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卷58 志三十三 地理五 江苏

Volume 58 Treatises 33: Geography 5, Jiang Su

Chapter 58 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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1
Treatise 33
2
Geography 5
3
Jiangsu
4
使西 使 使 使使 使使 使使使
Jiangsu comprised the domains of the Yang, Xu, and Yu regions described in the Tribute of Yu. Under the Ming dynasty it formed Nanjing. In Qing Shunzhi 2 it was renamed Jiangnan Province, a provincial administration commission was set up, and a governor-general of the Two Jiangs was appointed over Jiangnan and Jiangxi with his seat at Jiangning. A Huai-Yang governor-general was also appointed but soon abolished. A Jiangning governor was added as well. Its administrative seat was at Suzhou. A Feng-Lu Anhui governor was also appointed but soon abolished. In year 18, nine prefectures—Anqing, Huizhou, Ningguo, Chizhou, Taiping, Luzhou, Fengyang, Huai'an, and Yangzhou—and four directly administered prefectures (Xu, Chu, He, and Guangde) were assigned to Anhui under the left provincial administration commissioner of Jiangnan. In Kangxi 1 a governor was appointed for Anhui. In year 3 the Jiangbei provincial judge was posted separately to govern the region. In year 5 Yangzhou, Huai'an, and Xuzhou were restored to Jiangnan jurisdiction. In year 6 Jiangnan received its present name; the left commissioner became the Anhui provincial administration commission, seated at Jiangning. The right commissioner became the Jiangsu provincial administration commission, headquartered at Suzhou. It oversaw seven prefectures—Jiangning, Suzhou, Changzhou, Songjiang, Zhenjiang, Yangzhou, and Huai'an—and one directly administered prefecture, Xuzhou. In Yongzheng 2 Taicang, Pi, Hai, and Tong were each promoted to directly administered prefecture status. In year 11 Xuzhou was raised to prefectural rank and Pi was demoted again to a dependent prefecture under it. In Qianlong 25 the Anhui commission moved to Anqing and a Jiangning commission was added, taking Jiangning, Huai'an, Xuzhou, and Yangzhou prefectures plus Tong and Hai directly administered prefectures so that it administered in parallel with the Jiangsu commission. In year 32 Haimen directly administered subprefecture was created under Jiangning. In Guangxu 30 a Jianghuai governor was again appointed, stationed at Qingjiangpu. The post was soon abolished and the former arrangement restored. It measured 950 li from east to west and 1,130 li from north to south, with an area of 372,054 square li. Latitude ranged from 31°05′ to 35°10′ north. Longitude lay between 0°05′ and 5°03′ east of the capital. In Xuantong 3 there were 3,213,483 registered households and a population of 9,356,755. Its administrative units comprised eight prefectures, three directly administered prefectures, one directly administered subprefecture, three dependent prefectures, four subprefectures, and sixty counties.
5
使西 西 便 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 使 西
Jiangning Prefecture: Vital, Busy, and Difficult. It belonged to the Jiangning circuit intendancy. Under the Ming it was Yingtian Prefecture. Stationed there were the Jiangning provincial treasurer, foreign affairs commissioner, and education commissioner; the Jiang-An grain transport, Jiangnan industrial promotion, constabulary, and salt control circuits; the Jiangning general and his deputy; and the imperial weaving office, which also supervised the Longjiang New Customs on the west. At the start of Shunzhi it followed the Ming arrangement with eight counties. In Yongzheng 8 Liyang was transferred to Zhenjiang Prefecture. It lay 2,445 li north of the capital. It measured 200 li from east to west and 300 li from north to south. Its latitude was 32°04′ north. It lay 2°28′ east of the capital. It administered seven counties. Shangyuan: Vital, Busy, and Difficult. Attached seat. Within the prefectural seat lay Qingliang, Shizi, and Fugui mountains. To the north were Purple Gold Mountain and Mufu Mountain. To the east were Wulong Mountain and Shengyou Mountain. Zhuhu Cave was listed in Daoist texts as the thirty-first grotto-heaven. Inside Qingjiang Gate stood Xiaocang Mountain. Inside Shicheng Gate stood Yecheng Mountain. To the south the Yangtze entered from Dangtu in Anhui, took in the Qinhuai, and formed Caoxie Gorge. On the left bank it bordered Jiangpu and received the waters of Guanyin Mountain. Yanziji lay along the river. The Qinhuai rose from Chishan Lake in Jurong, absorbed Lushan stream, and ran through Tongji Gate, one branch entering Jiangning and one entering the city wall. It then flowed northwest and entered the Yangtze at Xiaguan. A newly opened canal to the northeast was dredged in Qianlong 45 and named the Bianmin Canal (Convenience for the People). A market stood at Shipu Bridge. Farther east lay Huangtian Shoal. Its market towns were Chunhua, Jing'an, Tuqiao, and Shibu. Garrison posts were stationed at Caoxie Gorge, Yanziji, Qixia Street, and Hushu. It had one courier station, Jinling. A Chunhua patrol office was established. A railway line served the county. Its treaty port was Xiaguan. In Guangxu 21 it became one of the four treaty ports opened under the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Jiangning: Vital, Busy, and Difficult. Attached seat. To the south, batteries were built on Yuhuatai at Jubao Mountain. The Yangtze ran directly past Xiaguan town. It had seven harbors—Tongjing and Lieshan; to the north Hekou and Lvxin Villa; farther north Dasheng Pass, the ancient Xinlin Ford; and to the northwest the North River and Xiaguan, which took separate branches of the Qinhuai. Its market towns were Jiangning, Moling, and Jinling. Garrison posts were stationed at Dasheng and Moling. It had a courier station. Two patrol offices served Jiangning and Moling. A railway line served the county. Jurong: Vital and Difficult. It lay ninety li east of the prefectural seat. The county took its name from Jurong Mountain. To the north stood Hua Mountain. To the northeast stood Tong Mountain. To the southeast stood Mao Mountain. The Yangtze approached from the east. It had two harbors, Luosi Ditch and Xiashu Harbor. Chishan Lake rose on Jiangyan Mountain and was the source of the Qinhuai; it was also called Jiangyan Lake. Huiting Stream, Huangyan River, and Puli Brook formed the southern source; with the northern source they met at Baimi Lake and then flowed west into Shangyuan. Its market towns were Baitu, Changning, Dongyang, Xiashu, and Longtan. A Longtan patrol office was established. It had a courier station. Lishui: Simple. It lay 140 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south were Zhi Mountain and Zhong Mountain, also known as Dushan. To the east stood Lu Mountain, source of a secondary branch of the Qinhuai. Shijiu Lake to the southwest ran north of the city wall into the Qinhuai along the Ming transport canal, now silted up. It had one courier station, Kongjia. Jiangpu: Vital. It lay forty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northeast were Shisangong Mountain and Jiulian Mountain. To the west stood Longdong Mountain. The Yangtze entered from the southwest at Hezhou in Anhui, with Jiangning on the right bank. It formed four mouths: Wujiang, Old Xijiang, New River, and Old River. It received the Puzikou River and flowed northeast into Liuhe. The right branch of the Chu River entered from Chuzhou in Anhui, also called the Rear River; eastward it bordered Lai'an, then ran wholly within the county as the Front River, sent a branch to Dongge town, and northeast of Chaheji joined the Sha River and entered Liuhe. Its market towns were Gaowang, Xiangquan, and Gecheng. It had two courier stations, Jianghuai and Dongge. One Pukou patrol office was established. Jianghuai once had a courier station assistant, but the post was abolished. A railway line served the county. Liuhe: Simple. It lay 120 li north of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Guabu Mountain. To the southwest stood Jinwang Mountain. The Yangtze entered from the southwest at Jiangpu, with Shangyuan on the right bank. It turned southeast as a branch at Tongjiangji mouth and reached Chenghuang Lake to the north. A fort battery stood at Shazhouwei. Further east lay Huazikou. The Chu River entered from Jiangpu in the west, passed Zaohekou, formed Chabe River to the north, then bent southward into the Yangtze. A tax bureau commissioner was stationed there. It had four market towns: Guabu, Changlu, Xuanhua, and Zhuzhen. Tangyi once had a courier station assistant, but the post was abolished. One Guabu patrol office was established. Gaochun: Simple. It lay 240 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Dayou Mountain. To the northeast stood Jing Mountain. To the south lay Gucheng Lake, which spread eastward as the Xu River. To the west lay Danyang Lake, which connected with Shijiu Lake on the north. A stream entered Danyang Lake from Wuhu in the east, then flowed southeast into Gucheng Lake. Some identify it with the Central River described in the Yu Gong. It had three market towns: Guangtong, Gucheng, and Shuiyang. One Guangtong patrol office was established.
6
宿 簿 西 使 便 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 宿 西 西
Huai'an Prefecture: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It was subordinate to the Huai-Yang Maritime Circuit. At the beginning of the Shunzhi reign, under the Ming administrative framework, it comprised two subprefectures and nine counties. In Yongzheng 2, Hai and Pi were elevated to directly administered subprefectures; Ganyu and Shuyang fell under Hai, while Suqian and Suining fell under Pi. In Yongzheng 9, territory was carved from Shanyang and Yancheng to establish Funing County. It lay 500 li south of the provincial capital. It measured 380 li from east to west and 270 li from north to south. Its latitude was 33°32′ north. It lay 2°52′ east of the capital. It administered six counties. Shanyang: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. Attached seat. The grain-transport banner vice commander was stationed there. The Northern Canal flowed southward, fed by the Wusha River, the Jian River, and other streams. To the east lay six grass marshes; to the south lay Baima Lake. Waters from Hongze Lake mingled with Baoying territory and joined the canal in the northeast. To the north ran the old channel of the Yellow River. The river shifted in Xianfeng 3; its old embankment still stands. Along both banks of the river were posted subprefects, river-managing county assistants, clerks, and patrol inspectors, while petty river officers were appointed and abolished on no fixed schedule. These posts were abolished in Xianfeng 10. Banpang Town had one paper-tax patrol office. It had two market towns, Beishen and Miaowan. Garrison posts were stationed at Lingling, Gaoyan, and Yangjiamiao. It had one courier station, Huaiyin. The courier station assistant post was abolished. Funing: Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 160 li northeast of the prefectural seat. It was established in Yongzheng 9. To the northeast lay the sea. An embankment called the Fan Gong Dike protected the coast. Sheyang Lake received the upper waters of Taida Zong Lake, gathered the Huai into a lake, then flowed east, collecting tributaries before reaching the sea. The salt-transport canal drew from Sheyang Lake, ran south past the county seat, and followed the Fan Gong Dike into Yancheng. To the west ran the old channel of the Yellow River. It had three market towns: Maluo, Beisha, and Menglong. One Caoyan patrol office was established. Yancheng: Busy, Difficult. It lay 240 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east lay the sea. It had two harbors, Xinyang and Doulong. Xinxing and Wuyou salt works operated there, with a salt-tax commissioner stationed on site. The salt-transport canal entered at Caoyan mouth, encircled the city, and continued through Biancang Town into Xinghua. Taida Zong Lake mingled with Xinghua territory in the southwest. It was where the western streams of the county converged. A Tianfei bond stood there, but its bond officer post was abolished. Garrison posts were stationed at Xiaoguan, Liuzhuang, Xinyang, and Shagou. It had nine market towns: Shanggang, Dagang, Shagou, Gangmen, Xinhe, Anfeng, Qinggou, Yukou, and Xinxing. It had two patrol offices, at Shanggang and Shagou. Qinghe: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It was the seat of the Huai-Yang Circuit intendancy. The Jiangbei military governor and regional commander were stationed there. The post of Director-General of Rivers was formerly stationed here, later absorbed into the Director-General of Grain Transport. The office was moved here from the prefectural seat and abolished in Guangxu 3. The inner-canal subprefect and the canal treasury circuit were abolished in turn. It lay 35 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Qingjiangpu. Chen Xuan opened it in the Ming; it was the Sha River of Song times. The Grand Canal entered from Taoyuan in the northwest and divided into the salt river. Farther east lay Zhonghekou; the Water Classic identifies it as Zhongdu Water, which issued from Baima Lake in Shanyang. It then wound south to Qingkou, turned east, passed three bonds, joined Qingjiangpu, and flowed southeast into Shanyang as the Huainan Grand Canal. To the south, the Liutang River entered from Taoyuan and ran northeast through Liujiazhuang into Shuyang. The salt river flowed northeast past Xiba, where the Huai'an salt subdivision transport intendant was stationed until Qianlong 28, when the post moved to Haizhou. It continued east to Zhouzhuang and entered Andong. To the southwest lay Hongze Lake; to the west ran the old channel of the Yellow River. It had ten market towns: Wangjiaying, Hongze, Laozi, Xiba, Yugou, Guanting, Dahekou, Jianqiao, Matou, and Zhouqiao. Garrison posts were stationed at Wangjiaying, Matou, Hebei, and Yugou. It had one courier station, Qingkou. It once had a courier station assistant, but the post was abolished. One Jianqiao patrol office was established. Andong: Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 60 li northeast of the prefectural seat. The salt river entered from Qinghe in the southwest, crossed the county, entered Haizhou, and joined the Liutang River. To the northeast, the Yifan River entered from Haizhou and ran south to Qigan Village. The Water Classic records that east of the Huai each bank received a tributary before the combined waters reached Huaipu and entered the sea. To the northeast ran the old channel of the Yellow River. The Huai-Hai River conservancy military preparedness circuit intendant was posted here until Xianfeng 10, when the post was abolished. It had three market towns: Taiping, Changle, and Yuchangkou. Garrison posts were stationed at Wugang and Dianhu. One Dianhu patrol office was established. Taoyuan: Vital, Busy, Difficult. It lay 120 li northwest of the prefectural seat. The Grand Canal came south from Suqian, passed Gucheng courier station, entered Qinghe, and divided into the Liutang River, also called the North Salt River, which flowed northeast into Shuyang. Hongze Lake lay to the southwest, interlocking with Qinghe territory. To the northwest ran the old channel of the Yellow River. It had seven market towns: Sanyi, Hebei, Cuizhen, Zhongxing, Zhangsi Vital, Baiyang River, and Chijihu. Garrison posts were stationed at Cuizhen, Yang River, and Sanyi. It had two courier stations, Taoyuan and Gucheng. The courier station assistant post was abolished. It had a patrol office.
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使 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 使 西 西 西 西 西 使 西 西 西西 使 使 西西 西
Yangzhou Prefecture: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It was subordinate to the Huai-Yang Maritime Circuit intendancy. The Two Huai salt transport commissioner was stationed there. At the start of Shunzhi, following the Ming arrangement, it governed three subprefectures and seven counties. In Kangxi 11 Haimen was lost to the sea and annexed to Tongzhou. In Yongzheng 3 Tongzhou was elevated to a directly administered subprefecture, with Rugao and Taixing transferred to its jurisdiction. In year 9 Ganquan was carved out of Jiangdu. In Qianlong 32 Dongtai was carved out of Taizhou. It lay 210 li southwest of the provincial capital. It measured 350 li across and 230 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 32°27′. It lay 2°56′ east of the capital meridian. It governed two subprefectures and six counties. Jiangdu: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. Attached seat. The Yangtze entered from the west at Liuhe, passed through Yangzi, and ran east past Qihai Mouth. The supervisory manufacture subprefect was stationed there. It continued east past Yumin Prefecture as a channel river and divided into two branches. Farther east lay Sanjiang Mouth, where the stream flowed southeast to rejoin the Yangtze. Sanjiang Mouth faced Tianfu Prefecture, where a gun battery was built and a garrison commandant was posted. The salt affairs patrol circuit was abolished. It continued east past Yangzi Port and entered Taixing. The Grand Canal entered from the north, looped south of the city, passed Xinhe Bay, divided, and flowed west into the Yangzi. It then flowed south to Guazhou Mouth, where a gun battery stood. A regional commander was stationed there. It continued east past Liancheng Prefecture and split into the Yangtze. The salt river drew Grand Canal water northeast into Taizhou, where Baita Long'er River joined it. It had a transit duty barrier. It had three market towns: Guazhou, Wanshou, and Yiling. Garrison posts were stationed at Guazhou, Daqiao, Maqiao, and Shazhou. The Guangling courier station assistant post was abolished. It had two patrol offices, at Guazhou and Wanshou. Ganquan: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. Attached seat. It was established in Yongzheng 9. To the northwest lay Shugang and Ganquan Mountain. To the north lay Shaobo Lake, interlocking with Gaoyou territory. The Grand Canal joined lake waters flowing south to Bihu Bridge in Jiangdu, with Luyang Lake and Qiaoshu Pond feeding in by branch streams. It had three market towns: Shaobo, Shangguan, and Dayi. It had one courier station, Shaobo. A garrison post was stationed there. It had two patrol offices, at Shangguan and Shaobo. Yangzi: Vital, Busy. It lay 70 li southwest of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was called Yizhen. In Yongzheng 2 the character zhen was changed to zheng. In Xuantong 1 it was again named Yangzi. To the northwest lay Tong Mountain and Jiedun Mountain. To the south it bordered the Yangtze. The river entered from Liuhe in the west; the Lishi and Shaman streams flowed in from the north at Linjia Bridge and Wangjiaba. A western branch split off to Siyuan Ditch and entered the Yangtze. A tax levy commissioner was stationed there. Xin River issued from Yuetang Market, flowed southwest, and also entered the Yangtze. It had one market town, Xincheng. It had a water courier station assistant. The Qingjiang mangdao river bond official was abolished. Garrison posts were stationed at Qingshan, Jiugang, and Huangnigang. One Jiujiang Mouth patrol office was established. Gaoyou Subprefecture: Vital, Busy. It lay 120 li north of the prefectural seat. To the southwest lay Shenju Mountain. The Grand Canal ran north past Tax Affairs Bridge, where the Salt River flowed in from the west. It continued past Cheluo Dam, where Chengzi River joined from the south and pooled into Luyang Lake. Mani River flowed southeast into Qingshui Pool, taking canal overflow from the north; eastward it formed a grass marsh fed by Sanyang River from the south. Gaoyou Lake lay to the northwest, also called Bise Lake; northward it joined Jieshou Lake, and southward Chian Lake interlocked with Ganquan territory. Garrison posts were stationed at Shuigao and Yongnan. It had two courier stations, Jieshou and Mengcheng. It had two patrol offices, at Jieshou and Shibao. Xinghua: Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 165 li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east lay the sea, protected by a dike. The salt river ran along the dike, taking Jie River, Haigou, and Hengjing from the west; eastward it became Datuan River and the Bazao and Qizao channels, then met Doulong Port in the northeast and entered the sea. It had three salt fields at Liuzhuang, Caoyan, and Dingxi, where a salt levy commissioner was posted. To the north lay Wugong Lake and Taidazong Lake, interlocking with Yancheng and Baoying territory. It had three bonds at Shi and Baiju, each with a bond official. It had three market towns: Anfeng, Lingting, and Furong. One Anfeng patrol office was established. Baoying: Vital, Busy. It lay 240 li north of the prefectural seat. The Grand Canal entered from Shanyang in the north, passed Bakou Post, and overflowed eastward as Wagou Stream. It flowed south past Sishui town to Jieshou, where Jieshou Lake lay before the waters entered Gaoyou. To the west Baoying Lake held the impounded waters below the Huai. Taidazong Lake lay to the northeast with a circumference of 200 li and sent branches into the Grand Canal. A garrison post was stationed at Hengyang. It had one courier station, Anping, which once had an assistant but the post was abolished. It had two patrol offices, at Hengyang and Huailou. Taizhou: Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 120 li east of the prefectural seat. The salt river entered from Jiangdu in the west, ran east along the city wall as the Lixia River, and received Qintong Stream. At Baimi town it joined Chuanchang River on the left while a branch channel on the right entered Taixing. It continued east past Hai'an town, where a left branch became Jie River and flowed southeast into Rugao. The salt river entered from Dongtai in the northeast, flowed southwest past Yuxi to Qiuyu Port, and rejoined the main stream farther southwest. It had Taiba, where the Taizhou salt subdivision transport intendant was posted. Bao Lake lay to the northeast. It had four market towns: Hai'an, Anxiang, Doumen, and Fancha. Garrison posts were stationed at Hai'an and Qutang. It had two patrol offices, at Hai'an and Anxiang. Dongtai: Busy, Exhausted. It lay 240 li east of the prefectural seat. It was established in Qianlong 32. To the east lay the sea, protected by a dike. It had seven salt fields: Dongtai, Heduo, Liangduo, Anfeng, Fu'an, Jiaoxie, and Pincha. A salt levy commissioner was stationed there. The Xiaohai field commissioner was also abolished. The Lixia River looped north around Taizhou, then overflowed eastward in branches that reached the sea. The salt river issued from the western maritime bond, flowed southwest in and out of the county, and re-entered Taizhou at Yuxi. The hydraulic works subprefect was posted at the Dongtai salt field. The four Caoyan bonds each had a bond official. It had one market town, Xixi. The patrol office was abolished. A garrison post was stationed at Wangjia Port.
8
宿 西 西 西 西 西宿 西宿 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 宿 宿 宿 峿 西 西 峿 峿 峿 西 西 宿
Xuzhou Prefecture: Important, Vital, Busy, Difficult. It was subordinate to the Huai-Xu Circuit intendancy. The Xuzhou garrison regional commander was stationed there. At the start of Shunzhi it was a directly administered subprefecture. It governed Xiao, Dangshan, Feng, and Pei counties. In Yongzheng 11 it was elevated to a prefecture. Tongshan County was established. The demoted directly administered Pizhou was also placed under it, along with Suqian and Suining. It lay 730 li southeast of the provincial capital. It measured 320 li across and 180 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 34°05′. It lay 58′ east of the capital meridian. It governed one subprefecture and seven counties. Tongshan: Vital, Busy, Difficult. Attached seat. It was established in Yongzheng 11. Tong Mountain to the northeast gave the county its name. Weishan Lake sent the Jingshan River northeast as the diversion channel, also called Xuzhou River, which carried lake water to Biantang in Pizhou and joined the Grand Canal. Zi River, also called Kui River, flowed southeast into Xiao County. The old Yellow River channel lay to the northwest. It had one market town, Biantang. Garrison posts were stationed at the three Zhengji forts. It had two courier stations, Liguo and Dong'an, but the assistant post was abolished. It had two patrol offices, at Shuangou and Liguo. Xiao: Simple, Difficult. It lay 50 li west of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Dinggong Mountain. To the west lay Dai Mountain. To the northwest lay Dai Mountain Lake. Farther southeast lay Longshan River. Zi River entered from Tongshan, ran southeast past the west of Zhou Mountain, sent a left branch into Lingbi, and its main channel entered Suzhou. To the west Wangchuan Lake passed east of Dahai Pond and also entered Suzhou. It had two market towns: Baitu and Yong'an. It had one courier station, Taoshan. One Zhangshandian patrol office was established. Dangshan: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 160 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northeast lay Mangdang Mountain. Limin Ditch, also called Xiaoshen Lake, flowed southeast, bent west, and entered Yongcheng. Xi Sha River ran southwest past Dingxin Market into Xiayi in Henan. North of the city ran the old Yellow River channel. Garrison posts were stationed at Zhoujiazhai and Panlongji. Feng: Simple. It lay 150 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast lay Hua Mountain. Xinkai River flowed north past Zhanggu town and continued into Yutai. It was once dredged to divert the Yellow River; the dike still stands. Feng River, also called Pao River in Ban Gu's Gazetteer, once entered the Si but is now silted up. It had one market town, Wukang. Pei: Vital. It lay 120 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the west lay the Seven Mountains. It had Qishan embankment; in Qianlong 46 a river breach submerged the county and the seat was moved here. The city was built in year 47. In Xianfeng 1 another breach submerged the city again and the seat moved to Xia Town. In year 11 it returned to the former seat. To the east lay Weishan Lake. To the west lay the small river mouth at Niezhuang Post. The Grand Canal entered from Teng, wound about, and flowed into the lake. Si River entered from Yutai in Shandong as the South Qing River, took Jingou Stream at Jingou Ford, joined Sanhekou water to the east, and from there entered the Grand Canal. It had two bonds at Pengkou and Yangzhuang. The bond officials were abolished. Garrison posts were stationed at Xia Town and Qishan embankment. One Xiayang patrol office was established. Pizhou: Vital, Difficult. It lay 150 li northeast of the prefectural seat. Its former seat was at Xiapi. In Kangxi 28 the seat was moved south of Ai Mountain. In year 7 a river breach forced the move to the present seat. In Yongzheng 3 it was elevated to a directly administered subprefecture. In year 11 it was placed under Xuzhou. To the south lay Geyi Mountain, also called Ju Mountain. To the north lay Ai Mountain and Shibu Mountain. To the northwest lay Huangshi Mountain. The Grand Canal entered from Yi territory, passed Jia Mouth, and received a northeast branch channel. At Xutang Mouth it joined Xuchuan River, then Yi River farther south, and entered Suqian. Wu River, the ancient Wu stream also called Zhishui, linked Yi River on the left and Wuyuan water on the right, then sent out branches that joined the Grand Canal with Yanzi, Chaigou, and other channels. Wuyuan water is Jia River, which entered from Lanshan, met Yi River to the east, reached Huangdun Lake in Suqian, and entered the Yellow River. South of the city ran the old Yellow River channel. It had three market towns: Zhihe, Xin'an, and Jiakou. Garrison posts were stationed at Yaowan and Jiakou. One Jiucheng patrol office was established. Suqian: Vital, Busy, Difficult. It lay 100 li east of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Simiao Mountain and Maling Mountain. To the east lay Wuhua Peak. To the south lay Dou Mountain. The Grand Canal entered from Pizhou, joined Liutang River to the south, and entered Taoyuan. To the northwest Luoma Lake gathered Yi River and mountain streams into a vast sheet of water. To the north Shu River entered from Tancheng, took Taohua Stream from the south, crossed Shuyang, turned northeast through Yanji embankment, and re-entered the county. To the southwest lay the former Yellow River course, protected by a dike. It had three market towns: Baiyang River, Xiaohekou, and Shaodian. Garrison posts were stationed at Shunhe and Simiao. It had two courier stations, Zhongwu and Simiao. Zhongwu once had a courier station assistant, but the post was abolished. One Simiao patrol office was established. Suining: Simple. It lay 120 li southeast of the prefectural seat. It had Chi Mountain and Guan Mountain. To the west lay Jiuding Mountain. To the southwest lay Feng Mountain, Jing Mountain, and Yinggong Mountain. To the southeast lay Chi Mountain. Baitang River issued from Xiaoli Market, flowed southeast, joined Shenjia River as the present dried Sha River, and entered Suqian to the east. Tong Stream, the Tongbei water entering Sui noted in the Water Classic Commentary, is now silted up. It had two market towns: Gaoshao and Xin'an.
9
西 西 西使 西 使 西 西 西 使 西 西 簿 西 西 西 西
Tongzhou Directly Administered Subprefecture: Busy, Difficult. It was subordinate to the Chang-Jiang-Tong Maritime Circuit intendancy. At the start of Shunzhi, following the Ming arrangement, it belonged to Yangzhou Prefecture. It governed one county, Haimen. In Kangxi 11 the county was abolished. In Yongzheng 2 it was elevated to a directly administered subprefecture, with Rugao and Taixing transferred from Yangzhou Prefecture. It lay 530 li west of the provincial capital. It measured 300 li across and 130 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 32°03′. It lay 4°11′ east of the capital meridian. It governed two counties. To the east lay Jun Mountain and Jian Mountain. To the west Huangni Mountain and Ma'an Mountain rose with five peaks standing side by side. To the northeast lay Tianzhu Mountain. To the south lay Lang Mountain, where a gun battery was built. The Lang Mountain garrison regional commander was stationed there. To the northeast lay the sea, which yielded salt; five fields were established at Lüsi, Yudong, Yuxi, Jinsha, and Shigang, where a salt levy commissioner was posted. The Matang and Yuzhong fields were also abolished in Qianlong 1. The Xiting field was abolished in year 33. The Tongzhou salt subdivision transport intendant was posted at Shigang, where a tax levy commissioner was also stationed. To the south the Yangtze entered from Rugao in the west, ran east to Lao Hong Port, and met the sea. The salt river entered the Yangtze west of Rugao, divided eastward, ran south along the city wall, and continued east into the sea. It had two market towns: Lang Mountain and Shigang. Garrison posts were stationed at Shigang, Jinsha, Yudong, and Lüsi. The Lang Mountain patrol office was abolished. One Lüdong patrol office was established. Rugao: Busy, Difficult. It lay 120 li northwest of the subprefectural seat. To the east it bordered the sea. It had two salt fields: Fengli and Juegang. A salt levy commissioner was stationed there. The Yangtze entered from Jingjiang in the west, continued east into Tongzhou, and linked the transport salt river to the north. The river entered from Taizhou in the northwest, ran along the south of the city, and divided in two. One branch flowed south into the Yangtze. The other ran east past Dingyan, divided again at Chahe, and fed the salt-field waterways. It then flowed south past Baipu town into Tongzhou. It had four market towns: Dingyan, Juegang, Fengli, and Baipu. Garrison posts were stationed at Matang and Fengli. A recorder was posted at Juegang. It had two patrol offices, at Xichang and Shizhuang. Taixing: Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 240 li west of the subprefectural seat. The Yangtze entered from Jiangdu in the northwest, with Dantu on the right bank at Miaogang. It took in Li-Xue River, then ran south along the boundary with Danyang east to Jiegang. Jie River entered along the Jingjiang boundary from the west, continued east into Jingjiang, branched as Laolong River to Huangqiao, and bent south back into Jie River. A garrison post was stationed at Huangqiao. It had three patrol offices, at Kou'an, Huangqiao, and Yinzhuang.
10
西 西 使 西 西 西 西 西 宿
Haizhou Directly Administered Subprefecture: Busy, Difficult. It was subordinate to the Huai-Yang Maritime Circuit intendancy. At the start of Shunzhi, following the Ming arrangement, it belonged to Huai'an Prefecture. It governed one county. In Yongzheng 2 it was elevated to a directly administered subprefecture, with Shuyang transferred from Huai'an Prefecture. It lay 820 li southwest of the provincial capital. It measured 175 li across and 190 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 34°23′. It lay 2°56′ east of the capital meridian. It governed two counties. To the northeast lay Yuntai Mountain on the coast. To the east lay Gaogong Island. To the west lay Jinshu garrison post, where a gun battery was built. To the north lay Duck Island and Bamboo Island. To the northeast lay Yingyou Mountain. It had three salt fields: Zhongzheng, Linxing, and Banpu. A salt levy commissioner was stationed there. The Baiju and Guandu fields were also abolished in Qianlong 1. The Haizhou salt subdivision transport intendant was posted at Banpu, which had Taiping Bureau, Zhongfu Bureau, and the Dayi, Fumin, and Zhongxing salt pans. The salt river entered from Andong, passed Xin'an town, joined the north and south Liutang channels to reach the sea, and its eastern branches linked to the coast. To the southwest lay Qingyi Lake and Shuoking Lake, which spread northward as Qiangwei River. To the south Yifan River took salt-river water into Andong. It had five market towns: Banpu, Gaoqiao, Guandu, Shijiu, and Xinba. Garrison posts were stationed at Banpu, Fangshan, and Wujiaji. Two patrol offices were established: Gaoqiao and Huize. Ganyu: Difficult. It lay 80 li north of the subprefecture. To the north lay Wu Mountain. To the west lay Xu Mountain and Jie Mountain. To the east lay Lan Mountain. To the south lay Bochuan Mountain and Wuqiang Mountain. To the east it fronted the sea, entering from Rizhao in Shandong; Qin Mountain Wanghai Mound stood there with a fort battery. Dasha River from Tancheng and Qingkou River from Ju flowed south into the sea. Xingzhuang River rose in Wu Mountain to the northwest. It had four market towns: Linhong, Qingkou, Dishuikou, and Zhonggang Station. One Qingkou patrol office was established. In Qianlong 16 the Dishui patrol office was abolished and reorganized. Shuyang: Difficult. It lay 120 li southwest of the subprefecture. To the northwest lay Zhangcang Mountain. To the northeast lay Han Mountain and Wan Mountain. Shu River, the ancient Lian stream, entered from Suqian and flowed east as the new Tiao River. The rear channel ran northeast of the city into Qingyi Lake, then south joined Shajiang River, passed Yang Ditch, received Liutang water, and reached the sea. It had six market towns: Tangou, Hou Town, Huachong, Gaoliu, Yinping, and Liuzhuang. A garrison post was stationed at Wujiaji. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Gaoliu.
11
西 西西 西
Haimen Directly Administered Subprefecture: Vital, Busy. It was subordinate to the Chang-Jiang-Tong Maritime Circuit intendancy. It was originally a sandbank islet. Early in the Qianlong reign a sand-administration subprefect was appointed. In year 33 nineteen sandbanks of Anqing and Nan'an from Tongzhou, eleven sandbanks of Banyang and Fumin from Chongming, and Tiannan Sand were carved out to establish the subprefecture. The Suzhou Prefecture coastal-defense subprefect was transferred to administer it. It lay 570 li west of the provincial seat. It measured 140 li across and 37 li long. Its north polar altitude was 31°55′. It lay 4°45′ east of the capital meridian. To the southeast it fronted the sea. To the west lay the Yangtze, which entered from Tongzhou in the southwest and on the right formed a shared bank with Zhaowen. It then crossed east of Chongming, turned northeast, re-entered through Jiehong, and reached the sea at Liaojiaozui in the southeast. Baimao Mouth was where river and sea tides converged. Jie River took seawater flowing west, encircled the seat to the south, and entered the Yangtze.
12
使 使 使 西 西 西西 西 西 西窿 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 鹿 西 西 西 西
Suzhou Prefecture: Foremost Importance. Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. Seat of the Suzhou circuit intendant. The Jiangsu provincial treasurer, education commissioner, and judicial commissioner, the patrol-police and industry-promotion circuits, and the weaving commissioner who also supervised the Hushu transit office were stationed there. In Yongzheng 8 the surveillance commissioner was moved here from Jiangning. In Xuantong 2 the post was renamed judicial commissioner. At the beginning of Shunzhi, following the Ming system, it had one subprefecture and seven counties. In Yongzheng 2 Taicang was elevated to a directly administered subprefecture, and Chongming and Jiading were placed under it. Changzhou was split to establish Yuanhe, Kunshan to establish Xinyang, Changshu to establish Zhaowen, and Wujiang to establish Zhenze. In Qianlong 1 the Taihu Subprefecture was also established. In Guangxu 30 Jinghu Subprefecture was established under the prefecture. It lay 2,700 li north of the capital. It measured 200 li across and 240 li long. Its north polar altitude was 31°23′. It lay 4°01′ east of the capital meridian. It governed two subprefectures and nine counties. Taihu Subprefecture lay 98 li southwest of the prefectural seat. Established in Qianlong 1, the Wujiang Tongli pacification subprefect was transferred to administer Dongshan on Lake Dongting. Dongshan, also called Xumu Mountain, had Moli Peak. Taihu encircled the subprefectural seat, covering 36,000 qing. Tianmu Mountain waters from Lin'an and Yuhang in Zhejiang joined the Tiao and She streams in the southwest and reached Daqian Mouth; to the west it joined waters from Xuancheng and Shezhou, passed Changxing Ruoxi to Xiaomei Mouth, and with streams from Yixing, Jingxi, and other counties gathered northwest into the lake. Farther northeast it spread as Wusong River. Farther east it became Dianshan Lake, reached the Huangpu, and entered the sea. Two patrol offices were established: Lutou and Xiayangwan Village. Jinghu Subprefecture: Simple. Established in Guangxu 30, a pacification subprefect was appointed to administer Xishan on Lake Dongting. It had Piaomiao Peak. Wu: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. Attached seat. To the south lay Heng Mountain. To the west lay Gaofeng and Gusu Lingyan Mountain. To the southeast lay Xiang Mountain. To the southwest lay Tianping, Lengjia, Lingyan, Qionglong, Dengwei, and other mountains. To the northwest the Grand Canal from Xiushui in Zhejiang passed through Wujiang and Yuanhe, took Taihu water, ran east from Xukou through Mudu, joined Guangfu Pond, Jianjing, and other channels, passed Kuatang to Xumen, and received Yuelai Creek. Northward it issued as Hengtang and, with Nianyu Mouth water south of the county, rejoined the Grand Canal. Its treaty port was Qingyang Field south of the city, one of the four ports opened under the Treaty of Shimonoseki. It had three market towns: Hengtang, Hengjing, and Mudu. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Mudu. One Guangfu patrol office was established. In Qianlong 11 the Mudu patrol office was abolished and reorganized. Changzhou: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. Attached seat. To the west lay Gaojing Mountain. To the northwest lay Beiyou Mountain. To the west the Grand Canal entered from Wu, with a garrison post at Hanshan. Northwest it passed Shedu, joined Jinshu Port water, and entered Wuxi farther northwest. Shedu water issued east as Changdang, and Hushu, Wujiao, Baihe, and other streams all joined the Grand Canal. A Lou River branch from Yuanhe entered along the border to the northeast, overflowed left into Shangze Marsh, passed Yangcheng and Xihu on the right, Hou Lake to the north, Nan Marsh, then turned east through Lugang into Xinyang. A transit office was stationed at Hushu. It had three market towns: Lumu, Likou, and Wangting. Garrison posts were stationed at Hushu and Huangdai. One Wuta patrol office was established. A railway line served the county. Yuanhe: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. Attached seat. It was established in Yongzheng 2. To the northeast lay Weiting Mountain. Tiger Hill lay to the west. In Tang times Bai Juyi dug a canal south to the Grand Canal, now called Shantang. To the southeast lay Jiangning Mountain. Wusong River ran east from north of Wu into Xinyang. The Grand Canal also entered from the county. To the south lay Chenghu, which overflowed into Xiaodian Lake and farther southeast into Changbai and other marshes. Yinshan Lake lay southeast of the county. To the north lay Dushu Lake, with Huangtian Marsh. Yangcheng Lake and Xihu to the northeast also crossed into Changzhou. Zhong Lake and Dong Lake both interlocked with Xinyang. It had two market towns: Luzhi and Weiting. Garrison posts were stationed at Shahe, Zhouzhuang, and Zhangliantang. It had two courier stations: Gusu and Wangting. Two assistant magistrates were stationed at Luzhi and Zhangliantang. One Zhouzhuang patrol office was established. A railway line served the county. Kunshan: Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 70 li east of the prefectural seat. Wusong River ran east through Sanjiang Mouth and wound into Qingpu. Dianshan Lake lay to the south; northward overflow formed Qipan Marsh and Chenmu Marsh; farther north Bailian Lake branched into Shangyang Pool and Yangshi Field Lake, passed Zhigang, and joined Wusong River. Zhihe Pond water from Yuanhe encircled the city, met Xinyang River to the east, and entered Taicang. It had three market towns: Anting, Siqiao, and Penglang. One Shipu patrol office was established. A railway line served the county. Xinyang: Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 70 li east of the prefectural seat. It was established in Yongzheng 2. To the northwest: lay Kunshan and Chuodun Mountain. Wusong River entered from east of Yuanhe and again crossed back out. Xinyang River, also called Xinyang River, took Wusong water and entered Zhihe Pond to the north. It had Kuilei Lake, Manli Lake, Bacheng Lake, and Zhicheng Lake. Bacheng and Zhicheng are now silted up. It had one market town: Bingxu. A garrison post was stationed at Dawang Temple. One Bacheng patrol office was established. A railway line served the county. Changshu: Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 90 li north of the prefectural seat. The Suzhou-Songjiang grain-storage circuit was stationed there. In Qianlong 32 it was transferred away and abolished. To the north lay the Yangtze. Fushan faced Lang Mountain across the river; a fort battery was established and the regional commander was stationed there. To the northwest lay Chongde Mountain and Heyang Mountain. To the southwest lay Wan Mountain. To the north the Yangtze entered from Jiangyin, sharing the left bank with Tongzhou, with a sea-defense embankment. Yuanhe Pond water is the Grand Canal, which entered from Changzhou and passed north through Fushan Pond. Huangsi Port water also flowed northwest and joined the Yangtze. To the northeast lay the sea. A coastal embankment ran along it. To the southeast lay Kuncheng Lake, also called Yin Lake, facing Shang Lake and also called Bazhi Lake. It had two market towns: Qing'an and Fushan. Garrison posts were stationed at Luyuan and Tangshi. One Huangsi Port patrol office was established. Zhaowen: Busy, Difficult. It lay 90 li north of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 2 it was carved from the eastern territory of Changshu. To the northeast the Yangtze entered from Changshu and farther east entered Taicang. Its principal harbors were Xupu and Baimao. Baimao received the various waters of central Wu. Xupu was the northern sea route for vessels entering and leaving the Yangtze and formed a deep channel. Zhenlu, Baimao, Xupu, Qianjing, Xiazhang, and Qiya were in Song the five great harbors of Kunshan and Changshu. From Baimao Yuemiao north to Zhoujing Mouth where it entered the river, it measured 2,900 zhang and was also called Limu Pond. It had two market towns: Meili and Xupu. Garrison posts were stationed at Xuejiasha, Zhitang, and Xuliujing. One Baimao patrol office was established. Wujiang: Vital, Busy, Difficult. It lay 40 li south of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Wusong River, into which Nianyu Mouth water flowed from the north. The Grand Canal had two sources, Nantang River and Guantang River, which gathered east into marshes and joined Fenhu. Pangshan Lake took Taihu water on the east, overflowed into Jiuli Lake, then Tongli Lake farther east; to the south lay Yeze Lake, with Yuanhe and Hanlang marshes. Yingdou Lake lay south of the county. It had three market towns: Jiancun, Bachi, and Shengze. A garrison post was stationed at Tongli. It had one courier station: Songling. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Shengze. Two patrol offices were established: Fenhu and Tongli. Zhenze: Busy, Difficult. It lay 40 li south of the prefectural seat. It was established in Yongzheng 2. To the east it fronted the Grand Canal, which entered from Wujiang to Pingwang town, where Xitang River joined it. To the west it fronted Taihu, gathered harbor waters into Tangjia Lake, and flowed east into Wujiang. Hengtang channeled Wucheng waters westward, split into three branches, and met Yingdou Lake to the east. West of Hengtang was Zhenze Pond, east was Meiyan Pond, forming the main route. It had two market towns: Pingwang and Yanmu. A garrison post was stationed at Zhenze. Two patrol offices were established: Pingwang and Zhenze.
13
西 椿 使 西 使 使 西 西 西 西 使 西 西 西 西 西 西 使 西 西 西
Songjiang Prefecture: Important, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It was subordinate to the Suzhou-Songjiang-Taicang Circuit intendancy. The Jiangnan provincial military commander was stationed there. At the beginning of Shunzhi, following the Ming system, it had three counties. In year 12 Lou County was carved from Huating. In Yongzheng 2 Fengxian was carved from Huating, Nanhui from Shanghai, Fuquan from Qingpu, and Jinshan Guard was converted to a county. In Qianlong 8 Fuquan was abolished. In Jiaqing 10 Chuansha Subprefecture was carved from Shanghai and Nanhui and placed under the prefecture. It lay 160 li northwest of the provincial seat. It measured 160 li across and 140 li long. Its north polar altitude was 31°. It lay 4°27′ east of the capital meridian. It governed one subprefecture and seven counties. Chuansha Subprefecture: Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 240 li southeast of the prefectural seat. It was formerly the Ming Chuansha Fort. In Qianlong 24 the Dongcao subprefect was renamed the Chuansha coastal-defense subprefect. In Jiaqing 10 a pacification subprefect was appointed for the carved-out territory. To the east lay the sea. It had three sea-defense embankments: Outer Wei Pond, Qingong Pond, and East Protection Pond. Two flanking protection-pond rivers ran alongside them. The salt river passed Jiebang and entered Baoshan. To its left was Bandit-Defense River; Chunshu Port drew Huangpu water eastward and joined the salt river. Garrison posts were stationed at Sanjianzui, Haizhong, and Caojialu. Huating: Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. Attached seat. To the southeast lay Zhe Mountain and Jin Mountain. A sea-defense embankment ran along the coast. Songjiang took Taihu water upstream, passed Lizhe to the east, and with Dong River and Lou River formed the three great channels. Today Lou River is silted shut, Dong River joins Songjiang to reach the sea, and only one channel remains. Huangpu River was a Wusong branch that first took Mao, Dian, and other waters, wound downstream, and received Dayangjing water. Chunshen Pond drew Huangpu branch water eastward, joined Qianbu Jing, and met at Beiyu Pond. A branch also passed Zhuanqiao into Huangpu. The waterworks subprefect was stationed southeast of Zhelin Camp. The Yuanpu salt field was established with its superintendent stationed there. It had five market towns: Tinglin, Yexie, Caojing, Zhelin, and Shagang. Garrison posts were stationed at Zhelin, Tinglin, and Zhangze. The battalion commander was stationed at Zhelin and the assistant magistrate at Caojing. One Tinglin patrol office was established. A railway line served the county. Lou: Exhausted, Difficult. Attached seat. It was established in Shunzhi 12. To the northwest lay Hengyun Mountain, Ji Mountain, and Tianma Mountain. To the south lay Mao Lake, rising in Huating Valley and interlocking with Qingpu and Jinshan—the ancient Three Mao. Xietang took Mao Lake water from Qingpu, branched east, joined Gupu Pond and branch channels, passed through the city to the Huating border as Nanyu Pond. Its northward outlet was Tongbo Pond. Xietang joined Xiuzhou Pond and Dazheng Pond in the southeast, entered Jinshan as Huangpu, and flowed east into Shanghai. The Hengpu salt field was established with its superintendent stationed there. It had one market town: Fengjing. Garrison posts were stationed at Tianma Town, Sijing, and Fengjing. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Bailongtan. One Xiaozheng patrol office was established. A railway line served the county. Fengxian: Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 90 li east of the prefectural seat. In Ming the Qingcun defense office and company were established at Huating under Jinshan Guard. It was carved out and established in Yongzheng 2. To the south it fronted the sea with a coastal embankment. The Qingcun salt field was established with its superintendent stationed there. A garrison post was stationed at Qingcun Port west of the county. Nanqiao Pond rose as Wanghe Jing; Huangpu water was drawn from Huating east into Yaojing, met Xiaotang farther east as Nanqiao Pond, took Jinhui Pond on the left from Nanhui border waters, and became Qingcun Port farther east. Longquan Port lay to the west, also took Wanghe Jing, crossed out and back in, passed Ruangang Town, turned east to Zhelin Camp, and ended there. It had three market towns: Taozhai, Nanqiao, and Situan. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Situan. One Nanqiao patrol office was established. Jinshan: Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 72 li south of the prefectural seat. It was established in Yongzheng 2. It was formerly the Ming Jinshan Guard, subordinate to Huating. It was first administered at Guard City and soon moved to Zhujing Town. To the southeast lay Qin Mountain and Zha Mountain. Jin Mountain stood in the sea and gave the county its name. It is now subordinate to Huating. To the northeast lay Mao Port; Hengliaojing flowed west into it, gathered Pinghu waters, and formed Sanxiu Pond. It received Xiuzhou Pond, passed south of the city, reached Juetajing to the east, gathered southern waters into Mao Port, and entered Huangpu. To the south ran the salt river, which west of the guard city overflowed as Huanggu Pond, split into Lijie River and Huangpu Border River, reunited northward at Damo Port with Hengliaojing, and became Huangpu farther north. It turned east, shared the bank with Lou County, and entered Huating. The Pudong salt field was established with its superintendent stationed there. The registrar was stationed at Guard City. It had one market town: Zhujing. One Zhangyan patrol office was established. Garrison posts were stationed at Zhujing, Zhangyan, and Lügang. Shanghai: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 90 li northeast of the prefectural seat. The Suzhou-Songjiang-Taicang Circuit was stationed there. Huangpu River entered from Huating, flanked the city, and ran northeast to Hongkou. Wusong River came from the northwest to join it and entered the sea farther northeast. Wusong River entered from Jiading, took Panlong Port and Hengli water, passed Xinjing, became ancient Hudu farther east, and through north Xinzha, Nicheng Bridge, and Laozha joined Huangpu River. The west bank held European and American treaty concessions; in Daoguang 23 it became one of the five treaty ports opened under the British treaty. Wusong, 45 li northeast along the shore, was opened as a trading port in Guangxu 24; sea vessels crowded in and its profits dominated the southeast. The concessions had a mixed court for Chinese and foreign criminal cases. A maritime customs office was supervised by the Suzhou-Songjiang-Taicang Circuit. The Nanyang Ordnance Manufacturing Bureau also stood to the southwest. It had four market towns: Wusong, Wujing, Wuhui, and Minhang. Garrison posts were stationed at Tangqiao, Yinxiang Port, and Minhang. Two patrol offices were established: Huangpu and Wusong. A railway line served the county. Nanhui: Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 120 li east of the prefectural seat. It was established in Yongzheng 2. It was formerly the Ming Nanhui defense office. To the east lay the sea. It had two sea-defense embankments: the inner East Protection Pond; and the outer Outer Protection Pond, namely Qingong Pond. To the west Huangpu River entered from Huating, passed Zhagang, turned north, and on the left shared the bank with Shanghai. The county's west longitudinal channel was Hebo Pond at Xinyang Town. It met Qizao and other southern port waters at Fenshui Mound, forming Gang Gate. Westward it met Jinhui Pond and entered Fengxian. Though called a poor coastal county, it was uniquely rich in salt. Inside East Protection Pond the salt-transport river entered from Fengxian in the south. It had one market town: Xiasha. Three salt fields were established with the salt-tax superintendent stationed there. A garrison post was stationed at Zhoupu. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Nicheng. One Sanlinzhuang patrol office was established. Qingpu: Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 50 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east lay Xingshan and Sheshan. To the southeast lay Fenghuang Mountain and Xue Mountain. To the north lay Fuquan Mountain. To the west lay Lushan and Chenshan. To the north lay Wusong River. Dianshan Lake took Taihu water on the west, spread into various shallows, and joined Mao Lake to the south. Northward it met Zhu Family Port water and entered the river. Zhaotun, Daying, Guhui, and Panlong creeks all took Wusong water in branches and entered Huangpu. It had six market towns: Sijing, Jinze, Zhujiajiao, Zhaotun, Qibao, and Baihe River. Garrison posts were stationed at North Xingshan and Xiaozheng. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Qibao. Two patrol offices were established: Dianshan and Xinjing.
14
西 穿 西 西 西 使 西 西 西
Taicang Directly Administered Subprefecture: Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It was subordinate to the Suzhou-Songjiang-Taicang Circuit intendancy. At the beginning of Shunzhi, following the Ming system, it belonged to Suzhou Prefecture and governed one county. In Yongzheng 2 it was elevated to a directly administered subprefecture, Zhenyang County was carved from its territory, Jiading was transferred from Suzhou Prefecture, Baoshan was established from part of that territory, and all were placed under the subprefecture. It lay 120 li southwest of the provincial seat. It measured 150 li across and 140 li long. Its north polar altitude was 31°29′. It lay 4°25′ east of the capital meridian. It governed four counties. Chuanshan lay to the north. To the northeast lay the sea, protected by an embankment. A battery was established at Qiyakou. It had one market town: Shuangfeng. A garrison post was stationed at Huangjing. The subprefectural vice magistrate was stationed at Liuhe Town. One Qipu patrol office was established. Formerly Taicang had eight hundred fifty watercourses. Southern-route waters were borne solely by Lou River. Northern-route waters were divided between Qipu and Yanglin. Thus Qipu assisted Lou River, and Yanglin in turn assisted Qipu. Huchuan Pond lay south of Yanglin. Zhujing south of Huchuan was the ancient northern route of Lou River. Yantie Pond also ran north and south, exiting through Wusong to the sea in the south. The northern route reached the river through Baimao. During Yongzheng, treasury funds were issued to dredge the two rivers and also treat Baimao to make up for the loss of the Three Rivers. Zhenyang: Busy. Attached seat. It was established in Yongzheng 2. To the east lay the sea. East of the county, Liuhe Mouth, also called Louhe Mouth, had a garrison post. This was where Lou River entered the sea. It was the Middle River of the Yu Gong. "Liu" is simply "Lou" written with a near-homophone character. Upstream it received Zhihe Pond, entered from Xinyang, and became Taicang Pond. From south of the city at South Matou it joined Xintang Harbor eastward and then entered the sea. Xintang Harbor was the old Huchuan Pond, which passed through Xiaotangzi to enter Liuhe. To the south, Yantie Pond water encircled the city and flowed northwest to join Qipu Pond. It once had an assistant official, later abolished. Qianjing River reached Caotang River in the west and passed east through Huashuang to enter the sea. Qianjing City was built in Qianlong 3. It had two market towns: Shatou and Qianjing. One Gancao patrol office was established. Chongming: Vital, Busy. It lay 57 li northeast of the subprefectural seat. To the east lay Jinao Mountain and Chashan. To the northeast a garrison post was established offshore. The sea encircled the county seat, with harbors and sandbanks interlaced. Wanghai Terrace stood south of Shagang opposite Chongbao Sand, where a battery was established and the regional commander was stationed. Shiqiao River flanked the city on the southwest, then flowed east to join Shichuang Mouth and enter the sea. To the east lay salt flats with salt fields, where the salt-patrol superintendent was stationed. In Yongzheng 8 the Taicang-Tongzhou patrol circuit was established at the county. In Qianlong 5 it was moved to Tongzhou and abolished in year 6. It had three market towns: Xinzhen, Baopi, and Yangjia River. Garrison posts were stationed at Shangsha, Zhongsha, Waisha, and Xiasha. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Wuchuang. Da'an had a defunct patrol office. One Chonghai patrol office was established. Jiading: Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 36 li south of the subprefectural seat. It originally belonged to Suzhou Prefecture. In Yongzheng 2 it was placed under the subprefecture. To the southeast lay Hecha Mountain. Wusong River entered from the east and flowed along the border; northward its waters became Yantie Pond and entered Zhenyang. Liuhe north of the county was the ancient Lou River. Hengli River flowed north past the county seat and then joined Liuhe to the east. Lianqi Pond took Wusong water from the west, encircled the city, passed through Luodian, and entered Baoshan. It had three market towns: Waigang, Anting, and Nanxiang. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Nanxiang, which also had a garrison post. One Zhuzhai patrol office was established. A railway line served the county. Baoshan: Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 90 li east of the subprefectural seat. It was established in Yongzheng 2. It was formerly Jiading County's Wusong sub-bureau and the Ming Baoshan office. The old Baoshan city lay to the southeast. A garrison post was established north of the mountain. To the east it bordered the sea, protected by an embankment. To the south lay Wusong Mouth, where Huangpu River enters the sea; a battery was established there to control the southeast as a military harbor fortress. Chongbao Sand lay in the sea opposite Chongming. Yunzao Creek flowed from Jiading through Chenxing Town; Jiejing water passed northwest through Luodian and joined Lianqi Pond water to meet it. It split in two, one branch reaching Huxiang Mouth in the east and another Hongkou in the south, both merging into Huangpu. Sitang water also drew Yunzao Creek south and east to encircle the city, with Caichao Harbor to the west. It had four market towns: Gaoqiao, Jiangwan, Dachang, and Luodian. Garrison posts were stationed at the old battery, Huxiang Mouth, Yangxing, Jiangwan, and Yuepu. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Gaoqiao. A railway line served the county.
15
西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西<> 西 氿西氿 氿 西 西 西氿 西 西 西
Changzhou Prefecture: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It was subordinate to the Chang-Jiang-Tong Maritime Circuit intendancy. At the beginning of Shunzhi, following the Ming system, it had five counties. In Yongzheng 2 Governor-General Zha Bina, citing the heavy tax burden and administrative load of Suzhou, Songjiang, and Changzhou, memorialized to split thirteen subprefectures and counties including Taicang in two; Wujin was split to form Yanghu, Wuxi to form Jingui, and Yixing to form Jingxi. It lay 280 li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured 160 li across and 180 li long. Its north polar altitude was 31°52′. It lay 3°24′ east of the capital meridian. It governed eight counties. Wujin: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. Attached seat. It lay west of the prefectural seat. To the northwest lay Huangshan and Gushan. Piling River entered from Danyang in the northwest and reached Jiangyin through Taohua Harbor in the southeast. The Grand Canal flowed along the city, passed through Benniu Town, and entered Danyang. Gehu took the Grand Canal on the north and waters from Tan, Li, and Taohu on the west, gathered into a lake, overflowed west into Dawu Marsh, met Hutang River in the south, and entered Yixing. It had three market towns: Benniu, Qingcheng, and Futong. Garrison posts were stationed at Xibu, Menghe, and Weicun. It had one courier station, Piling. Two patrol offices were established: Benniu and Menghe. A railway line served the county. Yanghu: Busy, Difficult. Attached seat. It lay east of the prefectural seat. It was established in Yongzheng 2. It was named for Yang Lake east of the county. To the east lay Fangmao Mountain. To the northeast lay Shunshan. To the south lay Taihu, with Maji Mountain where a stockade had formerly been established and a garrison post was stationed. The Grand Canal from Wuxi passed Dingyan and Qishuyan, where Beishang River and Shunhe River waters divided east and west to flow into it. Qishu Harbor joined Songjian Lake; at Bai Marsh it split into three branches, one east into Wuxi reaching Lü River, one through Huangyan River to Baiji, and one through Xueyan River to Xiabu, all merging into Taihu. Its Wujin branch channel, called Yijing Grain Canal or Xili River, flowed southwest, met Gehu water, and ran along the lake into Yixing. It had one market town: Henglin. One Maji patrol office was established. A railway line served the county. Wuxi: Vital, Busy. It lay 90 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Jiulong Mountain. To the west lay Shunshan and Xishan. Huishan lay to its east, with a spring. Taihu lay to the southwest. It overflowed east into Wuli Lake, exited south as Changguang Creek, passed west through Wutang Gate, and reentered Taihu. The Grand Canal entered from Changzhou in the southeast, flanked the city, and eastward took the grain canal at Baitang Embankment; a branch exited toward Jiangyin, first took the great river, flowed north through Gaoqiao, and joined the canal. It had one market town: Panfu. It had one courier station, Xishan. A garrison post was stationed at Qingning. One Gaoqiao patrol office was established. A railway line served the county. Jingui: Busy, Difficult. It lay 90 li east of the prefectural seat. It was established in Yongzheng 2. It was named for Jingui Mountain within the city. Doushan and Jiaoshan lay to the northeast. To the north lay Hengshan. To the south lay Jiashan and Qianshan. The Grand Canal entered from Changzhou in the southeast; the Chang-Zhao grain canal first took Taihu water, ran east along the Changzhou border, shared banks with Wuxi on the left, and encircled the city. It then divided, with branches entering Changshu and Jiangyin to the north and south. From Dongting it bent west as Baibu Harbor, flowed east to meet Ezhendang, and interlocked with Changzhou. It had one market town: Wangting. A garrison post was stationed at Huangbudun. One patrol office was established. A railway line served the county. Jiangyin: Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 70 li east of the prefectural seat. The Jiangsu education commissioner was stationed there until the post was abolished in Guangxu 31. To the north lay Junshan. To the northeast lay Qishan, Dingshan, and Huangshan. To the east lay Ma'an Mountain. Across the river opposite Tiansheng Harbor, a battery was established. To the north the great river entered from Wujin in the west; the grain canal first took its water and passed through Sihekou into Wuxi. Yingtian River took a branch of the grain canal, wound southeast past Huashu, and formed the South Long River. Heng River ran from east of the city to Sigang and entered the river in the north. It had Qingcao, Shouxing, and other sandbanks. It had three market towns: Yangshe, Xiagang, and Shenpu. Garrison posts were stationed at Shazhou and Yangshe. One Gushan patrol office was established. Yixing: Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 120 li south of the prefectural seat. To the northwest lay Lishan; to the northeast lay Yangshan, Jin'e, and Luoke Mountain. To the west lay Dapi Mountain. To the north lay Gehu, interlocking with Wujin and Yanghu and taking Changdang Lake water. Its branch channel Hutang River entered from Wujin, split in two, and entered Taihu at Wudukou. East of the county lay East Yi and West Yi, where waters from Jintan and Liyang converged. The grain canal joined the two Yi in the north and gathered into the Yangshan marshes. Farther northeast it formed Hengdang, which passed through Baibu Harbor into Taihu. It had one market town: Yanggang. Heqiao had a garrison post where the assistant magistrate was stationed. Two patrol offices were established: Zhongxi and Xiazhu. Jingxi: Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 121 li south of the prefectural seat. It was established in Yongzheng 2. To the south lay Jingxi, for which the county was named. To the south lay Baiyun, Mingling, Junshan, and Zhuomu Ridge. To the west lay Furong Mountain and Guoshan. In Wu of the Three Kingdoms, in the first year of Tianxi Fengchan was enfeoffed as the Middle Peak; a cliff inscription survives, and peaks to the right twine together under many names. To the east lay Tongguan Mountain. To the southwest lay Zhangshan. To the southeast lay Chashan and Lanshan. It bordered Taihu's East and West Yi, interlocking with Yixing. Yanggang River and Wending Harbor waters flowed into it in branches. South of it, Shahe from Daibu in Liyang flowed in and pooled there. To the southeast, Shushan River joined Chuanbu water, branched east as Shitang, and both poured into it. Farther east at Dapukou, Lianhua Marsh to the south gathered waters from lake inlets and hills, reached Wuxikou, and merged into Taihu. A garrison post was stationed at Xushe. Two patrol offices were established: Hucha and Zhangzhu. Jingjiang: Difficult. It lay 150 li east of the prefectural seat. To the northeast lay Gushan. To the south it bordered the great river, which entered from Taixing in the west; to the east lay Zhanghuang Harbor. On the right it shared banks with Jiangyin, then flowed east past the south of the county into Rugao. It had eight harbors. Winding east it branched as the boundary river, bent south to Zhanghuang Harbor, and rejoined the main channel. South of the harbor, Ziqi River formed whirling pools and deep floodwaters where sea ships entered the river. The boundary river from north of the harbor encircled the county, reached Jiegang in the west, and entered the river. Tuanhe lay to the west. It had three market towns: Chenfu, Shengci, and Xinfeng Market. One Xingang patrol office was established.
16
西 西西 西西 西 西 西 西 西
Zhenjiang Prefecture: Foremost Importance, Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. Seat of the Chang-Jiang-Tong Maritime Circuit intendancy. The Yangtze naval commander-in-chief and the Jingkou vice commander-in-chief were stationed there. At the beginning of Shunzhi a Zhenhai general was established; the post was abolished in Qianlong 28. At the beginning of Shunzhi, following the Ming system, it had three counties. In Yongzheng 8 Liyang was transferred from Jiangning Prefecture. In Guangxu 30 Taiping Office was established and placed under the prefecture. It lay 370 li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured 210 li across and 136 li long. Its north polar altitude was 32°12′. It lay 2°57′ east of the capital meridian. It governed one office and four counties. Taiping Office: Simple. It lay 70 li east of the prefectural seat. Established in Guangxu 30, it was administered by a subprefect for pacifying the people at Taiping Isle in the river. Dantu: Vital, Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. Attached seat. To the northwest lay Jinshan facing the river, with Zhongling Spring. To the north lay Beigu Mountain. Jiaoshan stood in the river opposite Xiangshan and Liancheng Isle to the north and south; farther east Tushan and Wufeng Mountain faced Gaoqiao across the river, and batteries were established at all these points. The great river north of the city passed Haixi, then wound south around Tushan and branched into great and small channel rivers, with isles including Baojin, Tianfu, and Busha. The Grand Canal entered from Danyang in the south, passed west of Yushan and east of Hongshan, bent west to encircle the city, and formed the so-called Southern Grand Canal. Grain ships crossed the river into Yilou River and reached Hangou as the Northern Grand Canal, which then merged into the river. Hengyue had an assistant official. To the west, Gaozi River joined Xinkai River from east and west. Governor Wu Tan dredged the river in Qianlong 45; it exited west of Paiwan, passed through Gaozi, and entered Jurong. A commercial port two li north of the county served as a foreign treaty-port concession, one of the three Yangtze ports opened under the Anglo-French treaty of Xianfeng 10. A new customs office was supervised by the Chang-Jiang Circuit. It had five market towns: Dantu, Gaozi, Jianbi, Dagang, and Xinfeng. A garrison post was stationed at Zhujiawei. It had two courier stations: Jingkou and Tanzhu. Jingkou once had a courier-station assistant, later abolished. Three patrol offices were established: Gaozi, Angang, and Dantu. A railway line served the county. Danyang: Busy, Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 70 li southeast of the prefectural seat. Jiuling Mountain lay to the northeast. The great river north from Dantu spread into channel rivers, entered through Yaojia Bridge, and rejoined the main channel to the east. The Grand Canal passed southeast through Qili Bridge, where the grain canal joined it. Farther southwest it spread into Xiangcao River. Jiandu River encircled the city and entered the river. Baogang northeast guided Grand Canal water to join the channel river. Lianhu lay to the north. It had two market towns: Lücheng and Yanling. It had one courier station, Yunyang. Two patrol offices were established: Lücheng and Baogang. A railway line served the county. Jintan: Exhausted, Difficult. It lay 160 li south of the prefectural seat. To the west lay Maoshan, also called Sanmao Peak. To the south lay Changdang Lake, interlocking with Liyang, the ancient Taohu. The grain canal encircled the city as a moat, met Bailong Marsh in the south, and farther south took lake water into Liyang. Xuebu water rose at Xuebu Town, flowed east, and split in two, one branch entering the grain canal and one meeting it in the south before entering the lake. Qianzi Marsh lay to the east. One Huxi patrol office was established, later abolished. Liyang: Busy, Exhausted. It lay 240 li south of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 8 it was placed under the prefecture. To the west lay Caolao Mountain and Tieye Mountain, also called Tiexian. To the north, Fushan stood in Taohu, a lake interlocking with Jintan. Santan Marsh overflowed southwest into Shengping Marsh. Qianma Marsh water rose at Lushan in Lishui, joined waters from Gaochun, passed east as a marsh into Zhonghe, flowed southeast to join the grain canal, and was the ancient Middle River. In the Five Dynasties Yang Xingmi built the Five Weirs, after which the river no longer flowed east and the course of Yu's Middle River was lost. It had three market towns: Jushan, Piqiao, and Guangdao.
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