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卷61 志三十六 地理八 山东

Volume 61 Treatises 36: Geography 8, Shan Dong

Chapter 61 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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Treatise 36
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Geography 8
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Shandong
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使 西 西
Shandong lay within the domains of the Qing, Xu, Yan, and Yu regions described in the Tribute of Yu. Under the Ming it was organized as the Shandong Provincial Administration Commission. The early Qing retained this arrangement. In Yongzheng 2 (1724), six departments—Tai'an, Wuding, and Bin under Jinan Prefecture and Jining, Cao, and Yi under Yanzhou Prefecture—were elevated to directly administered status. In Yongzheng 8, Jining was again placed under Yanzhou Prefecture. In Yongzheng 12, Wuding and Yi were raised to prefectural rank, and Bin was transferred to Wuding's jurisdiction. In Yongzheng 13, Tai'an and Cao were likewise elevated to prefectures. In Qianlong 41 (1776), Jining and Linqing were once more made directly administered departments. In total the province comprised ten prefectures, two directly administered departments, eight subordinate departments, and ninety-six counties. It lay to the south of the capital. Eight hundred li. To the east it reached the sea; a distance of one thousand three hundred li. To the west it reached the border of Yuancheng County in Zhili; a distance of three hundred forty li. To the south it reached the border of Pei County in Jiangnan; a distance of five hundred seventy li. To the north it reached the border of Ningjin County in Zhili. Two hundred forty li. It measured one thousand six hundred forty li from east to west and eight hundred li from north to south. Its latitude ranged from 34°35′ to 38°20′ north. Relative to the capital it lay from 1°25′ west to 6°40′ east in longitude. In Xuantong 3 (1911) there were 5,377,872 registered households and a population of 31,306,944.
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沿 西 西 簿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 谿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Jinan Prefecture: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the provincial governor and of the administration, education, judicial, and salt-transport commissioners, as well as the Jidong Taiwu Lin, patrol, and promotion-of-industry intendancies. Originally, following Ming practice, it served as the provincial capital and governed four departments and twenty-six counties. During the Yongzheng reign Wuding, Tai'an, and Bin were made directly administered departments, and nine counties—including Yangxin, Laiwu, and Lijin—were transferred to their jurisdiction. It lay eight hundred li north of the capital. It measured three hundred sixty li from east to west and two hundred eighty li from north to south. Its latitude was 36°45′ north. It lay 41′ east of the capital in longitude. It governed one department and fifteen counties. Licheng County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the prefecture. To the south of the city stood Mount Li. To the east stood Mount Hua Bu Zhu. To the southeast lay the Changcheng Range, where the Yu River has its source. The Jinyun River passes through Changqing and joins the Yellow River. This was the former channel of the Da Qing and Ji Rivers; the right branch of the Yellow River enters here. To the northwest it passes Mount Yao and runs north to Luokou Town. Farther northeast it passes Mount Que. South of the mountain the New Xiaoqing River enters, runs along the north side of the city wall, receives Daming Lake on the right, then flows east past Mount Yu, where it absorbs the Juhe, Guanlu, and Wuyuan rivers before continuing together into Zhangqiu. Today Daming Lake lies within the city walls and is fed only by springs such as Pearl Spring and Zhuoying Spring; it is the West Lake of Song times and not a remnant from before the Tang. It had a patrol station at Shengongji. An assistant magistrate was posted at Tancheng. It had the Longshan courier station. The Jinpu and Jiaoji railways passed through. Zhangqiu County: rated commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred ten li east of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Changbai, Dongling, and Pingding. To the southwest stood Mount Wei; and Mount Ji. The Water Classic Commentary states that "the Juhe River rises in the northwest"; it passes Yuke Spring Village and joins the Wuyuan and Guanlu rivers, enters Licheng, and flows into the New Xiaoqing River. The New Xiaoqing re-enters from the northwest and on the right joins the Xiujiang—that is, the Gou River—which flows into the Baimai River. The Baimai rises at the old site of Tugu and passes the old Yangqiu city and Huangjin Fort. The Xiaoqing River then flows northeast through Jiazhuang and enters Qidong. To its north the right branch of the Yellow River enters from Licheng and runs along the Jiyang border. Formerly the Xiaoqing drew its headwaters from the Luo River; today its main source is the Tuo River, while a separate branch rises southeast at Yehu Ridge, flows northwest past Mount Qinglong and the old sites of Tugu and Ningqi, then turns east into Zouping along the former course of the Xiaoqing. It had Puji Town. Zouping County: rated fiscally strained. It lay one hundred sixty-five li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Changbai. To the southeast stood Mount Huang. To the southwest lay Jiulong. To the north the New Xiaoqing River enters from Qidong and flows east into Changshan. To the northwest the Tuo River enters from Zhangqiu, passes Mount Hu and the Luo marsh, becomes the Qinghe Channel to the northeast, and joins the waters of Changshan. To the southeast the Xiaofu River—that is, the Long River—enters in a winding course from Changshan. On the left it receives the Baitiao Channel and the Sha River, passes the tomb of Fu Sheng, bends northeast, and re-enters Changshan. Its former course passed the old site of Liangzou. It had Sunjia Town. Zichuan County: rated lightly administered. It lay two hundred twenty li east and slightly south of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Yuan, where the Zi River has its source. To the south lay the Zhulong River, commonly called the Xiaofu—that is, the Long River—which enters from Boshan, runs southwest of the city, receives the Pan River on the right, and then flows north past Mount Fu. The Tashui River rises at Mount Huang, passes the old site of Changguo, and receives the Jinsi River from the left—this was the ancient Dehui River. On the left it receives the Mengshui and flows into Changshan. A railway passed through. Changshan County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred ninety li east of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Changbai. To the south stood Mount Feng. To the northwest stood Mount Xin. The Qinghe River enters from Zouping, turns north, and flows into Gaoyuan. The Qinghe Channel flows east into Xincheng. To the southeast the Xiaofu River enters from Zichuan, receives Yuzigou on the left, winds through Zouping, and re-enters the county. It had Zhoucun Town. Xincheng County: rated lightly administered. It lay two hundred sixteen li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Shang. To the northwest the Qinghe Channel enters from Changshan and spreads right into Qingsha Marsh, which has silted up. To the east lay the Wu River—that is, the Shi River—which passes the old site of Xi'an, receives the Laozi River on the left, turns north past Huicheng Lake into Boxing, and westward connects with Mada Lake. To the northwest the Xiaofu River enters from Changshan and on the right joins the Zhenghuang Channel and the Xi River, where distributaries of the Shi River converge. Qihe County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It lay fifty li west of the prefectural seat. To the southwest the left branch of the Yellow River enters from Changqing, runs south of the city wall, and then flows east into Licheng. To the north the Tuhai River enters from Yucheng. The Zhaoniu River enters from Changqing to the southwest, splits into the Cha River and flows together into Yucheng; the main channel then re-enters the county, receives the Nilun River from the right, and flows east past Liangjiazhuang into Lingyi. It had Liuhong Town. It had a courier station at Yancheng. Qidong County: rated fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred fifty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the northwest the right branch of the Yellow River entered from Jiyang, passed Yan'an Town, and then ran east along the Huimin border into Qingcheng. To the south the New Xiaoqing River entered from Zhangqiu, passed the old site of Linji, and flowed east into Zouping. The Jianshui River and the Ba River were filled in. It had Linhe Town. Jiyang County: rated fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. The left branch of the Yellow River entered from Yucheng, ran south of the city wall, and then flowed northeast along the Qidong border into the county. To the northwest the Tuhai and Shanghe rivers both entered from Lingyi, turned north, and flowed into Shanghe Town. It had two towns: Huihe and Xinshi. Yucheng County: rated strategic. It lay one hundred ten li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest the Tuhai River entered from Gaotang, was partly silted up, passed Sanchakou, received the Luo River and the Guanshi, Zhaoniu, and Cha rivers on the right, ran northwest of the city wall, and then flowed northeast into Qihe. The Zhaoniu River wound into the county, joined the Wencong and Diaoqiang rivers on the right, and rejoined the main stream to flow into it. An assistant magistrate was posted at Yucheng Bridge. It had Xin'an Town. It had Liupu courier station. The railway passed through. Lingyi County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred forty li north of the prefectural seat. To the south the Tuhai River entered from Yucheng and the Shanghe River from Qihe to the southeast; both flowed east into Jiyang. To the west the Goupan River entered from Ling along the border and ran northeast back into the county; both channels were silted up. Changqing County: rated strategic, commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay seventy li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Qixu. To the southeast stood Mount Fang, which had a traveling palace. To the northeast lay Guanmei. To the southwest lay Xiaotang, the ancient Wu Mountain. The Yellow River entered from Feicheng, ran northwest of the city wall, and received the Nansha River on the right. This was the stream of which the Water Classic Commentary says, "It rises from the Binxigou of Mount Gema in the south, passes north of the old city wall of Lu County, and joins the Zhongchuan River." It then ran northeast along the Qihe border to receive the Yu River, while the New Xiaoqing to the south flowed together into Licheng. To the southwest the Zhaoniu River entered from Chiping, received the Zhaowang River on the right, and flowed north into Qihe. An assistant magistrate was posted at Zhangxia Town. It had two courier stations: Gushan and Changcheng. Ling County: rated lightly administered. It lay two hundred li northwest of the prefectural seat. The county seat and Dezhou had repeatedly shifted locations relative to each other. In Ming Yongle 7 (1409) the western New Gejin River entered from Dezhou, looped around the city and turned east, received the Duma and Zhaowang rivers on the right, and the Goupan River entered from Yucheng farther east; all flowed together into Deoping and later dried up. It had Zibo Town. Dezhou: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It lay two hundred sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. The grain transport commissioner was posted here. To the south the Grand Canal entered from En and ran north past the west side of the city wall. Its southern branch, the Sinvsi Temple Reduction Canal, discharged seaward along the Tan reach. The old Yellow River course ran northeast of the city wall at Shaomaying as the northern branch and flowed together into Zhili. To the southeast the Majia River—that is, the Duma River—entered from Pingyuan; the Water Classic Commentary says "it passes south of the old Linqi city," and today it runs along Lin Town, where an assistant prefectural magistrate was posted, then northeast into Deoping. Its New Gejin River flowed northeast into Ling but was silted up. The old Ge city stood there, and the ancient channel lay on the site. The old Yellow River course was the Tunshi channel; the Duma was its separate Henan branch. It had courier stations at Sangyuan and An'de. It also had two canal courier stations: Liangdian and Liangjiazhuang. The railway passed through. Deoping County: rated difficult to govern. It lay two hundred fifty li north of the prefectural seat. To the west the Majia River entered from Dezhou, received a small river on the right, flowed northeast into Leling and Ningjin in Zhili, and below reached the Yue River mouth at Haifeng to enter the sea. Entering from Yuanzhou in Zhili, it ran six hundred forty-eight li in all within Shandong. To the south the Goupan River entered from Ling, flowed northeast into Shanghe, and had dried up. It had Huairen Town. Pingyuan County: rated strategic. It lay one hundred eighty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the west the Majia River from Xiajin ran along the border and joined the Pu River; to the east the old course of the New Gejin River both flowed north into Dezhou. To the east the Duma Channel, which formerly joined the Zhaowang River to enter Ling, had dried up. It had Shuiwu Town. It had Taoyuan courier station. The railway passed through.
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沿 西 西 西 西西 西西 西 西 西
Dongchang Prefecture: rated strategic and commercially busy. It was subordinate to the Jidong Taiwu Lin circuit. At first, following the Ming system, it governed three departments and five counties. During the Yongzheng and Qianlong periods Pu and Linqing were placed under direct administration, and Fan, Guancheng, Chaocheng, Xiajin, and Qiu were detached. It lay two hundred twenty li east of the provincial seat. It measured two hundred twenty li across and two hundred eighty li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was thirty-six degrees thirty-three minutes. It lay eighteen minutes west of the capital. It governed one department and nine counties. Liaocheng County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the prefecture. To the south lay the Grand Canal—that is, the Huitong Canal—which entered from Yanggu, branched on the right into the Zhaoniu and Mei rivers, and flowed into Chiping. It had Wangguan Town. It had the Chongwu canal courier station. Tangyi County: rated strategic and fiscally strained. It lay forty li west of the prefectural seat. To the northeast the Grand Canal entered from Liaocheng and passed Liangxiang Sluice. To the southwest the Majia River entered from Guan, passed Zhangjiatang, crossed the Grand Canal, and flowed together into Boping. Hougu Town had a walled settlement. Boping County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay forty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the southwest the Grand Canal entered from Tangyi, passed Tuqiao Sluice, and ran northwest to Tianjiakou. To its west the Majia River entered from Tangyi and again crossed the canal to the northwest. To the west the Tuhai River entered from Liaocheng, passed Dengjia Bridge, received the Mei River on the right, turned northeast along the Shanshi former channel into Chiping, and had dried up. Chiping County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It lay sixty li northeast of the prefectural seat. The Guanshi River rose at Lizhuang, gathered the small Fengxin River, and flowed northeast into Yucheng. To the northwest the Tuhai River wound in from Boping and entered Gaotang. To the west the Mei River wound in from Liaocheng and entered Boping.
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西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西
To the south the Zhaoniu River entered from Liaocheng, wound through Dong'a and re-entered the county, and flowed into Changqing. To the west lay the old Yellow River course. It had four channel mouths. It had Guangping Town. Qingping County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay seventy li north and slightly east of the prefectural seat. To the southwest the Grand Canal entered from Tangyi, passed north through Weijiawan—where an inspection post was stationed—and flowed into Linqing. To the west the Majia River re-entered from Boping and flowed into Gaotang. The old Yellow River course entered from Linqing in the northwest and flowed into Xiajin. It had a canal courier station. Shen County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred li west of the prefectural seat. To the northwest the Majia River—the route of the Song-period Liuta and Ergu channels—entered from Chaocheng and flowed northeast into Guan. To the east lay the old Shanshi River, which entered from Chaocheng and flowed into Liaocheng; a branch flowed into Yanggu. It had Maqiao Town. Guan County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred li west of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Yan Mountain; the Majia River entered from Shen and flowed into Tangyi. To its west the old Yellow River course passed twenty li northwest of Ranzi's tomb and flowed east into Guantao. The Song-period northern-branch former channel twice broke into the Majia River during the Qianlong and Daoguang reigns; where it reached the prefectural border it entered the Grand Canal and caused flooding. Its old course ran north along the Chen Gong embankment into Guantao and Linqing, blocked the canal, reached outside the old city wall as the Sha River, and flowed into Wuqiao in Zhili. Guantao County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Guantao Town. It had a disused inspection post. Mount Tao lay forty li to the southwest. The Wei River—the Sui Yongji Canal—entered from Yuancheng in Zhili, joined the Zhang River on the left, passed northeast of Qiaoting city, met the old Yellow River on the right, and flowed into Linqing. To its north lay the Tunshi channel. Gaotang County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 8 (1730) it was made directly administered; in Yongzheng 12 (1734) its subordinate counties Yucheng, Pingyuan, Linyi, and Ling were detached. Mount Gaotang lay five li to the northeast. To the southeast the Tuhai River entered from Chiping and flowed northeast into Yucheng. The Geographic Treatise states, "River water from Ling County branches out as the Mingdu River." Along its former channel the Majia River entered from Qingping in the southwest and flowed north into Xiajin; both courses had dried up. It had Guhe Town. It had the Yuqiu courier station. En County: rated strategic, commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred eighty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the northwest the Wei River wound in from Wucheng. To the southwest the old Yellow River, the southern Majia River, and the left-branch channel all entered from Xiajin and flowed into De. At Sinvsi an assistant magistrate was stationed. It had the Taiping courier station.
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沿 西 西 西 西西 西西 簿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西
Tai'an Prefecture: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to the Jidong Taiwu Lin circuit. At first, following the Ming system, it was a department subordinate to Jinan. In Yongzheng 2 (1724) it was made directly administered and governed Xintai, Laiwu, and Changqing. Changqing was soon exchanged for Feicheng. In the thirteenth year it was elevated to a prefecture, an attached seat was added, and Dongping together with its subordinate counties Dong'a and Pingyin were reduced and placed under its jurisdiction. It lay eighty li north of the provincial seat. It measured four hundred thirty li from east to west and one hundred seventy li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was thirty-six degrees fifteen minutes. It lay fifty-two minutes east of the capital. It governed one department and six counties. Tai'an County: rated strategic, commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the prefecture. Mount Tai lay five li to the north. As the Eastern Peak, also called Daizong, it measured roughly one hundred sixty li in circumference and forty li in height and had an imperial traveling palace. To the south stood Jieshi, Shilü, Tingting, and Liangfu. To the southeast stood Guishan and Culai. To the southwest stood Sheshou and Gaoli. South of its peak the Wen River entered from Laiwu, joined the Tianjin River on the right and the Mouwen on the left, ran southwest past the Bo old city, and received the North Wen, Pan River, Shiwen, and Huanshui on the right. The North Wen's northern outlet formed the Sha River, which flowed into Changqing. Farther southwest it passed Yang Pass and the Long old city. To the southeast the Zi River entered from Ningyang, passed Daishan, Liangfu, and the Chai old city—called the Chaiwen—and the You River and Xianyuan River joined it from the left. Farther southwest, at Dawenkou it ran along the border past the south of the Wenyang old city, joined the Xi Zhuo—the old She River—and flowed into Dongping. To the northwest stood Huangshan; the Fei River rose there and flowed west into Feicheng. It had sixty-six springs supplying the canal transport system. It had Jingfeng Town. Loudé formerly had an inspection post, later replaced by an assistant prefect. At Anjiazhuang a registrar was stationed. Feicheng County: rated lightly administered. It lay seventy li west of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) it was transferred from Jinan to this prefecture. To the west stood Jinniu Mountain. To the northwest stood Taoshan, Wushan, and Huangya. To the southeast there was a waterfall. To the south stood Matou; the Sha River rose there, also called the Small Huifei River, turned southeast, received the Gushan, Yellow, and Zhaowang rivers on the right, turned northwest, and all flowed northeast into Changqing. The Fan Gong River had been silted up. It had twelve springs supplying the canal transport system. It had Shiheng Town. It had the Qingquan canal courier station. Xintai County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay one hundred fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood a mountain; to the southwest stood Guishan. To the northwest stood Xinfu. To the north stood Qingsha Pass. To the northeast stood Longtang; the Small Wen—that is, the Mouwen—rose there, ran southwest past Aoyang Town, received Pingyang, Xizhou, Suzhuang, and Yangliu on the right and the Guangming River on the left, passed Lingchabao, and flowed into Tai'an. It had forty springs supplying the canal transport system. It had the Shangsizhuang inspection post. It had the Aoyang courier station. Laiwu County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred twenty li east of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Guanshan. To the north stood Yinyang. To the southeast stood Dashi. To the south stood Anqi. To the northwest stood Yangqiu. To the northeast stood Shaoshan; and Mount Yuan. The Geographic Treatise states, "The Zi River rises on its northern slope and flows east into Boshan." The Rites of Zhou records, "Youzhou—its marshes are Zishi." The Wen River rose on its southern slope as the so-called Yingwen, wound southwest, gathered the Heihu, Xinxing, and Yuchi springs, passed the Ying county old city, and flowed into Tai'an. To the southeast the Mouwen entered from Mengyin, passed the Mou county old city, gathered Xiangshuiwan, Haiyan Spring, and the Xiaoyi River, reached south of the city, turned west again, joined the Sima River on the left, and followed it. It had forty-nine springs supplying the canal transport system. Dongping Department: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred forty li west of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it belonged to Yanzhou. In Yongzheng 8 (1730) it was made directly administered. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) it was reduced and stripped of the subordinate counties Dong'a, Pingyin, Yanggu, and Shouzhang. To the north stood Canwei Mountain and Hushan; Longshan was Weishan. To the east the Wen River entered from Tai'an, received the Hui River on the right; the Ming built Dai Village Dam to block it, and it flowed southwest into Wenshang. Where it overflowed westward it took the Qi Channel and ran north of Longgu as the Daqing River. Where it ran south of the embankment the Xiaoqing joined the Longgong River—the so-called "two Wen south of the city"—flanked the seat to Ma Pass and united. Farther northwest the Yellow River entered from Shouzhang in the west and seized its course. The Grand Canal was the Yuan Huitong Canal; later it entered from Wenshang through Liangshan Marsh, was cut off east of Mount Anshi, and merged into Dong'a. Anshan Lake and the Chi River were both silted up. It had thirty-five springs supplying the canal transport system. Dong'a County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay two hundred ten li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northeast stood Gucheng Mountain. To the southeast stood Yuncui. To the northwest stood Qushan. To the southwest the Yellow River seized the Daqing from Dongping and entered, passed Yushan—where the Water Classic Commentary places the Majia mouth. Farther northwest it received the Langxi on the right and flowed into Pingyin. To the northwest the Zhaowang River followed it; its main channel, the Zhaoniu River, entered in a winding course from Chiping; both had dried up. The ancient Yellow River and the Huzi channel were silted up. The Grand Canal crossed the Yellow River from Dongping, passed Taocheng Post Station, and entered Yanggu. The old Grand Canal was silted up. It had four towns: Yangliu, Anping, Nangu, and Xinqiao. It had two post stations: Jiuxian and Tongshan. Pingyin County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it belonged to Dongping. In Yongzheng 12 (1735) it was transferred to this prefecture. To the west stood Qishan. To the northwest stood Yushan. To the southwest the Yellow River entered from Dong'a, received Jinshui on the right, ran northwest of the city wall, and then flowed east into Feicheng. Its Fei River entered in the southeast, joined Liugou Spring, turned south, and flowed into Dongping. To the northwest the Zhaowang River entered from Dong'a and branched into Feicheng and Changqing. The ancient Yellow River course was silted up. It had Huakou Town.
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沿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Wuding Prefecture: rated commercially busy and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to the Jidong Taiwu Lin circuit. At first following the Ming system, in early Yongle the Jin Di Prefecture was renamed Le'an; in early Xuande, after the pacification of Han commoners, it was renamed Wu'an. Under the Qing system it was a department subordinate to Jinan governing three counties. In Yongzheng 2 (1724) it was made directly administered. In Yongzheng 12 (1735) it was elevated to a prefecture with an attached seat; Bin was reduced and together with its subordinate counties Lijin, Zhanhua, and Putai, and Jinan's Qingcheng and Shanghe, were placed under its jurisdiction. It lay two hundred li southwest of the provincial seat. It measured two hundred eighty li from east to west and two hundred seventy li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was thirty-seven degrees thirty-four minutes. It lay one degree thirteen minutes east of the capital. It governed one department and nine counties. Huimin County: rated commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the prefecture. At the beginning of the Ming it was abolished and merged into the department. It was restored in Yongzheng 12 (1735). To the south the left branch of the Yellow River entered from Jiyang, passed Qinghekou, and flowed west into Jinan. The Tuo River passed east from Shanghe through Niesuo Town; together with the Qing River, which ran west via Yongli and Zhijiao, it also entered Bin. Farther north the Sha and Shang rivers entered separately and united as the Sha River, passed Zhongjiaying and Yangxin, received Huimin Ditch on the right, and then the Goupan River entered from the northwest. Qingcheng County: rated lightly administered. It lay sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 12 (1735) it was transferred from Jinan to this prefecture. The right branch of the Yellow River entered from Qidong, passed east of Donggou, and flowed east into Bin. It had Tianzhen. Yangxin County: rated fiscally strained. It lay forty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the southwest the Goupan River entered from Huimin, passed Hongmiaozhuang—also called Xin River, from which the county took its name—and flowed northeast into Zhanhua, where it dried up. The Sha River entered in a winding course and rejoined it. It had Qinfeng Town. Haifeng County: rated lightly administered. It lay sixty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the northwest stood Liushan. The sea lay one hundred fifty li to the northeast at the Dagukou estuary, adjoining Yanshan in Zhili. An inspection post was stationed there. The Gejin River passed Mount Magu and entered; farther southeast lay Yuehekou. The Majia River entered from Qingyun through Jiedong Town. Its former course was silted up. The present Majia River was opened in the Tang. Farther southeast was Shiqiaokou. At Zhanhua the Goupan River entered in a winding course and rejoined it. It had Fenshui Town. Leling County: rated fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest the Gejin River entered from Ningjin in Zhili, passed through Nanpi in a winding course, and flowed into Yanshan. To the southwest the Majia River entered from Deoping, passed northeast through Xinglong Town, and flowed into Qingyun. The ancient Goupan—the Water Classic Commentary's Tunshi distributary—passed north of the Leling old city, and its northern distributary passed south of the Chonghe Ding county old city; both were silted up. At Jiuxian Town the Ming had established an inspection post, later abolished. Shanghe County: rated commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. The ancient Shang River lay fifteen li to the north. The Water Classic Commentary reads "passes south of the Lai county old city," but the channel is actually the Sha River—the present map is in error. The Goupan River entered from Deoping and dried up; the Sha shifted southward, beginning in the west at the Lingyi border and passing south of the city wall. To the south lay the Tuo River—the ancient Yellow River—and its branch channel the Shang River, which entered from Jiyang and flowed east together into Huimin, where the Shang and Sha united. It had Kuanhe Town. Binzhou: rated commercially busy and difficult to govern. It lay ninety li east of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 2 (1724) it was made directly administered. In Yongzheng 12 (1735) its subordinate counties Putai, Lijin, and Zhanhua were again stripped away. To the southwest the Yellow River entered from Huimin and Qingcheng, bent northeast, crossed into Putai in a winding course, then followed the border along the former left channel and, reuniting with the right branch, reentered the county. The Tuo River entered from Huimin, received the Sha River on the left, and dried up. It wound northeast into Zhanhua. Lijin County: rated commercially busy. It lay one hundred fifty li east of the prefectural seat. The sea lay one hundred sixty li to the northeast. On the west it bordered Zhanhua. To the southwest the Yellow River entered from Bin and Putai, ran along the northeast side of the seat, and entered at Oyster Mouth. At Fengguo Town an inspection post was stationed. Zhanhua County: rated difficult to govern. It lay seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. The sea lay one hundred li north and slightly east. On the west it bordered Haifeng. To the west the Goupan River entered from Yangxin, crossed into Haifeng in a winding course and reentered, then ran southeast to Dayangkou. To the southwest the Tuo River entered from Bin. Towns: Yongfeng; at Jiushan there was a disused inspection post. Putai County: rated fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred twenty li east and slightly south of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 12 (1735) it was transferred from Bin to be subordinate here. To the west the Yellow River entered from Bin, ran past the south side of the seat, then turned northeast; the left branch still followed Bin along the former channel and entered Lijin. Dragon Lake. Town: Longhun.
10
沿 西 西 西 西 西 西
Linqing Directly Administered Department: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to the Jidong Taiwu Lin circuit. At first, following the Ming system, it was a department subordinate to Dongchang and governed two counties. In Qianlong 41 (1776) it was made directly administered; Wucheng, Xiajin, and Qiu were detached and placed under it, while Guantao returned to Dongchang. It lay one hundred ten li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred fifty-two li across and one hundred thirty li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was thirty-six degrees fifty-seven minutes. It lay thirty-six minutes west of the capital. It governed three counties. To the east the Grand Canal entered from Qingping and ran past the south side of the seat; from the southwest the Wei River from Guantao joined it—the Southern Grand Canal, also commonly called the Wei River—which pierced the city and ran north along the Tun clan's former channel into Qinghe in Zhili. The old Yellow River entered northeast from Guantao, branched into the Sha River, and merged into Xiajin. At Wangjiaqian an inspection post was stationed. The Qingyuan and Duhe River courier stations. Wucheng County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay one hundred li north and slightly east of the prefectural seat. To the south the Wei River entered from Xiajin, ran past the west side of the seat, turned northeast, rejoined the Sha River, crossed into En in a winding course and reentered, and flowed into Gucheng in Zhili. Former waterways included the Yizi, Huanglu, and Wugou streams. The county lay low and marshy; late in the Jin at Aijia'ao lay a water marsh several tens of li across and one zhang deep. The Han Fuyang old city site is now Raoyang Town. At Jiamaying an inspection post and a courier station were stationed. Xiajin County: rated fiscally strained. It lay forty li east and slightly north of the prefectural seat. To the north: Sunsheng Town. To the west the Wei River entered from the department, crossed again into Qinghe in Zhili in a winding course, and flowed into Wucheng. Formerly the Sha River entered from the department; to the east the old Yellow River and Majia both entered from Qingping and flowed into En. Qiu County: rated lightly administered. It lay eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. The Zhang River—this was the channel cut straight from Pinggudian in Guangping in Shunzhi 9 (1652), not the old Zhang course. Two branches entered together from Quzhou in Zhili: one ran past the west side of the seat to Songbabeng and reentered it; the other ran past the east side to Liubeng and entered Qinghe.
11
沿 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西
Yanzhou Prefecture: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. A regional commander was stationed there; it was the seat of the Yan-Yi-Cao-Ji circuit. At first, following the Ming system, it governed four departments and twenty-three counties. During the Yongzheng period Yi, Cao, Jining, and Dongping were reorganized, and Jining was made directly administered. Thirteen counties were successively detached to other jurisdictions, while Dongping was reduced and Tai'an was cut away. It lay three hundred twenty li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured five hundred ten li across and two hundred sixty li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was thirty-five degrees forty-two minutes. It lay thirty-four minutes east of the capital. It governed ten counties. Ziyang County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the prefecture. Mount Zi lay thirty li to the northwest. To the east the Si River entered from Qufu; at Jinkou Dam it branched into the prefectural river, ran through the city, received fourteen springs on the left, and entered Jining as the main Zhu River channel; farther south it joined the Yi and Liao rivers on the left and flowed into Zou. To the northwest the transport river entered from Ningyang, joined Hanma on the left and the Guang River on the right, also ran south into Jining, and dried up. Two old-city courier stations: Changping and Xinjia. A railway passed through. Qufu County: rated lightly administered. It lay thirty li east of the prefectural seat. To the east: Mount Fang. Farther east: Mount Ge. The Si River entered from its own county and joined Xian water and Shimen Mountain water on the right. To the southeast the Yi and Liao rivers entered from Zou. The Yi ran past the southwest of the city and divided, receiving the Zhu on the right and the Yu on the left; it rejoined the Liao, passed Beidian Village and split—one branch still entered Zou, the other joined the Si and Yi and flowed west into Ziyang. Anciently the Zhu lay north and the Si south; today they are reversed, probably since the chaotic shifting of the Later Wei period. The former Si channel lay south of the Confucius Forest and the Master's tomb. There were twenty-eight springs for Jining transport. The railway passed through. Ningyang County: rated lightly administered. It lay fifty li north of the prefectural seat. Mount Ning lay eighteen li to the north. To the west: Water Buffalo Mountain. To the northwest: Crane Mountain. To the northeast: Mount Gao and Mount Shou. To the south Mount Feng rose; the Zi River issued from it, ran north past the north side of Lucheng town, and entered Tai'an to join the Wen. The Wen again followed the border, passed Han Wenyang to the Gang old city; the Guang River rose there—what is called 'the Wen forms the barrier'—and together with the transport river and Han Baima flowed south into Ziyang. The main channel again passed Chunchengkou and entered Dongping. The Qingchuan courier station. The railway passed through. Zou County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast: Mount Yi. Nearby Red Mountain was actually Wild Duck Mountain. The North Sha River rose and, together with the Baishui River, merged into Teng. To the south lay Changping; the spur of Mount Dai ran south through Ningyang and Qufu. Six li to the northeast lay Mount Ni; southwest of it Changping had a township where Confucius was born, hence it belonged to Qufu. Today south of the mountain, near Changsha Village and the western foothills of the Four Foundations, lay Mencius's tomb. The Yi River took its source at Mount Ni, joined the Liao westward and together entered Qufu, and joined the Si. The Si again entered from Ziyang, crossed northwest into Jining in a winding course and reentered, and flowed into Yutai. The Liao River also reentered, met Xihu Lake water to form the Baima River, and joined the Great Sha and Honggou rivers, following them. Xianqiu. An assistant magistrate was posted at Xinzhuang. Two courier stations: Zhucheng and Jiehe. The railway passed through. Sishui County: rated lightly administered. It lay ninety li east and slightly north of the prefectural seat. To the northeast: Mount Li, Mount Gui, and Mount Peiwei. At Taoxu the Si River rose; north of it Mount Guan rose, from which the Zhu River issued; it passed the Bian old city and joined. To the south lay Gugu city. Westward again it joined the Huangyuan on the left and the Golden Thread and other rivers on the right, and entered Qufu. It had eighty-seven springs supplying the canal transport system. Teng County: rated strategic, commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred forty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast: Peach Mountain. The Hulu entered from Yi, passed Weishan Lake, and on the right Xuyou Spring entered from Yi to form the Nanming River. The Xue River ran south of Changlu; the Shiqiao Spring passed Xue city and poured into it; the course again crossed out into Pei County in Jiangsu in a winding path. The Huo River rose from Shushan in the northeast, passed the old cities of Lanling, Zhuqi, and Hexiang, joined the Nanliang River and Baotu Spring and entered Pei to pour in, reentered, joined the Sanli River on the right, the North Sha River entered from Zou and flanked Xiucheng, its Baima River entered and joined the Jie River to form the Yulang Deep and pour in, and again flowed northwest into Yutai. To the northeast the Lesser Yi River entered Fei, and Zhaoyang Lake was silted up. Towns: Anping, Nangu, and Taoyang; there was also a separate Xia Town. At the Jia River a vice-prefect was stationed. Two courier stations: Tengyang and Lincheng. Yi County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It lay two hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north: Mount Jun. Nearby Chesao Valley, where water rose in the Canglang Deep, met Xuchi Spring, passed Mount Geyi, joined the Jinzhu River, and to the south lay Maoci and the Immortal River. To the southeast the Grand Canal entered from Pizhou in Jiangsu and joined it; it then ran north through Weishan Lake and Nanyang Lake into Teng. During the Qianlong reign the Yijia River was dredged. It had fourteen springs supplying the canal transport system. It had the Wanjiazhuang canal courier station. Wenshang County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It lay ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northeast: Mount Taibai and Mount Tan. To the southwest the Zhao King River entered from Yuncheng and flowed into Jiaxiang. To the north the Wen River entered from Dongping, received the Luohao springs and Pawan Marsh water to form the Lu Gully, and its southwest branch along the Shan's Goose River old course poured into Nanwang Lake and fed the canal transport Grand Canal; it then ran southeast into Jiaxiang to reach Jining and northwest into Dongping to reach Linqing. East of the lake lay Shushan Lake and to the north Mada Lake; together the Water Classic Commentary's two left tributaries of the Wen passed north of the Dongping Lu old city—the Han-era county of ancient Jue—and entered the Maodu shoal. Chaicheng Town. The two markets of Nanwang and Macun both had assistant magistrates posted. The Xinqiao and Kaihe canal courier stations. Yanggu County: rated strategic, commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay three hundred li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south the Yellow River entered from Fan and crossed in a winding course into Shouzhang. The Grand Canal entered, passed the Dong'a old city where A Marsh lay, and again ran north into Liaocheng. To the west the Tuo River old course entered from Fan, crossed Chaocheng and Shen in a winding course, reentered, and flowed into Liaocheng. Town: Anle. At A city an assistant magistrate was posted. Shouzhang County: rated fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay two hundred forty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast: Mount Liang; formerly the Luo Marsh lay there. To the southwest the Yellow River entered from Yanggu, still crossed out in a winding course and reentered, and flowed into Dong'a. To its north the Grand Canal crossed from Dong'a in a winding course and reentered it. It had Zhangqiu Town. To its south Shawan and the Ju River together merged into Yuncheng. It had Zhukou Town.
12
沿 西 西 西西 沿 宿 西西西宿 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西綿西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西
Yizhou Prefecture: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to the Yan-Yi-Cao-Ji circuit. At first, following the Ming system, it was a department subordinate to Yanzhou and governed two counties. In Yongzheng 2 (1724) it was made directly administered. In Yongzheng 12 (1735) it was elevated to a prefecture with an attached seat; Ju was reduced, and Mengyin, Yishui, and Rizhao, formerly under Ju, were placed under its jurisdiction. It lay six hundred sixty li northwest of the provincial seat. It measured five hundred twenty li across and five hundred ten li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was thirty-five degrees nine minutes. It lay two degrees twelve minutes east of the capital. It governed one department and six counties. Lanshan County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the prefecture. To the southwest: Treasure Mountain. To the southeast: Maling. To the north: Great Pillar. The Yi River entered from Yishui County. The Mengshan River entered and became the Wen River, passed Mount Tie'jiao, received small streams, ran south past the Luchengqiu old city to the right of Wang Xiang's tomb and joined the Xiaogan River, reached the northeast of the prefectural seat, received the Lesser Yi and Rouge River on the right, divided again as the Lubu distributary, and its main channel passed south of Bozhuang to form the Lutang River. The Yi River again ran south past Longtangkou, branched on the right into the Wu River, and to its east lay the Baima River. To the northeast the Shu River entered from Ju, joined Wenquan water on the right and Wuyang Ditch on the right, reentered Tancheng, while the Wu River and Lutang River crossed Tancheng in a winding course, reentered, and joined. Farther east the West Jia River entered from Fei and together flowed south into Pizhou in Jiangsu; on the right the West Jia received the separate source Juliang water, branched again into the Jia Mountain River, and divided into Yi's Furong Lake. Towns: Changjiang and Luoteng. The Qingtuosi inspection post. Two courier stations: Yangjiazhuang and Xugongdian. The prefecture had twenty-eight coastal beacon towers. Tancheng County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred twenty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the northeast: Mount Yu and Mount Cang. The Shu River reentered from Lanshan, passed northeast of the city, received the Mo River old course on the right, circled south of the city, and entered Suqian. Farther south it passed Mount Maling west to Honghuabu; farther west the Baima River entered, passed west of the city, and together flowed into Suqian in Jiangsu. Farther west the Yi River entered and flowed into Pizhou. Farther west the Wu River distributary entered; farther west the Lutang River entered, joined the Swallow River, branched on the right into the Duck Egg River, and entered Pi. The main channel again ran south and with the Wu River still reentered it. At Daxing Town a vice-prefect was stationed. The post of Yi-Tan-Hai-Gan subprefect was formerly established; it was reorganized in Qianlong 38 (1773). At Mo Mountain there was also a disused inspection post. The Honghuabu courier station. The disused courier stations of Daoping and Jiecun. Fei County: rated lightly administered. It lay ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest: Mount Meng. To the southwest: South City. To the northwest Mount Cong rose; the Jun River issued there—the Geographical Treatises' "the Guanshi Mountain of Nanwuyang controls water," and Ying Shao said "the Wu River ran south past ancient Zhuanxu." On the right it received the Lesser Huai River, also called the Lesser Yi, ran southeast past Mount Wansong, joined the Fang River on the right, and reached Mount Zhong. On the left it joined the Hongta, Mengyang, and Hongyi rivers. To the southeast Mount Qi rose; the East Jia issued there. To the southwest: Baodugu. To the south Great Shu Peak rose; the Lu River and West Jia issued there and together entered Lanshan. Town: Maoyang. The Guanyang and Pingyi inspection posts. Ju Department: rated lightly administered. It lay ninety li northeast of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 2 (1724) it was made directly administered. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) it was reduced and stripped of the subordinate departments Yishui, Rizhao, and Mengyin. To the north: Mount Qibao. To the east: Mount Guan and Mount Lu. To the south: Jiaoyuan. To the west lay Fuqiu, site of the tomb of the Lord of Ju; some sources mistakenly identify it as Fulai. A temple there was called Dinglin; through scribal corruption it was mistaken for two separate mountains. To the northwest: Mount Luo. The Commentary on the Water Classic states that the Wei River rose at Mount Wei, ran southeast past Mount Wu and the old site of Han Ji County. Today it joins the southern source from Wawu Mountain, turns northeast past Mount Zhonggu, and receives the Xiquan River on the right. To its east the Wu River—according to the Geography Monograph and the Shuowen—rose at Mount Lingmenhu, passed the old site of Han Gumu, and merged into Zhucheng. To its west the Shu River entered from Yishui, joined the Hualuo and Yuan Gong rivers, skirted the southeast of the city, received the He and Xun rivers on the left and the Huanghua River and Magou River on the right, and at Daokou flowed into Lanshan. To the southeast: the Shi River—the Yatou River of the Geography Monograph—flowed into Rizhao. To its west the Zhewang, Zhuwang, and Qingkou rivers entered, merged into Ganyu in Jiangsu, and reached the sea. The Gebei River had been silted up. Shizilu Town. At Shibuji an inspection post was stationed. Yishui County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay one hundred twenty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the west: Mount Long. To the southwest: Mount Ling. To the east: Mount E. To the northwest: Mount Bao. To the north: Mount Yi. Its connected foothills included Great Bian; the Shu River rose there, ran southeast past Yangjiachengzi, and joined the river south of Pixiang. On the left it received the Great and Small Xian and Jishan rivers and passed the tomb of Mencius's mother. Northwest of Ju the Yi River entered from Mengyin, received the Mantis River on the left, and ran southeast past the old city of Gai; the Commentary on the Water Classic records that on the left it received the Lianmian, Fulai, and Lesser Yi rivers, reached the northwest of the city, took in the Xueshan and Yingshan rivers on the left and the Lüshan and Shimi rivers on the right, reached Heyangji, received the East Wen River on the right, and flowed into Lanshan. To its west the Mengshan River entered from Mengyin and again branched into Fei. An assistant magistrate was posted at Donglidian. At Duozhuang an inspection post and a courier station were stationed. Mengyin County: rated strategic. It lay two hundred li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south: Mount Meng. To the northeast: Lu Peak and Mount Ju. To the northwest: Mount Ao. To the north: Liangxian. The Yi River had three sources: Zheng's school identified the middle source at Mount Yi; Ban's school the eastern source at Mount Linle; Sang's school the western source at Mount Ai; they met at Mount Longdong and flowed east into Yishui. To its north Mount Lu rose; the Mantis River issued there. To the southwest Mount Wunü rose; the Sangquan River issued there, bent north past the south side of the city, met Juwei and Tangfu on the left and the Xiao Peak waters on the right, then turned east—commonly called the Wen River—received the Taoxu River on the right (the ancient Mengyin River), passed northeast of Tiecheng, the Luchuan River met the Jinxingzi River, crossed into and reentered Yishui again, received the Zhushan River from the left, and flowed southeast into Yishui. Heilong Stockade. At Zijin Pass an inspection post was stationed. Rizhao County: rated lightly administered. It lay two hundred forty li east of the prefectural seat. To the northwest: Mount Kun. To the southwest: Aiji. To the north: Kuaiji and Baishi. To the south: Mount Guan and Yintai. The sea lay fifty li to the southeast. To the northeast, from Zhucheng southward, lay Shijiukou, which received the Chao River. Farther south lay Jiacangkou, where the Fumeng River joined the Fazhuang and Gu rivers and entered the sea. Farther south: Taoluokou, Zhangluokou, and Lantoushankou. The coast turned west at Dishuikou and received the Shi River. The former Andong Guard was stationed there, with an inspection post. To the west lay the Xun River—the Commentary on the Water Classic says it 'rose at Mount Jugong,' commonly called the Huangdun River—and to its north the He River; both flowed west into Ju. To the north the Wei River wound in from Ju, flowed east into Zhucheng, and the Hongling River followed it. Three towns: Taoluo, Jiacang, and Shijiu. Jufeng Stockade.
13
沿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西仿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Caozhou Prefecture: rated commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to the Yan-Yi-Cao-Ji circuit. A regional commander was stationed there. At first, following the Ming system, it was a department subordinate to Yanzhou. In Yongzheng 2 (1724) it was made directly administered and still governed two counties. In Yongzheng 8 (1730), Juye and Jiaxiang were carved from Yanzhou and placed under its jurisdiction. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) it was elevated to a prefecture and an attached seat was established. Pu was reduced together with its three subordinate counties, and Dan, Chengwu, and Yuncheng were carved from Yanzhou and placed under its jurisdiction; while Jiaxiang returned to its former jurisdiction. It lay five hundred eighty-five li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred ninety-five li across and two hundred eighty li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was thirty-five degrees twenty minutes. It lay fifty-one minutes west of the capital. It governed one department and ten counties. Heze County: rated commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the prefecture. The Yellow River entered from Kaizhou in Zhili; to its south lay the old course at Huzi. The Commentary on the Water Classic states that eastward to Juyin Juyang it formed the New Canal. South of the city: the Yong River. Farther south: the North Canal and River. The Commentary on the Water Classic states that north and northeast it passed south of Zhuzao city, north of Yuanqu, and south of the Ju capital. The Yuan River is today's Dami Canal. An inspection post was stationed at Shatuji. Shan County: rated commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred fifty li south of the prefectural seat. In Ming Hongwu 2 (1369), Shan Department was reduced to a county and placed under Jining. In Hongwu 18 (1385) it was transferred to Yanzhou. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) it was transferred to this prefecture. To the east: Mount Qixia. To the southwest: Mount Daling. To the south the Yellow River entered the county from the border of Yifeng County in Henan and flowed east into Dangshan County in Jiangnan. To the east the ancient Lai River had flowed into Jinxiang County but was now silted up. Juye County: rated commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred forty li east of the prefectural seat. In early Ming Hongwu the county was subordinate to Jining. In Hongwu 18 (1385) it was placed under Jining Department of Yanzhou Prefecture. In Yongzheng 2 (1724) it was separately placed under Jining Department. In Yongzheng 8 (1730) it was transferred to this prefecture. To the southeast Mount Gaoping rose; the mountain produced 'bee stone'—on stone flakes natural forms crystallized, some strikingly lifelike. To its northeast: Mount Baima. To the southeast: Mount Du and Mount Lin. Juye Marsh lay five li north of the county; also called Ju Marsh, it was where the old course of the Ji River had entered. At the end of the Yuan it was breached by sandy floodwaters and thereafter dried up. To the northeast: the Grand Canal. To the southeast: the Huizong Canal. To the southwest the old Yellow River course was silted up. A sluice officer was stationed at the Tongji Sluice. Yuncheng County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred twenty li northeast of the prefectural seat. In Ming Hongwu 18 (1385) it was placed under Jining Department of Yanzhou Prefecture. In Yongzheng 2 (1724) it was separately placed under Jining Department. In Yongzheng 8 (1730) it was placed under Yanzhou Prefecture. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) it was transferred to this prefecture. To the northeast: Mount Dugu. To the east: Jinxian Ridge. The Yellow River flowed northeast, passing twenty-five li west of Yuncheng; an old Yellow River course lay there. The Yong River entered from Dongming County in Zhili, flowed northeast through Yuncheng, and southwest into Shouzhang County. The two ancient Ji rivers joined, flowed north past Yuncheng, and south into Dongping Department. Chengwu County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred ten li southeast of the prefectural seat. In Ming Hongwu 4 (1371) it was subordinate to Jining Prefecture; soon it was transferred to Yanzhou Prefecture, with Chengwu renamed Wucheng. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) it was transferred to this prefecture. In Ming Zhengde 14 (1519) the county seat collapsed into the Yellow River; later the river breached most often at Chengwu. To the south lay an old Yellow River course, later silted up. The Huang River entered from Kaocheng County in Henan, flowed east through Chengwu County, and south into Feng County in Jiangnan. Northeast of Chengwu lay a branch canal of the Huang River. Cao County: rated commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay forty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east: Mount Qingshan. To the southeast: Mount Jing. To the north: Mount Cao South, identified as the Tao Hill of the Tribute of Yu. The ancient Fan River had risen, but it and the southern and old Yellow River courses and the Jia Lu River were all silted up; only the Nanpao Shui River remained, rising at the Henan border near Shangqiu, flowing southeast to Qinghuoji, where it split into the Lai River and the Bali River and entered Shan County, while to the northwest Liulin Sha and the South Embankment, Summer Moon Lake, and Baihua rivers were all choked with silt. Towns: Anling and Panshi. An assistant magistrate was posted at Liujiakou. Dingtao County: rated lightly administered. It lay forty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east: Heze Marsh, where the ancient southern and northern courses had converged. The He River rose seven li southwest of western Tao Hill. The southern branch is today's South Canal; the middle canal follows the old Fan course past Mount Fang; northward it joins the North Canal to form the Zhushui River and merges into Juye. South of the South Canal the Liu River and Sha River both entered from Cao and flowed into Chengwu, but all have dried up. Pu Department: rated commercially busy, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred twenty li north of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 8 (1730) it was made directly administered and governed Fan, Guancheng, and Chaocheng. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) it was reduced and its subordinate counties were stripped away. To the east the ancient Pu River was silted up. To the southwest: the Yellow River. To the north: the Jindi River. Both entered from Kaizhou in Zhili and flowed northeast into Fan. To the southeast the Zhao Wang River—the ancient Yong River—entered from Juye and flowed into Yuncheng. The ancient Qing River is the Shui River; today's Yellow River is the Wei River—in fact the Pu canal—also flowing north; the nameless Hong River that joined it from the west is also silted up. Huluhe Town was established. Fan County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred sixty li northeast of the prefectural seat. The Fan River was silted up. To the southwest the Yellow River entered from Pu. The Commentary on the Water Classic states that it "passed west of Fan Qin Pavilion"; in the Spring and Autumn period a terrace was built at Qin. Farther east it passed Weisu Ford; the Jindi River entered, ran south of the city, and merged into Yanggu. Town: Anding. Guancheng County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred seventy li north of the prefectural seat. The North-South Diversion River rose at the Qingfeng border in Zhili, passed east of the city, and branched into Chaocheng; it has dried up. The Jiadai River rose at the ancient Dragon Pool below the Maling embankment west of the county, entered the Du Family River, flowed northeast to Yingtaoyuan and into Fan, then down to Chaocheng and into the Luo. The Sha River rose at Jiaosi Pool, flowed north past Machang into Chaocheng, then down to Shen and into the Luo. The Fu River entered from Kaizhou in Zhili, reached Chaocheng and joined the river; it is silted up. Wuxiang Town was established. Chaocheng County: rated lightly administered. It lay two hundred ten li north of the prefectural seat. The ancient Luo River—also the old course of the Wu River—from Yangjiabo in the southwest passed Yanlingpu into Yanggu, joined the Jiadai River and Shirenpo water, entered Shen and merged with the Sha River, then down to Liaocheng and into the transport canal; it is silted up. Formerly the North-South Diversion River had entered from Guancheng, flanked the city east and west, and branched into Yanggu and Shen. The Ma Jia River entered from Yuancheng in Zhili; this is the Tang-period Du Ma, not a trace of Yu; it flowed northeast into Shen, then down to Tangyi and into the transport canal; all have dried up.
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西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Jining Directly Administered Department: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to the Yan-Yi-Cao-Ji circuit. The transport-circuit intendancy was stationed here. In the Ming it was a department subordinate to Yanzhou. In Yongzheng 2 (1724) it was made directly administered and still governed Jiaxiang, Juye, and Yuncheng. In Yongzheng 8 (1730) it was again reduced and placed under Yanzhou. In Qianlong 41 (1776) it was restored; Wenshang and Yutai together with Jiaxiang were transferred to its jurisdiction. Soon Jiaxiang was exchanged for Wenshang. It lay one hundred eighty li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred forty li across and one hundred eighty li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was thirty-five degrees thirty-three minutes. It lay twenty-eight minutes east of the capital. It governed three counties. To the south: Mount Chengzhu. To the southwest: Jinyun. To the northwest the Grand Canal entered from Jiaxiang, receiving on the left Shushan Lake and Machang Lake; the Fu and Guang rivers branched in from Ziyang and converged there. It passed south of the city, then southeast past Nanyang Lake, received the Si River on the left, and entered Yutai. The Si again branched into the New Si, crossed Zou and re-entered, and joined the Baima River. To the west the Zhao Wang River entered from Jiaxiang, flowed southeast past Wangguitun Bridge as the Niutou River, again joined Changdan, received the Cai River, and merged into Yutai. The Zhao Wang River lay north of the old Yellow River; Changdan lay south of the river water. Luqiao Town was established. Jinxiang County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was subordinate to Yanzhou. In Qianlong 45 (1780) it was placed under this jurisdiction. Mount Jinxiang, thirty-seven li northwest, was subordinate to Juye's Yang Mountain. To the west the Wanfu River entered from Juye, on the right joined the West Ditch, bent northeast, on the left joined the Liulin River, flowed east past Sujia Bridge, on the right connected to the Lai River entering from Shan, joined the East Ditch, and together flowed east into Yutai. On the left it connected to the Cai River entering from Jiaxiang and entered the department. Liulin is the ancient He River—that is it. Jiaxiang County: rated lightly administered. It lay fifty li west of the prefectural seat. South of the city: Mount Tantai. To the southeast: Wudi. To the southwest: Mount Sui. To the northeast: Nanwang Lake; the Grand Canal entered from Wenshang and passed through it, entering the department and crossing it twice. Its Zhao Wang River entered from the northwest past Wanshan Bridge and joined the Niutou River on the left. To the southwest the South Qing River entered from Juye, joined the Yao River on the left, reached south of the city as the Tantai River, and southeast merged into the department. Its Jinshan River entered as the Cai River, flowed east into Jinxiang, and has dried up. Yutai County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred ten li south of the prefectural seat. To the northeast: Mount Huang, Mount Ping, and Mount Du. There was one lake, called Nanyang. The Grand Canal entered from the department, joined the New River on the left, and received it. The Niutou River entered. To the northwest the Lai River and Liulin River entered from Jinxiang, joined as the Xinkai River, and came to meet it. It again flowed southeast and merged into Teng. After the Niutou branch canal entered southward, the East Branch and West Branch rivers again entered from Feng. Nanyang Town. Heqiao Water Courier Station.
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西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西鹿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 綿 西
Dengzhou Prefecture: rated strategic and commercially busy. A regional commander was stationed there. The Deng-Lai-Qing-Jiao circuit; it has now been moved to Yantai. In the Ming it governed one department and seven counties. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) the four guards under its jurisdiction were abolished and Rongcheng and Haiyang counties were established. It lay nine hundred twenty li southwest of the provincial seat. It measured five hundred sixty li across and three hundred fifty li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was thirty-seven degrees forty-eight minutes. It lay four degrees thirty-six minutes east of the capital. It governed one department and nine counties. Penglai County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It was the seat of the prefecture. To the east: Mount Zhugao and Mount Jiuri. To the southeast: Mount Yu, Mount Long, Mount Jinguo, Mount Ma, and Mount Qiu. The prefectural seat was surrounded by sea on three sides, and transport vessels sailed there. From the northwest at Huang extending east were Luanjiakou and Xishankou; farther east lay Mount Danya, the ancient Penglai Island, encircled by the water city, where the Heishui River entered. Farther east at Mozhikou the Sha River entered. At Wanzi Mouth the Anxiang River entered. Extending southeast to Jiesongying Mouth and Pingchang Mouth, to the Fushan border, the Shijia River followed it. To the southwest the Guoshan River entered Huang County. From Luanjiakou northwest: Daheishan Island and Beishahe Island; northeast: Changshan Island; south and north Huangcheng Island. A courier station was established. Huang County: rated commercially busy. It lay sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Mount Huang lay twenty li south. Farther south: Shicheng. To the southeast: Mount Lai and Mount Duozhi. To the southwest: Mount Lu. North and west bordering the sea, from Zhaoyuan extending northeast the Jieshou River and Suijiaheng River entered, reaching Longkou and receiving the Lüjiaheng River. To its west: Muzhi Island. Farther east it received the Yingmen and Nanluan rivers. Offshore lay Yidao and Sang islands. Farther east at Huangheying Mouth it received the Yulin and Zhuangtou rivers, reaching the Penglai border. Mating Town. Huangshanguan Patrol Office. Longshan and Huangshanguan courier stations. Fushan County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay two hundred thirty li east slightly south of the prefectural seat. Mount Fushan lay five li northwest. Farther northwest: Mount Ci, the ancient Mount Mou. To the southeast: Mount Haluo. To the southwest: Mount Miji and Mount Qingshi. The sea lay a bit more than ten li to the north. From Penglai extending east were Bajiaokou and Fulan Mouth; the Shijia River again eastward, the ancient county river entered, reaching north of the county and receiving the Qingyang, Dagu, and Daoping rivers. Zhifu Island then turned to attach to the coast. Farther east lay Yantai—in the Ming the Qishan Guard post, now the East Sea Customs; in Tongzhi 2 (1863) the Deng-Lai-Qing circuit intendancy was moved to garrison there. Qishansuo Patrol Office; Sun'ao Town had its office abolished. Commercial port. Qixia County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the northwest: Mount Ai. To the north: Mount Bai. To the east: Juyu, identified as the Juyi of the Book of Documents; the Geography Monograph states that "in Mount Lao there is Mount Jushang; the Shengyang and Dan rivers rise there." Today it is Mount Ling; the Dan is now the Qingyang River, which passes west of Mount Cuiping, bends northeast, and receives the Qinglian River on the left. To its east the Dagu River entered from Laizhou, on the right joining the Anjun River, which followed it into Fushan. Shengyang is now the Yangxian River, which passes south of Mount Fuzeng and joins the western source Guoluoshan water. To its west Mount Fang, where the county river rises and on the left joins the Guanli River; to its east the Shewo River and Taozhang River all entered south into Laizhou. To the northwest the Yulin River entered Huang County. Zhaoyuan County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred forty-four li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the northeast: Mount Luo. The Yingmen River rose at Yuntun. To the southwest: Mount Qi. To the north: Wuhui City. To the east: Gunquan. Northwest bordering the sea, from Ye extending east the Wansheng River entered. Farther east at the Donglianghe Mouth the Jie River entered, reaching the Huang border; east of it the Xujiaheng, Yingmen, and Nanluan rivers all followed it. To its south: Mount Huixian; the Dagu River is also the ancient Ye River, which entered Laizhou. To the southwest the Wansui River entered Ye County. Laizhou County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay two hundred fifty li south of the prefectural seat. The Geography Monograph states that "Changguang has Mount Lai"; today it lies thirty li north of Jingqi. To the southeast: Mount Chang. To the west: Changqing. To the east: Mount Cang and Mount Fufu. To the southwest: Mount Gaoli. To the northeast: Mount Sanluo; the Dagu River rose and entered Qixia. South bordering the sea, from southwest at Jimo extending east to Wulong Mouth. To the northeast the Taozhang River entered from Qixia, reached southeast of the city, on the right joining the Yangxian, Shewo, and Guanli rivers; again southward, on the right joining the Jiuli and on the left joining the Changshui River to form the Wulong River—the mountain is named thereby. It bent southeast, passed Mount Fushan to enter it, and east to the Haiyang border. To the northwest the Dagu River entered from Zhaoyuan, on the right joining the Kuali River, on the left joining the Pingnan and Dongliang rivers; southwest it branched—east the Wugu River, west the Xiaogu from Ye along the border merging into Jimo. An assistant magistrate was posted at Jiangshanji. Ninghai Department: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay two hundred sixty li east slightly south of the prefectural seat. In Shunzhi 16 (1659) Ninghai Guard was absorbed into it. To the east: Mount Lu and Mount Jiufuo. To the southeast: Mount Dakunlun. To the southwest: Mount Tieguan. To the northeast: Mount Jinshan. North and south it bordered the sea. To the northwest lies Fushan; Extending east to Longmen Harbor, the Xin'an and Qili rivers entered. Outside it lies Kaolao Island. Farther east at Xishan Mouth the Qinshui River entered; at Xiaohekou the Longquan River entered, reaching the Wendeng border. From the southwest at Haiyang extending east to Langnuan abandoned mouth the Huanglei River entered, likewise reaching the Wendeng border. To the southwest the Anjun River entered Qixia. The Wogang and Xiacun office rivers merged and entered Haiyang. Tangquan Town. Wendeng County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay three hundred thirty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 12 (1734) the Weihai and Jinghai guards were absorbed into it. East of the city: Mount Wendeng. To the west: Mount Zijin and Mount Lü. To the southeast: Mount Chishan, Shimen, and Mount Niuxian. To the southwest: Mount Ma'an and Mount Jie. North and south it bordered the sea; from the northwest at Ninghai extending east to Lumen Mouth the Yangting River entered. Farther east lies Chudao Island. Within it stood Weihai Guard. East of the guard lies Liugong Island. It bent south to the Rongcheng border, and the Zhaofu River followed it. From the southwest at Ninghai extending east to Yaoshan Mouth the Muzhu River collected the Songjia, Guqiao, and other rivers and entered. Guqiao joined a small river, the ancient Chang River; the Han-era old site of Changyang lay there. Farther east at Wanghai Mouth the Gaocun River entered. To its south stood Jinghai Guard. North of the guard: Mount Tiecha. To its west lies Wulei Island. To its southeast lies Sumen Island. To the northeast: Yanzhen and Pipa islands. Wenquan Town. Wendeng Camp. The Weihai and Jinghai patrol offices. Rongcheng County: rated lightly administered. It lay four hundred sixty li east of the prefectural seat. In Ming Hongwu, Chengshan Guard and the Xunshan sub-prefecture were established. In Shunzhi 12 (1655) the sub-prefecture was absorbed. In Yongzheng 12 (1734) it was reorganized as a county. Mount Cheng lay thirty li east. At its foot is Summoning Stone, identified as Chaozhi. To the south: Mount Long. To the southwest: Mount Xun. Three sides bordered the sea; north from Wendeng eastward is Bohai Qing Island, which received the Zhebu River, and the Buye River also entered there. There is Jiming Island. Farther north lies East Sea Lü Island, forming Longkou and Yakou. Extending southwest to Rongsheng Bay. To the southwest: the Xunshan sub-prefecture, where the Gu River formed its unloading port. Farther southwest: the Ningjin sub-prefecture. To its south lies Moye Island, reaching the Wendeng border. The Yantan Shidao patrol office. Zujie. Haiyang County: rated lightly administered. It lay two hundred twenty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In Hongwu 31 (1398) the Dasong Guard and Haiyang sub-prefecture were established. In Shunzhi 12 (1655) it was absorbed. In Yongzheng 12 (1734) it was reorganized as a county. To the east: Mount Juyu. To the west: Mount Chang; to the north: Mount Song and Linsi. To the northwest: Mount Guan. The sea lay two li south of the city; from Laizhou east to Shajia Mouth the Baisha River entered. There are Ludao and Yadao islands. Farther east the Jiemeng River entered. There are Nidao and Tufu islands. Reaching south of the city it became Old Dragon Head, received the Wogang River, and became the Liugezhuang River. To its east: Caodao Point. To its south lies Qianli Island. Farther northeast lie large and small Zhudao and Xiaoqingdao. Rushankou received the Xiacun and Ju rivers. Farther east lies Mianhua Island. Farther northeast lie Gongjiadao and Yaodao, reaching the Ninghai border. To the northwest: Mount Guan, where the ancient Guan River rose but is popularly considered defunct. The Facheng River now enters Laizhou. Xingcun stockade had a patrol office.
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西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西
Laizhou Prefecture: rated strategic and commercially busy. Formerly subordinate to the Deng-Lai-Qing-Jiao circuit. In the Ming it governed two departments and five counties. In Guangxu 31 (1905) Jiao was made directly administered and Gaomi and Jimo were detached. It lay six hundred eighty li west of the provincial seat. Its width was two hundred ninety li and its length four hundred thirty li. North polar altitude was thirty-seven degrees ten minutes. Relative to the capital it lay three degrees forty-two minutes east. It governed one department and three counties. Ye County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It was the seat of the prefecture. Mount Ye, twenty li east—today Daji—where the Ye River rose, passed south of the city, and joined the Sanli River. Mount Gu lies another twenty li on. To the northwest: Mount Fu. The prefecture's north bordered the sea; from the northwest at Changyi extending east to Haicang Mouth its Jiaolai North River entered; there is Mount Tu; extending east the Zhuo River entered, where the ancient Guo state lay. Farther east the Baisha, Yingcun, Guocun, Ye, Qi, and Suguo rivers entered. Farther east at Taiping Bay Mouth the Longwang River entered. There is Xiaoshi Island. To its west lie Furong Island and ancient Fu Rock. To its east at Sanshandao Mouth the Wansui River entered. On its west shore lies Wanli Sand. Farther east the Zhuqiao River entered, reaching the Zhaoyuan border. The Geography Monograph states, "Qucheng Yangqiu Mountain, the Ye River rises." The You River of the Zuo Zhuan is the Xiaogu River. To its west the Zhudong River merged into Pingdu. Shaqiu City. Haicang Town. An assistant magistrate was posted at Zhuqiao. The abolished Chaihu and Canghai sub-prefectures. Feishuang Post Station. Pingdu Department: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred li south of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 12 (1734) its subordinate Wei and Changyi were detached. To the east: Mount Liuqu. To the north: Gongsha, Tianzhu, and Daze. At Mingtang the Baisha River rose, passed south along Mount Yuji to Fenshuikou, became the Jiaolai South River eastward, joined the Yun and Luoyao rivers on the left, and entered the department. To the northeast: the Xiaogu River, coming from Ye along the border, joined the Zhudong River, and the Moshui followed it. To the west is the Jiaolai North River, which along the border joined the Xian, Longwang, Hancun, and Yaoshi rivers and entered northwest into Ye. Two towns, Tingkou and Huibu, with a department vice-prefect posted there and a post station. Wei County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to administer. It lay two hundred fifty li south slightly west of the prefectural seat. To the southwest: Mount Chengfu. To the west: Mount Hei. The sea lay one hundred li north; from Shouguang east the Yaodan River entered. Its Gui River entered, joining the Dayu, Bailang, and Xiaoyi rivers as they entered. Farther east to the Changyi border. To the southeast: Mount Ta, where the Gai River rose. Farther east lie the Hanzhuo, Baosha, Futang, and Zhanggu rivers. Farther east the Wei River, coming from Anqiu along the border, joined the Wen River on the left and merged into Changyi. The Gudi Town patrol office. Guting Post Station. Changyi County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay one hundred ten li south of the prefectural seat. East of the city: Mount Dong. To the south: Mount Lu. The sea lay fifty li north; from Wei eastward its Hanzhuo, Baosha, Futang, and Zhanggu rivers merged and entered there. Farther east the Anqiu and Wei rivers entered. Farther east the Jiaolai North River from Pingdu along the border passed Mifu. To its west lay the Han-era old site of Xiamimi Township. Farther north it passed Mount Gouzhong, joined the Mei River and entered, reaching the Pingdu border. Xiadian Post Station. Railway.
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西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 使 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西峿 峿 峿 西西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西 西西
Qingzhou Prefecture: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to administer. Seat of the Deng-Lai-Qing-Jiao circuit. A deputy lieutenant-general was posted there. It governed Andong Guard, one department, and thirteen counties. In the Yongzheng era Ju was made directly administered and Mengyin, Yishui, and Rizhao were detached; shortly afterward it was downgraded, merged under Yi, and Boshan was established. In Qianlong 7 (1742) the guard was abolished. It lay three hundred thirty li west of the provincial seat. Its width was two hundred seventy-five li and its length three hundred ninety li. North polar altitude was thirty-six degrees forty-five minutes. Relative to the capital it lay two degrees twelve minutes east. It governed eleven counties. Yidu County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to administer. It was the seat of the prefecture. To the east: Mount Ji. To the west: Mount Jin. To the northwest: Mount Yao. To the southwest the Zi River entered from Boshan, joined the Ren River on the right, passed northeast along Mount Ji, and to its west the Shi River merged into Linzi. Farther west the Lao-Zi River entered Xincheng. To the southwest: Mount Shigao, paired with Yunmen south of the city, which is Mount Feng. As the Shui Jing Zhu states, "The Yang River rises from its southeast and enters Linqu." The Shigou River is also called Shigao; its northeast course through the city is the Nanyang River, which joined the Jiande River on the right; southeast the Juyang River—today the Er River—entered from Linqu and joined it. It bent northeast, receiving the Kanglang, Xi'er, and Yao rivers on the right; to its west the Yuelong River—the Geography Monograph's "Mount Wei, the Zhuo River rises," known popularly as the Beiyang River—passed Gaoliu Village and merged into Shouguang. An assistant magistrate was posted at Jinling Town. Qingshe Post Station. Boshan County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was the seat of the military preparedness vice commissioner. In Yongzheng 2 (1724) it was reorganized as a county, with territory from Zi and Lai added to it. Fifty li southeast of Boshan lies Yueyang City. To the east: Mount Jing. To the southwest: Mount Yuan; Changcheng Ridge, where the Long River rose—the Shui Jing Zhu's "ancient Yuan River"—joined the Baiyang River, passed north west of the city, joined the Daoliu Spring and Shagou River, and entered Zichuan. To the south the Zi River entered from Laiwu, passed east along Mount Shima and Laiwu Valley, extended north, joined the Quan River on the right; the Sheng River rose at Jinjishan Mouth and entered Yidu Town. Linzi County: rated lightly administered. It lay fifty-five li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest: Yanzhong Valley. To the west: Kuiqiu. To the south the Zi River entered from Yidu; per the Shui Jing Zhu it passed west of Mount Niu, with Yingqiu to its north, received the Tianqi River mouth on the east, passed farther north by Guan Zhong's tomb, reached east of the city, passed west of Xue Palace and east of Gao Jingzhong's tomb, and entered Le'an. To the southwest the Shi River branched from Yidu and rejoined, passed north along Mount Du, joined the Hu, Xi, and Jing rivers on the right, then bent northwest—also called the Wu River, that is Qianshi—and entered Xincheng. To the northwest: the Mian River, also the Han-era Qin, branched into Le'an and Boxing. The Zhou Li states, "Its inundation is Zishi." To the southeast: Mount Dingzu; the Geography Monograph's "Mount Tutou, the Nü River rises"—it passed north by the old Yi post, went underground, and re-emerged at the Han-era old city of Dong'anping. Boxing County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred ten li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest the Xiaoqing River and Zhimai Ditch entered from Gaoyuan, both silted up. Today it receives the Xincheng Lao-Zi River from Mata Lake; on the left it takes the old course of the Xiaoqing, and is therefore also called the Xiaoqing River. Farther east lies Huicheng Marsh; the Shui Jing Zhu's "Pingzhou Pit on the right receives the Han Qin"—the Mian River—issued as the Yubei River and merged into Le'an. The Yecheng River was blocked. There is Chunhua Town. Gaoyuan County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred fifty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south the Xiaoqing River entered from Xincheng to Junzhang Sluice; on the right it took the old course, on the left the Zhimai Ditch—popularly the Cha River—entered east into Boxing. Tian Town, seat of the Heng sub-prefecture. Le'an County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay ninety li north slightly east of the prefectural seat. The sea lay one hundred thirty li northeast; from Lijin extending southeast to the Zihe Mouth the Xiaoqing and Zhimai Ditch entered from Boxing. One old course reached the Shouguang border; today the Xiaoqing enters. To the northwest its Fumin River also entered there; on the right it joined the Zi River along its border, its Nü River entered, branched, bent east, and merged into it. To the southwest the Mian River from Linzi entered circuitously and rejoined it. Le'an and Gaojiagang towns. Tangtou Stockade. Shouguang County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to administer. It lay sixty li northeast of the prefectural seat. The sea lay one hundred forty li northeast; from Le'an extending southeast to the Zihe Gate. To the southwest lies Qingshui Marsh, ancient Juding, with Yancheng; it collected Yidu's Yuelong, Wangqin, and Beiyang rivers, Linzi's Nü River, and the Xiaoqing ancient channel. Farther southeast at Erhe Mouth water from Yidu entered in the south, passed the old city of Ju of the ancient Ji state, passed north by Heijia Marsh, and continued southeast to Wei. To the southeast the Yao River likewise entered from Yidu and passed the old city of Lecheng. The Nandan River entered from Changle and passed the old territory of Zhenguan. Its Gui River entered and passed the old site of Leyue. Guangling and Hou towns. Linqu County: rated lightly administered. It lay forty-five li south slightly east of the prefectural seat. Mount Qu lay two li to the east. To the west stood Mount Feng. To the southeast lay Great Bian. To the southwest stood Baqi, Mount Song, and Great Xian. It had one pass, Muling, with an inspection post. The Geography Monograph records that Zhuxu's Eastern Mount Tai is today's Mount Yi; the Wen River rose on its eastern flank, joined the Yingshan River on the northeast left, and entered Anqiu. Its Beixu River and West Dan River both joined it. The Juyang River rose in the northwest, passed Yueming Cliff, received Longmen and Nandan on the right and Luelu and Yequan on the left, ran east of the city, turned north past Mount Weisu, took in the Shigao River on the left, and entered Yidu. On its east the Kanglang River, Xier River, and Yao River joined it. Anqiu County: rated commercially busy and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. Mount Anqiu lay fifteen li southwest—today's Mount Mou, known as Moulou, seat of the ancient Mouyi state. Farther southwest stood Mount Liu, Mount Yu, and Shuyuan. To the northeast stood Mount Dan. To the south the Yu River entered from Ju, received the Qi River and Baobai Spring River on the left, and flowed east into Zhucheng. To the southeast the Wei River entered from Zhucheng, passed Mount Lifu, received the Lesser Yu River on the left with Mount Gaigong beside it, ran north along the Changyi border and re-entered, passed Mount Zuo, and flowed into Wei. The Wen River entered from Linqu in the west, received Jingshan on the left and the Niushu Mountain River on the right. The Water Classic Commentary reads that it "ran northeast past the north of the Han-era old city of Yi, east of Guan Ning's tomb and Sun Song's tomb, and west of Mount Chaifu"; today it received the Ling River on the right, ran beside the northeast of the city past the Han-era old site of Chunyu, and continued on. Town: Lizhang. At Jingzhi an assistant magistrate was posted. Changle County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay seventy li east of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Hu. To the south stood Mount Qiao. To the southeast at Congjiao the Lesser Wen River rose and entered Anqiu. Mount Ta—the Water Classic Commentary's Fuzhen—from which the Gai River rose. To its west lay the Xiaoyi River. To the southwest at Leigu the Bailang River rose and ran east past the Later Wei-era old site of Yingling. To the southeast at Mount Fang the Yu River rose. It merged into the Wei River. On its northern foothills the Gui River rose and on its western foothills the East Dan River; the West Dan River came from Qu to join them, passed Beihaoji, where the tomb of Dan Zhu stood. To its west the Yao River ran from Yidu along the border and entered Shouguang together in the north. Danhe Town. Railway. Zhucheng County: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. It lay two hundred eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Langya, Yunmu, and Fenghuo. To the south stood Mount Huang. To the southwest stood Horse's Ear; Mount Jiuxian, where the Chao River rose, joined the northern source of the Shiheyu River, passed the old township of Liang, entered Rizhao, and reached the sea. Farther east the coast formed Songjiahe Mouth, one hundred twenty li from the city, where the Yellow River entered. Farther east lay Xujiapu, where the Jili River took in the Baima River. Farther east at Cuijialiu Mouth the Heng River's eastern source entered from Jiao and joined its western source. Offshore lay Muguan Island. Farther east lay Duck Island. Running north was Zhitang Island. Farther north lay Longtan Mouth; where Langya Terrace stood. At the Ju border the Wei River entered. To the southwest the Juan River took in the Bainai River from the right and received the Xishanggou River on the left. It ran east past Mount Baiyu, received the Fuqi River on the right, and reached the north of the city. It turned north, received the Lu River on the right—the Geography Monograph's "Mount Henggu: Jiutai rises there." The Mi River passed Mount Ba and entered Gaomi. To its east lay the Wulong River and to its west the Changqian Ditch; farther west the Wu River from Anqiu entered, passed the Han-era old site of Pingchang, joined the Jing River, and all followed it. Xinyang, Longwan, Puqing, and Zhipan towns. Nanxin inspection post. Yaogou courier station.
18
西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西
Jiaozhou Directly Administered Department: rated strategic, commercially busy, and difficult to govern. Under the Ming it belonged to Laizhou and administered two counties. In the Yongzheng reign it was demoted, and Lingshan Guard was absorbed into it. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu it was made a directly administered department. It lay one hundred li west of the provincial seat. It still administered the same jurisdictions. To the south stood Mount Ai, Mount Zhu, and Kongtong. Its eastern and southern bounds met the sea; from Jimo the coast ran southwest to Mawan Mouth. To the north the Jiaolai South River entered from Pingdu; in the southwest the Jiao River from Zhucheng entered, received the western source of the Wangdang Mountain River on the right, passed the Han-era old site of Zhuci, looped back in, passed Jinliangxiang Town—the Han Fuhou state, that is, Eastern Qiansou. It passed Western Qiansou, received the Zhouyang River on the left, ran circuitously through Gaomi, joined the Zhangnu River and re-entered, and passed Dulu. It ran southeast, received the Bigou on the right, reached Jiahetao, and met the Gu River on the left. Farther south lay Shoufeng Bay, the Yunxi River, and the Yang River; farther south Huangshan Island and Huaizi Mouth, and running west Xuejia Island and Lingshan Island. On its north shore stood Lingshan Guard; north of the guard lay Mount Xu; farther west were Chaihu Lake Mouth and Xiangzi Gate Mouth, to the Zhucheng border at Mawan and Nvgu mouths—with Jiaozhou Bay beyond. In the twenty-third year of Guangxu it was leased to Germany. Towns: Guzhen and Fengmeng. Xiahe Stockade. Lingshan inspection post. Railway. Gaomi County: rated lightly administered. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Wangzi. The Jiao River entered from the department, received the Zhangnu River on the right, passed Dulu, and rejoined it. To the north the Jiaolai North River ran from Pingdu along the border. It took in the Wulong River and rejoined it. Beside it lay Baimai Lake, now dried up. To the southwest the Wei River entered from Zhucheng, received the Zhangyang River on the left along with the Changqian Ditch, ran northwest past Mount Lifu, where Zheng Kangcheng's tomb stood. It received the Wu River on the left and entered Anqiu. Railway. Jimo County: rated strategic and commercially busy. It lay two hundred fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Buqi and Mount Lao. To the southwest stood Heavenly Chamber. To the west stood High Saddle. Its eastern and southern bounds met the sea; from the northeast it entered from Laiyang at Zhouweng Mouth. Within lay Mount Ao of the abolished guard. Running southeast was Kaolao Island. It had two inspection posts. Farther south lay Tianheng Island and Weishan Mouth. Farther west, Nugu Mouth gathered the sea entrance, and the Yuanxi River flowed in. Beyond lay Jiao'ao Bay. Farther west stood Chidao Island. To the southwest lay Qingdao, extending to the department border. To the north the Mengsha River entered Pingdu and joined the Gu River. The Gu River again followed the border into the department, with the Liuhao River accompanying it.
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