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卷60 志三十五 地理七 山西

Volume 60 Treatises 35: Geography 7, Shan Xi

Chapter 60 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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Chapter 60
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=西=
Shanxi
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西 沿 西西 西 西西 西西
Shanxi lay within the domain of Jizhou as defined in the Yugong. Early in the Qing the province was organized along Ming lines, with a governor-general and a provincial governor. Late in the Shunzhi reign the post of governor-general was abolished. In Kangxi 4 the Yanping circuit was created by combining the former Jizhou South and Jizhou North jurisdictions. In Yongzheng 1 the Guihua sub-prefecture was established. The following year eight prefectures were elevated to directly controlled status. Pingding, Xin, Dai, Bao, Jie, Jiang, Ji, and Xi. In the third year two prefectural seats were added. Ningwu and Shuoping. In the sixth year Pu and Ze were both raised to prefectures and the Guisui circuit was created. In Qianlong 4 an associate prefect was added at Suiyuan sub-prefecture. In the twenty-fifth year five sub-prefect posts were added from lands under Guisui jurisdiction. Guihua City, Qingshuihe, Salaqi, Horinger, and Tokto City. These, together with the Gui and Sui sub-prefectures, all came under the Guisui circuit. In the twenty-ninth year the Guihua City sub-prefect was abolished. In the thirty-seventh year Jizhou was reassigned to Pingyang prefecture and Huozhou was made a directly controlled prefecture. It now comprised nine prefectures, ten directly controlled prefectures, twelve sub-prefectures, six ordinary prefectures, and eighty-five counties. To the east it bordered Jingxing in Zhili; a distance of 375 li. To the west it bordered Wubu in Shaanxi; a distance of 505 li. To the south it bordered Jiyuan in Henan; a distance of 730 li. To the north it bordered the pasturelands of the Four Sons tribes in Inner Mongolia. a distance of 1,100 li. Its breadth was 880 li and its length 1,620 li. North polar altitude ranged from 34°57′ to 41°50′. It lay 3°04′ to 5°45′ west of the capital. From the northeast it was 1,200 li from the capital. In Xuantong 3 there were 1,990,035 registered households and a population of 9,219,987. Notable mountains included Guanfen, Taihang, Wangwu, Leishou, Dizhu, Xicheng, Heng, Huo, Juzhu, and Wutai. Major rivers included the Fen, Qin, Su, Sanggan, Hutuo, Qingzhang, and Zhuozhang. Railway: the Zhengding–Taiyuan line. Post roads ran west to Mongolia and Tong Pass in Shaanxi and northeast to the capital. Telegraph lines reached the capital and Xi'an to the southwest.
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沿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 簿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Taiyuan Prefecture ranked as a strategic post, a populous jurisdiction, and a difficult one to administer. It was under the Jining circuit. The provincial governor, the commissioners of civil administration, education, and judicial affairs, and the patrol and industrial promotion circuits were all based here. Initially, following Ming practice, it governed five prefectures and twenty counties. Under Yongzheng, Pingding, Xin, Dai, and Baode were made directly controlled prefectures and ten counties were detached and assigned to them; but they were soon returned to its jurisdiction. In Qianlong 28 Qingyuan was abolished and absorbed into Xugou. It stood 1,200 li from the capital and served as the provincial capital. It measured 600 li in breadth and 700 li in length. North polar altitude was 37°54′. It lay 3°56′ west of the capital. It governed one prefecture and ten counties. Yangqu was classed as strategic, populous, and difficult to govern. Its seat was attached to that of the prefecture. To the northeast lay Banquan Mountain. To the northwest was Juehan. To the north was Lianghong. To the southwest the Fen entered from Jiaocheng, passed Lieshikou, received Saogu River on the left, turned southeast, and on the left took in the Luoyin, Shiqiao, and Zhengu streams. This is the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as passing Meng County and the south of old Langmeng. Reaching the northwest of the city, it received the Shi and Nanshe rivers on the left and continued south into Taiyuan. Patrol offices were stationed at Tianmen Pass and Shiling Pass. An associate prefect was posted at Wangfeng Town. Saoyu Village and Yangxing Stockade. The Chengjing and Lingjing courier stations. Taiyuan county ranked as strategic and populous. It lay forty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest was Jianshan. To the northwest was Meng Mountain; south of it lay Fengyu and Xuanyu, where the Jin River had its source. To the northeast was Tuoshan. The Fen entered from Yangqu, took in Jian River on the left, ran east of the city, joined it again at Nanzhang Village, and flowed southwest into Xugou. To the east the Dongwo came from Xugou, flowed southwest past the south of the county, and re-entered Xugou. Yuci was classed as strategic, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Hanshan. To the southeast was Lutai. To the northeast was Little Wutai. The Dongwo entered from Shouyang and on the left took in the Jinshui—the ancient Tu River, identified in the Commentary on the Water Classic as the Pu—which united streams from Bafu Ridge and Yingshan, now known as the Greater and Lesser Tu and corresponding to the Pugu River described in that commentary. On the right it received four branches of the Yuanguo; in the Tang Zhenguan reign Magistrate Sun Qi diverted them for irrigation, ran south of the city, and flowed southwest into Xugou. Its tributary stream entered Suangu Valley and then flowed west into Taiyuan. The towns of Yuanwo and Shitie. The Mingqian and Wanghu courier stations. Taigu was classed as populous. It lay 120 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south was Fenghuang Mountain. To the north was Bigu. To the southeast were Fengchao; and Data, where the Greater Tu had its source and flowed northwest into Yuci. To the west the Wuma entered from Yushe, received Yangu River on the right and Xianyang Valley River on the left, passed north of the city, and entered Qi. The Xianggu was the ancient Jianggu and flowed into Xugou. It had Maling Pass and Xinglin Stockade. A registrar was posted at Fancun Town. Qi was classed as strategic and populous. It lay 140 li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast were Jiefang and Zeshan. The Houjia entered from Wuxiang, passed through Longzhou Valley, and was known as the Longzhou River. There was also the Pantuo, which northwest became the Changyuan Canal, ran north of the city, and entered Pingyao. To the northeast the Wuma entered from Taigu and then flowed west into Xugou. The towns of Zihong, Pantuo, Tuanbai, and Jialing. The Anzhai and Pantuo courier stations. Xugou was classed as strategic, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay eighty li south of the prefectural seat. In Qianlong 28 Qingyuan was abolished and absorbed as a township. The county instructor and a patrol office were posted here. To the west was Huping Mountain. To the north lay Baishi and Zhongyin. The Fen entered from Taiyuan, passed Kong Village, and reached Xibao. To the northeast the Dongwo entered from Yuci, crossed Taiyuan, re-entered the western part of the county, and on the left took in the Wuma and Xiang rivers. There was a former post-station town. The Tongge courier station. Jiaocheng was classed as administratively light. It lay 120 li southwest of the prefectural seat. Jiaocheng Mountain stood 125 li to the north, near Yangchang. To the northwest was Hutu. The Fen entered from Jingle, passed Huoshan Village, received the Kong on the right, turned east, and entered Yangqu. To the northwest was Xiaowen Mountain, source of the Wen; it united Hungu and Xigu, bent southeast, took in the Suan on the left to form the Wengu, entered Wenshui, and both streams were reached from its lower course. At Old Jiao Village a patrol office was posted. Wenshui was classed as populous and difficult to govern. It lay 160 li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west was Taoshan. To the northwest was Xionger. To the southwest was Yinquan. To the east the Fen entered from Xugou and flowed southwest into Pingyao. To the northwest the Wengu entered from Jiaocheng and passed Wengukou. The abandoned canal of Tang Zhacheng lay there. Reaching the north of the city, it turned southeast, received the Ciyao and Buhun on the left, turned southwest, and entered Fenyang. It had Xiaoyi Town. Kelan prefecture was classed as administratively light. It lay 320 li northwest of the prefectural seat. Kelan Mountain stood 100 li to the northeast and was also known as Guanfen. Southwestward lay Luya, Heyeping, and Xueshan. To the southeast at Zhidao Village the Lanyi rose in the northeast, received the Huangdao and Sanjiaocheng streams on the right, turned northwest past the south of the city, crossed Dajian River to the west, took in Sha River on the left, then flowed southwest past Julu Mountain into Xing. Shuiyu Pass. Lan county was classed as administratively light. It lay 260 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest was Huangxian Mountain. To the west was Yaji Mountain, source of the Weifen, which flowed into Xing. To the south was Chijian Ridge, source of the Lan; it ran northeast past Taojian Mountain, received Famaling and Shuangsongshan streams on the left, turned southeast, and entered Jingle. It had Dongcun Town. Xing county was classed as administratively light. It lay 400 li northwest of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 2 it was placed under Baode prefecture. In the eighth year it was returned to this jurisdiction. To the east was Taohua Mountain. To the southwest was Cailin. To the northwest the Yellow River entered from Baode. To the northeast the Lanyi entered from Kelan and passed Shilou Mountain. To the southeast the Weifen entered from Lan, passed Hecha Mountain, and at the west of the county united with the Nanchuan before entering together. Farther south it received Zijing Mountain water and entered Lin. The Weifen and Hehe passes were both strategic choke points.
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沿 西 西 西殿 西 西 殿 綿綿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西
Fenzhou Prefecture ranked as strategic, populous, and difficult to administer. It was under the Jining circuit. In Kangxi 6 the former Ming Jizhou South circuit was abolished and absorbed. It stood 220 li northeast of the provincial capital. It was 1,380 li from the capital. Its width was 350 li on the diagonal. Its length was 320 li. It followed Ming administrative practice. North polar altitude was 37°19′. It lay 4°45′ west of the capital. It governed one prefecture and seven counties. Fenyang was classed as populous, tax-drained, and difficult to govern. Its seat was attached to that of the prefecture. To the west were Jiangjun Mountain and Huanglu Ridge. To the north was Yequan. To the northeast the Wengu entered from Wenshui, followed the old Fen channel, received the Yuangong and Jinsuoguan streams on the right, and east of the prefectural seat formed Wen Lake. Farther south it took in the Yi on the right and entered Xiaoyi. The towns of Guozhai and Yangcheng. At Jicun a patrol office was posted. It had a courier station. Xiaoyi was classed as populous. It lay thirty-five li south-southeast of the prefectural seat. To the west was Shangdian Mountain. To the northwest were Longmen; and Xuejie Ridge, the ancient Huqi Mountain named in the Yugong passage on regulating Liang and Qi. South of it lay Panzhong Plain, where the Sheng rose—commonly called the Xiao River—which united the Nanchuan and Yangquan streams, passed south of the city, and flowed east. To the northeast the Wengu entered from Fenyang united with the Yi, passed Yanguotou, and entered Jiexiu. The towns of Wenquan and Fengwei. Pingyao was classed as populous, strategic, and difficult to govern. It lay eighty li east of the prefectural seat. To the northwest the Fen entered from Wenshui and passed Changshou Village. To the northeast the Houjia entered from Qi and on the left received Yelishan, Yingjian, Guoling, Lujian, and the Chaoshan, Zhongdu, and Tinggang streams. It then flowed south into Jiexiu. Shangdian Town. The Hongshan courier station. Jiexiu was classed as strategic, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay seventy li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south was Jie Mountain, also known as Mianshan, source of the Mian River. To the east was Tianjun, source of the Shi River; farther east the Shitong had its source. To the northeast the Fen entered from Pingyao; the streams united in turn and entered Lingshi. An associate prefect was posted at Zhanglan Town. The Yitang courier station. Shilou was classed as administratively light. It lay 180 li west-southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast was Shilou Mountain. To the west was Jiuchong. To the northwest was Tuanyuan Mountain. The Yellow River entered from Ningxiang, united Quchan Spring and the ancient Muma channel, then Wen Spring—the Shiyang River—and entered Yonghe. Lin county was classed as administratively light. It lay 320 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast was Hangao Mountain. To the southwest were Zhaoxian and Matou. A left branch of the river entered from Xing, received Zijin Mountain water, ran south past Quyu Town, and entered Yongning. Its Qiu stream also entered from Xing, passed Chibi Mountain, united sixteen tributaries including Lianzhi, Jicui, Huanglong, Hangao, and Yunshan, and flowed south into Yongning. It had Sanjiao Town. Yongning sub-prefecture ranked as a strategic post, a populous jurisdiction, and a difficult one to administer. It lay 170 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east was Jiufeng. To the northeast was Lüliang. To the west were Biandou and Nanshan. To the northwest was Matou. A left distributary of the Yellow River entered from Lin. To the northeast was Chijian Ridge, where the Lishi River had its source and was known as the North Stream. To the south was Bufoshan; its waters joined those of Luzishan, flowed west of the city, merged with the East Stream, took in the South Stream and the Qingshui River, and then continued south into Ningxiang. The garrison towns were Wucheng, Liulin, and Yong'an. There were two inspection offices, at Liulin and Fangshan Fort. The courier stations were Yuting, Wucheng, and Qinglong. Ningxiang was classed for light, simple administration. It lay 140 li west of the prefectural seat. To the south was Yunji Ridge. To the north was Ningyang Mountain. To the east were Boke and Jiaoshan. To the southwest was Quanzi, where the Qingshui River rose, joined the Pingfengshan stream to the north, ran east of the city, and then flowed northwest into Yongning to rejoin the main channel. The Yellow River's left distributary returned, passed through Sanjiao Town, took in the Shikou and Niuwei springs, and entered Shilou. Chugou Town was located here.
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沿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西鹿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 鹿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Lu'an Prefecture ranked as populous, tax-drained, and difficult to administer. It was under the Jining circuit. Initially, following Ming practice, it governed eight counties. In Qianlong 29 Pingshun was abolished and its territory divided among Lucheng, Huguan, and Licheng. It stood 450 li northwest of the provincial capital. It was 1,300 li from the capital. It measured 300 li in breadth and 270 li in length. North polar altitude was 36°7′. It lay 3°28′ west of the capital. It governed seven counties. Changzhi was classed as populous and difficult to govern. Its seat was attached to that of the prefecture. To the east was Hukou Mountain. To the southeast was Wulong. To the northeast was Baigu. To the southwest was Fuquan. The Zhang River entered from Zhangzi. To the southeast the Tao River rose at Xiongshan, joined the Bajian and Jimingshan streams to the north, and on the right received the Taoqing River. It then flowed north to Qincun, took in the Lan River on the left and the Shizi River on the right, and continued northwest into Tunliu. The garrison towns were Handian, Gaohe, Taiyi, and Xihuo. The sub-prefect assigned to frontier defense was based at Taiyi Town. The assistant magistrate was posted at Xihuo Town. The courier stations were Longquan and Taiping. Zhangzi was classed as a strategic post. It lay fifty li west and slightly south of the prefectural seat. To the southeast were Ziyun Mountain and Yangtou. To the southwest was Fajiu Mountain, which the Shuijing Zhu identifies as Lugu. The Zhang River rose at Sixing Pool on the mountain's eastern slope, joined the Sanggai and Yangquan streams to the east, ran south of the city, took in the Yao, Cilin, and Liang rivers on the right, and entered Changzhi. To the northwest the Lan River entered from Tunliu, ran along the river's right bank to join the Yong River, and likewise flowed into Changzhi. At Baodian Town the assistant magistrate was posted. The Zhangze courier station. Tunliu was classed as a strategic post. It lay sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northeast was Liangcai Mountain. To the northwest was Wucuan. To the southwest was Panxiu, where the Lan River rose on the sunny side of Mohe Ridge; this was the ancient Jiang River, which flowed east into Zhangzi to join the Zhang River. Near Changzhi it turned north, ran east of the county, and entered Lucheng. The present Jiang River rose on the shady slope, flowed east past Shitian Mountain, took in the Gaoli River on the left, then turned northeast, received Shuangze on the right and the Sanjiongshan stream on the left, ran north of the city, and joined the Yi River on the right. The Jiming River was the ancient Jian River, which had run south of old Yuwu and north of old Tunliu. The garrison towns were Sidi and Fengyi. There was one courier station, at Yuwu. Xiangyuan was classed as a strategic post. It lay ninety li north and slightly west of the prefectural seat. To the southwest was Wucuan Mountain. To the north were Wuyin and Xiantang. To the northwest was Ziyan. To the southeast was Lutai. The Zhang River entered from Lucheng, ran north of the county, took in the Tongdi River on the left, and then flowed north past the east side of the city. To the northeast the Nie River entered from Wuxiang, joined the Lin River on the right, received the Shi River from the left at Hehekou, and continued into Licheng. The garrison towns were Dongzhou and Xialiang. There was one courier station, at Siting. Lucheng was classed for light, simple administration. It lay forty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the south were Lushan and Dayu. To the southeast were Funiu and Gejing. To the east was Jinglin. To the west was Sanchui. To the northwest was Huangfu. To the southwest the Zhang River entered from Tunliu, joined the Jiang River on the left to form Jiaozhang—the Jiang River named in the Yugong. It then flowed northwest into Xiangyuan; near Licheng it crossed back and forth, passing the old Lucheng county seat—whence the Zhang River also acquired the name of the Lu inundation. It then turned east, crossed Licheng again, and re-entered the county. It issued east through Mata Pass into She County in Henan. To the southwest lay Sanchui Ridge. To the southeast was Hongti Pass, also known as Luban Gate, where an inspection office was posted. The garrison towns were Shentou, Huangnian, and Yangwei. To the southeast was the Pingshun township seat, where the sub-director of the township school was posted. Huguan was classed for light, simple administration. It lay thirty li southeast of the prefectural seat. Huguan Mountain stood six li to the northwest. To the northeast was Fengxue Mountain. To the east were Maju, Maiji, and Angong. The Hu River rose in the northwest, ran north of the city as the Shizi River, took in the Qingliu River on the left, flowed southeast past Dawang and Baodu, and continued east to Chirang. On its northern slope lay Dongjing Ridge, where the Taoqing River rose, flowed northwest past Huangshan, and entered Changzhi. East of the ridge was the Wuzhi River, which to the southeast became the Zhan River, passed Zituanshan, and entered Lin County in Henan. To the east was Yuxia Pass. Fengpo Town. Licheng was classed for light, simple administration. It lay 110 li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast was Luci Mountain. To the northwest were Jibu and Kaiyu. The Zhuo Zhang entered from Xiangyuan, flowed southeast past Lianzhu Mountain, crossed through Lucheng and back in, received Huangxu River on the left, passed east through Chibi Mountain, and re-entered the county. To the northeast was Xiuping; the Clear Zhang entered from Liao, passed through Wu'er Valley, where ancient Huguan stood, and flowed into She County in Henan. The Yuquan River followed it.
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沿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西鹿
Zezhou Prefecture ranked as a strategic post and a difficult jurisdiction to administer. It was under the Jining circuit. Initially, following Ming practice, it was organized as a directly controlled prefecture. It governed four counties. In Yongzheng 6 it was raised to a prefecture and given an attached seat county. It lay 620 li northwest of the provincial capital. It stood 1,600 li from the capital. It measured 340 li across and 230 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 35°31′. It lay 3°37′ west of the capital. It governed five counties. Fengtai was classed as strategic, populous, and difficult to govern. Its seat was attached to that of the prefecture. To the south rose the Taihang Mountains; their summit was Heishi Ridge, and to its north stood Tianjing Pass; to the southwest lay Xiaokou, the Taihang Pass known as Malao. To the southeast were Xiashi and Fushan. To the north was Sima. To the northeast the Dan entered from Gaoping, received Pu River on the left, and flowed south past the east side of old Gaodu. Its southern source, the Ze River, rose northwest at Erxianzhang, united with the Ta River, and joined the main stream. Farther south it took in Zhang River on the left and passed through Bapan, Leishi, and Shiren mountains. The Baishui united with the Xisha River, ran south of the city, joined the Lulu River, received Tianjing Stream on the right, and flowed into Henei in Henan. To the northwest was Wushan; the Yang'a rose there, flowed south past Panlong and Shengwang mountains, entered Yangcheng, and joined the Qin River. The Qin re-entered and flowed into Wanzi in Jiyuan. Three garrison towns: Hengwang, Lanche, and Zhoucun. The Taihang and Xingyao courier stations. An assistant magistrate and a patrol office were posted at Xingyao. Gaoping ranked as strategic and populous. It lay eighty-five li north by east of the prefectural seat. To the north was Hanwang Mountain. To the east was Qifo. To the west were Dulu and Haoshan. To the southwest was Kongcang. To the northwest was Fajiu; the Zhang River rose on its northern slope. At its summit, Fengtou, the Dan's northern source rose, received Baishui on the left and Jueshui on the right, and was in fact the Xuanshui. Flowing southeast, it took in Changping River on the right and passed north of the city. Farther southeast it received Xidong Changhe on the left and reached Ducun. On the right it took in Wulong Mountain River, known locally as the Xuanshui as well, and entered Fengtai. To the east the Pu entered from Lingchuan and joined the stream. To the east stood Shibi Pass. To the northwest stood Changping Pass. Four garrison towns: Mishan, Dingbi, Yechuan, and Shizhuang. The Qiaocun and Changping courier stations. Yangcheng was classed as difficult to govern. It lay eighty li west of the prefectural seat. To the southwest was Wangwu; east of it stood Xicheng, a three-peaked range also called Dizhu, where the Hui River rose. To the southeast was Mangshan; Xiushui rose there as the northern source and flowed into Jiyuan in Henan. To the northeast the Qin entered from that county, received Shishan River on the left and Yangquan River on the right, and flowed southeast past Nanzhuang. Its stream entered as the Nan River, took in Huoze River on the right, passed Yanjiajin, received Sanglin River on the right and Yang'a River on the left, and entered Fengtai. To the southeast stood Baiyun Pass, on the route to Jiyuan. Among the county's seventeen passes, this was the most critical. An associate prefect was posted at Dongye Town. Lingchuan had light administration. It lay 120 li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the southwest was Jiuxian Mountain. To the northwest was Baoying. At Shenggong Mountain the Pu rose, turned west, received Longmen Mountain and Fengshan rivers on the left, and entered Gaoping. To the northeast at Yaozhuang the Zhang rose, flowed southwest past Lingquan, Liujing, Fo'er, and other mountains, and entered Fengtai. To the southeast was Wangmang Ridge, where the Yuan River rose. At Hongshui Village the Pingtian rose and flowed into Huixian in Henan. To the south Shuangtou Spring turned south, passed Shoulü Ridge, and entered Xiuwu. To the northeast was Xishan; the Qi rose there, known locally as Xishui; it passed Xiong'er—that is, Juru Mountain—and entered Huguan. Qinshui had light administration. It lay 170 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the west was Fushan. To the southwest was Auxiliary Fushan. To the northeast was Weishan. To the north was Dajian; at Hetouzhai it received Mei River and Xing River on the right. The Qin from Yueyang received Dong River on the right—the Heiling River of the Water Classic. Farther southeast it passed Zijin Mountain to old Duanshi, took in Qinchuan and Xiong'er Mountain rivers on the left—the Jianjian River of the Commentary on the Water Classic. Farther southeast it received Pan River on the left and entered Yangcheng. To the southwest was Lutaishan; the Lu rose there—the ancient Yangquan River. Its southern stream joined it as well. Four garrison towns: Guobi, Wu'an, Guzhen, and Duanshi. A patrol office was posted at Duanshi.
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西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西西 西西 西
Liaozhou, a directly controlled prefecture, was classed as populous and was under the Jining circuit. It lay 340 li northwest of the provincial capital. It stood 1,300 li from the capital. It measured 330 li across and 170 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 37°03′. It lay 3°01′ west of the capital. It governed two counties. Liaoyang Mountain stood three li east of the city. To the east was Dongyun. To the south was Wujun. West of the city stood Dianshan. To the northeast was Motian Ridge. The Clear Zhang entered from Heshun, passed Huangzhang Town, turned south, received the western-source Xi Zhang River on the right, and formed Jiaozhang Mouth. On the left it took in Jishan River—that is, Xier Spring sixty li to the east, which had been wrongly identified with Dengfeng Mountain in Henan; it passed east of Licheng, entered She County in Henan, reached Lin County, and joined the Zhuo Zhang. Seven garrison towns in all: Changcheng, Huangzhang, Qinquan, Tongyu, Matian, Hanwang, and Guai'er. A patrol office was posted at the Eighteen Bends of Huangze Pass. The Nanguan courier station. Heshun had light administration. It lay ninety li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the northeast was Heshan. To the southwest was Duangu. To the northwest was Jiujing. To the north was Mayi. The Qingzhang entered from Pingding, passed Shihou Ridge, wound to the southeast of the city, received the southern-source Liangyu on the right, turned southeast again, took in Qingshui—the ancient Huangwan—passed Shouyang Mountain, and entered the prefecture. To the southwest was Bafu Ridge; the western branch of the Liaoyang River rose from Zhuan Mountain on its north. The Commentary on the Water Classic's Zhuan River—also the West Zhang—ran southeast through Yicheng Town, and the county follows that course. The Wuxiang River rose from Wushan to the south and entered the county. Yushe, Songyan, Hanhu, Maling, Qingcheng, Huyu, Mafang, Hengling, and Wenquan—eight towns in all. A patrol office was stationed at Bafu Ridge. Yushe was classed as administratively light. It lay ninety li west of the prefectural seat. To the southeast was Xiurong Mountain. To the east were Qingliang and Jishan. To the north was Beiquan. To the northeast the Wuxiang entered from Heshun, ran west thirty li north of the old city—identical with Yushe City in the Geographic Treatise—turned south, passed west of the city, and farther south received the county's Xichuan, Yichuan, and other streams before entering Wuxiang. To the northwest was Huanghua Ridge, source of the Wuma, which flowed northwest into Taigu. Malin Pass lay to the north and Shihui Pass to the west. Yuncu Town.
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西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西綿 西西 西 西 西
Qinzhou directly controlled prefecture ranked as strategic and populous. It was under the Jining circuit. It stood 330 li northwest of the provincial capital. It measured 320 li in breadth and 130 li in length. North polar altitude was 36°41′. It lay 3°42′ west of the capital. It governed two counties. To the east was Lin Mountain. To the west was Yao Mountain. To the southwest was Tongdi. To the northwest was Funiu. East of Zhangyuan Town the Lesser Zhang rose, received Huashan and Lanke Mountain on the left, passed west of the city, turned south, took in Houquan and Shangguan Spring on the right, reached the north of Wan'an Mountain, received Tongdi River on the right, entered Xiangyuan, and was also known by that name. The towns of Guocun and Xitang. The Qinyang courier station. Qinyuan was classed as administratively light. It lay 120 li west-southwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest was Mian Mountain, also called Yeli and Yangtou, source of the Qin River. Southeast it passed Renwu Mountain, received the Bo on the right and Qingu Valley Stream on the left, at Jiaokou turned southwest, ran east of the city, united the Qinquan Mountain stream, at Nanshi took in Qinglong Mountain water on the left and Xichuan and Dananchuan on the right, and entered Yueyang. The towns of Baizi, Guodao, and Guanche. Wuxiang was classed as administratively light. It lay fifty li northeast of the prefectural seat. Northeast of the city was Bi Mountain. To the southeast was Sanyuan. To the west was Lutai. To the northwest was Houjia Mountain. There was a Watershed Ridge; the Houjia rose from its shady slope and flowed north into Qi. The Nie rose from its sunny slope and was in fact the Tanggu Five Springs River of the Commentary on the Water Classic. On the left it received Gaozhaisi River—the ancient Baiji River—passed west of the city, took in the Wuxiang on the left, ran east to the south of the city, united Nanting River on the left, turned south, took in Guoyao Ridge Stream on the left, and entered Xiangyuan. Two towns: Panlong and Modeng. Two courier stations: Quandian and Nanguan.
9
沿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 綿 西西
Pingding directly controlled prefecture ranked as strategic and populous. It was under the Jining circuit. Initially, following Ming practice, it was a prefecture subordinate to Taiyuan. In Yongzheng 2 it was promoted, kept its original counties, and Yu and Shouyang were detached and placed under it. In Jiaqing 1 Leping was abolished and merged in. It stood 275 li northwest of the provincial capital. It was 870 li from the capital. It measured 270 li in breadth and 295 li in length. North polar altitude was 37°50′. It lay 2°48′ west of the capital. It governed two counties. To the east was Gaoluo Mountain. To the northeast was Meng Mountain. To the southeast was Songzi Ridge. To the southwest was Zhan Ridge; the southern source of the Ye River, the Zhan River, rose there, united the Xiaosongming Stream, and flowed east into directly controlled Jingxing in Zhili. To its north was the Gantao River; the Tao entered from Shouyang in the northwest, gathered the Bao'an, Pingtan, and Yangquan streams, passed north of the city, turned east, received Nanchuan on the right, passed Jiaoyuan Village, took in Wengu River on the left, and reached old Chengtian Army Post. On the left it united Bifa River, and both were followed downstream. The Qingzhang had three sources. The north source rose from Dayao Valley to its west—the Shanhaijing's "rising from Shaoshan"—and flowed south into Heshun. The Dongwo rose from Douquan Ridge to its north, ran west past Mawei Ridge, received Fuhua Mountain on the left, and took in Mugua Ridge Stream. The Commentary on the Water Classic has the south route entering Shouyang from the west. Old Pass lay to the east and Niangzi Pass to the northeast; both bordered Jingxing and were strategic choke points. It had the Zhengding–Taiyuan railway. One town: Jingyang. Three courier stations: Ceshi, Gantao, and Baijing. At Leping township seat a sub-prefect and the township school instructor were posted. A patrol office was posted at Baijing. Gantao was abolished. Yu was classed as strategic. It lay 100 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south was Shi'ai Mountain. To the east was Baima. To the northeast was Yuanqiu. To the north was Niudao Ridge. The Hutuo entered from Wutai, ran along its west, received the Wu on the right, turned east, took in Longhua River on the right, and entered directly controlled Pingshan in Zhili. To the southwest Xiushui rose at Nanshangshe, united Xiangshui, ran alongside the southeast of the city for more than 1,200 li, and descended to Tianjin to enter the sea. Huang'an, Shibapan, and Yuzao passes in the northeast, all connecting with Pingshan, and the east-facing Henghe Pass leading to Jingxing—all were strategic choke points. Qinquan courier station formerly had a patrol office, which was later abolished. Shouyang was classed as strategic and populous. It lay 100 li west of the prefectural seat. It was initially under Taiyuan prefecture. In Yongzheng 2 it was placed under Pingding's jurisdiction. To the north was Fang Mountain. To the northwest were Shuangfeng and Hanshan. To the east was Taoyuan Gully, where the northern source of the Ye River, the Tao, rose. The Geographic Treatise has the Mianman uniting Qinquan Spring and entering the prefecture from the east. To the south the Dongwo entered from the prefecture and crossed the mountains at the south of the county. To the southwest was Yaoluo Mountain, source of the Shou River; it united Heishui to the east, received the Longmen, and flowed west into Yuci. It had the Zhengding–Taiyuan railway. One town: Suicheng. One courier station: Tai'an. The post station chief also serving as patrol officer was posted there.
10
沿 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西綿西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西
Pingyang Prefecture ranked as strategic, populous, and difficult to administer. The Taiyuan garrison commander-in-chief was stationed there. Initially, following Ming practice, it governed six prefectures and twenty-eight counties. In Yongzheng 2, Pu, Jie, Jiang, Ji, and Xi were elevated to directly controlled prefectures; Taiping, Xiangling, and Fenxi were detached and temporarily reassigned, but the arrangement was soon reversed. During the Qianlong reign, Huozhou was made a directly controlled prefecture; Zhaocheng and Lingshi were detached and assigned to it, while Jizhou and Xiangning were restored to Pingyang jurisdiction. To the northeast it was 610 li from the provincial seat. It stood 1,800 li from the capital. Its breadth was 270 li and its length 180 li. North polar altitude was 36°05′. It lay 4°56′ west of the capital. It governed one prefecture and ten counties. Linfen was classed as strategic, populous, and difficult to govern. Its seat was attached to that of the prefecture. To the southeast was Fushan. To the north the Fen entered from Hongdong. To the southeast the Yu entered from Fushan, ran along its east, on the left joined the Jinshui, received the Lao on the right, and passed south of the city wall. There was Gushe Mountain, also called Pingshan. Pingshui flowed east into it. Its southern outlet merged into Xiangling. To the northwest at the watershed the Dadong had its source and flowed into Pu. The towns of Bozhuang and Fanshan. The Jianxiong courier station. Hongdong was classed as strategic and populous. It lay 55 li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east were Jiuji Mountain and Huoshan. To the north the Fen entered from Zhaocheng, passed west of the city, received Beijian on the right, turned southwest, took in Nanjian on the left, and on the right united streams from Loushan and Yumen, then entered Linfen. Guopen Town. The Purun courier station. Fushan was classed as administratively light. It lay seventy li east and slightly south of the prefectural seat. Fushan, thirty li to the southwest, was where the Jinshui had its source. To the southeast was Yindong. To the northeast was Yaoshan; Wuling, where the Lao had its source, flowed west into Linfen. To the east was Tiantan, where the Nanhe had its source; to the southwest was Hukou—actually Shushan—where the Yu had its source. To the northeast was Hengling—that is, Zhongtiao—where the Donghe had its source and flowed into Qinshui. Dongzhang Town. Yueyang was classed as administratively light. It lay 120 li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Xuebai. To the northwest was Jianyang. To the southeast was Diaohuang. To the northeast the Qin River entered from Qinyuan, received Hechuan on the right, took in Henghe on the left, turned south, and entered Qinshui. To the northeast was Anji Ridge, where the Jianhe had its source. One branch rose from the Jinduili waters in the northwest, passed east of the city at Pingfeng Mountain, then south, received Yongleli River on the left; its southern Nanjian emerged at Guodian, and both flowed west into Hongdong. To the northeast was Tongguan Pass. Quwo was classed as strategic, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay 120 li south of the prefectural seat. To the southwest was Jiangshan. To the northwest was Qiaoshan. To the west the Fen entered from Taiping, took in Fushui on the left, and entered Jiang. To the east the Huai entered from Yicheng, took in Jiangshui on the left, and also entered Jiang. Two towns: Chaicun and Houma. Two courier stations: Houma and Mengcheng. A patrol office was posted at Houma. Yicheng was classed as difficult to govern. It lay 130 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north were Danshan and Shushan. To the southeast was Lishan. To the northeast were Wuling and Foshan. The Huai's northern and southern sources both rose here; they united, ran south of the city, and on the left met the eastern-source Jianggaoshan stream—now called the Luan River. Wuling, a spur of eastern Huoshan—for the Shuowen says "the Huai rises from Huoshan," while the Water Classic uniformly says "it rises from the eastern highlands at Huaijiao." It then flowed southwest past Huaijiao, crossed into and back out of Jiang territory, and entered Quwo. To the northwest was Xiaomian Mountain, where the Fu had its source; it flowed southwest and also entered Quwo. It had Longhua Town. Taiping was classed as strategic, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 2 it was placed under Jiang Prefecture; in year 7 it was restored. To the south was Fenyin. To the southwest was Jiuquan. To the northeast the Fen entered from Xiangling and flowed south into Quwo. Three towns: Qingchu, Zhaokang, and Shicun. One courier station: Shicun, where the courier director also served as patrol officer. Xiangling was classed as difficult to govern. It lay thirty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 2 it was placed under Jiang Prefecture; in year 7 it was restored. To the southeast was Chongshan. To the southwest was Sandeng. To the east the Fen entered from Linfen and received Pingshui on the right. Three mountain streams also flowed east and entered Taiping. Zhaoqu Town. Fenxi was classed as administratively light. It lay 190 li northwest of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 2 it was placed under Xi Prefecture; in year 9 it was restored. Fenyin Mountain lay fifty-five li to the southwest. To the southeast the Fen entered from Huo, received Honghongjian and Qingxianghe on the right, passed Shangshan, and entered Zhaocheng. Xiangning was classed as administratively light. It lay 230 li west and slightly south of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 2 it was placed under Jizhou; in Qianlong 36 it was again assigned to Pingyang. To the northeast were Baishan and Qinshan. To the southwest was Liangru. To the southeast was Matou. To the northwest was Xiangluyan. The He River entered from Ji, ran along its foothills, and there was Shijia Beach. To the east was Eshan, where the E River rose and met the northern-source Gaotianshan stream. It then merged west with Luogu River, passed south of the city, and flowed northwest back into it. Then southeast it entered Hejin. Yingli Town. Jizhou was classed as populous. It lay 170 li west of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 2 it was made a directly controlled prefecture; In Qianlong 37 it was restored to Pingyang jurisdiction. Jishan Mountain lay north of the county seat. To the northeast were Jishan and Shimen. To the north were Paoshan and Fengshan. The Yellow River entered from Daning and passed Longwang Pool; the Hukou of the Yugong lay there, at what is Mengmen Mountain. It continued to Xiaochuanwo. To the southeast was Gaotian Mountain, where the Qingshui River had its source. The Commentary on the Water Classic records that the Yangqiu joined streams from Fangmaling and Yuntai Mountain, passed west of the city, and entered the county. It then continued southeast into Xiangning. There was Sangou Town.
11
西 西西 西 西 沿 西 西 西 西 西 西
Puzhou Prefecture ranked as a strategic post, a populous jurisdiction, and a difficult one to administer. It was under the Hedong circuit. Under the Ming it had been a prefecture under Pingyang. In Yongzheng 2 it was made a directly controlled prefecture. It still governed Linjin, Ronghe, Yishi, and Wanquan as in Ming times, though Hejin had been detached. In the sixth year it was raised to a prefecture and given an attached seat county. Yuxiang was soon added to its jurisdiction. It lay 1,100 li northeast of the provincial capital. It stood 2,200 li from the capital. It measured 130 li across and 110 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 34°52′. It lay 6°15′ west of the capital. It governed six counties. Yongji was classed as strategic, populous, and difficult to govern. Its seat was attached to that of the prefecture. Under the Ming it had served as the prefectural seat; Hedong was then abolished and absorbed into it. It was established in Yongzheng 6. To the southeast was Zhongtiao—the Leishou of the Yugong—with Yaoshan and Shouyang to its south and Lishan winding away to the east. To the northeast the Yellow River entered from Linjin, ran west through Cangling Valley to Hanjiaying, and crossed into Heyang and Chaoyi in Shaanxi. The Sushui met the Yao Xian Canal at East Wuxing Lake and entered; it then ran west along the river and re-entered at Yantan. Winding southeast past Fengling Ford, it received the Wei and Ru—the stretch Yang Xiong's rhapsody describes when it says, "The River Spirit starts alert, treading Hua and stepping on Xiang." It then continued east into Ruicheng. The garrison towns were Zhao Yi, Kehe, Kaolao, and Yongle. An associate prefect was posted at Yongle. There was the Hedong courier station. Linjin was classed as strategic, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the northeast was Yishan. To the northwest the Yellow River entered from Ronghe and passed Wuwang Ford. To the southeast the Sushui came from Yishi along the Yuxiang border, entered Wuxing Lake, and followed its course. Fanqiao Town also maintained a courier station. Yuxiang was classed as difficult to govern. It lay sixty li east of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming, following Yuan practice, it had been abolished and merged into Linjin. In Yongzheng 8 it was re-established by division from Linjin. To the south was Zhongtiao Mountain, with Wangguan Valley. To the southwest were Wulao, Conglong, and Fangshan. North of it lay Tanshou, and north of that was Wuxing Lake. The Commentary on the Water Classic records that Zhangyang Pool contains Yazi Pool, whose waters join those of Zhongtiao. To the northeast the Sushui entered from Linjin, met the Yao Xian Canal, and all converged there. It then continued west into Yongji. There was Gushi Town. There was the Tangjia courier station. Ronghe was classed as difficult to govern. It lay 120 li northeast of the prefectural seat. East of the city lay Emei Ridge. To the northwest the Yellow River entered from Hejin, and the Fen River joined it there. The ancient Fen Sui had silted up. This was the Kuiqiu of Spring and Autumn times. It ran south past the west of the city and into Linjin. The garrison towns were Hubei and Sunji. There was the Yangling courier station. Yishi was classed as strategic and populous. It lay 110 li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east the Sushui came from Anyi and flowed southwest into Linjin. There was Zhangyue Town. Wanquan was classed as difficult to govern. It lay 160 li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east was Jieshan, whose western peak was Gushan. South of the city was Shanyin Warm Spring. Farther east was a ravine. There was Jiedian Town.
12
西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Jiezhou, a directly controlled prefecture, was classed as populous and difficult to govern. The Hedong circuit, which also administered the salt monopoly, was based at Anyi and Yuncheng. Under the Ming it had been a prefecture under Pingyang. It had governed five counties. In Yongzheng 2 it was promoted; Wenxi was detached and Yuanqu transferred to it, and it was soon also placed under Jiang jurisdiction. It lay 950 li northeast of the provincial capital. It stood 1,450 li from the capital. It measured 220 li across and 140 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 34°58′. It lay 5°38′ west of the capital. It governed four counties. To the southeast was Zhongtiao Mountain, whose ridge was Hengling, with Baijing and Fenyun beyond. North of it lay the Salt Pond. Farther north ran salt water, now the Yao Xian Canal, which entered from Anyi, passed north of the prefectural seat, and flowed west into Yuxiang. Northwest of the city lay Xiao Pool, a turbid marsh. There was Changle Town. There were patrol offices at Changle and the Salt Pond. Anyi was classed as strategic, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay fifty-five li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast was Wushan. To the south was Zhongtiao. To the north was Mingtiao. To the southwest lay the Salt Pond. North of the pond stood Yuncheng. The Hedong circuit intendant and the sub-prefect were posted there. To the east lay Ku Pool. To the northeast the Yao Xian Canal—the salt-water channel—entered from Xia, ran north of the city, then southwest past the north of Yuncheng and into the prefectural seat. Farther northeast the Sushui came from Xia and flowed west into Yishi. The garrison towns were Dongguo and Shenghui. A patrol office was posted there. There was the Hongzhi courier station. Xia was classed as strategic and populous. It lay 100 li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the south was Botashan. To the northeast were Cuiyan and Jishan. To the southeast were hot springs. At Wuxian Mountain salt water rose and became the Yao Xian Canal, which ran northwest through Yungu to the south of the city before turning west. To the northwest the Sushui entered from Wenxi, passed south of Xia Houling, and merged into Anyi. The garrison towns were Caozhang, Huzhang, Weiguo, Shuitou, and Peijie. Pinglu had light administration. It lay ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the northeast was Yushan, on whose summit stood Yucheng. To its west were Fuyan and Qingliangshan. To the northwest were Tianjing and Bei'er. To the southwest the Yellow River entered from Yongji, passed Hongchi, and reached Maojin Ford. Streams from Zhongtiao Mountain wound northeast to Dizhu. Dizhu was the channel Yu carved; Liufeng and Sanmen Mountain stood there. It took in Liujiagou, Hougou, and Jishi water and flowed into Yuanqu. The garrison towns were Hongchi, Zhangdian, Zhanggu, Changle, Gezhao, and Maojin. An assistant magistrate was posted at Maojin. A former patrol office there had been abolished. Ruicheng was classed as difficult to govern. It lay seventy li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north were Hengling and Shushuiling, where the Hongyuan stream rose and met Putao Stream and Dihuang Spring. To the southwest the Yellow River entered from Yongji, passed Yulin Shoal, and reached the south of the city. Farther east the Bo River entered and wound north into Pinglu.
13
西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西
Jiangzhou, a directly controlled prefecture, was classed as populous and difficult to govern. It was under the Yanping circuit. Under the Ming it had been a prefecture under Pingyang. It governed Jishan, Jiang, and Yuanqu. In Yongzheng 2 it was promoted; Taiping, Xiangling, and Hejin were detached and placed under it, while Jiang was assigned to Pingyang and Yuanqu to Jie. In the seventh year Wenxi and Jiang were detached again, Yuanqu was restored, and Taiping and Xiangling returned to their former jurisdictions. It lay 710 li northeast of the provincial capital. It stood 1,800 li from the capital. It measured 400 li across and 100 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 35°38′. It lay 5°13′ west of the capital. It governed five counties. To the south was Emei Ridge, also known as Jinyuan. To the northwest was Mashoushan. To the north was Jiuyuan; Gushan, where ancient water rose—the clear and turbid springs. To the northeast the Fen entered from Taiping and reached the south of the city. On the left it received the Huishui—the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as passing Wangqiao, where the Huishui enters. It then ran southwest, united with ancient water, and entered Jishan. To the south was Chongxing Pass. To the west was Wuping Pass. Yuanqu was classed as populous. It lay 210 li southeast of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 2 it was placed under Jie; in the seventh year it was restored. To the northeast were Zhufengshan and Wangwu. North of it was Jiaoshan, where the Jiao River had its source. This is the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as running south past Guzhong, Upper Gorge, Lower Gorge, and Mashoushan; it is also called the Yan River. Qinglian, known locally as Fengshan, sent the Qingshui down from its western ridge; flowing east past Gaoluo Town, it met Bo water and Baishui and became the Boqing River. To the southwest the Yellow River entered from Pinglu, passed Yingzui Mountain, and flowed into Jiyuan in Henan. From the point where the Yellow River entered Jin territory, its meandering course ran more than 2,700 li. There were Guzhong Town, Yingjia, and Liulang Town. Wenxi was classed as strategic, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay seventy li south of the prefectural seat. It had initially been under Pingyang. In Yongzheng 7 its affiliation was changed. To the east was Fenghuangyuan. To the southeast was Xiangshan. Tangzhai was ancient Jingshan; the Jing River rose there and was in fact the Shaqushui recorded in the Commentary on the Water Classic. North of it lay Meiliangchuan. To the northeast was Zijin, ancient Sanshe. The Sushui entered from Jiang County, passed Dongpo, received Ganquan on the right and then the Jing River on the left, and ran south of the city; it then continued west into Xia. This is the line in the Classic of Poetry: "Surging waters do not carry the tied firewood." The garrison towns were Shangdong, Xiadong, Hengshui, Peishe, Songdian, Licun, Guodian, and Lande. There was one courier station, Suchuan. Jiang had light administration. It lay eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. It had initially been under Pingyang. In Yongzheng 7 its affiliation was changed. Jiangshan lay twenty li to the northwest. To the north was Niucun. To the northeast was Beiqiong. The Huishui strayed in from Yicheng, united with Gojun water, and re-entered from the northwest. To the southeast was Huimaling, where the Jiang River had its source. This is the passage the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "rising east of Jiangshan, cold springs gushing forth, waves surging northward." West of it, at Huachi, Chencunyu water flowed—the stream the Commentary calls the Gan River. Flowing west past Dayinshan, it received Zigushui and then, farther west, met Yanzhuang Lengkoushui. The Water Classic records that it "rises from Shujia Valley in Wenxi, passes Cunyun Ridge, and enters old Jiang city south of Wenxi." The garrison town was called Huijiao. Jishan was classed as difficult to govern. It lay fifty li west of the prefectural seat. Jishan Mountain stood fifty li to the south. To the north were Guren and Shengwang. To the southeast the Fen entered from the prefectural seat, ran south of the city, then turned west; the old course of the Hua River issued there and flowed into Hejin. The garrison towns were Xiaohe, Zhaidian, Xiadi, and Dadu. Hejin was classed as strategic and populous. It lay 100 li west of the prefectural seat. It had initially been under Pingyang. In Yongzheng 2 its affiliation was changed. To the northeast was Huangjia Mountain. To the northwest the Yellow River entered from Xiangning and passed Longmen Mountain. This is the stretch named in the Yugong as running from Jishi to Longmen. Han Plain lay there—the place known as Shaoliang. It then flowed south into Rong. To the southeast the Fen entered from Jishan, ran through Shuzhu and Xianzhang Mountain, and then turned southwest along that course. The garrison towns were Fangping, Yumen, Dongzhang, and Sengou. An inspection office was stationed at Yumen.
14
西 西 西 鹿 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西
Xizhou directly attached prefecture was classed as populous. It was under the Hedong circuit. Under the Ming it had been a prefecture under Pingyang. It governed Daning and Yonghe. In Yongzheng 2 it was promoted, and Fenxi was carved off to it as well. In year 9 Pu was carved off from Ji and attached to it, while Fenxi returned to its former jurisdiction. It stood 550 li northeast of the provincial capital. It was 1,700 li from the capital. It measured 260 li in breadth and 230 li in length. North polar altitude was 36°39′. It lay 5°31′ west of the capital. It governed three counties. To the north was Miaolou Mountain. To the east was Wulu. To the northeast was Puzi. At the Shilou boundary lay Shuitou Village, where the Pu River rose; it ran southwest to join the Huilong and Jiaokou streams, passed west of the city, and then met the Yiquan River southeast of Wucheng Town. This is the stream the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "issuing from Shilou Mountain, passing south through Pucheng and Puzi County, and receiving Huanglu Valley water"—known locally as the Xichuan—and it flowed into Daning. The garrison towns were Yiquan, Zhangjiachuan, Luozhen, Haocheng, Kangcheng, Damai, Xinzhuang, Xiqu, and Huilong. Guangwu Town also had an inspection office stationed there. Daning was classed for light administration. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. South of the city stood Cuiwei Mountain. To the southwest was Shizi. To the northwest was Kong Mountain. The Yellow River entered from Yonghe and passed through Madou Pass. To the northeast the Xichuan—the Pu River—entered from the prefectural seat, ran through Luoqu Town, turned west, passed through the city, and reached Langong Mountain. Its southern source, the First River, entered from Pu to the southeast; this was in fact the Zichuan River, which received the Xiandi River and then continued southeast into Ji. The Pu River irrigated wild marshland for hundreds of li. The Yuanhe Gazetteer calls it the Jin River, and the Universal Gazetteer does likewise. The Ming gazetteer wrongly wrote Xin River, and Fang Cheng followed that error—it is not correct. There was one garrison town, Anfu. Pu was classed for light administration. It lay 120 li southeast of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been under Pingyang. In Yongzheng 2 it was placed under Ji, and in year 9 it was attached here. To the east was Dongshen Mountain. To the southwest was Cuiping. To the northeast was Gushe. A watershed divide ran there. The southern source of the Pu River, the First River, issued forth—the confluence the Commentary on the Water Classic calls "the Zichuan River meeting the southern stream known as the Hejiang River." It ran southeast of the city, took in the East Stream on the right, and then entered Daning to the west. The garrison towns were Huale, Zhangcun, Qiaomaiwan, Xueguan, Guyi, and Songyu. Yonghe was classed for light administration. It lay ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east was Shuang Mountain. To the south was Lou Mountain. To the west were Liefeng and Maji. To the northeast was Jibei. To its south lay Xianzhi Valley, the ancient Yu Valley. To the northwest the Yellow River entered from Shilou and passed Laoniu Shoals; the Xianzhi River joined Suotuo Stream and the Yulin River—the passage the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "Yu Valley water opening the wild plain to the east and passing through the long stream to the west." At the southwest of the city it received the Ganlu River and entered, then continued south into Daning. The garrison towns were Sangbi, Chakou, and Liutai.
15
西 西 西 西西西西 綿 西
Huozhou directly attached prefecture ranked as a strategic post, a populous jurisdiction, and a difficult one to administer. It was under the Hedong circuit. Under the Ming it had been a prefecture under Pingyang. It governed Lingshi. In Qianlong 37 it was promoted, and Zhaocheng was carved off and attached to it. It stood 460 li northeast of the provincial capital. It was 1,550 li from the capital. It measured 80 li in breadth and 235 li in length. North polar altitude was 36°35′. It lay 4°44′ west of the capital. It governed two counties. Huoshan stood forty li to the southeast—the Taiyue recorded in the Yugong. The Zhi River rose in Shibigu Valley. To the northwest the Fen entered from Lingshi, passed Lingfo Rock, and joined it. This is the passage the Commentary calls "passing north of Guanfu." It flowed into the Fen. There was Xinzhi Town. There was the Huoshan courier station. Zhaocheng was classed as a strategic post. It lay fifty li south of the prefectural seat. In Qianlong 37 it was transferred here from Pingyang. To the northeast was Huoshan, where the Huo River had its source. To the west was Luoyun. To the northwest the Fen entered from Fenxi, ran west of the city, joined it to the northwest, and then flowed south into Hongdong. A courier station was posted there. Lingshi was classed as a strategic post. It lay 100 li north of the prefectural seat. In Qianlong 37 it was transferred here from Pingyang. To the east was Xiaowen Mountain. To the southeast were Jianyang and Shibapan. To the northeast were Jingyan and Mianshan, where the Five Dragon Springs flowed—the stream commonly called the Small Water River. The Fen entered from Jiexiu; at the northwest of the city it received a tributary on the left, turned south, and on the right took in the Shimen and Xinshui valleys; on the left the Renyi River passed through Yindi Pass and entered the prefecture. This is the passage the Commentary calls "again passing south through Guanjue Ford, commonly known as Que-Shu Valley." To its south stood Gaobi Ridge, now known as Hanxin Ridge. The garrison towns were Xiamen and Renyi. The courier stations were Que Shi and Renyi. The post-station assistant also held the inspection office and was stationed at Renyi Town.
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西 西 西 西 西 西 西 宿 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 宿 西 西 西 西 西 西 祿 西 西 西 西
Datong Prefecture ranked as a strategic post, a populous jurisdiction, and a difficult one to administer. The regional commander was stationed there. Initially, following Ming practice, it governed four prefectures and seven counties. In the Yongzheng era Yanggao and Tianzhen were added; Shuo and Mayi were reorganized under Shuoping; and Yu and Huangchang were divided between the directly attached prefectures of Xuanhua and Yizhou. It stood 620 li south of the provincial capital. It was 720 li from the capital. It measured 250 li in breadth and 260 li in length. North polar altitude was 40°5′. It lay 3°12′ west of the capital. It governed two prefectures and seven counties. Datong ranked as a strategic post, a populous jurisdiction, and a difficult one to administer. It was the attached seat. In Shunzhi 5 the seat was moved to Xi'an Fort; in year 9 it was restored. To the north was Ge'gan Mountain. To the east was Baideng; east of it stood Niupi Ridge. Farther north lay Shaoxian, where the Dun River rose. To the southwest was Cailue. The Sanggan entered from Ying, ran south of the city, took Ma'ershan water on the right; on the left the Yu River—like the Hun River—entered from Fengzhen, passed Fangshan on the right and joined Juanzi, with the Zhenchuan River on the left; it then ran south through Gushan Village, received the Xiao Si River on the right, reached the east of the city, turned south again, and took in the Xiaohua River on the right—the confluence the Commentary calls "the Wu Zhou Stream joining on the right"—before meeting the main stream from the south. Farther east the Dun River rose on Shaoxian Mountain; it passed Xiyantou and merged into Yanggao. The courier stations were Wengcheng and Jule. Huairen was classed as a strategic post. It lay eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west were Qingliang Mountain and Jinping. To the southwest was Luzi. The Xinzhuangzi River rose at its village, passed Dayukou, and entered Shanyin. Anxiudong Town was located there. There was the Xi'an courier station. Hunyuan Prefecture was classed as difficult to govern. It lay 120 li southeast of the prefectural seat. In Shunzhi 16 the middle and front battalions of Andong Garrison were abolished. To the southwest was Long Mountain. To the northwest was Zhoujin. To the north was Longjiao. To the southeast stood Heng Mountain, the Northern Peak; in Shunzhi 17 its rites were transferred here from Quyang. The peak rose 3,900 zhang, stretched several thousand li in circuit, spanned Yan and Zhao, and shielded the capital. Quyang formed its foothills, Fuping its ridge, and the prefecture held its main peak. Its southern spur was Qiangfeng Ridge, the ancient Gaoshi Mountain; the Yu River, headwater of the Tang River, rose there—the "Ou Yi, river of Bing Province" named in the Rites of Zhou. On the left it received the separate source from Cuiping Mountain—the Houtang Stream of the Commentary on the Water Classic—which flowed east through Caijiayu and entered Lingqiu. Its hot springs had been buried. Northwest of the ridge the Hun River rose, also called the Guochuan; northwestward it collected the separate streams of Luanling Pass and the Ciyao Gorge, Liyu, Shengü, and Hengshan, and entered Ying. An inspection office was stationed at Wangjiazhuang Fort. There was the Shangpan courier station. Ying Prefecture was classed as a strategic post and lay 120 li south of the prefectural seat. In Shunzhi 16 Andong Middle Garrison was abolished and incorporated. In Yongzheng 8 the garrison subordination of Gucheng Prefecture was abolished. To the southeast was Ruyue Mountain. To the northeast was Longshou. To the southwest was Longwan. To the west the Sanggan entered from Shanyin and passed northeast of the prefectural seat; the Hunyuan River came from the prefecture to join it. This is the passage the Commentary calls "passing north of Juwei Pavilion, then east, with the Guochuan joining it." It was also commonly called the Hun River. Farther northeast it entered Datong. There was one garrison town, Anbian. There was the Andong Garrison inspection office. There was the Anyinzi courier station. Shanyin was classed as a strategic post. It lay 180 li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south were Fusu Mountain and Xiang Mountain. To the west the Sanggan entered from Shuo; at the north of the city it turned southeast, passed Huanghua Mountain—Huangguapu—and took the Huangshui River on the right before entering Ying. An inspection office was stationed at Daiyue Station. A courier station was posted there. Yanggao was classed as a strategic post. It lay 120 li northeast of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 3 it was created by reducing Yanggao Garrison to county status. To the west were Duantou Mountain and Longhun. To the north were Hutou and Yunmen. To the southwest was Baideng Mountain; the Dun River entered from Datong and ran along its foothills. The Nanyang River entered from Fengzhen, flowed south, passed Shoukou Fort, and entered the frontier. On the right it joined Mayi water, passed north of the city, and then met the Baideng River southeastward and entered Tianzhen. To the southwest the Sanggan entered from Datong, passed Huangtu Ridge, and then merged eastward into Tianzhen. Tianzhen was classed as a strategic post. It lay 180 li northeast of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 3 it was created by converting Tianzhen Garrison. To the north was Huancui Mountain. To the east was Yangmen; its main ridge was Shentou, its branch Fengren. To the southwest was Qianniu. The Sanggan entered from Datong, passed Zui'ertu, and on the left received the Wuquan River and Shimen Gully. The Wuquan was the ancient Anyang River; the old city of Yangyuan lay there. Farther east it entered Xining in Zhili. To its north the Nanyang River entered from Yanggao and passed Fulu Mountain. This is the passage the Commentary calls "Yanmen water entering northeast into Yangmen Mountain, called Yangmen water." On the right it joined the San Sha River—the ancient Tao River—passed north of the city, and then ran northeast through Zhe'er Ridge into Huai'an. Farther north the Xiyang River entered from Fengzhen, took Nangou water on the right, passed Nuanquan Fort, and with the Xiaogoukou River to the southeast also entered Huai'an. Guangling was classed for light administration. It lay 240 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast was Jiadou Mountain. To the north was Qianfu. To the northwest was Jiujing. To the west was Wanghu; at Baiyang the Huliu River rose. At Shaquan the Qiyi River ran southeast through Shiti Ridge and together with other waters formed Mengchi. The Zhentou River ran south of the city, then east through Hu Mountain, entered Yu Prefecture in Zhili, reached the Sanggan, and formed the southern branch. The garrison towns were Zhiyu, Linguan, Huoshao, and Huajian. There was the Machang courier station. Lingqiu was classed as a strategic post. It lay 270 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south was Taibai Mountain. To the northwest was Manshan; east of it stood Meihui Ridge, where the ancient Zi River rose. The Yu River entered from Hunyuan, took the Heilong River on the left, ran south of the city, and then passed southeast through Yimen Mountain and Yinchai Ridge into Guangchang in Zhili. There was one courier station, Taibai.
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西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西
Shuoping Prefecture ranked as a strategic post, a populous jurisdiction, and a difficult one to administer. In the Ming this had been the territory of the Right Yulin, Left Yun River, and Pinglu garrisons under the Shanxi Regional Military Commission. In the early Qing it became the Right Yu, Left Yun, and Pinglu garrisons. In Yongzheng 3 a prefecture was established at Right Yu Garrison, the three garrisons were converted to counties, and the prefecture was placed under the Yanping circuit. It stood 670 li south of the provincial capital. It was 960 li from the capital. It measured 210 li in breadth and 290 li in length. North polar altitude was 40°11′. It lay 4°11′ west of the capital. It governed one prefecture and three counties. Youyu ranked as a strategic post and a populous jurisdiction. It was the attached seat. In Yongzheng 3 it was created by converting Right Yu Garrison. Yulin Mountain stood twenty li to the west. To the southeast were Shitang Mountain and Shamao. To the southwest the Cangtou River entered from Pinglu; on the right it joined Niuxin Mountain, on the left Sunjiachuan and Yunshibao water, turned north, and passed west of the prefectural seat. On the right it received Fanjiabao water and the Maying River, then farther north met the Tumao River on the right. To the northwest ran the frontier wall; southwest it connected with Pinglu and northeast with Youyu, with passes at Shahu, Shuishan, Tieshan, Dasha, Yunshi, and others. There were two inspection offices, at Weiyuan Fort and Shahu Pass. Shuo Prefecture ranked as a strategic post, a populous jurisdiction, and a difficult one to administer. It lay 240 li southeast of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it had been under Datong Prefecture. In Yongzheng 3 it was attached here. In Jiaqing 1 the Mayi district it had governed was abolished and reduced to a township. A township school instructor was posted there. To the northeast was Qiwu. To the east was Hongtao; its branch peak was Lei Mountain. On the left was Huangdao Spring and on the right Jinlong Pool, where the Sanggan rose—the "seven-turn source," or Wutu water, of the Commentary on the Water Classic. Southeastward it collected at Layu Mouth, the southern source of the ancient Mayi River. The Hui River, an ancient stream, entered from Ningwu, ran south of the city, turned east, took the Qili River on the right and Shaleng water on the left, and then northeast reached the north of old Xianguan city and entered Shanyin. The courier stations were east of the city and Guangwu. Zuoyun was classed as a strategic post. It lay seventy-five li southeast of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 3 it was created by converting Left Yun Garrison. To the northeast was Mituo Mountain. To the east was Diaoling. To the southeast was Longwang Hall. To the south was Nanshi, where the Xiaohua River rose; it ran north of the city to the southwest, took hot springs on the right, turned north and east, received Longquan on the left, passed Jiao Mountain, and then entered Huairen to the southeast. There had been a Zhuma Fort inspection office, but it was abolished. Pinglu was classed as a strategic post. It lay 115 li southwest of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 3 it was created by converting Pinglu Garrison. To the south was Shierlian Mountain. To the southwest was Ying'en. To the west was Xiaoqing. To the northwest were Qijie, Xiping, and Mo'er. The Qingshui River rose and entered its district—the ancient Shutui River. Inside the city to the north stood Gushan Mountain. To the north was Jianshan. To the southeast was Tianmen, near Kui Star Platform. Beiyue Peak was the Dayuzhen Mountain of the Commentary on the Water Classic; the Cangtou River rose there. The ancient Zhongling River ran northwest through the city, turned east, passed Bifeng Mountain, and entered Youyu. The garrison towns were Lening and Fuyuan.
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西 西 西西 西西西西 西 西 西 西 西 西西
Ningwu Prefecture was classed as a strategic post. It was under the Yanping circuit. In the Ming Ningwu Pass and its garrison were established. In the Jiajing era the Three Passes garrison was established and posted at Ningwu. The Pianning circuit was also posted at Piantou; later it was divided into separate Ke'lan and Ningwu circuits. In the early Qing both were abolished in turn. In Yongzheng 3 the garrison became a prefecture with an attached seat, and Pianguan Garrison, Shenchi Fort, and Wuzhai Fort were made counties. It stood 340 li south of the provincial capital. It was 950 li from the capital. It measured 290 li in breadth and 360 li in length. North polar altitude was 39°6′. It lay 4°11′ west of the capital. It governed four counties. Ningwu was classed as a strategic post. It was the attached seat. In the Ming Ninghua Garrison was established. In Yongzheng 3 it became the prefectural seat and was established as a county. To the southwest was Guanqin Mountain; east of it lay Tianchi, below which stood the watershed divide. Westward issued the Fen River, which took Linx Creek on the left and the separate source of Louzi Mountain, turned southwest, passed Ninghua Fort, and entered Jingle. Eastward issued the Hui River, also called the Hun River, an ancient stream—the Commentary says it "issued from Leitou Mountain," and the Treatise on Geography calls it the Zhi River—which ran northeast south of the city, then northeast through Yangfang Pass, left the frontier, entered Shuo, and formed the southern source of the Sanggan. Yangfang Fort was located there. There was the Ninghua Garrison inspection office. Pianguan was classed as a strategic post. It lay 180 li north of the prefectural seat. In the Ming a defense garrison was established. It was converted in Yongzheng 3. To the east was Yajiao Mountain. To the north was Canhu. To the northwest a left distributary of the Yellow River entered from Qingshui River, passed west of Laoniuwan, and turned southwest; from the east the Guan River entered from Pinglu, joined Hongshui Gully, passed south of the district, and re-entered there. Farther southwest it entered Hequ. Laoying Fort had a defunct inspection office. Shenchi was classed as a strategic post. It lay thirty li north of the prefectural seat. In the Ming the Shenchikou inspection office was established; later Shenchi Fort garrison was added. It was converted in Yongzheng 3. To the south was Huanghua Ridge. To the southwest were Qishan, Hubei, and Hongfo. To the north the Daimu River ran west through Moshishan and took the Yijing River on the left. The river had originally been a Wei tributary; in Kangxi 36 the Sacred Emperor, on his western campaign, watered his horses here and bestowed the name Xinglong. It turned north and entered Wuzhai. Wuzhai was classed as a strategic post. It lay 100 li west of the prefectural seat. In the Ming Wuzhai city was built. It was converted in Yongzheng 3. To the southwest was Luya Mountain, the summit of Guanqin, 3,000 zhang high; above it lay Mianlian Pool—that is, Mize; below it the Qinglian River descended; the Daimu River entered from Pianguan to meet it, forming the Dajian River, which turned west and entered Hequ. Sancha Fort was located there.
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西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西
Xinzhou directly attached prefecture ranked as a strategic post and a populous jurisdiction. Under the Ming it had been a prefecture under Taiyuan. In Yongzheng 2 it was promoted, still governing Dingxiang, and Jingle was carved off from Taiyuan and attached to it. It stood 140 li southwest of the provincial capital. It was 1,300 li from the capital. It measured 360 li in breadth and 100 li in length. North polar altitude was 38°25′. It lay 3°43′ west of the capital. It governed two counties. To the south was Jizhou Mountain. To the southwest was Yunmu. To the west was Jiuyuan. To the northwest was Yunzhong, linked with Shuangjian; Yunzhong water rose there, entered Guo to the northeast, met the Xin River, and joined the Hutuo. The Hutuo strayed in again and entered Dingxiang. To the southwest was Baima Mountain, where the Muma River rose—the ancient Sanhui River—joining the Tuoluo, Daling, Qingshui, and other mountain streams and running northeast along the south of the city. There was one courier station, Jiuyuan. Dingxiang was classed as populous. It lay fifty li east of the prefectural seat. To the southeast was Qiyan Mountain. To the northeast was Shengfu. To the northwest was Heng Mountain. The Hutuo entered from the prefectural seat, ran southeast north of the city, then northeast, received the Muma River on the right, and entered Wutai. To the south was Congmeng Mountain, where the Sanhui Spring rose and flowed north to join the Muma River. To the northwest a Hutuo canal supplied irrigation. There was one garrison town, Fanglan. Jingle was classed as a strategic post. It lay 180 li west of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 2 it was transferred here from Taiyuan. To the east was Liangling Mountain. To the southeast was Tianzhu. To the northwest was Guanqin; the Fen rose on its northern slope, entered from Ningwu, passed Matou Mountain, reached the southwest of the city, took the Nian River on the left and the Lan River on the right, then ran southeast through Loufan Town, received Shilou and Linchun mountain waters on the right, and entered Jiaocheng. To the southwest the Lishi River entered Yongning. The garrison towns were Guzhen, Kugu, and Yong'an. Loufan Town also had an inspection office. There was the Kangjiahui courier station.
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西 西 西西 宿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Daizhou directly attached prefecture ranked as a strategic post, a populous jurisdiction, and a difficult one to administer. The Yanping circuit was headquartered there. Under the Ming it had been a prefecture under Taiyuan Prefecture. In Yongzheng 2 it was promoted and still governed its former counties. It stood 320 li southwest of the provincial capital. It was 770 li from the capital. North polar altitude was 39°6′. It lay 3°32′ west of the capital. It governed three counties. To the northwest was Gouzhu; its ridge was Taihe; in the Tang Yanmen Pass was established; anciently it was called Western Yu; the pass had eighteen narrows. East of it was Xiagwu; its middle peak was called Fusu. To the southeast were Shun Mountain and Guifeng. To the east the Hutuo entered from Fanshi, took E water on the left, joined Xiagwu and Yanmen waters on the right, and passed south of the city. Farther southwest it took the Yangtoushen River on the right and entered Guo. At Yanmen Pass there was one courier station. Wutai was classed as difficult to govern. It lay 140 li southeast of the prefectural seat. Wutai Mountain stood 120 li to the northeast and was also called Qingliang Mountain. The Sacred Emperor, the High Emperor, and the Ren Emperor paid thirteen visits in succession. At the Central Peak was Taihua Pool water, flowing northwest, meeting the Eling stream north of the county and issuing from Ekou into Fanshi. To the north was Jinping. To the northwest was Tieling. To the west was Ziluo. The Hutuo entered from Dingxiang, passed Dongye Town, took the Lüsi and Qingshui rivers on the left, and then entered Yu to the southeast. To the east was Wuniu Mountain, where the Zi River rose and flowed east into Pingshan in Zhili. The garrison towns were Doucun, Dongye, and Taihuai. An inspection office was stationed at Taihuai. Guo was classed as a strategic post. It lay eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Guo Mountain stood forty-five li to the southwest. West of it was Huangwei. To the south was Qian'gao. To the northwest was Baizhi. To the northeast the Hutuo entered from the prefectural seat, passed east of the city, turned south, took Yanghugu water on the right, then southwest; the Yunzhong River entered from Xin, met the Xin River, and entered Xin. The courier stations were Yuanping and Naoni. Fanshi was classed for light administration. It lay sixty li east of the prefectural seat. To the north was Ruyue Mountain. To the southeast were Hanshan and Little Wutai. To the east was Taiji. The Hutuo rose at Taihua Pool, also called the Pai River, a river of Bing Province. The Shuowen records that it "rose from Wufu Mountain in Juren County, Yanmen Commandery." Westward it met three springs, ran underground, collected Huayan waters, re-emerged, passed Shajian courier station, reached south of the city and entered the prefecture; E water followed it. East of Yantou was Baipo, where the Sha River rose and entered Fuping in Zhili—the ancient branch of the Heng River. An inspection office was stationed at Pingxing Pass. The courier stations were Pingxing and Shajian.
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西 西 西 西 西 西辿 西
Baode directly attached prefecture ranked as a strategic post and a populous jurisdiction. It was under the Yanping circuit. Under the Ming it had been a prefecture under Taiyuan. In Yongzheng 2 it was promoted, and Hequ and Xing were carved off and attached to it. In year 8 Xing returned to Taiyuan jurisdiction. It stood 465 li southeast of the provincial capital. It was 1,715 li from the capital. It measured 210 li in breadth and 111 li in length. North polar altitude was 39°4′. It lay 5°40′ west of the capital. It governed one county. South of the city stood Lianhua Mountain. To the southeast was Matou. To the southwest was Yangtou. To the northeast was Shiti. A left distributary of the Yellow River entered from Hequ, passed north of the city, turned west to Huayuan Fort; Hulü mountain water entered and formed Zhujiachuan. Farther southwest it joined Peijiachuan and entered Xing. Hequ was classed as a strategic post. It lay 120 li northeast of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it had been under Taiyuan. It was reorganized in Yongzheng 2. In Qianlong 29 the Hebao garrison was moved to become the present seat, with rugged mountains blocking it to the east. To the south was Cuifeng. To the southwest was Huoshan. To the northeast a left distributary of the Yellow River entered from Pianguan and passed the great ford west of the city. Farther southwest, from the east the Qinglian River entered from Wuzhai, forming the Liujian River and entering there—the ancient Mize—and then entered the prefecture. The Hulushan stream joined it. A patrol office for Heyi was posted at the old county seat. In Qianlong 29 the seat was moved to Hebao Camp, the present administrative center.
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西 西 西 西西 西 西
Guihua City Department ranked as a strategic post, a populous jurisdiction, an exhausted one, and a difficult one to administer. The frontier defense deputy lieutenant-general of the Guisui circuit was based here. In the Jiajing reign of the Ming, Mongols held Fengzhou; this was Western Tumed. They pastured their herds there and built a city, and later, when enfeoffed as Prince of Shunyi, they named the city Guihua. In Tiancong 8 they submitted to the Qing. In Shunzhi 3 left and right wings and four deputy lieutenant-generals were established. In Yongzheng 1 a sub-prefect for frontier affairs was appointed, posted at Xihe under Shuoping prefecture. In Qianlong 1 two assistant sub-prefects for frontier affairs were added, and the Suiyuan department was created. In the sixth year the Guisui circuit was established; the department and the two assistant sub-prefects came under it. In the twenty-fifth year the assistant sub-prefects were abolished and the sub-prefect was moved to the city. The left and right wings and the deputy lieutenant-generals were abolished. One deputy lieutenant-general remained, sharing the post. In Guangxu 10 the post was changed to a civil sub-prefect. It stood 960 li south of the provincial capital. It was 1,180 li from the capital. Its breadth was 180 li and its length 290 li. North polar altitude was 40°49′. It lay 4°48′ west of the capital. To the north was the Daqing range—the Yin Mountains—with the ancient White Road Stream. Its foothills included Shilü to the west, Keshou to the northwest, and Ulan Chab, Harqin, and Zhongshan to the northeast. The Jin River—the ancient Manggan stream, popularly called the Great Black River—ran southwest past the south of the department. On the left it received the Little Black River—the Purple River, the ancient Wuquan stream. Farther southwest it took in the Harji River from the right and entered Tokto. The Kelu River—the ancient White Road—was joined by the Zhongxi stream. There were twenty-two karun checkpoints. There were four courier stations. There were patrol offices—one in the city, also serving as jail warden, and one at Biqi keqi. Postal relay was available.
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Salaqi Department ranked as a strategic post, a populous jurisdiction, an exhausted one, and a difficult one to administer. It was under the Guisui circuit. Early in the Ming it had been Yunnei Prefecture, later Yunnei County under Fengzhou, and was soon abolished. In Qianlong 4 assistant sub-prefects were appointed for Salaqi and Shandai. In the sixth year it came under the Guisui circuit. In the twenty-fifth year it was made a frontier affairs department and the Shandai assistant sub-prefect was abolished and absorbed into it. In Tongzhi 4 a sub-prefect was appointed. In Guangxu 10 it was changed to civil administration. It stood 1,200 li southeast of the provincial capital. It was 1,420 li from the capital. Its breadth was 250 li and its length 100 li. North polar altitude was 40°39′. It lay 5°16′ west of the capital. It also concurrently administered territory of the Ordos Left Rear Banner. For that territory the breadth was 430 li and the length 220 li. To the northwest were Niutou, Chaona Mountain, and Jia Mountain. To the north was Suwei. To the east was Baihongke'er. A left distributary of the Yellow River entered from Wuyuan's southern border and flowed east; the Baotou and Wudang rivers both joined it from the north; it passed Sha'erqin village, continued east to the south of the department, united with the Suerzhe and Maodai rivers, and entered Tokto. The Chasu River entered Tokto. There were five karun checkpoints. There was one courier station at the department seat. One patrol office, also serving as jail warden, was posted at Baotou Town. Postal relay was available.
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西 西西 西
Qingshuihe Department ranked as a populous jurisdiction, an exhausted one, and a difficult one to administer. It was under the Guisui circuit. Under the Ming a thousand-household post of the Dongsheng Guard was established. In Qianlong 1 an assistant sub-prefect for frontier affairs was appointed. In the sixth year it came under the Guisui circuit. In the twenty-fifth year it was made a frontier affairs department. In Guangxu 10 it was changed to a civil sub-prefect. It stood 920 li southeast of the provincial capital. It was 1,020 li from the capital. Its breadth was 135 li and its length 140 li. North polar altitude was 40°06′. It lay 4°48′ west of the capital. To the east were Ebotu Mountain and Lianling. To the southeast was Tuitui, with Junzi Ford. To the northwest a left distributary of the Yellow River entered from Tokto and passed Hongshankou; the Qingshui River entered from Pinglu to the southeast and took in the Tangxi River from the right; flowing northwest it passed San Chahe to the south of the department. Farther northwest it passed beyond the ancient Great Wall, met the Tumao River on the left—also called the Red River—and received the ancient Zhongling stream; it then continued south into Pianguan. A patrol office, also serving as jail warden, was posted at the department seat. Postal relay was available.
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西 西 西 西 祿 西 西
Fengzhen Department ranked as a populous jurisdiction, an exhausted one, and a difficult one to administer. It was under the Guisui circuit. Under the Ming it was borderland outside Datong and the Yanghe and Tiancheng guards. In Kangxi 14 Chahar Mongol divisions were moved to station there. In Yongzheng 12 the Fengchuan Guard and Zhenning post were established, supervised by the Great-Shuo sub-prefect for frontier affairs. In Qianlong 15 it was reorganized and the Datong and Yanghe sub-prefects were moved to station there. In the thirty-third year the seat returned to its former location and a Datong sub-prefect for frontier affairs was added. In Guangxu 10 it was changed to civil administration. It stood 670 li south of the provincial capital. It was 860 li from the capital. Its breadth was 230 li and its length 220 li. North polar altitude was 40°30′. It lay 3°12′ west of the capital. To the north were Jianzi Mountain and Langtou. To the northwest was Liuyun. To the east was Panyang. To the northeast were Daqing and Niuxin. To its southwest Huluhai issued muddy water and is now called the Yu River. It bent southwest, took in Dakezhuang water on the left—the ancient Xuanhong Pool—passed Gu Qingliang, took in Jianzi Mountain water from the right, and reached Xincheng Bay southeast of the department. On the right it met the Desheng River, the ancient Yang stream, and entered Datong. To the northeast, at Wuluhu Beach, the Dongyang River issued—the ancient Xiu stream, also called the Yan stream; it flowed east past Nianfangyao and entered Zhili Zhangjiakou. To its south at Hulusu Platform the Xiyang River issued—the ancient Yanxiang stream—and the Nangou stream; they passed Mashikou and entered Tianzhen. Farther west at Qingliang Ridge the Nanyang River issued—the ancient Yanmen stream; flowing south it passed Shoukou Fort and entered Yanggao, reaching both. Except for the Dongyang, all crossed the border. There were three patrol offices: one posted in the city, also serving as jail warden; one at Erdao River; and one at Zhanggao'er. Erdao River was later reorganized to establish the Xinghe department. Postal relay was available.
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Tokto Department ranked as a populous jurisdiction, an exhausted one, and a difficult one to administer. It was under the Guisui circuit. Under the Ming it had been the Dongsheng Left Guard. In the Jiajing reign it came under Tumed. It was called Tuotuo, also called Tokto. In Qianlong 1 an assistant sub-prefect for frontier affairs was added. In the twenty-fifth year it was made a frontier affairs department. In Guangxu 10 it was changed to a civil sub-prefect. It stood 860 li southeast of the provincial capital. It was 1,100 li from the capital. Its breadth was 85 li and its length 130 li. It also administered territory of the Ordos Right Rear Banner west of the river. For that territory the breadth was 130 li and the length 150 li. North polar altitude was 40°30′. It lay 4°40′ west of the capital. To the south was Red Mountain, the ancient Yuanhu. To the northwest a left distributary of the Yellow River entered from Salaqi. The Great Black River entered from the east at Guihua, met Huangshui on the left, then flowed west and met the Kelu on the right, reaching the northeast of the department where it united with the Chasu River. It passed north of the department; formerly it gathered as Dai Shan Lake—the ancient Manggan stream—joining the south source of the White Road Zhongxi Saishui that fed Shaling Lake, and again entered there from the west. It then continued south into Qingshuihe. A patrol office, also serving as jail warden, was posted there. Postal relay was available.
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Ningyuan Department ranked as a strategic post, an exhausted jurisdiction, and a difficult one to administer. It was under the Guisui circuit. Under the Ming it had been the Xuande Guard. Later it became borderland outside Datong. In Kangxi 16 a Chahar division was split off to station there. In Yongzheng 12 the Ningshuo Guard and Huaiyuan post were established, supervised by the Great-Shuo sub-prefect for frontier affairs. In Qianlong 15 it was reorganized and the Shuoping sub-prefect was moved to station there. In the twenty-first year it was changed to a sub-prefect for frontier affairs. In Guangxu 10 it was changed to civil administration. It stood 810 li south of the provincial capital. It was 1,020 li from the capital. Its breadth was 180 li and its length 290 li. North polar altitude was 40°21′. It lay 3°52′ west of the capital. To the east was Houshan. To the north were Cangpan, Hanman, and Pingding. The south source of the Great Black River, the Yongxing River, issued—the ancient Baiqu stream. To its south at Canhe Pass, present Xigoumen, the ancient Wo stream issued and is now called the Ningyuan River. Flowing south it passed Jiangjun Ridge, took in Ningyuan Fort water on the left—the ancient Kebuoni stream—and crossed the Great Wall. To the northeast, at Pingding, the Yongxing River issued east at Sidao'ao; the Desheng River issued, passed Fengcheng Gully, and entered Fengzhen. To its north was the Great Sea, the ancient Zhuvwen Marsh, with a circumference of more than 100 li. To its south was the Little Sea, the Salt Marsh of the Geography, anciently called Canhe Marsh at Tongmu. A patrol office was posted there. Postal relay was available. There had formerly been a Kebo'er patrol office, later reorganized to establish the Taolin department.
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Horinger Department ranked as a populous jurisdiction, an exhausted one, and a difficult one to administer. It was under the Guisui circuit. Under the Ming the Yulin and Yunchuan guards were established. Later it was held by the Mongol Western Tumed. In the Kangxi reign a relay station called Ershijiazi was established—in Mongolian, Horinger. In Qianlong 1 an assistant sub-prefect for frontier affairs was appointed. In the twenty-fifth year it was made a frontier affairs department. In Guangxu 10 it was changed to a civil sub-prefect. It stood 840 li south of the provincial capital. It was 1,060 li from the capital. Its breadth was 170 li and its length 180 li. North polar altitude was 40°20′. It lay 4°24′ west of the capital. To the east was Jiufeng Mountain. To the west was Motian Ridge. To the south was Dasong. To the southeast was Yulin. The Tumao River entered from Youyu, crossed the border and passed Shankou Pass, met the Ningyuan River on the right, ran along its foot, and reached the department from the northwest. To the southwest it bent west and entered Qingshuihe. To the northeast Huangshui entered from Ningyuan, flowed west past the north of the department, and entered Tokto. A patrol office, also serving as jail warden, was posted there. Postal relay was available.
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Xinghe Department: in early Ming, northern borderlands of the Tiancheng Guard. In Guangxu 22 it was established from the Erdao River patrol office of Fengzhen and placed under the Guisui circuit. It stood 890 li southwest of the provincial capital. It was 1,070 li from the capital. Its breadth and length were not recorded. To the north was the Daqing range. To the southeast Shuiquan entered. To the northwest the Dongyang River entered from the Chahar Banner. The two sources united, flowed east and west past the north of the department, and entered Zhili Zhangjiakou. Postal relay was available.
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Taolin Department ranked as a key post. It was under the Guisui circuit. Under the Ming it was borderland outside Datong. In Guangxu 29 it was established from the Kebo'er patrol office of Ningyuan department. It stood 1,300 li southwest of the provincial capital. It was 1,450 li from the capital. Its breadth and length were not recorded. To the north was Yimatu Mountain. To the south was Huitou Ridge. The south source of the Great Black River, the Huangshui River—the ancient Baiqu stream—issued from Dadonggou, flowed southwest past Wuba, and entered Ningyuan. Postal relay was available.
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Wuchuan Department ranked as a key post. It was under the Guisui circuit. Under the Ming it was a Western Tumed pasture. In Guangxu 29 it was established from the northern border district of Wenggun, with its seat at Wulanhua and administration from Guihua City. It stood 1,170 li south of the provincial capital. It was 1,290 li from the capital. Its breadth and length were not recorded. To the north was Tuoketu Mountain. To the northwest was Keshou. To the east was the Ulan Chab spring source, the department seat. There was one postal relay station.
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Wuyuan Department ranked as a key post. It was under the Guisui circuit. In Guangxu 29 a civil sub-prefect was established by splitting off Xingshengwang from the western border of Salaqi, with its seat at Longxingchang and administration from Baotou Town. It stood 1,790 li southeast of the provincial capital. It was 2,110 li from the capital. North polar altitude was 40°39′. It lay 5°16′ west of the capital. To the northwest was Yang Mountain. To the north were the Yin Mountains. The Yellow River looped around Inner Mongolian Ordos from beyond the Gansu border, then bent east from Urad along its southern foothills and entered. There was Ebo Pass, the ancient Goyang Road. Flowing east again it passed south of the department, united with the Botuo River, and entered Salaqi. Postal relay was available.
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Dongsheng Department ranked as a key post. It was under the Guisui circuit. Early in the Ming it was the western border of the Dongsheng Guard and the Ordos lands of the Shaanxi Yulin Guard; later it was inhabited by Yuan descendants. In Guangxu 32 it was established from reclaimed land of the Ordos Left Middle Prince, Right Front End Zasak Banner, with its seat at Yanghaochang and administration from Baotou Town in Salaqi. North polar altitude was 40°49′. It lay 4°48′ west of the capital. To the northwest the Yellow River entered from Ordos along Wuyuan to the north of the department, then bent southeast into Salaqi. The border wall entered from the west at Shaanxi Yulin. Farther east postal relay was available.
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