遊民流徙關外者，競赴屯庄傭工，積日既久，私相售賣，佔地日廣，聚徒日繁，歷任將軍乃奏辦民墾，增改民官，行省規模，府為先導焉。舊設臺三：察哈和碩；呼蘭城，即府城；新安。官商路二：西北經蘭西赴省城；東北經巴彥赴綏化。有康家井、朝陽堡文報局。舊設卡倫四：曰珊延富勒，曰綽羅河口，曰諾敏河，曰布勒嘎哩。西南：東清鐵路對青山車站，南六十里至哈爾濱。呼蘭河口有輪船埠。巴彥州繁，難。府東一百五十里。原名巴彥蘇蘇。光緒元年設呼蘭廳，三十年改隸府。北：青頂山、雙牙。西：少陵、泥馬爾。東北：黑山，綿亙百餘里，與木蘭青山接，故布特哈人虞獵場也，又名蒙古爾山，呼蘭民屯自山前後始。南：松花江自府境入，東入木蘭。北：少陵河自東興鎮入，西流，納布爾嘎里河、小柳樹河、硃克特河，屈西南，漂河分支曰韓溝，東流注之，為綽羅河口。又東：五嶽河，出棗拉拉屯，西流屈南，逕府城西，入松花江。東：大黃泥河，左會小黃泥，又東小石頭河，皆南入松花江。北：濠河由餘慶入，合拉三太河、大荒溝入府境。西北：興隆鎮州判。舊設臺一：呼蘭廳，即州城。官商路三：東至木蘭；北至餘慶；北由小豬蹄山屯西行，經興隆鎮達綏化。五嶽河口有輪船埠。蘭西縣衝，繁，難。府西北一百里。原名雙廟子，置，隸府。東呼蘭河自綏化緣海倫界，會通肯河入，屈南，右大堿溝河，左濠河，入府境。官商路四：東榆樹林達府；北至青岡；西達肇州；西北至安達。有小榆樹鎮。木蘭縣疲，難。府東二百五十四里。明，木蘭河衛。光緒三十年置，隸府。北：青山，山勢與巴彥黑山接，舊稱呼蘭青、黑二山。西北：駱駝砬子、硯臺、蒙古山。東北有玉皇閣山，皆在縣北境。南：松花江自巴彥入，東入大通。西：白楊木河；又西，大小木蘭達河，左會鎮陽河；又西，萬寶、柳樹、楊樹、大小石頭諸河，皆南入松花江。東：頭道河，左會二道河，南入大通。北：木蘭鎮巡檢協領駐。官商路三：西至巴彥；東至大通，有五站，文報局一；循大木蘭達河北東興鎮達綏化。

Hulan Prefecture: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. It lies 840 li southeast of the provincial capital. This is the seat of the Hulan deputy commander. Under the Ming dynasty, it was the Hulanshan Guard. In Guangxu 30, the Hulan Subprefecture seat was moved to Hulan City and the region was elevated to a prefecture. It measures over 1,200 li from east to west and over 420 li from north to south. Its latitude is 46°12′ north. It lies 9°59′ east of the capital. It administers one department and two counties. To the southwest, the Songhua River enters from Zhaozhou and flows east into Bayan. The Hulan River enters from Lanxi and flows south, receiving the Dajian'gou from the west. It turns southeast, passes south of the prefectural seat, and joins the Songhua River. To the east, the Piao River enters from Bayan. Farther east lies the Shaoling River; the Chuo'luo River also enters from Bayan, receives the Hangou River on the right, flows south, and both join the Songhua River. To the north, the Hao River enters from Suihua, receives the Dahuang'gou River on the left, and flows west into the Hulan River. The prefecture occupies the lower reaches of the Hulan River, with the Songhua on its southern flank; its rivers and branch channels provide ample irrigation, and its rich soil has earned it a reputation as a major grain-producing region. After Yongzheng 13, military colonies were relocated, villages were established, and land reclamation proceeded apace. During the Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns, migrants from Zhili and Shandong flocked to the colonies as hired laborers; over time they bought and sold land privately, their holdings and numbers steadily grew, and successive generals memorialized the throne to establish civilian reclamation, expand civilian administration, and adopt the provincial model — with this prefecture leading the way. Three courier stations were formerly established: Chaha Heshuo; Hulan City, which is the prefectural seat; Xin'an. Two official merchant roads: one northwest through Lanxi to the provincial capital; One northeast through Bayan to Suihua. Dispatch offices are located at Kangjiajing and Chaoyangbao. Four karun outposts were formerly established: Shanyan Fule, Chuo'luo River Mouth, Nuomin River, and Bulegali. To the southwest, the Duizingshan station on the Chinese Eastern Railway lies sixty li south of Harbin. A steamer wharf stands at the mouth of the Hulan River. Bayan Department: busy and difficult to administer. It lies 150 li east of the prefectural seat. Formerly known as Bayan Susu. Hulan Subprefecture was established in Guangxu 1; in Guangxu 30 it was placed under the prefecture's jurisdiction. To the north: Mount Qingding and Shuangya. To the west: Shaoling and Nima'er. To the northeast, Heishan extends more than 100 li, connecting with the Qing Mountains of Mulan; it was formerly the hunting grounds of the Buteha people, also known as Mount Menggu'er, and Hulan civilian colonies began on both sides of the mountain. To the south, the Songhua River enters from prefectural territory and flows east into Mulan. To the north, the Shaoling River enters from Dongxing Town and flows west, receiving the Bu'ergali, Xiaoliushu, and Zhukete rivers before turning southwest; a branch of the Piao River called Hangou flows east to join it at the Chuo'luo River mouth. Farther east, the Wuyue River rises at Zaolala Station, flows west then turns south, passes west of the prefectural seat, and joins the Songhua River. To the east, the Dahuangni River receives the Xiaohuangni on the left; farther east the Xiaoshitou River — all flow south into the Songhua River. To the north, the Hao River enters from Yuqing, joins the Lasantai and Dahuang'gou rivers, and enters prefectural territory. To the northwest, a subprefectural magistrate is stationed at Xinglong Town. One courier station was formerly established at Hulan Subprefecture, which is the department seat. Three official merchant roads: one east to Mulan; One north to Yuqing; One runs north from Xiaozhutishan Station west through Xinglong Town to Suihua. A steamer wharf stands at the mouth of the Wuyue River. Lanxi County: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. It lies 100 li northwest of the prefectural seat. Formerly known as Shuangmiaozi, it was established and placed under the prefecture. The eastern Hulan River enters along the Suihua-Hailun border, joins the Tongken River, turns south with the Dajian'gou River on the right and the Hao River on the left, and enters prefectural territory. Four official merchant roads: one east from Yushulin to the prefectural seat; One north to Qinggang; One west to Zhaozhou; One northwest to Anda. Xiaoyushu Town lies within the county. Mulan County: taxing and difficult to administer. It lies 254 li east of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming dynasty, it was the Mulanhe Guard. It was established in Guangxu 30 and placed under the prefecture. To the north, the Qing Mountains connect with the Heishan of Bayan; they were formerly known as the Qing and Hei mountains of Hulan. To the northwest: Luotuolazi, Yantai, and Menggu Mountain. Mount Yuhuangge lies to the northeast; all of these peaks are in the northern part of the county. To the south, the Songhua River enters from Bayan and flows east into Datong. To the west: the Baiyangmu River; Farther west, the Da and Xiao Mulanda rivers receive the Zhenyang River on the left; Farther west, the Wanbao, Liushu, Yangshu, and Da and Xiao Shitou rivers all flow south into the Songhua River. To the east, the Toudao River receives the Erdao River on the left and flows south into Datong. To the north, the Mulan Town assistant patrol inspector and company commander are stationed. Three official merchant roads: one west to Bayan; One east to Datong, with five stations and one dispatch office; One follows the Da Mulanda River north to Dongxing Town and on to Suihua.

綏化府：衝，繁，難。省東南七百六十里。原名北團林子，隸呼蘭副都統。光緒十一年，設綏化廳。是時副都統治所號中路，呼蘭廳號南路，廳城號北路，名為呼蘭三城。三十年升廳為府。廣三百餘里，袤一百餘里。北極高四十七度三十八分。京師偏東十度五十六分。領縣一。東北：綏額楞山，尼爾吉、克音二河出。呼蘭河自餘慶入，各緣界右注之。西流，右受尼爾吉、克音河，左受津河，入蘭西。南：濠河亦緣界從之。東北：上集廠，駐經歷。官商路五：北赴海倫；南出巴彥；西至蘭西；東津河鎮赴餘慶；東北雙河鎮達鐵山包。餘慶縣繁，難。府東一百里。原名餘慶街。光緒十一年設分防經歷，屬綏化廳。三十年改置，隸府。南：青山、黑山山脈，跨木蘭、巴彥兩州縣界。北：呼蘭河，導源鐵山包達里代嶺西麓，西流入境，又西入府。濠河導源極南沈萬合屯，西流入府。南：格木克河出上窖子，北至郭吳屯，屈西，逕縣治南，又西北入呼蘭河。東：拉列罕、安拜、穩水、鐵山包、尼爾吉諸河，皆北入呼蘭河。又東北額伊琿河，西南流至王家堡，合歐肯河，大伊吉密合小伊吉密河，皆入呼蘭河。官商路四：西赴府；東赴鐵山包；北出五道岡西行達海倫；東行達鐵山包。一東南黎家屯南行至東興鎮，又便道南渡格木克河、雙銀河、濠河達巴彥。民船可溯呼蘭河至鐵山包運煤。

Suihua Prefecture: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. It lies 760 li southeast of the provincial capital. Formerly known as Beituanlinzi, it was under the Hulan deputy commander. In Guangxu 11, Suihua Subprefecture was established. At that time the deputy commander's seat was called the Central Route, Hulan Subprefecture the Southern Route, and the subprefecture city the Northern Route — known collectively as the Three Cities of Hulan. In the thirtieth year the subprefecture was elevated to a prefecture. It measures over 300 li from east to west and over 100 li from north to south. Its latitude is 47°38′ north. It lies 10°56′ east of the capital. It administers one county. To the northeast, Mount Sui'eling is the source of the Ni'erji and Keyin rivers. The Hulan River enters from Yuqing; both rivers flow along the border and join it on the right. It flows west, receiving the Ni'erji and Keyin rivers on the right and the Jin River on the left, and enters Lanxi. To the south, the Hao River also follows the border. To the northeast, an assistant prefect is stationed at Shangjichang. Five official merchant roads: one north to Hailun; One south to Bayan; One west to Lanxi; One from Jinhe Town east to Yuqing; One northeast from Shuanghe Town to Tieshanbao. Yuqing County: busy and difficult to administer. It lies 100 li east of the prefectural seat. Formerly known as Yuqing Street. In Guangxu 11 a defensive assistant prefect was established, subordinate to Suihua Subprefecture. In the thirtieth year it was reorganized and placed under the prefecture. To the south, the Qingshan and Heishan ranges straddle the boundary between Mulan and Bayan. To the north, the Hulan River rises at the western foot of Tieshanbao Dalidai Ridge, flows west into the county, and continues west into the prefecture. The Hao River rises at Shenwanhe Tun in the far south and flows west into the prefecture. To the south, the Gemuke River rises at Shangjiaozi, flows north to Guowu Tun, turns west past the south of the county seat, and then enters the Hulan River from the northwest. To the east, the Laliehan, Anbai, Wenshui, Tieshanbao, and Ni'erji rivers all flow north into the Hulan River. Farther northeast, the E'yihui River flows southwest to Wangjiabao, where it joins the Ouken River; the Dayijimi and Xiaoyijimi rivers also merge and all flow into the Hulan River. Four official merchant roads: one west to the prefectural seat; One east to Tieshanbao; One north from Wudaogang, then west to Hailun; One east to Tieshanbao. Another route runs southeast from Lijia Tun south to Dongxing Town, then by a shortcut south across the Gemuke, Shuangyin, and Hao rivers to Bayan. Civilian boats can ascend the Hulan River as far as Tieshanbao to haul coal.

海倫府：繁，疲，難。省東南六百里。即通肯副都統城。光緒三十年，以通肯、海倫河新墾地置海倫廳。三十四年升府。領縣二。東北：內興安嶺。通肯河出西麓，西流，右受十一道至八道溝，屈南流，札克河東來注。西南：七道溝自胡裕爾河分出，南流來注。南：海倫河自東來注，三道、二道、頭道、污窿河自西來注，又南會呼蘭河。呼蘭河南自綏化入，合通肯河、克音河來會，入呼蘭境。北：胡裕爾河緣訥河界入之。府境居海倫河北，有通肯協領。官商路三：西至拜泉；西南至青岡；南至綏化。東南行經綏化上集廠達餘慶。又西北海佈道至布特哈，北海畢道至畢拉爾協領地，二道皆宣統中開。商船由呼蘭河入通肯河至女兒城。青岡縣疲，難。府西南二百六十里。原名柞樹岡。柞樹一名青岡柳，縣以此名。光緒三十年置，隸廳。東：通肯河自拜泉入，南流，與府分界，入呼蘭河。呼蘭河自府會通肯河入，西南流，與呼蘭分界，入呼蘭境。官商路四：東北駱家窩棚赴府；西大林家店赴省城；西南白家店至安達；南李春芳屯達蘭西。又縣南呂馬店、東南何小懷屯，為省城東路站道，由此赴興京。拜泉縣繁，難。府西北一百六十里。原名巴拜泉，即那吉泊，土名大泡子，縣以此名。光緒三十二年置，隸廳。三十四年改府，仍隸。東：通肯河自府境入，南流，與府分界。右受七道、六道、五道、四道、三道、二道、頭道溝，入青岡。北：胡裕爾河自訥河入，受印京河，西入龍江。南：雙陽河，東逕縣南，又東瀦為松津泊。巴拜泉在雙陽河南，其東南白水泉。西南：馬鞍泊、白華泊，皆平地出泉，可供汲飲，故有巴拜之稱。巴拜即「寶貝」轉音也。官商路四：東南三道溝赴府；東北李喜屯達訥河之三站，即新開海佈道；西孔家地房赴省城；南菜富屯至青岡。胡裕爾河北岸有莽鼐牧場。有額魯特依克明安公府。

Hailun Prefecture: busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. It lies 600 li southeast of the provincial seat. It is the former seat of the Tongken deputy commander. In Guangxu 30, Hailun Subprefecture was established from newly reclaimed lands in Tongken and along the Hailun River. In the thirty-fourth year it was elevated to a prefecture. It administers two counties. To the northeast lies the Inner Khingan Range. The Tongken River rises on the western slopes of the range, flows west receiving the Eleventh through Eighth Ditch gullies on the right, turns south, and is joined from the east by the Zhake River. To the southwest, the Qidao Gully branches off the Huyuer River and flows south to join it. To the south, the Hailun River enters from the east while the Sandao, Erdao, Toudao, and Wulong rivers enter from the west; farther south it joins the Hulan River. The Hulan River enters from the south at Suihua, joins the Tongken and Keyin rivers, and flows into Hulan territory. To the north, the Huyuer River enters along the border with Nehe. The prefectural seat lies north of the Hailun River, where a Tongken company commander is stationed. Three official merchant roads: one west to Baiquan; One southwest to Qinggang; One south to Suihua. One route runs southeast via Suihua Shangjichang to Yuqing. Two more routes—the Haibu Road northwest to Buteha and the Beihaibi Road north to the Bilar company commander's territory—were both opened during the Xuantong reign. Merchant boats can enter the Tongken River from the Hulan River and reach Nü'ercheng. Qinggang County: taxing and difficult to administer. It lies 260 li southwest of the prefectural seat. Formerly known as Zhashugang. The zha tree is also known as the qinggang willow, from which the county takes its name. It was established in Guangxu 30 and placed under the subprefecture. To the east, the Tongken River enters from Baiquan, flows south along the prefectural border, and joins the Hulan River. The Hulan River enters where it joins the Tongken River in the prefecture, flows southwest along the border with Hulan, and enters Hulan territory. Four official merchant roads: one northeast from Luojiawopeng to the prefectural seat; One west from Dalinjia Store to the provincial capital; One southwest from Baijia Store to Anda; One south from Lichunfang Tun to Lanxi. Lüma Store south of the county and Hexiaohuai Tun to the southeast also serve as the eastern-route stations to the provincial capital, from which one proceeds to Xingjing. Baiquan County: busy and difficult to administer. It lies 160 li northwest of the prefectural seat. Formerly called Babai Spring—also known as Najibo and locally as Dapaozi—the county takes its name from this spring. It was established in Guangxu 32 and placed under the subprefecture. When the subprefecture was elevated to a prefecture in the thirty-fourth year, the county remained under its jurisdiction. To the east, the Tongken River enters from prefectural territory, flows south, and marks the border with the prefecture. It receives the Qidao, Liudao, Wudao, Sidao, Sandao, Erdao, and Toudao gullies on the right and flows into Qinggang. To the north, the Huyuer River enters from Nehe, receives the Yinjing River, and flows west into Longjiang. To the south, the Shuangyang River flows east past the south of the county and then pools into Songjin Marsh. Babai Spring lies south of the Shuangyang River, with Baishui Spring to its southeast. To the southwest, Ma'an Marsh and Baihua Marsh both issue springs from level ground suitable for drawing drinking water, which gave rise to the name Babai. Babai is a phonetic rendering of the word for "treasure." Four official merchant roads: one southeast from Sandao Gully to the prefectural seat; One northeast from Lixi Tun to the third Nehe station, on the newly opened Haibu Road; One west from Kongjia Store to the provincial capital; One south from Caifu Tun to Qinggang. The Mangnai pasture lies on the north bank of the Huyuer River. The residence of the Elute Yikeming'an Duke is also located there.

嫩江府：省東北四百五十里。即墨爾根副都統城。明為木里吉衛，譯即墨爾根。康熙十年，墨爾哲勒氏屯長來歸，編為墨爾根四十佐領，號新滿洲是也。光緒三十四年，以墨爾根城改置府。廣四百餘里，袤六百餘里。北極高四十九度十三分。京師偏東八度四十二分。府境為內興安嶺山脈三面環繞，嫩江縱貫其中，全境東西之水皆入嫩江，江出北伊勒呼里阿林，山脈自西而東橫亙處也。江以西山之著者，曰莽藍哈達七峰山、庫勒木爾山、穆克珠勒渾山、阿昆迪奇山、阿察特山、噶珊山、博里克山、達克固善山、東曰傅什霍山、伊勒賁孛山、勒吉勒圖山、勒吉爾山、達巴爾山、特克屯山、旺安山、圖墨爾肯山。嫩江導源東南流，逕格爾布爾山前，左受納約爾河、那昔台河、霍吉格那彥河、額勒和肯河，右受伊斯肯。折南流，左受哈羅爾、阿魯三松哈諾勒、雅普薩台、固巴諸河，右受喀柰、吉里克、喇都里、多布庫爾、歐肯諸河。又南屈西，江流灣環作二曲，又南謨魯爾河、和羅爾河自東來注之。又南逕府城西，又屈西，甘河自西北來注之，西南入訥河。舊設站五：自訥河博爾多站北四十三里至府屬喀木尼喀，又四十二里至依拉喀，又七十里至墨爾根，即府。又東北七十六里至科絡爾，又七十六里至喀勒塔爾奇，又東北接黑龍江城之庫穆爾。宣統元年，於兩城交界處增設陡溝子文報局。又由府北行，沿嫩江東岸，可達呼瑪金廠。卡倫九：曰諾敏河巴延和羅，曰甘河商河哈達，凡二；又和倫部曰塞楞山，曰喀穆尼峰，凡二；曰庫雨爾河，曰諾敏河，曰喀布奇勒峰，曰綏楞額山，曰布爾札木，凡五。府境為水陸通衢，沿江兩岸水土沃饒，屯地之腴，稍遜呼蘭，猶駕諸城而上。有多布庫爾協領，統鄂倫春人。

Nenjiang Prefecture lies 450 li northeast of the provincial seat. It is the former seat of the Mergen deputy commander. Under the Ming it was Muliqi Guard, rendered as Mergen. In Kangxi 10, the village head of the Mo'erzhele clan submitted to the Qing and was organized as Mergen's forty company commanders, forming what was known as New Manchuria. In Guangxu 34, the prefecture was established by reorganizing the city of Mergen. It measures over 400 li from east to west and over 600 li from north to south. Its latitude is 49°13′ north. It lies 8°42′ east of the capital. The prefecture is encircled on three sides by the Inner Khingan ranges, with the Nen River running north to south through its center. Waters throughout the territory drain east and west into the Nen River, which rises in the northern Yilehuli Mountains where the ranges run east-west across the land. Notable mountains west of the river include Manglanhada Qifeng, Kulemu'er, Mukuzhulehun, Akundiqi, Achate, Gashan, Bolike, and Dakegushan; to the east are Fushihuo, Yilebenbo, Lejiletu, Leji'er, Daba'er, Teketun, Wang'an, and Tumuerken. The Nen River rises and flows southeast past Mount Ge'erbu'er, receiving the Naya'er, Naxitai, Huojigenayan, and E'leheken rivers on the left and the Yiken on the right. It turns south, receiving the Haruo'er, Aru Sansong Hanuole, Yapusatai, and Guba rivers on the left and the Kana'i, Jilike, Laduli, Duobuku'er, and Ouken rivers on the right. Farther south it bends west, the river looping in two great bends, and is joined from the east by the Mo'luo'er and Heluo'er rivers. It continues south past the west of the prefectural city, bends west again as the Gan River joins from the northwest, and flows southwest into Nehe. Five relay stations were formerly established along this route: from Nehe Bo'erdozhan, 43 li north to Kamunika in the prefecture, then 42 li to Yilaka, then 70 li to Mergen—the prefectural seat. From there it runs 76 li northeast to Keluo'er, another 76 li to Kaleta'erqi, and then northeast to Kumur in Heilongjiang city. In Xuantong 1, a Dougouzi courier dispatch office was established at the boundary between the two cities. From the prefectural seat, one can also travel north along the east bank of the Nen River to the Huma gold mining district. There are nine karun outposts: Nuominhe Bayanheluo and Ganhe Shanghehada, two in all; Two more belong to the Helun tribe: Saileng Mountain and Kamuni Peak; and five others: Kuyu'er River, Nuomin River, Kabuqile Peak, Suileng'e Mountain, and Bu'erzhumu. The prefecture is a crossroads by land and water. The soil and water along both riverbanks are rich, and although its garrison lands are slightly less fertile than Hulan's, they still rank above those of the other cities. A Duobuku'er company commander is stationed there to command the Oroqen people.

訥河直隸廳：省東北二百八十里。即布特哈東路總管。明，布兒哈衛。宣統二年，以東布特哈改置。廣一千一百餘里，袤七百餘里。北極高四十八度五十九分。京師偏東八度一分。東北：琉璜山、胡爾冬吉。東南：吉爾嘎爾哈瑪圖山。西：嫩江自嫩江府入，南流入龍江。東南：訥謨爾河。西北：合黑河烏德鄰池水，自東北來注。翁查爾河，自東南來注，折西，洪果爾津、芒柰、那彥、額勒合奇諸河，皆自北來注。保大泉河自東南來注。又西布拉克河，又羅洛河，皆自北來注，逕廳治南。又西，分二支入嫩江。東南：胡裕爾河導源胡耳山，西流入廳境。又西，左受印京河，右受敖倫河，入拜泉廳境，本索倫、達呼爾部落人打牲之所。光緒三十二年，始將南北荒段丈放。舊設站二：自龍江寧年站北八十五里至廳屬拉哈，又六十里至博爾多，即廳治。又北接嫩江喀木尼站。又廳東南頭、二、三站達海倫，即海布新道。舊卡倫五：喀爾開圖、烏爾布、齊吉爾吉、哈諾爾、溫托渾喀喇山。

Nehe Directly Administered Subprefecture lies 280 li northeast of the provincial seat. It is the seat of the Eastern Buteha superintendent. Under the Ming it was Bu'erha Guard. In Xuantong 2 it was reorganized from Eastern Buteha. It measures over 1,100 li from east to west and over 700 li from north to south. Its latitude is 48°59′ north. It lies 8°01′ east of the capital. To the northeast lie Liuhuang Mountain and Hu'erdongji. To the southeast lies Jierga'er Hamatu Mountain. To the west, the Nen River enters from Nenjiang Prefecture and flows south into Longjiang. To the southeast is the Nemuer River. To the northwest, it receives the waters of the Heihe Wudelin Pool, which enter from the northeast. The Wengcha'er River enters from the southeast and turns west; the Hongguo'erjin, Mangnai, Nayan, and E'leheqi rivers all join it from the north. The Baodaquan River joins from the southeast. Farther west, the Bulake and Luoluo rivers both enter from the north and flow past the south of the subprefectural seat. Farther west it divides into two branches that flow into the Nen River. To the southeast, the Huyu'er River rises at Hu'er Mountain and flows west into the subprefecture. Farther west it receives the Yinjing River on the left and the Aolun River on the right, enters Baquan Subprefecture, and was originally a hunting ground for Solon and Dahur tribesmen. In Guangxu 32, the northern and southern wasteland tracts were first surveyed and opened for reclamation. Two relay stations were formerly established: from Longjiang Ningnian Station, 85 li north to Laha in the subprefecture, then another 60 li to Bo'erduo, the subprefectural seat. Farther north it connects with the Kamuni station on the Nen River route. From the subprefecture, the first three stations southeast also reach Hailun on the Haibu New Route. Five former karun outposts: Ka'erkaitu, Wu'erbu, Qijierji, Hanuo'er, and Wentuohun Kalashan.

璦琿直隸廳：省東北八百二十里。即黑龍江副都統城。明，考郎兀衛。光緒三十四年，以黑龍江城改置。璦琿兵備道駐廳。廣一千三百餘里，袤六百餘里。北極高五十度四分。京師偏東十一度。西：托列爾哈達、坤安嶺、大橫、樺皮、答儼、青泉山。南：札克達齊、博克里。東南：吉里爾哈達。黑龍江自黑河合烏克薩河入，南屈西，右受五道、四道、三道、二道諸溝，屈南，右受頭道溝，逕廳城東。又南，右合坤河，折東南，右合康達罕、霍爾穆勒津、博科里，左納伯勒格爾沁河，合博爾和里鄂模水，又東南合遜河，入興東。江東六十四屯在焉。精奇里江以南，黑龍江以北，東以光緒九年封堆為界，有伯勒格爾沁河、博爾和里鄂模，南北一百四十里，東西五十里至七十里，咸豐八年條約，本旗民永住之業。庚子之變。俄人違約驅奪，且擾及江右，脅耆民為官沈江者至數萬。和約成，光緒三十二年僅收回江右地，六十四屯迄未索還，今廳境僅西南北三鄉耳。有遜別拉荒段十餘萬晌，光緒末放墾。舊設站三：自嫩江之額勒塔爾奇東北八十五里至廳屬之庫木爾；又三十五里至額雨爾；又百里至黑龍江城，即廳治。此省城北路十站。又由廳南行至畢拉爾會海畢新道。又北穿森林達漠河，有新設霍爾莫津、奇勒克二卡倫。商埠，在城北頭道溝、二道溝間，光緒三十一年中日約開。按雍正中，舊設卡倫十三。咸豐八年，中、俄分江為界，如伊瑪畢拉昂阿、精奇里河、烏魯穆蘇丹、紐勒們河、黑龍混同兩江會口，五卡倫歸左岸俄境，而右岸境東增八、西增三。光緒十二年，以防護漠河金廠，增西爾根土哈達等二十三，接呼倫貝爾城之珠爾特依。又東南增車勒山、遜河、闊爾斐音河口、吉普遜河、提音河，凡五，共卡倫三十九處。庚子亂後，卡倫盡毀。遜河以南，劃歸興東道。三十四年，乃上自額爾古訥河口起，下迄遜河口止，新設卡倫二十：曰洛古河，曰訥欽哈達，曰漠河，曰烏蘇里，曰巴爾嘎力，曰阿穆爾，曰開庫康，曰安羅，曰依西肯，曰倭西門，曰安干，曰察哈彥，曰望哈達，曰呼瑪爾，曰西爾根奇，曰奇拉，曰札克達霍洛，曰霍爾沁，曰霍爾莫津，曰奇克勒。每卡弁一、兵三十。五卡設卡官一，十卡設一總卡官。卡兵三十，以十人巡查，以二十人給荒墾種，更番輪替，所得糧即作弁兵津貼。地熟年豐，給地停餉。

Aigun Directly Administered Subprefecture lies 820 li northeast of the provincial seat. It is the former seat of the Heilongjiang deputy commander. Under the Ming it was Kaolangwu Guard. In Guangxu 34 it was reorganized from Heilongjiang City. The Aigun circuit intendant for military preparedness is stationed there. It measures over 1,300 li from east to west and over 600 li from north to south. Its latitude is 50°04′ north. It lies 11° east of the capital. To the west lie Tuolie'erhada, Kun'an Ridge, Daheng, Huapi, Dayan, and Qingquan Mountain. To the south lie Zhakdaqi and Bokeli. To the southeast lies Jilierhada. The Heilongjiang River enters from Heihe after joining the Ukha River, bends south and then west, receives the Fifth, Fourth, Third, and Second Channel gullies on the right, turns south again, receives the First Channel on the right, and passes east of the subprefectural seat. Farther south it joins the Kun River on the right, turns southeast, and on the right receives the Kandahan, Huo'ermulejin, and Bokeli rivers; on the left it receives the Bolege'erqin River, merges with the Bo'erheli Emo Stream, then joins the Xun River farther southeast and enters Xingdong. There lie the Sixty-Four Settlements east of the river. The tract south of the Jingqiri River and north of the Heilongjiang, bounded on the east by markers set in Guangxu 9 and containing the Bolege'erqin River and Bo'erheli Emo, measures 140 li north to south and 50 to 70 li east to west. Under the Xianfeng 8 treaty, it was land reserved for the permanent habitation of banner people. Then came the Boxer uprising of 1900. The Russians violated the treaty, drove the people out and seized the land, and disturbances spread west of the river as well; tens of thousands of elderly commoners were coerced and drowned in the river. After peace was restored, only the land west of the river was recovered in Guangxu 32; the Sixty-Four Settlements have never been reclaimed, and today the subprefecture comprises only three townships in the west, south, and north. It has more than 100,000 shang of Xunbiela wasteland, opened for reclamation in the late Guangxu period. Three relay stations were formerly established: from E'letarqi on the Nen River, 85 li northeast to Kumu'er in the subprefecture; then another 35 li to E'yu'er; then another 100 li to Heilongjiang City, the subprefectural seat. These are ten stations on the northern route from the provincial seat. From the subprefecture one can also travel south to Bila'er and connect with the Haibi New Route. Another route runs north through the forest to Mohe, where the newly established Huo'ermojin and Qileke karun outposts lie. A treaty port between the First and Second Channel gullies north of the city was opened under the Sino-Japanese agreement of Guangxu 31. Under Yongzheng, thirteen karun outposts had originally been established. Under the Xianfeng 8 partition of the river between China and Russia, five karun outposts at Yamabilang'a, the Jingqiri River, Wulumusudan, the Niulemen River, and the confluence of the Heilongjiang and Songhua rivers fell on the Russian left bank, while eight were added to the east and three to the west on the Chinese right bank. In Guangxu 12, twenty-three more outposts including Xi'ergentuhada were added to protect the Mohe gold mines, extending to Zhuerteryi at Hulun Buir City. Five more were added in the southeast—Cheleshan, the Xun River, the Kuo'erfeiyin River mouth, the Jipuxun River, and the Tiyin River—for thirty-nine karun outposts in all. After the Boxer uprising, all the karun outposts were destroyed. The territory south of the Xun River was reassigned to Xingdong Circuit. In Guangxu 34, twenty new karun outposts were established from the mouth of the Argun River upstream to the mouth of the Xun River downstream: Luoguhe, Neqinhada, Mohe, Wusuli, Ba'ergali, Amur, Kaikukang, Anluo, Yixiken, Wo'ximen, Angan, Chahayan, Wanghada, Humar, Xi'ergenqi, Qila, Zhakdahuoluo, Huo'erqin, Huo'ermojin, and Qikele. Each karun is staffed by one sergeant and thirty soldiers. One karun officer is appointed for every five outposts, and one chief karun officer for every ten. Of the thirty soldiers at each karun, ten patrol while twenty are assigned in rotation to reclaim wasteland and plant crops; the grain they produce serves as stipends for the sergeants and soldiers. Once the land became productive and harvests were plentiful, land grants were discontinued and stipends withdrawn.

黑河府：省東北九百里。原名大黑河屯。光緒三十四年置府，屬璦琿道。西：內興安嶺支山之著者，煙筒、白石、庫穆爾室韋山、額勒克爾山。黑龍江自北來，與俄分界，右受呼瑪爾河，入境。南至西爾伊奇卡倫，合丹河、寬河、奇拉、喀尼、庫倫、克魯倫、達彥、霍力戈必、法別拉、額尼、阿勒喀木諸河。又東逕城北，又南，左受精奇里江，右受烏克薩河，入璦琿。北呼瑪爾河，導源伊勒呼里山，南北四源，合而東流入境，有倭力克、庫勒郭里、綽諾、札克達齊河自西來注。又東呼爾哈，東入黑龍江。源委約七八百里，兩岸為庫瑪爾部貢貂之使馬鄂倫春人等漁獵處。南岸有呼瑪爾古城。府治舊為中、俄通商口岸，初時互市不及江海各口千分之一。分江以後，貿易遂繁。自彼銳意經營海蘭泡，又值庚子之變，華商趨附彼境，商務日興，而我驟減。然府治南屏璦琿，實邊防要衝。有法別拉荒段十餘萬晌，光緒三十四年放墾。官商路一：南八十里至璦琿城。餘皆水路，附俄輪以往。有新設卡倫四：曰西爾根奇，曰奇拉札克達，曰霍洛，曰霍爾沁。

Heihe Prefecture lies 900 li northeast of the provincial seat. It was formerly known as Daheihe Tun. It was established as a prefecture in Guangxu 34 and placed under Aigun Circuit. To the west lie notable spurs of the Inner Khingan Range: Yantong, Baishi, Kumu'er Shiwei Mountain, and E'leke'er Mountain. The Heilongjiang River enters from the north along the Russian border, receives the Humar River on the right, and enters the prefecture. Flowing south to the Xi'eryiqi karun, it receives the Dan, Kuan, Qila, Kani, Kulun, Kelulun, Dayan, Huoligeibi, Fabiela, E'ni, and A'lekamu rivers. It then flows east past the north of the city, turns south, receives the Jingqiri River on the left and the Ukha River on the right, and enters Aigun. To the north, the Humar River rises at Yilehuli Mountain from four sources north and south, merges, and flows east into the prefecture, receiving the Wailike, Kuleguoli, Chuonuo, and Zhakdaqi rivers from the west. Farther east it is known as the Hu'erha and flows east into the Heilongjiang River. From source to mouth it spans some 700 or 800 li; both banks are fishing and hunting grounds for the Oroqen dispatch riders of the Kuma'er sable-tribute department and others. On the south bank stands Humar Old City. The prefectural seat was formerly a Sino-Russian trading port, but at first its exchange volume was less than one-thousandth of that at the Yangtze and coastal ports. After the river was partitioned as the border, trade grew brisk. Since the Russians vigorously developed Blagoveshchensk and the Boxer crisis followed, Chinese merchants gravitated to the Russian side; Russian commerce flourished while China's abruptly declined. Yet as a southern bulwark for Aigun, the prefectural seat is a vital frontier strongpoint. It has more than 100,000 shang of Fabiela wasteland, opened for reclamation in Guangxu 34. One official merchant road runs 80 li south to Aigun. All other routes are by water, relying on Russian steamers. Four newly established karun outposts were added: Xi'ergenqi, Qilazhakda, Huoluo, and Huo'erqin.

呼倫直隸廳：省西北八百六十里。即呼倫貝爾副都統城。古室韋國。有室韋山。明屬朵顏三衛。光緒三十四年，以呼倫貝爾城改置。呼倫兵備道駐廳。廣一千一百餘里，袤一千六百里。北極高四十九度三十五分。京師偏東二度二分。內興安嶺在東。山脈自索岳爾濟山北走，為伊勒呼里阿林，乃旋而東，餘脈西絡海拉爾河南北岸；額爾古訥河右岸為廳境，諸水源此。海拉爾河出嶺西麓，西逕綽羅爾，北察爾巴奇山，南納都爾、西札敦，又西特諾克，又西伊敏河，同來注。逕城北，合墨爾根河，入臚濱。西北合額爾古訥入室韋。北：根河西受鄂羅諾爾諸河，又西入額爾古訥河。南有達爾彬池，哈爾哈河出，西匯為貝爾池。烏爾順河自池出，北入呼倫池。廳境為索倫、新巴爾虎、厄魯特、陳巴爾虎諸旗牧場。又海拉爾河北有託河路協領，統鄂倫春人。舊設臺八：自西布特哈之牙爾伯克台西五十里至廳之依爾克特，又五十里呼耳各特伊，又五十里舒都克依，又六十里牙克薩，又五十里哈拉合碩，又六十五里札拉木太，又五十二里哈克鄂模，又六十里呼倫貝爾城，即廳治。為省城西路十七臺。庚子之變，臺站毀，往來皆由東清鐵路。又西南三百二十裡布野圖布爾都之野壽寧寺，道出張家口。寺北八里有大市場，歲八月，內外蒙古走集焉。新設卡倫三：曰孟克錫里，曰額爾得尼托羅輝，曰庫克多博，為總卡倫。西南有珠爾博特鹽池。東清鐵路自臚濱入境，逕城北，入西布特哈境。有完工、烏古諾爾、海拉爾、哈克、札爾木、牙克什、免渡河、烏諾爾、伊立克都九車站。商埠，光緒三十一年十一月中日約開。按呼倫沿邊卡倫，自雍正五年與俄勘界，設察汗敖拉、蘇克特依等卡倫十有二，名外卡倫。十一年，復於外卡倫以內設庫里多爾特勒、墨勒津等卡倫十有五，與各外卡倫相距一二百里不等，名曰內卡倫。咸豐七年，因內外相距遠，量為遷移，各三四十里，以便互巡。改三卡為三臺，另立新名，後並圮廢無考。光緒十年，防俄人越界挖金，由黑龍江城於呼倫珠爾特依卡倫北沿額爾古訥右岸，增莫里勒克等五，前後共外卡倫十有七。庚子並毀。三十四年，重行整頓，首塔爾巴幹達呼山，訖額爾古訥河口，復設二十有一，沿舊名者十有五，新命名者六：曰塔爾巴幹達呼，曰察罕敖拉，曰阿巴該圖，以上屬臚濱；曰孟克西里，曰額爾得尼托羅輝，曰庫克多博，庫克多博為總卡倫，以上屬呼倫；曰巴圖爾和碩，曰巴雅斯胡郎圖溫都爾，曰胡裕爾和奇，曰巴彥魯克，曰珠爾特依，曰莫里勒克，曰畢拉爾河，曰牛爾河，曰珠爾干河，珠爾干河為總卡倫；曰溫河，曰長甸，曰伊穆河，曰奇乾河，曰永安山，曰額勒哈達，以上屬室韋。先是俄人越界墾地刈草，至是驅逐，呼倫設邊墾總局，臚濱設分局，俄人遵章納稅，華人領票經商者，絡驛不絕。此光緒三十四年冬月事也。又呼倫西南舊十六卡倫，凡以防喀爾喀也。

Hulun Directly Administered Subprefecture lies 860 li northwest of the provincial seat. It is the former seat of the Hulun Buir deputy commander. It was the ancient land of the Shiwei. Shiwei Mountain lies there. Under the Ming it belonged to the Duoyan Three Guards. In Guangxu 34 it was reorganized from Hulun Buir City. The Hulun circuit intendant for military preparedness is stationed there. It measures over 1,100 li from east to west and 1,600 li from north to south. Its latitude is 49°35′ north. It lies 2°02′ east of the capital. The Inner Khingan Range lies to the east. The range runs north from Suoyarji Mountain as the Yilehuli Range, then turns east, while its offshoots stretch west along both banks of the Hailar River; The subprefecture occupies the right bank of the Argun River, and all local waters rise there. The Hailar River rises at the western foot of the range, flows west past Chluor and north of Cha'erbaqi Mountain, and receives the Du'er and Xizhadun from the south, then the Tenoke and Yimin River farther west, all joining together. It flows past the north of the city, joins the Mo'ergen River, and enters Lubin. To the northwest it joins the Argun River and flows into Shiwei territory. To the north, the Gen River receives the Eluonuo'er and other rivers on the west before flowing into the Argun River. To the south lies Dalbin Lake; the Khalkha River flows from it westward to form Buir Lake. The Wulshun River flows north from the lake into Hulun Lake. The subprefecture is pastureland for the Solon, New Barhu, Olot, and Old Barhu banners. North of the Hailar River a Tuohelu company commander is stationed to command the Oroqen people. Eight relay stations were formerly established: from Yariboke in Western Buteha, 50 li west to Yierkete in the subprefecture, then 50 li to Hu'ergedeyi, 50 li to Shudukei, 60 li to Yaksa, 50 li to Halaheshuo, 65 li to Zhajiamutai, 52 li to Hake'emo, and 60 li to Hulun Buir City, the subprefectural seat. They form seventeen stations on the western route from the provincial seat. After the Boxer uprising destroyed the relay stations, all travel now uses the Chinese Eastern Railway. Some 320 li southwest is Yeshouning Temple at Buyetu Bu'erdu in Buye, with a route leading out through Zhangjiakou. Eight li north of the temple lies a great market where Inner and Outer Mongolians gather each August. Three new karun outposts were established: Mengkexili, E'erdenuoluohui, and Kukeduobo, which serves as the chief karun outpost. To the southwest lies Zhuerbote Salt Lake. The Chinese Eastern Railway enters from Lubin, passes north of the city, and continues into Western Buteha. It has nine stations: Wangong, Wugunu'er, Hailar, Hake, Zha'ermu, Yakshi, Mian Duhe, Wu'nuo'er, and Yilikedu. A treaty port was opened under the Sino-Japanese agreement of November, Guangxu 31. Along the Hulun frontier, twelve outer karun outposts including Chahan'aola and Suketeiyi were established when the border was surveyed with Russia in Yongzheng 5. In Yongzheng 11, fifteen inner karun outposts including Kuliduo'ertele and Mo'lejin were established inside the outer outposts, each one or two hundred li from an outer karun. In Xianfeng 7, because inner and outer outposts were too far apart, they were relocated to stand thirty or forty li from one another to facilitate mutual patrol. Three karun outposts were converted to relay stations under new names; later they all fell into ruin and are no longer recorded. In Guangxu 10, to guard against Russians crossing the border to mine gold, five more outposts including Mo'lileke were added north of the Hulun Zhuerteryi karun along the right bank of the Argun River from Heilongjiang City, for seventeen outer karun outposts in all. All were destroyed during the Boxer uprising. In Guangxu 34 the outposts were thoroughly reorganized from Ta'erbagan Dahu Mountain to the mouth of the Argun River. Twenty-one were re-established: fifteen under old names and six newly named — Ta'erbagan Dahu, Chahan'aola, and Aba Gaitu, all subordinate to Lubin. Mengkexili, E'erdenuoluohui, and Kukeduobo — with Kukeduobo as chief karun outpost — all subordinate to Hulun. Batu'erheshuo, Bayasihulangtu Wendu'er, Huyu'erheqi, Bayanluke, Zhuerteryi, Mo'lileke, Bilar River, Niu'er River, and Zhuer'gan River — with Zhuer'gan River as chief karun outpost. Wen River, Changdian, Yimu River, Qiqian River, Yong'an Mountain, and E'lehada — all subordinate to Shiwei. Russians had previously crossed the border to farm and cut hay; they were now driven out. Hulun established a frontier reclamation general bureau and Lubin a branch bureau. Russians paid taxes under the regulations, and Chinese merchants with travel permits streamed through without pause. This took place in the winter of Guangxu 34. Southwest of Hulun there were also sixteen older karun outposts, all intended to guard against the Khalkha.

臚濱府：省西北一千一百六十里。原名滿洲里，為東清鐵路入中國第一車站。光緒三十四年，初擬設滿珠府，後更名，屬呼倫道。東：額爾古訥河自呼倫入，西北流，至近阿巴該圖山，分二派。一西南流，為達蘭鄂洛木河，入呼倫池。其正流由山西東北流，為額爾古訥河。流至此作大轉折，如人曲腰以手遞物。額爾古訥，蒙古語謂以手遞物也。海拉爾河轉為額爾古訥河，分二汊，一沿東岸流，曰海拉爾河口，一沿西岸流，曰額爾古訥河，北行復合為一，入黑龍江。自阿巴該圖山以下為中、俄界水，康熙二十八年，尼布楚約立界碑。克魯倫河自喀爾喀部入，達蘭鄂洛木河自海拉爾河分出，均入呼倫池，瀦而不流，故呼倫為鹹水湖。東南有烏爾順河，自貝爾池出，北流入呼倫池。其右岸為呼倫廳境，有新巴爾虎各旗牧場。舊設中、俄國界鄂博六：曰塔爾郭達固，曰察罕烏魯，曰博羅托羅海，曰索克圖，曰額爾底里托羅海，曰阿巴哈依圖，此為庫倫東中、俄界第六十三鄂博。雍正五年恰克圖約鄂博止此。塔爾巴幹達呼山西南即喀爾喀界，有滿、蒙文界碑，系呼倫與喀爾喀分界，十年一換。有新設卡倫三：曰塔爾巴幹達呼，曰察罕敖拉，曰阿巴該圖。北有金源邊堡。東清鐵路自俄薩拜喀勒省入中國境，逕府治東，入呼倫廳。有滿洲里，咱剛，扎賚諾爾，赫勒洪德四車站。商埠，中日約開。有海關。

Lubin Prefecture lies 1,160 li northwest of the provincial seat. Formerly called Manzhouli, it was the first station of the Chinese Eastern Railway upon entering China. In Guangxu 34 a Manzhu Prefecture was first proposed, then renamed; it was subordinate to Hulun Circuit. To the east the Argun River enters from Hulun and flows northwest; near Aba Gaitu Mountain it divides into two branches. One branch flows southwest as the Dalain Elom River and enters Hulun Lake. The main stream flows northeast along the western foothills as the Argun River. Here it makes a great bend, like someone bending at the waist to pass an object from hand to hand. Argun is Mongolian for handing something over. The Hailar River becomes the Argun River and splits into two channels — one along the east bank called the Hailar River mouth, one along the west bank still called the Argun River. They run north, reunite, and enter the Heilongjiang. From below Aba Gaitu Mountain it forms the Sino-Russian boundary river; boundary markers were erected there under the Nerchinsk Treaty in Kangxi 28. The Kerulen River enters from Khalkha territory and the Dalain Elom River branches from the Hailar River; both flow into Hulun Lake, which has no outlet and therefore remains a salt lake. To the southeast the Wulshun River issues from Buir Lake and flows north into Hulun Lake. Its right bank lies within Hulun Subprefecture, where the New Barhu banners pasture their herds. Six old Sino-Russian boundary oboo were established: Ta'erguoda, Chahan'uru, Bolotuoluo Hai, Suoketu, E'erdiluotuoluo Hai, and Abahayitu — the sixty-third Sino-Russian boundary oboo east of Urga. Under the Kyakhta Treaty the boundary oboo ended here in Yongzheng 5. Southwest of Ta'erbagan Dahu Mountain lies the Khalkha border, marked by Manchu-Mongolian boundary steles between Hulun and the Khalkha that are replaced every ten years. Three new karun outposts were established: Ta'erbagan Dahu, Chahan'aola, and Aba Gaitu. To the north stands the Jinyuan border fort. The Chinese Eastern Railway enters China from Russian Sabkhal Province, passes east of the prefectural seat, and continues into Hulun Subprefecture. It has four stations: Manzhouli, Zangang, Zhalainuo'er, and Helehongde. A treaty port opened under a Sino-Japanese agreement. There is a customs house.

興東道：省東北一千五百里。明為黑龍江地面，及速溫河衛、真河所等地。光緒三十二年，移綏化城之綏蘭海道駐內興安嶺迤東，更名興東兵備道，專辦墾務、林、礦各事宜。三十四年，建署托蘿山北，為道治。領縣二。內興安嶺脈自璦琿入，南行為嫩江與黑龍江之分水嶺，至海倫東北迤東為黑龍江與松花江之分水嶺，曰布倫山，曰佛斯亨山，盡於黑龍、松花兩江匯處，謂之小興安嶺。黑龍江自璦琿合遜河入境，東南流，科爾芬河上源曰額爾皮河，又東南，右受噶其河，西都里、古勒庫拉、畢罕嘎、其達、莫里、烏雲諸河，自西南來注。又東南，右受佳勒河、輔河，屈南，嘉廕河自西來注。又南逕道治東而南，有秋台河自西曲折來注。屈東，右受斐爾法鄂模水、布占河、伊里河，會松花江。北有遜河，東流有占河，右合阿爾沁，匯入黑龍江。其左岸為璦琿境。西：都魯，又西湯旺，右合伊春札里河，又西巴蘭河，東流屈南，皆入湯原。道治瀕黑龍江右岸，與俄屯松由子隔江對峙。西北：占河、遜河匯流，上段有畢拉爾、鄂倫春協領。鄂倫春本打牲部落，不識文字稼穡，為俄人誆誘。光緒末年，始議收撫。興東道兼署協領，創設墾務局、學堂。興安嶺嶺西有龍門鎮，黑龍江南岸有兆興鎮、裕興鎮，墾務皆盛。官商路三：舊有由齊齊哈爾至觀音山路；，新開自興東逕煙筒山赴湯原，為西南路；又由觀音山經湯原境至三姓，為西路。宣統二年，新開海畢道，可由畢拉爾達海倫。大通縣道治西南五百二十里。原為崇古爾庫站，吉林江北五站之一。光緒三十一年置，為吉林依蘭屬縣。三十四年改隸。北有內興安嶺山脈縈帶，南皆平野。南：松花江自木蘭入，東流迤東北入湯原，其右岸為吉林方正。西：岔林、小橋子、富拉渾、頭道、二道、三道、四道沙河、轉心湖、二道河子，皆南入松花江。二道河子右岸為木蘭境，東有大通河，縣以此名。又東烏拉琿、大古洞、小古洞河，亦南入松花江。小古洞河左岸為湯原境。烏拉琿河西流，匯為二泊，曰三捷泡，曰二龍潭，泊旁地肥饒。站路一。乾隆二十七年，吉林借江北地設五站，由今賓州渡江東行入縣，曰佛斯𢗝，曰富拉渾，曰崇古爾庫，即縣治，曰鄂爾國木索，又東接今湯原之妙噶山站，以達三姓城。光緒末，各站改隸，皆設文報局。湯原縣道治西南三百五十里，明，屯河衛。屯河即湯旺河，光緒三十一年置，為吉林依蘭屬縣，三十四年改隸。北當小興安嶺山脈南麓，南近松花江，地坦平。松花江自大通入，東北流，逕縣治東，會黑龍江。松花江在縣境流甚曲，岸樹深雜，航路如蚓行。其右岸為吉林依蘭、富錦、臨江。南：湯旺河自興東入，南流，受如意河，窪丹、蘇拉巴蘭、小古洞河，皆東南流入松花江。小古洞河右岸為大通境。東北香蘭，西半節、赫金、各節、花爾布、阿凌達、鶴立諸河，左合梧桐、蒲鴨、額勒密十二入代河，皆東南入松花江。黑龍江有沱流決出，入松花江，西小黑河入之。港汊縈迴，形同溝洫，為奧區上腴。有高家屯巡司。宣統二年，置額勒密河招徠鎮，有東益公司，鶴立河有興東公司，皆營墾務。縣境自西南至東北，狹長千餘里，若盡開闢，可設十縣。西南稍繁庶，東北權輿而已。站路自妙噶山站渡江至三姓，又有自興東煙筒山達縣西南，自觀音山歷縣境至三姓之西路。光緒末，新開有各節河、窪丹河文報局。

Xingdong Circuit lies 1,500 li northeast of the provincial seat. Under the Ming this was Heilongjiang territory, including Suwen River Guard, Zhenhe Station, and other posts. In Guangxu 32 the Suilanhai Circuit, then stationed at Suihua City, was moved east of the Inner Khingan Range, renamed the Xingdong circuit intendant for military preparedness, and charged solely with reclamation, forestry, and mining. In Guangxu 34 an office was built north of Tuoluo Mountain to serve as the circuit seat. It administers two counties. The Inner Khingan Range enters from Aihun and runs south as the divide between the Nen and Heilong rivers; east of Helen it turns eastward as the divide between the Heilongjiang and Songhua rivers — Buren Mountain and Fosheng Mountain — ending at their confluence, known as the Lesser Khingan Range. The Heilongjiang enters at Aihun where it joins the Xun River and flows southeast. The upper Korfen River is called the E'erpi River; farther southeast it receives the Gaqi River on the right, and the Xiduli, Gulekula, Bihanga, Qida, Mo'li, and Wuyun rivers from the southwest. Farther southeast it receives the Jiale and Fu rivers on the right, turns south, and the Jiayin River joins from the west. It turns south past the east of the circuit seat, where the Qiutai River joins from the west in a winding course. It turns east, receives the Feierfa'emo Stream, Bozhan River, and Yili River on the right, and joins the Songhua River. To the north the Xun River flows east; the Zhan River, receiving the Arqin on the right, flows into the Heilongjiang. Its left bank lies within Aihun territory. To the west lie the Dulu and, farther west, the Tangwang rivers; the latter receives the Yichun Zhahe River on the right. Farther west the Balan River flows east and turns south — all enter Tangyuan. The circuit seat stands on the right bank of the Heilongjiang, facing the Russian settlement of Tun Song Youzi across the river. To the northwest the Zhan and Xun rivers meet; on the upper reaches a Bilal Oroqen company commander is stationed. The Oroqen were originally a hunting people who knew neither writing nor farming, and were deceived and enticed by the Russians. Only at the end of the Guangxu reign were plans first made to bring them under control. The Xingdong circuit intendant also held the post of company commander and established reclamation bureaus and schools. West of the Khingan Range lies Longmen Town; on the south bank of the Heilongjiang are Zhaoxing and Yuxing towns — reclamation flourished in all of them. There are three official and commercial routes: the old route from Qiqihar to Guanyin Mountain; a newly opened route from Xingdong via Yantong Mountain to Tangyuan, forming the southwest route; and another from Guanyin Mountain through Tangyuan to Sanxing, forming the west route. In Xuantong 2 a new Haibi route was opened from Bilal to Hailun. Datong County lies 520 li southwest of the circuit seat. Formerly Chonggu'erku Station, one of the five Jilin stations north of the river. Established in Guangxu 31 as a county subordinate to Yilan in Jilin. In Guangxu 34 its jurisdiction was changed. The Inner Khingan Range girdles the north; to the south lies open plain. To the south the Songhua River enters from Mulan, flows east and northeast into Tangyuan; its right bank is Fangzheng in Jilin. To the west the Chalin, Xiaoqiaozi, Fulahun, first through fourth channel sand rivers, Zhuanxin Lake, and Erdaohezi all flow south into the Songhua River. Erdaohezi's right bank lies in Mulan territory; to the east is the Datong River, from which the county takes its name. Farther east the Wulahui, Dagudong, and Xiaogudong rivers also flow south into the Songhua River. The left bank of the Xiaogudong River lies within Tangyuan territory. The Wulahui River flows west and gathers into two lakes, Sanjie Pao and Erlong Tan, with rich land beside them. There is one relay route. In Qianlong 27 Jilin borrowed land north of the river to establish five stations: from present Binzhou one crossed east into the county at Fosheng, Fulahun, Chonggu'erku — the county seat — and E'erguomusuo, then east to present Tangyuan's Miaogeshan Station and on to Sanxing City. At the end of the Guangxu reign each station's jurisdiction was changed and document relay bureaus were established. Tangyuan County lies 350 li southwest of the circuit seat; under the Ming it was Tunhe Guard. Tunhe is the Tangwang River. Established in Guangxu 31 as a county subordinate to Yilan in Jilin, it was reassigned in Guangxu 34. To the north it faces the southern foothills of the Lesser Khingan Range; to the south it nears the Songhua River; the terrain is level and open. The Songhua River enters from Datong, flows northeast past the east of the county seat, and joins the Heilongjiang. Within the county the Songhua winds sharply; dense woods crowd the banks, and the channel twists like an earthworm. Its right bank lies within Yilan, Fujin, and Linjiang in Jilin. To the south the Tangwang River enters from Xingdong and flows south, receiving the Ruyi, Wadan, Sulabalan, and Xiaogudong rivers — all flowing southeast into the Songhua. The right bank of the Xiaogudong River lies within Datong territory. To the northeast lies Xianglan; the Banjie, Hejin, Gejie, Hua'erbu, Alingda, and Heli rivers to the west, joining on the left with the Wutong, Puya, E'lemi, and twelve other streams into the Dai River, all flow southeast into the Songhua. A branch of the Heilongjiang breaks away and enters the Songhua; the Xiaohei River joins it from the west. Channels and creeks loop back on themselves like irrigation ditches, forming exceptionally rich marshland. There is a Gaojiatun patrol sub-office. In Xuantong 2 the E'lemi River Settlement Town was established; the Dongyi Company was founded there, and the Xingdong Company at Heli River — all engaged in reclamation. The county runs narrow and long from southwest to northeast for more than 1,000 li; fully opened, it could support ten counties. The southwest is somewhat settled; the northeast has only begun to be developed. Relay routes run from Miaogeshan Station across the river to Sanxing; others run from Xingdong Yantong Mountain to the county southwest, and from Guanyin Mountain through the county to Sanxing on the west route. At the end of the Guangxu reign new document relay bureaus were opened at Gejie River and Wadan River.

肇州直隸廳：繁，難。省東南六百里。明，撒察河衛，即三岔河衛。光緒三十二年，以郭爾羅斯後旗墾地置廳。南：松花江自吉林伯都訥入境，匯嫩江，東流，受博爾古哈泊水，逕城南，又東受蓮花泊水、下代吉船口水、三道岡子水、澇洲船口水，入呼蘭。右岸為吉林新城、雙城境。西：嫩江自安達入，南流，受烏蘭諾爾水，注松花江。右岸為大賚境。廳境平曠，北城泡南出匯為差達瑪泊，下流瀦於沙。東北有肇東分防經歷。舊設站三：自安達之他拉哈站南至廳之古魯，又南至烏蘭諾爾，又南至茂興，此南路十站。又東南路八臺，在廳境者四。自茂興站起，東至波爾吉哈台，又東至察布奇爾，又東至鄂你多圖，又東至布拉克，又東入呼蘭境。官商路一：自茂興西至郭爾羅斯公府，又西由八家船口渡嫩江入大賚。東北五站。商埠，西南信宿岡子，伯都訥、哈爾濱適中地，沿江要衝，光緒末勘留商埠。東清鐵路自安達入境，逕廳東北入呼蘭。有酣草岡、滿溝二車站。

Zhaozhou Directly Administered Subprefecture: populous and difficult to administer. It lies 600 li southeast of the provincial seat. Under the Ming it was Sachahe Guard, also called Sanchahe Guard. In Guangxu 32 a subprefecture was established on reclaimed land of the Rear Gorlos Banner. To the south the Songhua River enters from Boduna in Jilin, joins the Nen River, and flows east, receiving Boregoha Lake water; it passes south of the city, then east receives Lianhua Lake water, lower Daiji boat mouth water, third gangzi water, and Laozhou boat mouth water before entering Hulan. Its right bank lies within Xincheng and Shuangcheng in Jilin. To the west the Nen River enters from Anda, flows south, receives Wulanuo'er water, and joins the Songhua River. Its right bank lies within Da'an territory. The subprefecture is flat and open; waters south of the north city wall gather into Chadama Lake, which stagnates in sand downstream. To the northeast there is a Zhaodong assistant sub-prefect for frontier defense. Three old stations were established on the southern route of ten: from Talaha in Anda south to Gulu in the subprefecture, then south to Wulanuo'er, then south to Maoxing. The southeast route has eight stations, four of them within the subprefecture. From Maoxing Station east to Bo'erjiha Tai, then east to Chabuchi'er, Eniduotu, and Bulake, then east into Hulan territory. There is one official and commercial route: from Maoxing west to the Gorlos princely headquarters, then west across the Nen at Bajia boat mouth into Da'an. There are five northeast stations. Treaty port: Xinsu Gangzi in the southwest, midway between Boduna and Harbin on a vital stretch of river; surveyed and reserved as a treaty port at the end of the Guangxu reign. The Chinese Eastern Railway enters from Anda, passes northeast of the subprefecture, and continues into Hulan. It has two railway stations: Hancao'gang and Mangou.

大賚直隸廳：衝，疲，難。省西南二百一十里。古靺鞨、室韋交界。明，洮兒河衛及卓兒河地面。光緒三十年，以札賚特旗莫勒紅岡子墾地置。北有索倫山脈，蜿蜒數百里，境內東流之水皆導源焉，所謂索倫圍場也。東：嫩江自龍江入，南流，匯松花江。其左岸為安達、肇州境。北：洮爾河自奉天東鎮入，東流，匯為納藍撒藍池，猶言日月池也，下流入嫩江。又北瑚爾達河、綽爾河、雅爾河，皆東南流入嫩江。雅爾河左岸為龍江境。北：塔子城、景星鎮分防二經歷。舊有蒙古站二：自卜魁站起，西至綽爾河，曰哈代罕站，曰綽羅站。又入今奉天之克爾蘇台站。官商路三：一北出景星鎮赴省城；一東渡嫩江接茂興站；一西由二龍鎖口入奉天境，歷鎮東、靖安達洮南。嫩江沿岸哈喇和碩，有陸軍退伍兵屯田，一夫授田百畝，以火犁耕種。

Da'an Directly Administered Subprefecture: strategically important, taxing, and difficult to administer. It lies 210 li southwest of the provincial seat. It was the ancient borderland between the Mohe and the Shiwei. Under the Ming it was Ta'erhe Guard and the Zhuo'erhe region. In Guangxu 30 it was established from reclaimed land at Molehong Gangzi in the Jasak Banner. To the north runs the Solon mountain range, winding for several hundred li; all east-flowing waters within the territory rise there — the Solon hunting preserve. To the east the Nen River enters from Longjiang, flows south, and joins the Songhua River. Its left bank lies within Anda and Zhaozhou. To the north the Tao'er River enters from Dongzhen in Fengtian, flows east, gathers into Nalan Salan Pool — the Sun-and-Moon Pool — and continues downstream into the Nen River. Farther north, the Hu'erda, Chuo'er, and Ya'er rivers all flow southeast into the Nen River. The left bank of the Ya'er River lies within Longjiang. To the north there are two assistant sub-prefects for frontier defense at Tazicheng and Jingxing Town. There were two old Mongol courier stations: from Buque Station west to the Chuo'er River — Hadaikhan and Chuo'luo. The route then enters K'ersutai Station in present-day Fengtian. There are three official and commercial routes: one north from Jingxing Town to the provincial seat; one east across the Nen River to Maoxing Station; one west through Erlong Suokou into Fengtian, passing Zhendong, Jing'an, and Taonan. Along the Nen at Halaheshuo, demobilized army veterans farm military colonies; each man receives 100 mu of land, worked with fire plows.

安達直隸廳：衝，繁，難。省東南二百八十里。諳達，蒙古官名，無正譯。光緒三十二年，以杜爾伯特旗墾地置，又分省屬墾地益之。西：嫩江自龍江入，南流入肇州。北：九道溝水，西流與龍江分界，屈南入境，匯為納赫爾泊，西南：烏克吐泊，下流入嫩江。南：青肯泊，泊形如環，中有灘地，半隸肇州。放墾區域，大都在嫩江東岸及東南北三面沿邊，中部平原無河流，間有積潦，土含咸質，不宜種植。舊設站三：自龍江之特木德赫站南至廳屬之溫托歡，又南至多耐，又南至他拉哈，又南入肇州。官商路四：一北由林家店、九道溝赴省；一東南入呼蘭，有小林家店文報局；一東由長安堡赴青岡；一西越東清鐵路安達站至杜爾伯特貝子府，又西接多耐站。產鹼，有咸廠二十五處。西北璫奈屯有鹽灘。東清鐵路自龍江入境，斜貫中部，逕廳治西南入肇州。有煙土屯，小河子，喇嘛甸，薩勒圖，安達五車站。

Anda Directly Administered Subprefecture: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. It lies 280 li southeast of the provincial seat. Anda is a Mongol official title for which there is no standard translation. In Guangxu 32 it was established from reclaimed land in the Dorbod Banner, then enlarged with provincial reclaimed land. To the west the Nen River enters from Longjiang and flows south into Zhaozhou. To the north, Jiudao Channel water flows west along the Longjiang border, turns south into the territory, and gathers into Nahe'er Lake; to the southwest lies Wuketu Lake; both flow downstream into the Nen River. To the south lies Qingken Lake, ring-shaped with sandbanks within; half of it belongs to Zhaozhou. Land opened for reclamation lies mostly along the east bank of the Nen and along the eastern, southern, and northern borders; the central plain has no rivers, occasional standing water, salty soil, and is unsuitable for cultivation. Three old stations were established: from Temudehe in Longjiang south to Wentuhuan in the subprefecture, then south to Duonai and Talaha, then south into Zhaozhou. There are four official and commercial routes: one north from Lindianzi and Jiudao'gou to the provincial seat; one southeast into Hulan, with a document relay bureau at Xiaolindianzi; one east from Chang'anbao to Qinggang; one west across the Chinese Eastern Railway at Anda Station to the Dorbod princely headquarters, then west to Duonai Station. It produces alkali and has twenty-five salt works. To the northwest, Dangnai settlement has a salt flat. The Chinese Eastern Railway enters from Longjiang, cuts diagonally through the center, passes southwest of the subprefectural seat, and continues into Zhaozhou. It has five railway stations: Yantutun, Xiaohezi, Lamadian, Saletu, and Anda.

林甸縣：光緒三十四年，擬設治林家甸，隸龍江府。在龍江府東南，安達廳西北。東清鐵路迤北，當省城東路孔道。光緒三十三年改訂東清鐵路合同，收回公司射佔地畝，設縣墾闢。西九道溝子、東戚家店，皆東路所經，如臺站然。由此入呼蘭達興東。

Lindian County: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed at Linjiadian, subordinate to Longjiang Prefecture. It lies southeast of Longjiang Prefecture and northwest of Anda Subprefecture. The Chinese Eastern Railway runs northward along the main eastern route to the provincial seat. In Guangxu 33 the Chinese Eastern Railway contract was revised, encroached company land was recovered, and the county was established for reclamation. Jiudao'gouzi to the west and Qijiadian to the east both lie on the eastern route, serving like relay stations. From here the route enters Hulan and reaches Xingdong.

諾敏縣：光緒三十四年，擬設治隸嫩江府。在嫩江府西，諾敏河東岸庫如爾其屯。西岸都克他耳屯有尼爾吉山，諾敏河上游札克奇山西有牧場，沿河有山路出呼倫。由縣南行，經西布特哈，渡嫩江，達拉哈站。

Nuomin County: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed, subordinate to Nenjiang Prefecture. It lies west of Nenjiang Prefecture at Kuru'erqi on the east bank of the Nuomin River. On the west bank at Duketa'er stands Ni'erji Mountain; west of Zhakeqi Mountain on the upper Nuomin lies pastureland, and a mountain route along the river leads to Hulun. South from the county, the route passes Western Buteha, crosses the Nen River, and reaches Talaha Station.

通北縣：光緒三十四年，擬設治海倫府北，通肯河北、胡裕爾河南。西：七道溝自胡裕爾河分出，南注通肯河，東至內興安嶺麓，與興東道龍門鎮界，北接訥河，即海佈道所出。通肯河瀕岸多森林，土人呼曰樹川。

Tongbei County: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed north of Hailun Prefecture, between the Tongken River to the north and the Huyu'er River to the south. To the west, Qidao Channel branches from the Huyu'er River, flows south into the Tongken River, and runs east to the foot of the Inner Khingan Range, bordering Longmen Town in Xingdong Circuit; to the north it adjoins Nehe — the starting point of the Haibu Route. The banks of the Tongken River are heavily forested; locals call the area Shuchuan — the Tree River.

鐵驪縣：光緒三十四年，擬設治海倫府東南、餘慶東鐵山包。東至金牛山、興東道界。南大青山，東興鎮界。西，鐵山包河，北，依吉密河，並餘慶縣界。呼蘭河出境東達里代嶺，西入餘慶。有協領駐河北，管理旗丁屯田。以上二縣隸海倫府。

Tieli County: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed southeast of Hailun Prefecture, east of Yuqing at Tieshanbao. To the east it reaches Jinniu Mountain and the Xingdong Circuit border. To the south lie Daqing Mountain and the border with Dongxing Town. To the west the Tieshanbao River and to the north the Yijimi River both form the border with Yuqing County. The Hulan River leaves the county east toward Lidai Ridge and west into Yuqing. A company commander is stationed north of the river to administer banner soldiers' military colonies. Both counties are subordinate to Hailun Prefecture.

布西直隸廳：光緒三十四年，擬設治西布特哈，在省城東北二百八十里嫩江西岸。西有內興安嶺，與呼倫分界。西南即索倫圍場。西北諾敏河，至廳南入嫩江。西有阿倫河、音河、雅爾河，皆東南入龍江。又西迤南，綽爾河入大賚。舊設臺七：自龍江之那希奇台東至廳之木爾楚袞台，又東至赫尼昂阿，又東至和尼，又東至錫伯爾，又東至巴林，又東至嘎爾甘，又東至雅勒伯霍托，又東入呼倫境。廳境少平原，森林之利獨饒。有土城，因起伏西去數千里，直至木蘭圍場，又西至歸化城。往時流人亡去不識途，多循此入關，蓋即金源時長城汪古部所居者也。東清鐵路自呼倫鑿興安嶺入境，橫貫中部，入龍江。有興安嶺、博爾多、雅魯、巴里木、哈拉蘇、札蘭屯、成吉思汗七車站。

Buxi Directly Administered Subprefecture: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed at Western Buteha, on the west bank of the Nen 280 li northeast of the provincial seat. To the west the Inner Khingan Range forms the border with Hulun. To the southwest lies the Solon hunting preserve. To the northwest the Nuomin River flows south of the subprefecture into the Nen River. To the west the Arun, Yin, and Ya'er rivers all flow southeast into Longjiang. Farther west and south, the Chuo'er River flows into Da'an. Seven old relay stations were established: from Nashiqi in Longjiang east to Mu'erchugun in the subprefecture, then east through Henianga, Heni, Xibo'er, Balin, Ga'ergan, and Yalebohuotuo, then east into Hulun territory. The subprefecture has little flat land, but its forest resources are exceptionally rich. An earthen wall runs west for several thousand li, rising and falling as it goes, as far as the Mulan hunting preserve and on to Guihua City. In former times fugitives who lost their way often followed this route inland — presumably the stretch where the Ongu tribe dwelled along the Jin-dynasty Great Wall. The Chinese Eastern Railway enters from Hulun through the Khingan Range, crosses the center, and continues into Longjiang. It has seven railway stations: Xing'anling, Bo'erduo, Yalu, Balimu, Halasu, Zhalantun, and Genghis Khan.

甘南直隸廳：光緒三十四年，擬設治富拉爾基，在省城西南嫩江西。有雅爾河支津。北有東清鐵路庫勒站。由此渡嫩江達昂昂溪。富拉爾基屯開闢最先，生聚日繁，蓋鐵路交通之效。

Gannan Directly Administered Subprefecture: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed at Fularji, west of the Nen southwest of the provincial seat. It has a branch channel of the Ya'er River. To the north lies Kule Station on the Chinese Eastern Railway. From here one crosses the Nen River to Ang'angxi. Fularji was opened earliest and its population grows daily — the effect of railway access.

武興直隸廳：光緒三十四年，擬設治多耐站，在省城南二百零五里，嫩江東路四五里，與溫托歡、他拉哈兩站首尾相接。南北長，東西窄，成一半規長梭形。向為杜爾伯特旗境。光緒三十二年，設局放荒五萬六千四百餘晌。

Wuxing Directly Administered Subprefecture: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed at Duonai Station, 205 li south of the provincial seat and four or five li east of the eastern Nen route, adjoining Wentuhuan and Talaha stations end to end. Long north to south and narrow east to west, it forms a semicircular elongated shuttle shape. It was formerly Dorbod Banner territory. In Guangxu 32 an office opened more than 56,400 shang of wasteland for settlement.

呼瑪直隸廳：光緒三十四年，擬設治西爾根卡倫。宣統二年，試辦設治，移呼瑪爾河口北岸，隸璦琿道，在道治北五百餘里。東：黑龍江。呼瑪爾河出伊勒呼里山，內興安山脈向北行者也。東行者伊勒呼里阿林，四源，合東窩集、倭勒克、庫勒都里、綽羅呼爾吉、布列斯，屈南，右受札克達奇河，又東入黑龍江。黑龍江東流，逕安羅卡倫北，屈南流，下至呼瑪爾河口。沿西岸設卡倫六：曰依西肯，曰倭西們，曰安干，曰察哈彥，曰望哈達，曰呼瑪爾。下游接西爾根卡倫。屬黑河府。瀕臨河口駐協領，統鄂倫春人。

Huma Directly Administered Subprefecture: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed at the Xi'ergen karun outpost. In Xuantong 2 a trial seat was established on the north bank of the Humar River mouth, subordinate to Aigun Circuit and more than 500 li north of the circuit seat. To the east lies the Heilongjiang River. The Humar River rises from Yilehuli Mountain, the northward branch of the Inner Khingan Range. The east-running Yilehuli Range has four sources; they merge with Dongwoji, Wo'leke, Kuleduli, Chualohu'erji, and Buliesi, turn south, receive the Zhakdaqi River on the right, and flow east into the Heilongjiang River. The Heilongjiang flows east past Anluo karun outpost, turns south, and descends to the Humar River mouth. Six karun outposts line the west bank: Yixiken, Wo'ximen, Angan, Chahayan, Wanghada, and Humar. Downstream it connects with the Xi'ergen karun outpost. It belongs to Heihe Prefecture. A company commander is stationed at the river mouth to oversee the Oroqen people.

漠河直隸廳：光緒三十四年，擬設治漠河，隸璦琿道。在道治西北千餘里。漠河出治雞察山，東北入黑龍江。南額穆爾河，東北流，左受吉里瑪那裡多什都克河，屈東流，右受大札丹庫爾、小札丹庫爾，入黑龍江。又南旁烏河，東南流，左受巴達吉察，右受札克達奇，屈東北，右受布爾嘎里河、沽里干河，入黑龍江。又南有呼瑪爾河上源，其南為伊勒呼里阿林，乃內興安嶺自西轉東橫幹脈也。山南即嫩江源，西有額爾古訥河入黑龍江口，為璦琿與呼倫兩屬交界，即中、俄以江為界之起處。沿黑龍江南岸設卡倫八：曰洛古河，曰訥欽哈達，曰漠河，即廳治，曰額蘇里，曰巴爾嘎力，曰額穆爾，曰開庫康，曰安羅。有木廠一處。黑龍江由此轉南流，安羅卡倫下游接西岸之依西肯卡倫，屬呼瑪廳。漠河金礦，光緒十四年經始開採，庚子入於俄，光緒三十二年始行收復。漠河為省北屏障，黑龍江轉運專落俄人之手。光緒三十四年，議由嫩江之源開闢山道，卒以工費浩繁中止，故礦業衰歇而設治亦難也。

Mohe Directly Administered Subprefecture: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed at Mohe, subordinate to Aigun Circuit. It lies more than 1,000 li northwest of the circuit seat. The Mohe River rises from Zhijicha Mountain and flows northeast into the Heilongjiang River. To the south the Emur River flows northeast, receives the Jilimanaliduoshiduke River on the left, turns east, receives the Da and Xiao Zhadanku'er rivers on the right, and enters the Heilongjiang River. Farther south the Pangwu River flows southeast, receives Badajicha on the left and Zhakdaqi on the right, turns northeast, receives the Bu'ergali and Guligan rivers on the right, and enters the Heilongjiang River. Farther south lie the upper sources of the Humar River; south of them runs the Yilehuli Range — the main trunk of the Inner Khingan turning from west to east. South of the range lies the source of the Nen River; to the west the Argun enters the Heilongjiang — the junction of Aigun and Hulun jurisdictions and the point where the Sino-Russian border begins to follow the river. Eight karun outposts line the south bank of the Heilongjiang: Luoguhe, Neqinhada, Mohe — the subprefectural seat — Wusuli, Ba'ergali, Emur, Kaikukang, and Anluo. There is one lumber mill. From here the Heilongjiang turns south; downstream from Anluo karun outpost it connects with Yixiken karun outpost on the west bank, within Huma Subprefecture. The Mohe gold mines were first opened in Guangxu 14; they fell to Russia during the Boxer crisis of 1900 and were not recovered until Guangxu 32. Mohe is the province's northern bulwark, yet Heilongjiang transport fell entirely into Russian hands. In Guangxu 34 a mountain route from the source of the Nen was proposed but abandoned because the cost was prohibitive; mining therefore declined, and establishing a permanent seat remains difficult.

室韋直隸廳：光緒三十四年，擬設治吉拉林，隸呼倫道。在道治北四百餘里，額爾古訥河右岸。對岸為俄臥牛、槐敖、洛氣等屯疆域。額爾古訥河自臚濱之阿巴該圖北流，至呼倫之庫克多博，東北流，合根河、特勒布爾、胡裕爾和奇、珠魯克圖即約羅、珠爾格特依、布魯、色木特勒克諸河，皆自東南山來注，此在吉拉林以南者也。中根河最大，出內興安嶺，西北流，兩岸沃野膏原，為殖民善地。額爾古訥河逕廳治西，又東北流，有哈拉爾即吉拉林河，眉勒喀即尼布楚約內之河、遜河、額爾奇木、畢拉爾、畢拉克產、古爾布奇、吉林子、阿木毗、牛爾、珠爾干、溫諸河，皆自東南山來注。額爾古訥河至是屈西北流，有烏瑪、大吉嘎達、小吉嘎達，復有小河入，皆自東南來注。再折而東北流，有伊穆河，復有小河二十餘，皆自東南來注。此在吉拉林以北者也。中牛爾河最大，出內興安嶺，河口左右有平地兩區，田土肥美。額爾古訥河自受根河、牛爾河，水大而急，直注黑龍江，而吉拉林為適中地，故廳治在焉。新設防邊卡倫，在境內者十有五，自庫克多博總卡倫以北，曰巴圖爾和碩，曰巴雅斯胡郎圖溫都爾，曰胡裕爾和奇，曰巴彥珠魯克，曰珠爾格特依，曰莫里勒克，曰畢拉爾河，曰牛爾河，曰珠爾干河總卡倫，曰溫河，曰伊穆河，曰奇乾河，曰永安山，曰額勒哈達。珠爾干、額勒哈達為鄂倫春與俄人交易之所。尤要道路自吉拉林南至塔爾巴幹達呼山七百餘里，其北至珠爾干河三百五十餘里，則小徑不通車馬。自珠爾干至額爾古訥河口五百五十餘里，則懸崖壁立，非假道於俄，不能飛越。根河口新立官渡，為華、俄商旅必趨之路。根河上源有道出西布特哈達墨爾根，額爾古訥民船祗達吉拉林，以下溜急，民船可順流而下，不能溯流而上，非輪船不為功。冬令，河上可駕駛冰橇，每一日夜行三四百里。

Shiwei Directly Administered Subprefecture: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed at Jilalin, subordinate to the Hulun Circuit. It lay more than 400 li north of the circuit seat, on the right bank of the Argun River. The opposite bank was the territory of Russian settlements including Woniu, Huiao, and Luoqi. The Argun River flows north from Abaigaitu in Lubin to Kukeduobo in Hulun, then northeast, joining the Gen, Telebu'er, Huyu'erheqi, Zhuluketu (also called Yueluo), Zhuergeteyi, Bulu, and Semutelieke rivers — all joining from the southeast mountains south of Jilalin. Of these, the Gen River is the largest; it rises in the Inner Khingan Range and flows northwest through rich plains on both banks — excellent land for colonization. The Argun River passes west of the subprefecture seat and flows northeast; the Haral (that is, the Jilalin River), Meileka (the river within the Nerchinsk treaty boundary), Xun, E'erqimu, Bilar, Bilakechan, Gu'erbuqi, Jilinzi, Amu'pi, Niu'er, Zhuer'gan, and Wen rivers all join from the southeast mountains. At this point the Argun River turns northwest; the Wuma, Da Jigada, and Xiao Jigada rivers and other small streams join from the southeast. It turns northeast again; the Yimu River and more than twenty small streams join from the southeast. These lie north of Jilalin. Of these, the Niu'er River is the largest; it rises in the Inner Khingan Range, and on both sides of its mouth lie two areas of level land with rich soil. After receiving the Gen and Niu'er rivers, the Argun River becomes large and swift and flows directly into the Heilongjiang; Jilalin occupies a central location, and therefore the subprefecture seat was placed there. Fifteen newly established frontier-defense karun outposts lay within the territory; north of the chief karun at Kukeduobo were Batu'erheshuo, Bayasihulangtu Wendu'er, Huyu'erheqi, Bayanzhuluke, Zhuergeteyi, Mo'lileke, Bilar River, Niu'er River, the chief karun at Zhuer'gan River, Wen River, Yimu River, Qiqian River, Yong'an Mountain, and E'lehada. Zhuer'gan and E'lehada were trading posts where the Oroqen exchanged goods with Russians. The most important road ran more than 700 li south from Jilalin to Mount Ta'erbagan Dahu; from there north to the Zhuer'gan River was more than 350 li of narrow paths unsuitable for carts and horses. From Zhuer'gan to the mouth of the Argun River was more than 550 li of sheer cliffs; without taking a route through Russian territory, the passage could not be made. A newly established official ferry at the mouth of the Gen River was the route that Chinese and Russian merchants had to take. From the upper reaches of the Gen River a road led from Western Buteha to Mergen; civilian boats on the Argun could reach only Jilalin; below that point the current was too swift for upstream travel by ordinary boats — only steamers could manage it. In winter, sleds could be driven on the frozen river, covering three or four hundred li in a day and a night.

舒都直隸廳：光緒三十四年，擬設治免渡河，隸呼倫道，在道治東二百八十餘里。河出阿爾奇山，北合札郭河，入海拉爾河。廳東即內興安嶺。東清鐵路經廳南，有免渡河車站，由廳境鑿興安山洞入西布特哈境。

Shudu Directly Administered Subprefecture: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed at Mianduhe, subordinate to the Hulun Circuit, more than 280 li east of the circuit seat. The river rises in Mount A'erqi, joins the Zhaguo River to the north, and enters the Hailar River. East of the subprefecture lies the Inner Khingan Range. The Chinese Eastern Railway passed south of the subprefecture; the Mianduhe station lay on the line, and from subprefecture territory the Xing'an Mountain tunnel was cut into Western Buteha.

佛山府：光緒三十四年，擬設治觀音山，隸興東道，在道治北，瀕黑龍江岸。對岸為俄吉春屯，北有輔河，南有嘉廕河。附府治有小水曰十里河，皆東入黑龍江。

Foshan Prefecture: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed at Guanyin Mountain, subordinate to the Xingdong Circuit, north of the circuit seat on the bank of the Heilongjiang. The opposite bank was the Russian settlement of Jichun; to the north was the Fu River and to the south the Jiayin River. Near the prefectural seat was a small stream called the Shili River; all flowed east into the Heilongjiang.

蘿北直隸廳：光緒三十四年，擬設治托蘿山北，隸興東道，附郭，如璦琿、呼倫兩直隸廳之比。

Luobei Directly Administered Subprefecture: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed north of Mount Tuoluo, subordinate to the Xingdong Circuit and attached to the circuit seat, like the Aigun and Hulun subprefectures.

烏雲直隸廳：光緒三十四年，擬設治烏雲河，隸興東道，在道治西北，瀕黑龍江岸。對岸為俄嘎薩得報屯。烏雲河在廳西，北入黑龍江。

Wuyun Directly Administered Subprefecture: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed at the Wuyun River, subordinate to the Xingdong Circuit, northwest of the circuit seat on the bank of the Heilongjiang. The opposite bank was the Russian settlement of Gasadebao. The Wuyun River lay west of the subprefecture and flowed north into the Heilongjiang.

車陸直隸廳：光緒三十四年，擬設治車陸，隸興東道，在道治西北遜河南。原為車勒山卡倫，音轉為車陸。東臨黑龍江，對岸為俄吉滿屯。南科爾芬河，東北流入黑龍江。

Chelu Directly Administered Subprefecture: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed at Chelu, subordinate to the Xingdong Circuit, northwest of the circuit seat south of the Xun River. It was originally the Chele Mountain karun outpost, the name transformed in pronunciation to Chelu. It bordered the Heilongjiang to the east; the opposite bank was the Russian settlement of Jiman. To the south was the Kuo'erfen River, which flowed northeast into the Heilongjiang.

春源直隸廳：光緒三十四年，擬設治伊春呼蘭河源，隸興東道，在道治西南。西有布倫山，伊春河出，東流入湯旺河。布倫山西麓即呼蘭河源。南札里河，東流，左合黃泥河、報達河，入湯旺河；又南巴蘭河源在焉。

Chunyuan Directly Administered Subprefecture: in Guangxu 34 its seat was proposed at the source of the Yichun and Hulan rivers, subordinate to the Xingdong Circuit, southwest of the circuit seat. To the west was Mount Bulun; the Yichun River rose there and flowed east into the Tangwang River. The western foothills of Mount Bulun were the source of the Hulan River. To the south, the Zhali River flowed east, joined the Huangni and Baoda rivers on the left, and entered the Tangwang River; Farther south lay the source of the Balan River.

鶴岡縣：，擬設治鶴立岡，隸興東道，在湯原縣北、鶴立河西。有興東墾務公司，宣統中擬移駐黑龍、松花兩江匯流處，額勒密河東，地尤沃饒，為全省冠。

Hegang County: its seat was proposed at Heligang, subordinate to the Xingdong Circuit, north of Tangyuan County and west of the Heli River. The Xingdong Reclamation Company was established; during the Xuantong reign it was proposed to relocate to the confluence of the Heilong and Songhua rivers, east of the E'lemi River — land of exceptional fertility, the finest in the province.

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