Volume 62 Treatises 37: Geography 9, He Nan

志三十七

Treatise 37

地理九

Geography 9

河南

Henan

河南：禹貢豫及冀、揚三州之域。明置河南布政使司。清初為河南省，置巡撫。雍正二年，升陳、許、禹、鄭、陝、光六州為直隸州。十二年，升陳、許為府，鄭、禹仍屬州。乾隆九年，許復直隸。光緒末，鄭復直隸。宣統初，淅川廳直隸。領府九，直隸州五，直隸廳一，州五，縣九十六。東至江蘇蕭縣；六百五里。西至陝西潼關縣；一千三十里。南至湖北黃陂縣；一千一十里。北至直隸磁州。五百八十里。廣千六百三十里，袤千三百九十里。宣統三年，編戶四百六十六萬一千五百六十六，口二千六百八十九萬四千九百四十五。其名山：嵩高、三崤、熊耳、太行。其大川：河水、淮、汴、洛、潁、汝、白、丹、衛、漳。其鐵路：京漢，開鄭，道澤。其電線：東北達濟南、京師；西，長安。

Henan: According to the Yugong, its territory fell within Yu and parts of Ji and Yang. The Ming established the Henan Provincial Administration Commission. In the early Qing it was organized as Henan Province with the appointment of a governor. In Yongzheng 2, the departments of Chen, Xu, Yu, Zheng, Shen, and Guang were elevated to directly administered status. In the twelfth year, Chen and Xu were elevated to prefectures, while Zheng and Yu remained as departments. In Qianlong 9, Xu was again placed under direct administration. In the late Guangxu period, Zheng was again placed under direct administration. In the early Xuantong period, Xichuan Subprefecture was placed under direct administration. It comprised nine prefectures, five directly administered departments, one directly administered subprefecture, five departments, and ninety-six counties. To the east, as far as Xiaoxian in Jiangsu; 605 li. To the west, as far as Tongguan County in Shaanxi; 1,030 li. To the south, as far as Huangpi County in Hubei; 1,110 li. To the north, as far as Cizhou in Zhili. 580 li. It measured 1,630 li from east to west and 1,390 li from north to south. In Xuantong 3, registered households numbered 4,661,566, with a population of 26,894,945. Its notable mountains were Songgao, Sanxiao, Xiong'er, and the Taihang range. Its major rivers were the Yellow River, the Huai, the Bian, the Luo, the Ying, the Ru, the Bai, the Dan, the Wei, and the Zhang. Its railways included the Jinghan, Kaizheng, and Daozhe lines. Telegraph lines ran northeast to Jinan and the capital; and west to Chang'an.

開封府：沖，繁，疲，難。巡撫，布政、提學、提法司，鹽、糧、開歸陳許鄭、兵備、巡警、勸業道駐。明洪武元年，以元汴梁路改。清初，河南省治，仍領州四，縣三十。雍正二年，陳、許、鄭、禹直隸，割縣十四隸之。延津、原武屬衛輝、懷慶。乾隆中，禹及密、新鄭還隸；河陰省；陽武、封丘屬懷慶、衛輝；儀封為廳，後亦省。北至京師千五百八十里。廣三百七十里，袤三百六十里。北極高三十四度五十一分。京師偏西一度五十五分。領州一，縣十一。祥符沖，繁，難。倚。城東北隅：夷山。東北：赤岡。河水自元至元中始，盡歷府境，自中牟緣封丘界，逕黑岡、柳園口入，東入陳留。其賈魯河入，逕硃仙鎮入尉氏，即蔡故瀆，上游一曰沙水。水經注渠水實鴻溝，而浚水堙。其惠濟河入，逕府治南，亦入陳留。宋都四渠及五丈、白溝河亦堙。吹台，縣丞駐。陳橋鎮。大梁驛。鄭汴鐵路。陳留沖。府東少南五十里。東北：潘岡。河水自祥符入，逕小黃故城北，又東入蘭儀。北：惠濟河，自祥符入，逕城北，水經注「沙水逕牛首亭東，魯渠出焉」者。其東，桃河、古渙水，又東，睢水，並汴支津，東南入杞，觀省陂在焉。縣驛一。杞沖，繁，難。府東百里。西北：惠濟河自陳留入。水經注「逕陽樂城南、鳴雁亭北」。睢水亦自陳留入，逕高陽城，合桃河為橫河，實古澮水，並東南入睢。西南：青岡。河自通許緣界入太康。河水舊逕縣北，故有漢堤、隋堤，自大梁至灌口，即老鸛河也。雍丘驛。通許簡。府東南九十里。吳召岡、李大岡諸岡綿亙縣境，河流環之。東南：青岡。河出縣西北，下流為燕城河，入太康。北：雙溝，蔡故渠。水經注「沙水逕裘氏亭西，澹臺子羽冢東」者，半截河出焉，西南入尉氏。縣驛一。尉氏沖。府西南九十里。城內：尉繚子台。東：錦被岡。西南：三亭岡。城南：五鳳山。東北：賈魯河自祥符入，右合康溝及大溝新河。水經注「長明溝逕向城北、尉氏故城南，三分」者。至白潭鎮，左納半截河，東南入扶溝。縣驛一。洧川簡。府西南百五十里。東：東里。東南：赤坂岡。西：雙洎河，即洧水，自長葛入，左合蟄龍復受清河、大沼水，逕新汲故城考升廟北，大隧澗在焉，迤東入鄢陵。縣驛一。鄢陵難。府西南百九十里。北：彭祖岡。東北：彪岡。雙洎河自洧川入，逕彭祖岡，東南入扶溝。南：艾城河自臨潁緣界，右會石樑為流潁河，逕陶城入西華。城南：文水，又南，三道河，達太丘城。縣驛一。中牟沖，繁。府西七十里。北：牟山。西南：馬陵。西北：圃田澤。河水自鄭入，逕楊橋口，又東，黃練集。賈魯河入，合龍鬚溝，隋志鄭水。又東，右合鴨陂水，至縣西。乾隆六年濬為惠濟河。正渠又東逕官渡城，又東南，右合糞陂，古末水，丈八溝，焦城在焉，古清池水，併入祥符。自周定王五年河南徙，邑沮洳。明萬曆中，令陳幼學濬渠百九十有六。縣境瀕河，有管河上汛縣丞、下汛縣丞駐。曲遇聚、白沙、東張、楊橋四鎮。城驛一。鄭汴鐵路。蘭封沖，繁。府東北九十里。明，蘭陽。道光四年改蘭儀。同治二年省儀封廳入。宣統元年復諱改。東北：黃陵岡。西北：河水自陳留入，舊入考城。咸豐五年決銅瓦廂，改東北逕龍門口入直隸長垣。舊賈魯七河堙。陽封，管河縣丞駐。管城驛。禹州沖，繁。府西南二百九十里。明初鈞州，後改。雍正二年升，十二年降屬許州府。乾隆六年還隸。北：大騩山。西南：九山。西北：荊山，小洪河出，入長葛；崆峒、鐵母。潁水自登封入，逕康城陽關聚，左合書堂麻地川。右涌水，逕城南，一曰褚河，入襄城，其西土爐河，下流並達之。水經注「故瀆逕三封山，有嵎水」。今泉二：上棘、小韓。清潁一驛。密簡。府南二百八十里。清初自禹來隸。雍正二年復屬禹。乾隆六年復。南：密岵山。西北：開陽。東南：洧水，源出登封馬嶺，東北流，逕縣東南，綏水注之。又東流，溱水注之。又東入新鄭。東南：大騩山，潩水出，其玉女陂從之。東北：聖水峪，聖水出，入鄭鄶城。縣驛一。新鄭沖。府西二百里。清初自禹來隸。雍正二年復屬禹。乾隆六年復。東南：大騩。潩水自密出山，逕風后頂，又東南，逕陘山入長葛。其北，洧水自密會溱入，曰雙洎河，至城南為洧淵，又東南，逕土城，左合黃水，右梨園河，亦入長葛，梅從之。水經注「長明溝水出苑陵故城西北，東即古制澤、西瑣澤，合龍淵泉、白雁陂」者。永新、郭店二驛。鄭汴鐵路。

Kaifeng Prefecture: strategically important, busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. The provincial governor, the provincial administration, education, and judicial commissioners, and the salt, grain, Kaiguichenxuzheng, military preparedness, patrol, and industrial promotion intendants were all stationed here. In Ming Hongwu 1, it was established by converting the Yuan Bianliang Circuit. In the early Qing it served as the capital of Henan Province and still administered four departments and thirty counties. In Yongzheng 2, Chen, Xu, Zheng, and Yu were placed under direct administration, and fourteen counties were reassigned to their jurisdiction. Yanjin and Yuanwu were transferred to Weihui and Huaiqing. During the Qianlong reign, Yu along with Mi and Xinzheng were restored to its jurisdiction; Heyin was abolished; Yangwu and Fengqiu were transferred to Huaiqing and Weihui; Yifeng was made a subprefecture and was later abolished as well. It lay 1,580 li north of the capital. It measured 370 li from east to west and 360 li from north to south. Its latitude was 34°51′ north. It lay 1°55′ west of the capital. It administered one department and eleven counties. Xiangfu County: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. Attached to the prefectural seat. In the northeast corner of the city stood Yishan. To the northeast lay Chigang. From the Zhiyuan era of the Yuan onward, the Yellow River has traversed the entire prefecture; from Zhongmou it runs along the border of Fengqiu, passes through Heigang and Liuyuankou, and flows east into Chenliu. The Jialu River enters the prefecture, passes through Zhuxian Town into Weishi County; it is the old Cai canal, whose upper course is also known as the Sha River. The Commentary on the Water Classic identifies the Qu River with the Hong Canal, but the Jun River has long been silted up. The Huiji River enters the prefecture, runs south of the seat, and likewise flows into Chenliu. The four canals of the Song capital, along with the Wuzhang and Baigou rivers, are likewise silted up. At Chuitai the assistant magistrate maintained a post. Chenqiao Town. Daliang Post Station. The Zhengbian Railway. Chenliu County: strategically important. It lay fifty li slightly south of east from the prefectural seat. To the northeast lay Pangang. The Yellow River enters from Xiangfu, runs north of the old city of Xiaohuang, and continues east into Lanyi. To the north, the Huiji River enters from Xiangfu and runs north of the county seat — the stream the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as passing east of Niushou Pavilion, where the Lu Canal branches off. To its east lie the Tao River and the ancient Huan River; farther east is the Sui River — all tributary channels of the Bian — which flow southeast into Qi County, where Guansheng Marsh is located. One county post station. Qi County: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. It lay one hundred li east of the prefectural seat. To the northwest, the Huiji River enters from Chenliu. As the Commentary on the Water Classic records, it 'passes south of Yangle City and north of Mingyan Pavilion.' The Sui River likewise enters from Chenliu, passes Gaoyang City, joins the Tao River to form the Heng River — the ancient Hui River — and both continue southeast into the Sui. To the southwest lay Qinggang. The river enters Taikang along the border from Tongxu. The Yellow River once ran north of the county, which is why the Han and Sui dikes from Daliang to Guankou survive — the course known as the Laoguan River. Yongqiu Post Station. Tongxu County: light administrative burden. It lay ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. Wuzhao Hill, Lida Hill, and other hills run across the county, ringed by rivers. To the southeast lay Qinggang. A river rises in the northwest of the county; its lower course is the Yancheng River, which flows into Taikang. To the north lies Shuanggou, the old Cai canal. From the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as passing west of Qiushi Pavilion and east of the tomb of Tantai Ziyu issues the Jieban River, which flows southwest into Weishi. One county post station. Weishi County: strategically important. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. Within the city stood the Terrace of Master Wei Liao. To the east lay Jinbei Hill. To the southwest lay Santing Hill. South of the city stood Wufeng Mountain. To the northeast, the Jialu River enters from Xiangfu and on the right receives the Kang Canal and the Dagou New River. This is the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as passing north of Xiang City and south of the old city of Weishi, where it divides into three branches. At Baitan Town it receives the Jieban River on the left and continues southeast into Fugou. One county post station. Weichuan County: light administrative burden. It lay one hundred fifty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the east lay Dongli. To the southeast lay Chiban Hill. To the west, the Shuangji River — the Wei River — enters from Changge; on the left it receives the Zhelong stream and again the Qing and Dazhao rivers, runs north of the Kaosheng Shrine at the old city of Xinji, where the Dasui Ravine lies, and winds east into Yanling. One county post station. Yanling County: difficult to administer. It lay one hundred ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Pengzu Hill. To the northeast lay Biaogang. The Shuangji River enters from Weichuan, runs past Pengzu Hill, and flows southeast into Fugou. To the south, the Aicheng River runs along the border from Linying; on the right it joins the Shiliang to form the Liuying River, passes through Taocheng, and flows into Xihua. South of the city lay the Wenshui; farther south, the Sandao River reached Taqiu City. One county post station. Zhongmou County: strategically important and busy. It lay seventy li west of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Moushan. To the southwest lay Maling. To the northwest lay Putian Marsh. The Yellow River enters from Zheng, runs through Yangqiaokou, and continues east to Huanglianji. The Jialu River enters the county and joins the Longxu Canal; the Sui Gazetteer records it as the Zheng River. Continuing east, it receives the Yapi River on the right and reaches the western border of the county. In Qianlong 6 it was dredged and converted into the Huiji River. The main channel continues east through Guandu City, then turns southeast; on the right it receives the Fenpi — the ancient Moshi and the Zhangba Canal — where Jiaocheng stands; the ancient Qingchi River then merges into Xiangfu. Since the fifth year of King Ding of Zhou, when the seat of Henan was relocated, the settlement has remained damp and marshy. During the Wanli reign of the Ming, Magistrate Chen Youxue dredged one hundred ninety-six canals. The county bordered the river, and assistant magistrates for the upper and lower river sections maintained posts there. Four towns: Quyuju, Baisha, Dongzhang, and Yangqiao. One city post station. The Zhengbian Railway. Lanfeng County: strategically important and busy. It lay ninety li northeast of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was called Lanyang. In Daoguang 4 it was renamed Lanyi. In Tongzhi 2 the Yifeng Subprefecture was abolished and absorbed into the county. In Xuantong 1 it was renamed again to avoid tabooed characters. To the northeast lay Huangling Hill. To the northwest, the Yellow River entered from Chenliu; formerly it had flowed into Kaocheng. In Xianfeng 5 it broke at Tongwaxiang and shifted northeast, running through Longmenkou to enter Changyuan in Zhili. The seven old Jialu rivers have long been silted up. At Yangfeng the river-control assistant magistrate maintained a post. Guancheng Post Station. Yuzhou: strategically important and busy. It lay two hundred ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the early Ming it was Junzhou; later it was renamed. It was promoted in Yongzheng 2 and in the twelfth year was demoted to the jurisdiction of Xuzhou Prefecture. In Qianlong 6 it was restored to Kaifeng's jurisdiction. To the north lay the Great Gui Mountain. To the southwest lay Jiushan. To the northwest lay Jingshan, where the Xiao Hong River issued forth and flowed into Changge; Kongtong and Tiemu. The Ying River enters from Dengfeng, runs through Kangcheng and Yangguan Hamlet, and on the left receives the Shutang Madichuan. On the right, the Yong River runs south of the city — also known as the Chu River — and flows into Xiangcheng; to its west is the Tuluo River, and the lower reaches of both join it. As the Commentary on the Water Classic records, "the old canal passes through Sanfeng Mountain, where the Yu River flows." Today there are two springs: Shangji and Xiaohan. One Qingying post station. Mi County: light administrative burden. It lay two hundred eighty li south of the prefectural seat. In the early Qing it was placed under jurisdiction from Yuzhou. In Yongzheng 2 it was again placed under Yuzhou. In Qianlong 6 it was restored to Kaifeng's jurisdiction. To the south lay Mihu Mountain. To the northwest lay Kaiyang. To the southeast, the Wei River rises at Malin in Dengfeng, flows northeast past the southeast of the county, and receives the Sui River. Continuing east, it receives the Zhen River. Continuing east, it flows into Xinzheng. To the southeast lay the Great Gui Mountain, where the Yi River issued forth and was joined by its Yunü Marsh. To the northeast lay Shengshui Valley, where the Sheng River issued forth and flowed into Zheng at Kuocheng. One county post station. Xinzheng County: strategically important. It lay two hundred li west of the prefectural seat. In the early Qing it was placed under jurisdiction from Yuzhou. In Yongzheng 2 it was again placed under Yuzhou. In Qianlong 6 it was restored to Kaifeng's jurisdiction. To the southeast lay the Great Gui. The Yi River emerges from Mi Mountain, runs through Fenghou Peak, then turns southeast through Xingshan and flows into Changge. To its north, the Wei River enters from Mi where it meets the Zhen and is called the Shuangji River; south of the city it forms the Weiyuan, then continues southeast through Tucheng; on the left it receives the Huang River and on the right the Liyuan River, both of which also flow into Changge, followed by the Mei. This is the watercourse the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as issuing northwest of the old city of Yuanling, passing the ancient Zhi and Xi Suo marshes to the east, and joining the Longyuan Spring and Baiyan Marsh. Two post stations: Yongxin and Guodian. The Zhengbian Railway.

歸德府：沖，繁，難。隸開歸陳許鄭道。總兵駐。西距省治二百八十里。廣四百七十里，袤三百二十里。北極高三十四度三十二分。京師偏西三十五分。沿明制，領州一，縣八。商丘沖，繁，難。倚。商丘，城西南三里。又城南四十里，穀丘。河水自宋開寶四年至康熙四年決入郡境者以十數，府治與為轉徙，南北不恆。咸豐五年後，故道淤。豐樂河出焉，東南入夏邑。古汴水一曰護水，其支津澮河，即睢水上源，湮。今首縣西北，俗名沙河，歧為三。北岔入永城。正渠及南岔，與其支苞河、其西陳兩河，自寧陵入，右合沙家窪、冀家河，左合古宋河，併入安徽亳州。沙為馬尚，南岔為武家，而陳兩為清河。大蒙，古景亳。小蒙側有漆溝、孟諸澤。濟陽、葛驛二鎮。縣驛一。寧陵沖。府西六十里。西：甘露嶺。東北：河水故道，淤。其自睢入西南者曰張公河，逕漢已吾故城東入柘城。西北：陳梁沙河，俗名陳兩河。長安一鎮。寧城一驛。鹿邑繁，疲，難。府南百二十里。故城，縣西，古鳴鹿，縣丞駐。東：陰靈山、隱山。西南：橫嶺。西北：惠濟河自柘城入，逕賈灘南。渦水自太康入，錯淮寧復入。南：清水河，渦支津，舊自淮寧入，今首虞詡墓北，逕匯城東南，為練溝，併入安徽亳州。其清水，南出偃王陂者，茨刺河，右合瀖水，會西明河。水經注「自陳城百尺溝東逕寧平故城南」者，入太和，東明河亦入之。谷陽一鎮。縣驛一。夏邑沖，難。府東百二十里。清河自虞城入。左合橫河。西北：豐樂河自商丘入，為響河，及虯龍河、歧河，並東南入永城。分防夏商永、縣丞駐。會亭一驛。永城沖，繁，難。府東南百八十里。北：碭山。巴清河即減水溝，自夏邑入，東南入江蘇蕭縣。東洪溝，自蕭入，仍從之。響河逕太丘故城，合虯龍溝、歧河，為巴溝河，逕城北，東南入安徽宿州。南：澮河自商丘入，逕建平、酇、費故城北，右合北岔沙河。又東，包河自安徽亳州入，並從之。新興、保安二鎮。太丘一驛。虞城沖，繁。府東北七十里。東北：柱岡、黎丘。河水故道自商丘入，東入江蘇碭山，即古汴渠。水經注「逕周塢側」者，橫河出焉。南惠民溝，併入夏邑。治平一鎮。石榴堌一驛。睢州沖，繁。府西百里。城西：駱駝岡。北：黃河故道自考城入。明嘉靖十九年決野雞岡，南流者為張弓河，入寧陵。西：惠濟河自杞入，左合橫河，即擅其故道，東南入柘城。橫即睢，睢即渙。水經注「逕承匡城，又東逕襄邑故城南」者。歸化、重華二鎮。五橋集，州判駐。葵丘一驛。考城簡。府西北百二十里。乾隆四十九年改隸衛輝。光緒元年復。南：葛岡。河水故道舊自蘭封入，東入山東曹縣。咸豐五年北徙。舊有戴水，並堙。斜城、葵丘有驛。柘城簡。府西南九十里。城東北隅：廓山。河水故道二。西北：惠濟河自睢入，逕心悶寺，水經注「睢水歷傿縣北」者，舊納渦支津。北：張弓河自寧陵入，逕牛斗城，會於東南磚橋，東南入鹿邑。又東劉家河，古谷水，即渙水，水經注「逕鄫城北」者。又古泓水，縣西，並堙。八橋一鎮。縣驛一。

Guide Prefecture: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. It was subordinate to the Kaiguichenxuzheng Circuit. The regional commander was stationed there. It lay two hundred eighty li west of the provincial seat. It measured 470 li from east to west and 320 li from north to south. Its latitude was 34°32′ north. It lay 35′ west of the capital. Following the Ming system, it administered one department and eight counties. Shangqiu County: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. Attached to the prefectural seat. Shangqiu lay three li southwest of the city. Forty li south of the city lay Guqiu. From Song Kaibao 4 to Kangxi 4, the Yellow River broke into the prefecture on more than ten occasions; the prefectural seat shifted with the river, and its north-south position was never fixed. After Xianfeng 5 the old course silted up. The Fengle River issued forth there and flowed southeast into Xiayi. The ancient Bian River was also called the Hu River; its branch the Hui River, the upper source of the Sui, has long been silted up. Today in the northwest of the chief county, the stream popularly called the Sha River branches into three. The northern branch flows into Yongcheng. The main channel and southern branch, together with the Bao River branch and the Chenliang River to the west, enter from Ningling; on the right they receive Shajiawa and the Jijia River, on the left the ancient Song River, and all merge into Bozhou in Anhui. The Sha section is called Mashang, the southern branch Wujia, and the Chenliang the Qing River. Dameng was the ancient Jing Bo. Beside Xiaomeng lay the Qi Canal and Mengzhu Marsh. Two towns: Jiyang and Geyi. One county post station. Ningling County: strategically important. It lay sixty li west of the prefectural seat. To the west lay Ganlu Ridge. To the northeast lay the old Yellow River course, now silted up. The stream entering from the southwest at Sui is called the Zhanggong River; it runs east of the old Han city of Yiwu and flows into Zhecheng. To the northwest lay the Chenliang Sha River, popularly known as the Chenliang River. One town: Chang'an. One Ningcheng post station. Luyi County: busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. It lay one hundred twenty li south of the prefectural seat. At the old city west of the county seat, the ancient seat of Minglu, the assistant magistrate maintained a post. To the east lay Yinling Mountain and Yin Mountain. To the southwest lay Heng Ridge. To the northwest, the Huiji River entered from Zhecheng and ran south of Jiatan. The Guo River entered from Taikang, crossed through Huaining, and re-entered the county. To the south, the Qingshui River — a branch of the Guo River — had formerly entered from Huaining; it now rises north of the tomb of Yu Xu, runs southeast of Huicheng, becomes the Lian Canal, and flows into Bozhou in Anhui. The Qingshui stream issuing south from Yanwang Marsh is called the Cici River; it joins the Huo River on the right and meets the Ximing River. The watercourse the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "from Chen city via the Baichi Canal east past the old city of Ningping" flows into Taihe, and the Dongming River enters it as well. One town: Guoyang. One county post station. Xiayi County: strategically important and difficult to administer. It lay one hundred twenty li east of the prefectural seat. The Qing River entered from Yucheng. On the left it joined the Heng River. To the northwest, the Fengle River entered from Shangqiu and became the Xiang River; together with the Qiulong River and Qi River, all flowed southeast into Yongcheng. At the sub-district defense post for Xiayi, Shangqiu, and Yongcheng, the assistant magistrate maintained a post. One Huiting post station. Yongcheng County: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. It lay one hundred eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Dang Mountain. The Ba Qing River is the Jianshui Canal; it entered from Xiayi and flowed southeast into Xiaoxian in Jiangsu. The Donghong Canal entered from Xiao and followed the same course. The Xiang River ran past the old city of Taiqiu, joined the Qiulong Canal and Qi River to form the Bagou River, passed north of the city wall, and flowed southeast into Suzhou in Anhui. To the south, the Hui River entered from Shangqiu, ran north of the old cities of Jianping, Zuo, and Fei, and joined the Beicha Sha River on the right. Farther east, the Bao River entered from Bozhou in Anhui and followed the same course. Two towns: Xinxing and Bao'an. One Taiqiu post station. Yucheng County: strategically important and busy. It lay seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the northeast lay Zhugang and Liqiu. The old river course entered from Shangqiu and flowed east into Dangshan in Jiangsu — the ancient Bian Canal. From the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "passing beside Zhouwu" issues the Heng River. The South Huimin Canal merged into Xiayi. One town: Zhiping. One Shiliugu post station. Suizhou: strategically important and busy. It lay one hundred li west of the prefectural seat. To the west of the city lay Luotuo Ridge. To the north, the old Yellow River course entered from Kaocheng. In Jiajing 19 of the Ming, a breach at Yejigang sent the southward flow as the Zhanggong River into Ningling. To the west, the Huiji River entered from Qi, joined the Heng River on the left, took over its old course, and flowed southeast into Zhecheng. The Heng River is the Sui River, and the Sui River is the Huan River. This is the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as passing Chengguang City, then east past the old city of Xiangyi. Two towns: Guihua and Chonghua. At Wuqiao Market the subprefectural magistrate maintained a post. One Kuiqiu post station. Kaocheng County: light administrative burden. It lay one hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. In Qianlong 49 it was reassigned to Weihui. It was restored in Guangxu 1. To the south lay Ge Ridge. The old river course had formerly entered from Lanfeng and flowed east into Caoxian in Shandong. In Xianfeng 5 it shifted northward. Formerly there was the Dai River; both are now silted up. There were post stations at Xiecheng and Kuiqiu. Zhecheng County: light administrative burden. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. At the northeast corner of the city lay Kuo Mountain. There were two old river courses. To the northwest, the Huiji River entered from Sui and passed Xinnmen Temple — the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "the Sui River passing north of Yiwu County" — which formerly received a branch of the Guo River. To the north, the Zhanggong River entered from Ningling, passed Niudou City, met at Zhuanqiao in the southeast, and flowed southeast into Luyi. Farther east, the Liujia River — the ancient Gu River, also called the Huan River — is the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as passing north of Zeng City. Also the ancient Hong River west of the county seat; both are now silted up. One town: Baqiao. One county post station.

陳州府：繁，難。隸開歸陳許鄭道。清初沿明制，為開封屬州，領縣四。雍正二年，升直隸州。十二年，升府，並割太康、扶溝來隸，增附郭。西北距省治三百里。廣一百九十里，袤二百十五里。北極高三十度四十七分。京師偏西一度二十六分。領縣七。淮寧繁，疲，難。倚。明省宛丘入州。雍正十二年，析改為府治。西北：西銘山、杏岡。北：鞍子嶺，西明河出，逕漢新平故城北。東北：渦水自太康入，併入鹿邑。西南：沙河自商水緣界會賈魯河入，逕趙牛口，納柳涉河，逕新站集，又東南，左納西蔡河，又東南入項城。汾河自商水流入縣西南，又東入項城。東南：東蔡河，入沈丘。周家口在縣西南，賈魯河、沙河交匯於此。縣驛一。商水簡。府西南七十里。西北：沙河，古渡水，自西華入，逕鄧城，又東，右會潁水，逕叢台，至周家口。南綰汝、蔡，北轂陳、汴，通判駐。左會賈魯河，逕灌溉城、潁歧渡，緣淮寧界入之。西有汾河，舊自西華入，逕扶蘇城，左合枯河，東逕范台，右納界溝河，入淮寧。谷陽一鎮。縣驛一。西華難。府西北百八十里。南：宜山。西：廟陵岡。西南：沙河自郾城入，東逕小陶、夏亭城入商水。渚河即潁，右合土爐河，又東北，左納其支津流潁為合河口，逕叢桑村，又東，左納大浪溝從之。西南：洪河，自上蔡錯入，仍入之。又賈魯河，西北自扶溝入，逕護當城，側城東南入淮寧。柳涉河源自縣東，東南入淮寧。常社一鎮。縣驛一。項城簡。府南百二十里。河水故道即今沙河，自淮寧入，逕公路城入沈丘。汾河西北入，逕後魏平鄉諸陂，水經注「逕南頓故城南」者。西有泥河，即蔡河，自上蔡入，錯汝南復入，逕石橋，並東入沈丘。縣驛一。沈丘難。府東南百三十里。北：大沙河自項城入，左納東蔡河，逕其北。汾河入為小沙，左右合谷河、泥河，逕城南，入安徽太和。紙店一鎮。縣驛一。太康繁，疲，難。府北五十里。北：石山。東北：長白。西北：青岡。河自通許入，為燕城河，渦水冒為源，匯白洋諸溝，逕城南，又東南，左合河水故渠，逕馬廠集入鹿邑。槐店，縣丞駐。崔橋一鎮。縣驛一。扶溝簡。府西北百二十里。西北：雕陵岡。賈魯河自尉氏入，至張單口，左會雙洎河，水經注「洧水逕桐丘城西」，其孟亭故道堙。所謂小扶亭、洧溝，縣氏焉。側城東南，逕大扶城，古渦水出焉。又東南入西華。其西，文水河自鄢陵入，右合三道河，為大浪溝，逕鴨岡，洧西南故道逕新汲故城西、匡城南，左迤為鴨子陂者亦入之。白亭、洧陽、固城、呂潭四鎮。縣驛一。

Chenzhou Prefecture: busy and difficult to administer. It was subordinate to the Kaiguichenxuzheng Circuit. In the early Qing, following the Ming system, it was a subordinate prefecture of Kaifeng, administering four counties. In Yongzheng 2, it was elevated to directly administered status. In the twelfth year, it was elevated to a prefecture, with Taikang and Fugou transferred to its jurisdiction and a new seat county added. It lay three hundred li northwest of the provincial capital. It measured one hundred ninety li east to west and two hundred fifteen li north to south. Its latitude was 30°47' north. It lay one degree twenty-six minutes west of the capital. It administered seven counties. Huaining County: busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. Attached to the prefectural seat. In the Ming, Wanyou was annexed into the prefecture. In Yongzheng 12, it was restructured as the prefectural seat. To the northwest lay Ximing Mountain and Xing Ridge. To the north, Anzi Ridge was where the Ximing River issued forth, passing north of the old Han city of Xinping. To the northeast, the Guo River entered from Taikang and merged into Luyi. To the southwest, the Sha River entered from Shangshui along the border, joined the Jialu River, passed Zhaoniukou, received the Liuche River, ran past Xinzhan Market, then southeast joined the Xi Cai River on the left and continued into Xiangcheng. The Fen River entered the southwest of the county from Shangshui and flowed east into Xiangcheng. To the southeast, the Dong Cai River flowed into Shenqiu. Zhoujiakou lay in the southwest of the county, where the Jialu River and Sha River converged. One county post station. Shangshui County: light administrative burden. It lay seventy li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest, the Sha River — the ancient Du River — entered from Xihua, passed Dengcheng, then east joined the Ying River on the right, ran past Congtai, and reached Zhoujiakou. It linked the south to Ru and Cai and the north to Chen and Bian; the subprefectural magistrate maintained a post there. On the left it joined the Jialu River, passed Irrigation City and Yingqi Ferry, followed the Huaining border, and entered that county. To the west lay the Fen River, which had formerly entered from Xihua, passed Fusu City, joined the Ku River on the left, ran east past Fantai, received the Jiegou River on the right, and entered Huaining. One town: Guoyang. One county post station. Xihua County: difficult to administer. It lay one hundred eighty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Yishan. To the west lay Miaoling Ridge. To the southwest, the Sha River entered from Yancheng, ran east past Xiaotao and Xiata City, and flowed into Shangshui. The Zhu River is the Ying River; it joined the Tulu River on the right, then northeast received on the left a branch that flowed into the Ying at Hehe River mouth, passed Congsang Village, and farther east received the Dalang Canal on the left and followed it. To the southwest, the Hong River entered from Shangcai by crossing through the county and re-entering it. Also the Jialu River entered from Fugou in the northwest, passed Hudang City, and ran southeast of the city wall into Huaining. The Liushè River rose east of the county seat and flowed southeast into Huaining. One town: Changshe. One county post station. Xiangcheng County: light administrative burden. It lay one hundred twenty li south of the prefectural seat. The old river course is the present Sha River; it entered from Huaining, passed Gonglu City, and flowed into Shenqiu. The Fen River entered from the northwest, passed the ponds of the Later Wei Pingxiang — the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "passing south of the old city of Nandun." To the west lay the Ni River, also called the Cai River; it entered from Shangcai, crossed through Runan and re-entered the county, passed Shiqiao, and both flowed east into Shenqiu. One county post station. Shenqiu County: difficult to administer. It lay one hundred thirty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north, the Dashsha River entered from Xiangcheng, received the Dong Cai River on the left, and ran north of it. The Fen River entered as the Xiaosha River, joined the Gu River and Ni River on left and right, passed south of the city wall, and flowed into Taihe in Anhui. One town: Zhidian. One county post station. Taikang County: busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. It lay fifty li north of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Shi Mountain. To the northeast lay Changbai. To the northwest lay Qing Ridge. The river entered from Tongxu as the Yancheng River; the Guo River formed its source, gathered the Baixiang canals, passed south of the city wall, then southeast joined the old river channel on the left, passed Machang Market, and flowed into Luyi. At Huaidian the assistant magistrate maintained a post. One town: Cuiqiao. One county post station. Fugou County: light administrative burden. It lay one hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest lay Diaoling Ridge. The Jialu River entered from Weishi, reached Zhangdankou, and joined the Shuangji River on the left — the Commentary on the Water Classic says "the Wei River passes west of Tongqiu City" — but its old Mengting course is now silted up. The so-called Xiaofuting and Weigou — the county took its name from them. Running southeast of the city wall, it passed Dafu City, where the ancient Guo River had issued forth. It then flowed southeast into Xihua. To its west, the Wenshui River entered from Yanling, joined the Sandao River on the right to form the Dalang Canal, and passed Yagang; the old southwest course of the Wei passed west of the old city of Xinge and south of Kuang City, and the channel bending left to form Yazi Marsh also entered it. Four towns: Baiting, Weiyang, Gucheng, and Lütan. One county post station.

許州直隸州：沖，繁。隸開歸陳許鄭道。清初沿明制，為開封屬州。雍正二年升，仍所領。十二年為府。乾隆六年復。東北距省治二百五十里。廣九十里，袤百二十里，北極高三十四度五分。京師偏西二度二十五分。領縣四。西南：熊耳山。渚河，今潁水，自襄城緣界入，逕潁陽故城，古許國，東南入臨潁。其古潁水支津石樑河。西北自禹入，左納暖泉河，逕城西。又東南，右合椹澗，其東澮河，即潩水，水經注「逕射犬城」，自長葛入，東至秋湖，曰艾城河。其東洧倉城、其西岸亭，並從之。椹澗、石固二鎮。縣驛一。鐵路。臨潁沖。府東南六十里。潁水自州入。水經注「逕繁昌故城北」，有鍋壅口，東則棗祇河故瀆出焉。又東南，逕澤城北，古皋鼬，緣郾城界錯西華復入，入西華。其東支津石樑河亦自州入，逕大陵城南、御龍城南，左會艾城河，右合五里河左瀆，入鄢陵。西南：土爐河自襄城緣界並達之。繁城一鎮。縣驛一。襄城沖，繁。府西南九十里。城南：首山。汝水西自郟入，左合汜河，水經注「逕西不羹城南」，右納湛河、輝河，入舞陽。東北：潁水自禹入，逕汾丘城，緣州界入之。東北：土爐河自禹州入，逕李膺墓、白草原，匯為硃湖潭，一曰扊勒河，左瀆入臨潁。其南瑪瑙河，出縣東，東南入郾城。襄城一驛。郾城沖。州東南百二十里。東：召陵岡。城南：陘亭。西北：潁水，自臨潁緣界，逕青陵城東入西華。其土爐河入逕襄城時曲柵，右合瑪瑙河，出扊勒橋從之。西有沙河，即汝水，自舞陽入，逕道州城，至城南，右合澧河、唐河，曰大溵河。東南歧為洄曲河，逕沱口鎮五溝營。其故渠自西平入，左合淤泥河來會，入上蔡。正渠折東北，一曰螺灣河，亦入西華。縣驛一。長葛簡。府西北五十里。西北：延秀岡。雙洎河，即洧水，自新鄭入，左合梅河，屈東北入洧川。澮河在縣西，上游曰潩水，自新鄭入，後河自西注之。又東南，入許州，曰艾城河。暖泉河自禹入，逕城西南隅，東南入州。鎮五：董村、石相、和尚橋、會河、後河。縣驛一。

Xuzhou Directly Administered Prefecture: strategically important and busy. It was subordinate to the Kaiguichenxuzheng Circuit. In the early Qing, following the Ming system, it was a subordinate prefecture of Kaifeng. In Yongzheng 2 it was elevated, still administering the same counties. In the twelfth year it became a prefecture. It was restored in Qianlong 6. It lay two hundred fifty li northeast of the provincial capital. It measured ninety li east to west and one hundred twenty li north to south, at 34°5' north latitude. It lay two degrees twenty-five minutes west of the capital. It administered four counties. To the southwest lay Xiong'er Mountain. The Zhu River, now the Ying River, entered along the border from Xiangcheng, passed the old city of Yingyang — ancient Xu state — and flowed southeast into Linying. Its ancient Ying River branch was the Shiliang River. From the northwest it entered from Yu, received the Nuanquan River on the left, and passed west of the city wall. Then southeast it joined the Zhenjian Stream on the right; to its east the Hui River, also called the Yi River — the Commentary on the Water Classic says "passing Shequan City" — entered from Changge, ran east to Qiuhu, and was called the Aicheng River. Weicang City to its east and An'ting to its west both followed it. Two towns: Zhenjian and Shigu. One county post station. A railway line passed through. Linying County: strategically important. It lay sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. The Ying River entered from the prefecture. The Commentary on the Water Classic says "passing north of the old city of Fanchang"; there was the Guoyong Mouth, and to the east the old course of the Zaoqi River issued forth. Then southeast it passed north of Zecheng — ancient Gaoyou — followed the Yancheng border, crossed through Xihua and re-entered, and flowed into Xihua. Its eastern branch, the Shiliang River, also entered from the prefecture, passed south of Daling City and south of Yulong City, joined the Aicheng River on the left, joined the left branch of the Wuli River on the right, and entered Yanling. To the southwest, the Tulu River from Xiangcheng along the border also reached it. One town: Fancheng. One county post station. Xiangcheng County: strategically important and busy. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. South of the city wall lay Shou Mountain. The Ru River entered from the west at Jia, joined the Si River on the left — the Commentary on the Water Classic says "passing south of Xibulei City" — received the Zhan River and Hui River on the right, and flowed into Wuyang. To the northeast, the Ying River entered from Yu, passed Fenqiu City, followed the prefectural border, and entered the prefecture. To the northeast, the Tulu River entered from Yuzhou, passed the tomb of Li Ying and the White Grass Plain, gathered into Zhuhu Pool — also called the Yanle River — and its left branch entered Linying. To its south the Man'ao River rose east of the county and flowed southeast into Yancheng. One Xiangcheng post station. Yancheng County: strategically important. It lay one hundred twenty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east lay Shaoling Ridge. South of the city wall lay Xing Pavilion. To the northwest, the Ying River, from Linying along the border, passed east of Qingling City and flowed into Xihua. When the Tulu River entered and passed Xiangcheng at Qugeshan, it joined the Man'ao River on the right, issued from Yanle Bridge, and followed it. To the west lay the Sha River, also called the Ru River; it entered from Wuyang, passed Daozhou City, reached south of the city wall, joined the Li River and Tang River on the right, and was called the Dayin River. It branched southeast as the Huiqu River, passing Tuokou Market and Wugou Camp. Its old canal entered from Xiping, joined the Yuni River on the left, and flowed into Shangcai. The main channel turned northeast — also called the Luowan River — and also entered Xihua. One county post station. Changge County: light administrative burden. It lay fifty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest lay Yanxiu Ridge. The Shuangji River, also called the Wei River, entered from Xinzheng, joined the Mei River on the left, and bent northeast into Weichuan. The Hui River lay west of the county; its upper reaches were called the Yi River; it entered from Xinzheng, and the Hou River flowed in from the west to join it. Then southeast it entered Xuzhou and was called the Aicheng River. The Nuanquan River entered from Yu, passed the southwest corner of the city wall, and flowed southeast into the prefecture. Five towns: Dongcun, Shixiang, Heshangqiao, Huihe, and Houhe. One county post station.

鄭州直隸州：沖，繁，疲，難。隸開歸陳許鄭道。明屬開封。雍正二年升，並割其縣四。十二年並還隸。乾隆三十年，省河陰入滎澤。東北距省治百四十里。廣五十三里，袤六十五里。北極高三十四度四十九分。京師偏西二度三十四分。領縣三。西南：梅山。南：泰山。西北：河水自滎澤入，逕花園口，又東入中牟。須索河入，會京水，東逕衍南、祭城北，右合鄭水為沙河，一曰賈魯河，右合潮河從之。古汴水，禹貢曰灉，春秋曰邲，秦鴻溝，漢蒗盪渠，東流曰官渡水，曰陰溝，曰浚儀渠。管城一驛。京漢，鄭洛，鄭汴鐵路。滎澤沖，繁。州西四十里。乾隆三十年省河陰入為鄉，巡司駐。西北：河水自汜水入，逕敖山，又東廣武滎澤口，又東入州。西南：索水自滎陽入，逕故城，踐土營在焉，右會須水，為須索河，逕平桃城。其京水緣州界從之。廣武一驛。鄭洛鐵路。滎陽沖。州西七十里。東南：嵩渚山，一名大周山，水經注謂之黃堆山。其西有萬山、賈峪山、靈源、檀山。諸山皆與中嶽聯體，而嵩渚為尊。索水，古旃然水，出其麓，轉北逕城東。東南：京故城。西：索氏。所謂「楚、漢戰滎陽南京索間」，屈折東北入滎澤，須水從之。京水達之。索亭一驛。鄭洛鐵路。汜水沖，州西百一十里。城北：太和山。東南：五雲。西北：河水自鞏入，逕成皋縣北，即虎牢。春秋北制所謂東虢。側有黃馬關。其南，方山，山海經「浮臝，記水出」，左納玉仙水，北逕城西入焉。爾雅「水決復入汜」。又東，板渚，入滎澤。縣驛一。鄭洛鐵路。

Zhengzhou Directly Administered Prefecture: strategically important, busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. It was subordinate to the Kaiguichenxuzheng Circuit. In the Ming it was subordinate to Kaifeng. In Yongzheng 2 it was elevated, and four counties were transferred to its jurisdiction. In the twelfth year both were restored to subordinate status. In Qianlong 30, Heyin was abolished and merged into Xingze. It lay one hundred forty li northeast of the provincial capital. It measured fifty-three li east to west and sixty-five li north to south. Its latitude was 34°49' north. It lay two degrees thirty-four minutes west of the capital. It administered three counties. To the southwest lay Mei Mountain. To the south lay Mount Tai. To the northwest, the river entered from Xingze, passed Huayuankou, and flowed east into Zhongmou. The Xusuo River entered, joined the Jing River, ran east past Yannan and north of Ji City, joined the Zheng River on the right to form the Sha River — also called the Jialu River — and on the right joined the Chao River and followed it. The ancient Bian River: the Yugong calls it Yong, the Spring and Autumn Annals call it Bi, the Qin called it the Hong Canal, the Han called it the Langdang Canal; flowing east it was known as the Guandu River, the Yin Canal, and the Junyi Canal. One Guancheng post station. The Jinghan, Zhengluo, and Zhengbian railway lines passed through. Xingze County: strategically important and busy. It lay forty li west of the prefectural seat. In Qianlong 30 Heyin was abolished and merged as a township, where a patrol office maintained a post. To the northwest, the river entered from Sishui, passed Ao Mountain, then east at the Guangwu Xingze mouth, and flowed east into the prefecture. To the southwest, the Suo River entered from Xingyang, passed the old city where Jiantu Camp stood, joined the Xu River on the right to form the Xusuo River, and ran past Pingtao City. The Jing River followed along the prefectural border. One Guangwu post station. The Zhengluo railway line passed through. Xingyang County: strategically important. It lay seventy li west of the prefectural seat. To the southeast lay Songzhu Mountain, also called Dazhou Mountain; the Commentary on the Water Classic calls it Huangdui Mountain. To its west lay Wanshan, Jiayu Mountain, Lingyuan, and Tan Mountain. All these mountains were connected to the Central Peak, but Songzhu was the chief among them. The Suo River, the ancient Zhanran River, issued from its foothills, turned north, and passed east of the city wall. To the southeast lay the old city of Jing. To the west lay Suoshi. The so-called "Chu and Han fought between Jing and Suo south of Xingyang" — it bent northeast into Xingze, and the Xu River followed it. The Jing River reached it. One Suoting post station. The Zhengluo railway line passed through. Sishui County: strategically important; it lay one hundred ten li west of the prefectural seat. North of the city wall lay Taihe Mountain. To the southeast lay Wuyun. To the northwest, the river entered from Gong, passed north of Chenggao County — that is, Hulao. This was the Eastern Guo of what the Spring and Autumn Annals call Beizhi. Beside it lay Huangma Pass. To its south lay Fang Mountain — the Classic of Mountains and Seas says "Fuluo; the Ji River issues forth" — which received the Yuxian River on the left, ran north past west of the city wall, and entered it. As the Erya records, "the water breaks out and re-enters Si." Then east, at Banzu, it entered Xingze. One county post station. The Zhengluo railway line passed through.

河南府：沖，繁。隸河陝汝道。糧捕、水利通判駐。清初沿明制，領州一，縣十三。雍正二年，陝升直隸州。靈寶、閿鄉、盧氏先後割屬。東距省治三百八十里。廣三百六十里，袤五百十五里。北極高三十四度。京師偏西四度二分。洛陽沖，繁，難。倚。城北：北邙山。東南：大石。南：周山。西南：秦山。洛水自宜陽入，右合甘水，至王城西南。澗水，即穀水，自新安入，逕穀城故城東，合孝水、金谷水來會。又東，逕王城南，至城南，瀍水亦自孟津來會。所謂「澗水東、瀍水西，惟洛食」。南有伊水，自伊陽入，右納江左河，古大狂水，又北，左合土溝、板橋、厭澗，右納小狂水，古來需水，逕前亭、伊闕口，其左龍門，右香山，左合靈岩寺水，逕右枝津，左枝渠故瀆從之。龍門、彭婆、翟庄、白沙四鎮。周南一驛。偃師沖。府東少北七十里。古西薄。縣西，帝嚳及湯所都。城北：北邙山。東南：轘轅。西：首陽。南：緱氏、景山。古陽渠、穀水故道，堙。洛水自洛陽入，伊河注之，又折東北流入鞏。伊河亦自洛陽入，逕縣西南，又東北注於洛。又合水、劉水、休水、鄩水皆注於洛。府店一鎮。首陽一驛。宜陽簡。府西南七十里。南：錦屏山、萬安城。西南：石墨。西：熊耳。洛水自永寧入，水經註：東合白馬谿、昌澗、杜陽澗。又東，左合渠谷、厭梁、黃中澗、祿泉、共、臨亭川水，又東逕九曲南，注豪水，右合黑澗、虢水，又東北出散關南，又東，枝瀆左出焉，惠水注之，入洛陽。韓城鎮，縣丞駐。又福昌、三鄉二鎮。縣驛一。新安沖。府西七十里。東南：瞻諸山。西南：郁山。北：慕容山。南：密山。西北：隊山。河水自澠池入，逕匡口渡，合畛水。山海經「出青要山」。水經註：彊山俗名彊山水，又東入孟津，橫水從之。山海經：正回水出騩山。穀水逕爛柯山，又東逕闕門，合廣陽川，右石默谿、宋水，逕城南，又東逕函谷關，東入特坂，右合皁澗、爽慈澗水，入洛陽達之。慈澗即婁涿山。少水出瞻諸山，實亂流合澗水。白石山陂水，古澗水正源，水經注意主山海經，而並列四澗，則郭注誤之耳。匡口、楊寺、倉頭、石寺、北冶、石井、慈澗、闕門八鎮。西關一驛。鞏沖。府東北百二十里。周鞏伯邑。後東周君居。有轘轅山、九山。東南：天陵，山海經霍山，以其西宋諸陵改焉。南：侯山。西北：萯山。河水自孟津入，為裴峪渡，古小平津，右合鮪水，又東五社津、神尾山。西南：洛水自偃師合休水，逕鄩城、訾城，右合羅水、明谿泉。又東北，黑石渡，右合黃水、康水、石子河，逕城北，右合市河、魏氏河，又東神堤渡，右合任村水，為洛口，亦洛汭，入汜水，石城河從之。黑石渡、青泥、回郭三鎮。洛口一驛。孟津簡。府東北四十里。城南：邙山。西：柏崖。西北：河水自新安入，合正回水，又東合滽滽水為河清渡，後魏峽石津。又東逕漢平陰，合五曲九水，逕光武陵，至城北。又東，古孟津，逕平縣故城北，合浿水，入鞏。西南：穀城山，瀍水出，其任嶺從之。長泉、舊縣、雙槐、油房四鎮。縣驛一。登封簡。府東南百十里。北：太室山。漢置嵩高以奉，是為中嶽，古外方。其西少室，休水出，合大穴山水入偃師。其西南，大熊，山海經大虘，地理志陽乾。潁水出潁谷，是為右潁，左會中潁、左潁，逕城南，又東，左合少陽谿、五渡水，逕陽城故縣南，左合石淙水，古平洛谿，又東南入禹。其北，陽城山，洧水出，東逕陽子台入密。西南：大虘口，狂水出，水經注「西逕綸氏故城南，左與倚薄山水合，八風谿水注之。又西得三交水口，逕缶高山北，與湮水合，又西逕湮陽城南」，入洛陽，來需水從之。縣驛一。永寧簡。府南百九十里。崤山，縣北，漢回谿坂在焉。東北：熊耳。東南：天柱。西南：金門。洛水自盧氏入，左合大溝河。水經注「東逕高門城南，東與高門水合」者。又東，松陽谿水，逕黃亭南，合黃亭谿水。又東得鵜鶘水口，右元滬山水、荀公澗口，逕檀山南，庫谷水注之。又逕仆谷亭北，左合北水。又東，侯谷水，逕龍驤城北，左合宜陽北山水，又東，右廣由澗水、直谷水，左蠡縣西塢水，又東過蠡城縣南，右會金門谿水，左合款水，黍良谷水入焉。又東，右太陰谷水、白馬谿，又東，左合北谿，入宜陽。昌澗水、杜陽谿水、西度水並從之。縣驛一。澠池沖。府西百六十里。東：大媚山。北：韶山、石門。東北：天壇、白石。西北：河水自陝入，為槐耙渡，逕桓王山，合五龍潭，又東，濟民渡，合金陵澗，入新安。西南：馬頭山躡陝。穀水出穀陽谷，逕土壕，合熊耳北阜水，水經注澠池川。又東逕俱利城，左合羊耳河，至城南，又東，左合北溪，搭泥鎮千秋亭，雍谷水、晉水從焉。崤店一鎮。南村巡司。義昌、蠡城二驛。嵩難。府西南百六十里。東北：三塗山、鳴泉。北：介立。西北：陸渾。東：惠明。西南：臥雲。伊水自盧氏入，逕郭落山北，水經注，左合滽滽水。又東北，南屈為淵潭，右合太陽谷水、鮮水、左蠻水，又東，北歷崖口，左合七谷水，逕嵩縣南，左合蚤谷水，又東北逕陸渾嶺，東，溫泉水、焦澗水、明水、洧陽水、馬懷穚水，右大戟水，左吳澗水，又東北入伊陽。伊闕前溪水從之。乾隆中，令康基淵濬新故渠二十有一。南：伏牛山，汝水出，其分水嶺石柏谷。水經註：東北逕太和城，歷長白沙口，狐白谿水注之，東入伊陽。又西北，離山，淯水出，俗名白河，東入南召。舊縣鎮，巡司駐。縣驛一。

Henan Prefecture: strategically important and busy. It was subordinate to the Heshanru Circuit. The grain-supply and water-control subprefectural magistrates maintained posts there. In the early Qing, following the Ming system, it administered one prefecture and thirteen counties. In Yongzheng 2, Shan Prefecture was elevated to directly administered status. Lingbao, Wenxiang, and Lushi were successively transferred to its jurisdiction. It lay three hundred eighty li east of the provincial capital. It measured three hundred sixty li east to west and five hundred fifteen li north to south. Its latitude was 34° north. It lay four degrees two minutes west of the capital. Luoyang County: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. Attached to the prefectural seat. North of the city wall lay Mount Beimang. To the southeast lay Dashi. To the south lay Zhou Mountain. To the southwest lay Qin Mountain. The Luo River entered from Yiyang, joined the Gan River on the right, and reached southwest of Wang City. The Jian River, also called the Gu River, entered from Xin'an, passed east of the old city of Gucheng, and joined the Xiao River and Jingu River. Then east it passed south of Wang City; reaching south of the city wall, the Chan River also came from Mengjin to join it. This is the place described as "east of the Jian River, west of the Chan River — only the Luo is fit to dwell upon." To the south lay the Yi River; it entered from Yiyang, received the Jiangzuo River on the right — the ancient Dakuang River — then north joined the Tugou, Banqiao, and Yanjian on the left, received the Xiaokuang River on the right — the ancient Laixu River — passed Qianting and Yique Pass; to its left lay Longmen, to its right Xiangshan; on the left it joined the Lingyansi River, passed the right branch channel, and the old left branch canal followed it. Four towns: Longmen, Pengpo, Zhaizhuang, and Baisha. One Zhounan post station. Yanshi County: strategically important. It lay seventy li east and slightly north of the prefectural seat. This was the ancient Xibo. West of the county seat lay the capitals of Emperor Ku and of Tang. North of the city wall lay Mount Beimang. To the southeast lay Huan Yuan. To the west lay Shouyang. To the south lay Goushi and Jing Mountain. The old courses of the Yang Canal and Gu River were silted up. The Luo River entered from Luoyang, the Yi River flowed into it, then it turned northeast and flowed into Gong. The Yi River also entered from Luoyang, passed southwest of the county seat, then northeast flowed into the Luo. Also the He River, Liu River, Xiu River, and Xun River all flowed into the Luo. One town: Fudian. One Shouyang post station. Yiyang County: light administrative burden. It lay seventy li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Jinping Mountain and Wan'an City. To the southwest lay Shimo. To the west lay Xiong'er. The Luo River entered from Yongning; the Commentary on the Water Classic records that eastward it joined the Baima Stream, Changjian, and Duyang Stream. Then east it joined on the left the Qugu, Yanliang, Huangzhong Stream, Luquan, Gong, and Lintingchuan waters; then east it passed south of Jiuqu, flowed into the Hao River, joined the Heijian and Guo River on the right, then northeast exited south of Sanguan, then east a branch canal issued on the left, the Hui River flowed into it, and it entered Luoyang. At Hancheng Market the assistant magistrate maintained a post. Also two towns: Fuchang and Sanxiang. One county post station. Xin'an County: strategically important. It lay seventy li west of the prefectural seat. To the southeast lay Zhanzhu Mountain. To the southwest lay Yu Mountain. To the north lay Murong Mountain. To the south lay Mi Mountain. To the northwest lay Dui Mountain. The river entered from Mianchi, passed Kuangkou Ferry, and joined the Zhen River. The Classic of Mountains and Seas records that it "issues from Mount Qingyao." The Commentary on the Water Classic records that Qiang Mountain is popularly called Qiangshan Water; then east it entered Mengjin, and the Heng River followed it. The Classic of Mountains and Seas records that the Zhenghui River issues from Gui Mountain. The Gu River passed Lankeshan, then east passed Quemen, joined the Guangyang River, received the Shimo Stream and Song River on the right, passed south of the city wall, then east passed Hangu Pass, entered Teban eastward, joined the Zaojian and Shuangci Stream waters on the right, and entered Luoyang to reach it. Cijian was Louzhuo Mountain. The Shao River issued from Zhanzhu Mountain; in fact its confused flow joined the Jian River. Baishishanpo Water was the true source of the ancient Jian River; the Commentary on the Water Classic mainly follows the Classic of Mountains and Seas, but lists four Jian rivers side by side — Guo Pu's commentary was mistaken in this. Eight towns: Kuangkou, Yangsi, Cangtou, Shisi, Beiye, Shijing, Cijian, and Quemen. One Xiguan post station. Gong County: strategically important. It lay one hundred twenty li northeast of the prefectural seat. This was the fief of the Earl of Gong in Zhou. Later the Lord of Eastern Zhou resided there. There were Huan Yuan Mountain and Jiushan. To the southeast lay Tianling — Huo Mountain in the Classic of Mountains and Seas, renamed for the Song tombs to its west. To the south lay Hou Mountain. To the northwest lay Fu Mountain. The river entered from Mengjin as Peiyu Ferry — the ancient Xiaopingjin — joined the Wei River on the right, then east to Wushejin and Shenwei Mountain. To the southwest, the Luo River from Yanshi joined the Xiu River, passed Xuncheng and Zicheng, and on the right joined the Luo River and Mingxi Spring. Then northeast, at Heishi Ferry, it joined the Huang River, Kang River, and Shizi River on the right, passed north of the city wall, joined the Shi River and Weishi River on the right, then east at Shendi Ferry joined the Rencun River on the right — this was Luokou, also Luorui — entered Sishui, and the Shicheng River followed it. Three towns: Heishi Ferry, Qingni, and Huiguo. One Luokou post station. Mengjin County: light administrative burden. It lay forty li northeast of the prefectural seat. South of the city wall lay Mount Mang. To the west lay Bai Cliff. To the northwest, the river entered from Xin'an, joined the Zhenghui River, then east joined the Chongchong River to form Heqing Ferry — the Later Wei Xiashi Ferry. Then east it passed the Han Pingyin, joined the Wuqu Jiushui, passed Guangwu Ridge, and reached north of the city wall. Then east, at the ancient Mengjin, it passed north of the old city of Ping County, joined the Pei River, and entered Gong. To the southwest, Gucheng Mountain was where the Chan River issued forth; Ren Ridge followed it. Four towns: Changquan, Jiuxian, Shuanghuai, and Youfang. One county post station. Dengfeng County: light administrative burden. It lay one hundred ten li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Mount Taishi. The Han established Songgao to serve it — this was the Central Peak, the ancient Waifang. To its west lay Shaoshi, where the Xiu River issued forth; it joined the Daxue Mountain water and entered Yanshi. To its southwest lay Daxiong — Dahu in the Classic of Mountains and Seas, Yanggan in the Geography Monograph. The Ying River issued from Ying Valley — this was the Right Ying; on the left it joined the Middle Ying and Left Ying, passed south of the city wall, then east joined the Shaoyang Stream and Wudu River on the left, passed south of the old Yangcheng county seat, joined the Shicong River — the ancient Pingluo Stream — on the left, and southeast entered Yu. To its north, Yangcheng Mountain was where the Wei River issued forth; east it passed Yangzitai and entered Mi. To the southwest, Dahu Pass was where the Kuang River issued forth; the Commentary on the Water Classic records that "west it passes south of the old city of Lunshi, on the left joins Yibao Mountain water, and the Bafeng Stream flows into it. Then west it reaches Sanjiao River mouth, passes north of Fugao Mountain, joins the Yan River, then west passes south of Yanyang City" — it entered Luoyang, and the Laixu River followed it." One county post station. Yongning County: light administrative burden. It lay one hundred ninety li south of the prefectural seat. Xiao Mountain lay north of the county seat, where the Han Huixi Slope was located. To the northeast lay Xiong'er. To the southeast lay Tianzhu. To the southwest lay Jinmen. The Luo River entered from Lushi and joined the Dagou River on the left. This is the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "east it passes south of Gaomen City, east it joins the Gaomen River." Then east, the Songyang Stream passed south of Huangting and joined the Huangting Stream. Then east it reached the Tihu River mouth, received the Yuanhu Mountain water and Xungong Stream mouth on the right, passed south of Tanshan, and the Kugu River flowed into it. Then it passed north of Pugu Pavilion and joined the Bei River on the left. Then east, the Hougu River passed north of Longxiang City, joined the Yiyang North Mountain water on the left, then east received the Guangyou Stream and Zhigu River on the right and the Lixian Xiwu River on the left, then east passed south of Licheng County, joined the Jinmen Stream on the right and the Kuan River on the left, and the Shulianggu River entered it. Then east it received the Taiyin Valley water and Baima Stream on the right, then east joined the Bei Stream on the left and entered Yiyang. The Changjian River, Duyang Stream, and Xidu River all followed it. One county post station. Mianchi County: strategically important. It lay one hundred sixty li west of the prefectural seat. To the east lay Damei Mountain. To the north lay Shaoshan and Shimen. To the northeast lay Tiantan and Baishi. To the northwest, the river entered from Shan as Huaipa Ferry, passed Huanwang Mountain, joined the Wulongtan, then east at Jimin Ferry joined the Jinling Stream and entered Xin'an. To the southwest, Matou Mountain overlooked Shan. The Gu River issued from Guyang Valley, passed Tuhao, joined the Xiong'er North Slope water — the Commentary on the Water Classic calls it the Mianchi River. Then east it passed Juli City, joined the Yang'er River on the left, reached south of the city wall, then east joined the Bei Stream on the left, and at Qianqiu Pavilion in Dani Market the Yonggu River and Jin River followed it. One town: Xiaodian. A patrol office was maintained at Nancun. Two post stations: Yichang and Licheng. Song County: difficult to administer. It lay one hundred sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the northeast lay Santu Mountain and Mingquan. To the north lay Jieli. To the northwest lay Luhun. To the east lay Huiming. To the southwest lay Woyun. The Yi River entered from Lushi, passed north of Guoluo Mountain; the Commentary on the Water Classic records that on the left it joined the Chongchong River. Then northeast, bending south into a deep pool, it joined the Taiyang Valley water, Xian River, and Zuoman River on the right, then east north through Yankou joined the Qigu River on the left, passed south of Song County, joined the Zaogu River on the left, then northeast passed Luhun Ridge eastward — receiving the Wenquan River, Jiaojian River, Ming River, Weiyang River, and Mahuaijiao River, the Daji River on the right, and the Wujian River on the left — then northeast entered Yiyang. The Yique Qianxi Stream followed it. In the Qianlong period, Magistrate Kang Jiyuan dredged twenty-one new and old canals. To the south, Funiu Mountain was where the Ru River issued forth; its watershed was Shibaigu. The Commentary on the Water Classic records that northeast it passed Taihe City, passed Changbaisha Mouth, received the Hubai Stream, and east entered Yiyang. Also northwest, Li Mountain was where the Yu River issued forth — popularly called the Bai River — and east it entered Nanzhao. At Jiuxian Market a patrol office maintained a post. One county post station.

陝州直隸州：沖，繁。河陝汝道治所。州隸之。清初沿明制，為河南府屬州，領縣二。雍正二年升。十二年，割盧氏來隸。東距省治六百八十里。廣三百三十里，袤五百四十里。北極高三十四度四十六分。京師偏西五度二十分。領縣三。東：崤山。南：常烝。西：虢山。河水自靈寶入，合橋頭溝、藏龍、青龍澗。水經註：安陽溪及譙水、橐水、崤水匯焉。有太陽津。又東逕城北為茅津渡，又東三門山，過砥柱入澠池，穀水從焉。曲沃、張茅、石壕、上村、乾壕五鎮。硤石一驛。靈寶沖，繁。州西六十里。南：秦山。西南：地肺、石城、浮山。東南：峴山、鹿氾。南：女郎。西北：河水自閿鄉入，合柏谷水、稠桑河，又東逕函谷關，合宏農澗，古門水。及燭水、田渠水，逕城北，又東合曹水。菑水入州。虢略一鎮。桃林一驛。閿鄉沖，難。州西北百二十里。南：荊山、秦山。其支閿山，其東皇天原，又西桃原，古桃林，瑕城在焉。河水自陝西潼關入，為風陵渡，逕黃卷坂，合玉溪澗，又合泉鳩澗為浢津渡，又東逕曹公壘，合石姥峪、夸父山水，即湖水，為西關渡，逕城北，又東入靈寶，稠桑河從之。關東一鎮。鼎湖一驛。盧氏簡。州西南百四十里。盧氏山，西北。西：小青。洛水自陝西雒南入，其南熊耳，禹所導。東逕城北入永寧。其支蔓渠，俗名悶頓嶺，伊水出，東北逕欒川鎮入嵩。西南：湯水，俗名黃沙五渡，入內鄉。水經註：出盧氏大嵩山。硃陽一鎮。縣驛一。

Shanzhou Directly Administered Prefecture: strategically important and busy. It was the seat of the Heshanru Circuit. The prefecture was subordinate to it. In the early Qing, following the Ming system, it was a subordinate prefecture of Henan Prefecture, administering two counties. In Yongzheng 2 it was elevated. In the twelfth year, Lushi was transferred to its jurisdiction. It lay six hundred eighty li east of the provincial capital. It measured three hundred thirty li east to west and five hundred forty li north to south. Its latitude was 34°46' north. It lay five degrees twenty minutes west of the capital. It administered three counties. To the east lay Xiao Mountain. To the south lay Changzheng. To the west lay Guo Mountain. The river entered from Lingbao, joined the Qiaotou Canal, Canglong, and Qinglong Stream. The Commentary on the Water Classic records that the Anyang Stream and the Qiao River, Tuo River, and Xiao River converged there. There was the Taiyang Ferry. Then east it passed north of the city wall as Maojin Ferry, then east to Sanmen Mountain, passed the Zhiju and entered Mianchi, and the Gu River followed it. Five towns: Quwo, Zhangmao, Shihao, Shangcun, and Ganhao. One Xiashi post station. Lingbao County: strategically important and busy. It lay sixty li west of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Qin Mountain. To the southwest lay Difei, Shicheng, and Fushan. To the southeast lay Xianshan and Lufan. To the south lay Nülang. To the northwest, the river entered from Wenxiang, joined the Baigu River and Chousang River, then east passed Hangu Pass and joined the Hongnong Stream — the ancient Men River. It also received the Zhu River and Tianqu River, passed north of the city wall, then east joined the Cao River. The Zai River entered the prefecture. One town: Guolüe. One Taolin post station. Wenxiang County: strategically important and difficult to administer. It lay one hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Jing Mountain and Qin Mountain. Its branch was Wen Mountain; to its east lay Huangtian Plain, and to the west Taoyuan — the ancient Taolin — where Xiacheng stood. The river entered from Tongguan in Shaanxi as Fengling Ferry, passed Huangjuan Slope, joined the Yuxi Stream, then joined the Quanjiu Stream to form Doujin Ferry, then east passed Caogong Fort, joined the Shilaoyu and Kuafu Mountain waters — that is, the Hu River — as Xiguan Ferry, passed north of the city wall, then east entered Lingbao, and the Chousang River followed it. One town: Guandong. One Dinghu post station. Lushi County: light administrative burden. It lay one hundred forty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Lushi Mountain lay to the northwest. To the west lay Xiaoqing. The Luo River entered from Luonan in Shaanxi; to its south lay Xiong'er, which Yu had channeled. East it passed north of the city wall and entered Yongning. Its branch Man Canal — popularly called Mendun Ridge — was where the Yi River issued forth; northeast it passed Luanchuan Market and entered Song. To the southwest, the Tang River — popularly called Huangsha Wudu — entered Neixiang. The Commentary on the Water Classic records that it issues from Dasong Mountain in Lushi. One town: Zhuyang. One county post station.

汝州直隸州：繁，難。隸南汝光道。糧捕、水利州同駐。東北距省治四百九十里。廣袤各二百二十里。北極高三十四度十三分。京師偏西三度三十六分。沿明制，領縣四。西南：崆峒山。東北：風穴山。其石樓、鹿台、望雲、檀樹、狼皋、鑾駕諸山，皆中嶽熊耳之支脈也。西北：永安河入伊陽，逕楊家樓。水經注「趨狼皋山東出峽，謂之汝阨。東歷麻解城北，逕周平城南，又東與廣成澤水合。又東得魯公水口，合霍陽山水」者。又東逕城西南，左納洗耳河，又東，左合趙洛河，逕成安故城北，又東，黃水注之，即承休水，入郟、寶豐。楊家樓，州同駐。趙洛、臨汝二鎮。縣驛一。魯山難。州西南百二十里。東：魯山。南：簸箕。東南：商餘。西北：堯山，水經「滍水出」，故汝支津，今出西百七十里吳大嶺，俗名沙河。水經注「與波水合，又東逕魯陽故城南，右合魯陽關水，又東北合牛蘭水，又東逕應城南，彭水注之」者。又東緣寶豐界入。葉犨水從之。趙家村巡司。縣驛一。郟難。州東南九十里。北：綠石山。東南：紫雲。西北：大劉、扈陽。汝水自州緣界合扈澗水，納青龍河，入逕城南，右納石河，又東，左納藍水。水經注「逕化民城西、黃阜東」者。又東逕摩陂入襄城。長橋、黃道二鎮。縣驛一。寶豐難。州東九十里。東南：香山、扁鵲。西：鋸齒嶺。汝水自州緣郟界之西北。石河，古養水，源出三堆山，東南流，有柏河來會，又東南入郟。柏河有二源，皆出縣西山中，東流而合，又東南注石河。滍河即沙河，在縣東南，自魯山入，東入葉。應水一名瀴河，又名石渠，源出北峙山，東南注滍河。東：湛水，東南流入葉。宋村、曹二鎮。縣驛一。伊陽簡。州西南九十里。東南：雲夢山。南：霍陽。東北：連珠。西北：篩子垛。伊水自嵩緣界合杜水，納永定河，入洛陽。西南：汝水自嵩緣界入，逕城南，右合馬藍河，逕紫邏口，左合練溪入州。上店一鎮。縣驛一。

Ruzhou Directly Administered Prefecture: busy and difficult to administer. It was subordinate to the Nanruguang Circuit. The grain-supply and water-control subprefectural officials maintained posts there. It lay four hundred ninety li northeast of the provincial capital. It measured two hundred twenty li east to west and north to south. Its latitude was 34°13' north. It lay three degrees thirty-six minutes west of the capital. Following the Ming system, it administered four counties. To the southwest lay Kongtong Mountain. To the northeast lay Fengxue Mountain. Shilou, Lutai, Wangyun, Tanshu, Langgao, and Luanjia mountains were all branches of the Central Peak's Xiong'er range. To the northwest, the Yong'an River entered Yiyang and passed Yangjialou. The Commentary on the Water Classic records that it "rushes east out of the gorge at Langgao Mountain, called the Ru Pass. East it passes north of Majie City, passes south of Zhouping City, then east joins the Guangcheng Marsh water. Then east it reaches the Lugong River mouth and joins the Huoyang Mountain water." Then east it passed southwest of the city wall, received the Xi'er River on the left, then east joined the Zhaoluo River on the left, passed north of the old city of Cheng'an, then east received the Huang River — that is, the Chengxu River — and entered Jia and Baofeng. At Yangjialou the subprefectural official maintained a post. Two towns: Zhaoluo and Linru. One county post station. Lushan County: difficult to administer. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the east lay Lu Mountain. To the south lay Boji. To the southeast lay Shangyu. To the northwest, Yao Mountain was where the Water Classic says "the Zhi River issues forth" — an old branch of the Ru River; now it issued one hundred seventy li west at Wudaling, popularly called the Sha River. This is the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as joining the Bo River, then east passing south of the old city of Luyang, joining the Luyangguan River on the right, then northeast joining the Niulan River, then east passing south of Ying City, where the Peng River flows into it. Then east it followed the Baofeng border and entered. The Yechu River followed it. A patrol office was maintained at Zhaojiacun. One county post station. Jia County: difficult to administer. It lay ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Lüshi Mountain. To the southeast lay Ziyun. To the northwest lay Daliu and Huyang. The Ru River from the prefecture along the border joined the Hujian River, received the Qinglong River, entered and passed south of the city wall, received the Shi River on the right, then east received the Lan River on the left. This is the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as passing west of Huamin City and east of Huangfu. Then east it passed Mobei and entered Xiangcheng. Two towns: Changqiao and Huangdao. One county post station. Baofeng County: difficult to administer. It lay ninety li east of the prefectural seat. To the southeast lay Xiangshan and Bianque. To the west lay Juchi Ridge. The Ru River from the prefecture followed the northwest border of Jia. The Shi River, the ancient Yang River, rose at Sandui Mountain, flowed southeast, received the Bai River, then southeast entered Jia. The Bai River had two sources, both issuing from the mountains west of the county seat; they flowed east and merged, then southeast flowed into the Shi River. The Zhi River was the Sha River, southeast of the county seat; it entered from Lushan and east entered Ye. The Ying River was also called the Ying River and the Shiqu Canal; it rose at Beizhi Mountain and southeast flowed into the Zhi River. To the east, the Zhan River flowed southeast into Ye. Two towns: Songcun and Cao. One county post station. Yiyang County: light administrative burden. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast lay Yunmeng Mountain. To the south lay Huoyang. To the northeast lay Lianzhu. To the northwest lay Shaiziduo. The Yi River from Song along the border joined the Du River, received the Yongding River, and entered Luoyang. To the southwest, the Ru River from Song along the border entered, passed south of the city wall, joined the Malan River on the right, passed Ziluokou, joined the Lian Stream on the left, and entered the prefecture. One town: Shangdian. One county post station.

彰德府：沖，繁。隸河北道。糧捕通判駐。清初沿明制，領州一，縣六。雍正中，割直隸大名之內黃來隸，以磁隸廣平。南距省治三百六十里。廣三百二十里，袤二百里。北極高三十六度六分。京師偏西二度。領縣七。安陽沖，繁，疲。倚。西南：蒙賚山。西北：銅山、藍嵯、魯山、清涼山。漳水自涉入，逕邯鄲故城，緣直隸磁州界，又東逕豐樂鎮入臨漳。東南：湯水自湯陰緣界合羑水，及南萬金渠、防水，又東逕伏恩村。西有洹水自林伏入，至善應山北復出，其西龍山，合虎澗水，右歧為南、北、中三萬金渠，又北逕河亶甲城，左合珍珠泉，折東逕殷墟，韓陵山故瀆右出焉，又東南先後來會，又東入內黃。豐樂鎮，縣丞駐。鄴城一驛。鐵路。臨漳繁。府東北七十里。河故道在縣界，今已南徙。滏水、汙水並在縣西，今為漳、汙所經。漳河南自安陽、磁州入，側城西南，分二派，東至大名，並注衛河。鸕甪陂為境內蒲魚之利。三台在鄴城內西北隅，講武城在西。漳水上曹操疑冢在焉。冰井、銅雀、金鳳。隆、鄴二鎮。縣驛一。鐵路。湯陰沖，繁。府西南四十五里。西：五岩山、柏尖。西南：淇水自林緣界，衛河自濬緣界，北逕五陵，其西鷽城。又北，普濟河出焉，緣內黃界入之。西：牟山，水經注石尚盪水出，唐改湯，逕城北，至岳王墳東。宜師溝出西南黑山，一曰永通河，北逕高暯橋注之。又東北抵安陽界，左合羑水入之。鎮二：鶴壁、宜溝。縣驛一。鐵路。林繁。府西南百十里。林慮山，西二十里，太行支。其異目：西黃華、天平、玉泉，西南谼峪、棲霞，西北魯般門、倚陽，皆林慮之異名者也。濁漳自山西潞城入，緣涉界，左會清漳為漳水，東入河內。水經注所謂「逕葛公亭、磻陽城北合滄溪」者。其南，洹水自黎城伏入，復出為大河頭，逕城北，左合史家河、陵陽河，至龍頭山復伏。西南：淇水自輝入，逕石城、淇陽城，右會淅水，入湯陰。縣驛一。武安繁。府西北百六十里。南：鼓山。西：龍虎頭。西南：磁山、閼與。西北：摩天嶺、三門。有磨盤，南洺河出，屈東北，逕粟山，合玉帶及紫金河。其天井，北洺河出，逕儒山，合於紫金山，西入直隸永年。縣驛一。涉簡。府西北二百二十里。城北：龍山。南：熊耳。東：韓五。西南：風洞。東北：符山。東南：青頭。西北：石鼓、毛嶺口。清漳水自山西遼州入，逕城南，一曰涉河，縣以是名。又東南，濁漳自黎城緣林界來會，為合漳口，入安陽。索堡一鎮。縣驛一。內黃繁，難。府東百十里。明屬大名。雍正二年來隸。東：博望岡。河水故瀆在焉，有金堤。西南：衛河，自安陽緣界逕牽城入，左合湯水、洹水，逕繁陽城，折東楚王鎮，右合柯河，入直隸清豐。衛實淇水，水經注「過內黃縣南為白溝，逕並陽城為黃澤，逕戲陽城東」。地理志清河水。隋，永濟渠。高堤一鎮。縣驛一。

Zhangde Prefecture: strategically important and busy. It was subordinate to the Hebei Circuit. The grain-supply subprefectural magistrate maintained a post there. In the early Qing, following the Ming system, it administered one prefecture and six counties. In the Yongzheng period, Neihuang from directly administered Daming was transferred to its jurisdiction, and Ci was placed under Guangping. It lay three hundred sixty li south of the provincial capital. It measured three hundred twenty li east to west and two hundred li north to south. Its latitude was 36°6' north. It lay two degrees west of the capital. It administered seven counties. Anyang County: strategically important, busy, and taxing. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the southwest lay Menglaishan. To the northwest lay Tongshan, Lancuo, Lushan, and Qingliang Mountain. The Zhang River entered from She, passed the old city of Handan, followed the border of directly administered Cizhou, then east passed Fengle Market and entered Linzhang. To the southeast, the Tang River from Tangyin along the border joined the You River, along with the South Wanjin Canal and Fangshui, then east passed Fu'en Village. To the west the Huan River entered from Lin submerged, re-emerged north of Shanying Mountain; to its west Longshan joined the Hujian River, branching right into the South, North, and Middle Wanjin Canals, then north passed Heyiancheng, joined Pearl Spring on the left, turned east past the Yin ruins, where the old Hanling Mountain canal issued on the right, then southeast they successively met, then east entered Neihuang. At Fengle Market the assistant magistrate maintained a post. One Yecheng post station. A railway line passed through. Linzhang County: busy. It lay seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. The old river course lay on the county border; it had now shifted southward. The Fu River and Wu River both lay west of the county seat; now the Zhang and Wu rivers passed through. The Zhang River entered from the south at Anyang and Cizhou, ran southwest of the city wall, divided into two branches, east to Daming, and both flowed into the Wei River. Lulu Marsh provided the benefit of cattail and fish within the jurisdiction. The Three Platforms lay in the northwest corner within Yecheng; Jiangwu City was to the west. On the Zhang River lay Cao Cao's suspected tomb. There were Bingjing, Tongque, and Jinfeng. Two towns: Long and Ye. One county post station. A railway line passed through. Tangyin County: strategically important and busy. It lay forty-five li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west lay Wuyan Mountain and Baijian. To the southwest, the Qi River from Lin along the border and the Wei River from Jun along the border ran north past Wuling; to its west lay Xuecheng. Then north the Puji River issued forth and followed the Neihuang border to enter it. To the west, Mou Mountain was where the Commentary on the Water Classic says the Shishangdang River issued forth; in the Tang it was renamed Tang, passed north of the city wall, and reached east of the tomb of Prince Yue. The Yishi Canal issued from Heishan in the southwest — also called the Yongtong River — north passed Gaomao Bridge and flowed into it. Then northeast it reached the Anyang border, joined the You River on the left, and entered it. Two towns: Hebi and Yigou. One county post station. A railway line passed through. Lin County: busy. It lay one hundred ten li southwest of the prefectural seat. Linlü Mountain lay twenty li west — a branch of the Taihang range. Its alternate names were: to the west Huanghua, Tianping, and Yuquan; southwest Hongyu and Qixia; northwest Lubanmen and Yiyang — all alternate names of Linlü. The Zhuo Zhang entered from Lucheng in Shanxi, followed the She border, joined the Qing Zhang on the left to form the Zhang River, and east entered Henei. This is the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "passing Gegong Pavilion and north of Panyang City joining the Cang Stream." To its south, the Huan River entered submerged from Licheng, re-emerged as Dahetou, passed north of the city wall, joined the Shijia River and Lingyang River on the left, and submerged again at Longtou Mountain. To the southwest, the Qi River entered from Hui, passed Shicheng and Qiyang City, joined the Xi River on the right, and entered Tangyin. One county post station. Wu'an County: busy. It lay one hundred sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Gu Mountain. To the west lay Longhutou. To the southwest lay Ci Mountain and Yuyu. To the northwest lay Motian Ridge and Sanmen. At Mopan the South Ming River issued forth; it bent northeast, passed Su Mountain, and joined the Yudai and Zijin rivers. At Tianjing the North Ming River issued forth, passed Rushan, joined at Zijin Mountain, and west entered Yongnian in Zhili. One county post station. She County: light administrative burden. It lay two hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. North of the city wall lay Long Mountain. To the south lay Xiong'er. To the east lay Hanwu. To the southwest lay Fengdong. To the northeast lay Fu Mountain. To the southeast lay Qingtou. To the northwest lay Shigu and Maolingkou. The Qing Zhang River entered from Liaozhou in Shanxi, passed south of the city wall — also called the She River — and the county took its name from this. Then southeast the Zhuo Zhang from Licheng along the Lin border joined it at Hezhangkou and entered Anyang. One town: Suobao. One county post station. Neihuang County: busy and difficult to administer. It lay one hundred ten li east of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was subordinate to Daming. It was transferred to its jurisdiction in Yongzheng 2. To the east lay Bowanggang. The old river course lay there, with a Jin Embankment. To the southwest, the Wei River from Anyang along the border passed Qiancheng and entered, joined the Tang River and Huan River on the left, passed Fanyang City, turned east at Chuwang Market, joined the Ke River on the right, and entered Qingfeng in Zhili. The Wei was in fact the Qi River; the Commentary on the Water Classic records that it "passing south of Neihuang County becomes the Baigou, passing Bingyang City becomes Huangze, passing east of Xiyang City." The Geography Monograph called it the Qing River. In the Sui it was the Yongji Canal. One town: Gaodi. One county post station.

衛輝府：沖，繁。隸河北道。上北河，衛糧通判駐。清初沿明制，領縣六。雍正中，割開封之延津、直隸大名之濬、滑來隸，胙城省。乾隆中，割開封之封丘、歸德之考城來隸。光緒初，考城仍還隸。東南距省治百六十里。廣三百九十里，袤百七十八里。北極高三十五度二十七分。京師偏西二度十二分。領縣九。汲沖，繁。倚。西北：霖落、蒼峪、壇山。西：仙翁。北：華蓋。並太行支脈也。東南：河故瀆。北：衛河自新鄉入，一曰清水河，右納孟姜女河，逕府治北、比干墓南，又東北，右納滄河，緣淇界入之。銅關、杏園、淇門三鎮。驛一：衛源。鐵路。新鄉沖，繁。府西五十里。北：寺兒山、五陵岡。西南：黃、沁故瀆。東北：衛河自獲嘉入，右合小丹河及沙河，有合河鎮，又東北入汲。驛一：新中。獲嘉沖，繁。府西南九十里。東北：同盟山。南：黃、沁故瀆。西：小丹河自修武入；其新河會重泉注之，東逕三橋，左納峪河，即清水河。其西北，太白陂，春秋大陸。又東入新鄉。北流河自輝入為沙河，從之。崇寧、亢村二驛。丞兼巡司。鐵路。淇沖。府北五十里。東北：浮山。西北：靈山。西：朝陽。東南：衛河自汲合滄河，緣界納斮脛河，所謂肥泉，又東北會淇水入濬。早生、青龍二鎮。淇門一驛。輝繁。府西六十里。西：太行。其支，東北：方山。北：九山。西北：蘇門，衛河出焉，曰百泉。詩「毖彼泉水」。匯卓水、白沙、蓮花、萬泉，歷閘五，入新鄉，下至山東臨清會汶，行九百二十三里。其西：沙河，匯丁公、清濂、焦泉，又西，峪河、清水，匯梅竹、重泉，併入獲嘉。重泉，水經注長泉，逕鄧城東，又謂白屋水。淇山，西北。山海經沮洳。淮南子大號。淇水出東北，入林。縣驛一。延津沖，疲。府南七十里。雍正二年，自開封來隸。五年，省胙城入。西南：酸棗山。北：河水故瀆。西北：孟姜女河，東北流，至汲注衛河。濮水、酸水、延津、棘津、文石津，並堙，惟烏巢澤存。沙門一鎮。驛一，曰廩延。濬沖，繁。府東北百十里。城西南隅：浮丘山。東南：大伾，即黎陽山，其支，紫金、鳳皇。有禹二渠。白馬津西即遮害亭，又西，衛河。古泉源水自汲會淇入衛。詩所謂「在右」。淇口，古宿胥口。魏遏淇入白溝，所謂枋頭，即今之淇門渡也，東北逕雍榆城南，又北逕白祀山、頓丘故城。道口鎮，縣丞駐。縣驛一。滑繁，難。府東九十里。東北：白馬山、鮒鰅城。西北：狗脊、天台，河故瀆在焉。有瓠子堤、金堤。滑水，堙。西北：衛河自濬錯緣界仍入之。老岸一鎮，巡司駐。縣驛一。封丘繁。府東南百里。南有河水自陽武入，緣祥符界入之。城北：黑山。東北：淳于岡、青陵台，圮。古濮渠，堙。潘店、中欒二鎮。有驛。

Weihui Prefecture: strategically important and busy. It was subordinate to the Hebei Circuit. The Upper North River and Wei grain-supply subprefectural magistrates maintained posts there. In the early Qing, following the Ming system, it administered six counties. In the Yongzheng period, Yanjin from Kaifeng and Jun and Hua from directly administered Daming were transferred to its jurisdiction, and Zuocheng was abolished. In the Qianlong period, Fengqiu from Kaifeng and Kaocheng from Guide were transferred to its jurisdiction. In the early Guangxu period, Kaocheng was restored to its former jurisdiction. It lay one hundred sixty li southeast of the provincial capital. It measured three hundred ninety li east to west and one hundred seventy-eight li north to south. Its latitude was 35°27' north. It lay two degrees twelve minutes west of the capital. It administered nine counties. Ji County: strategically important and busy. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the northwest lay Linluo, Cangyu, and Tanshan. To the west lay Xianweng. To the north lay Huagai. All were branches of the Taihang range. To the southeast lay the old river course. To the north, the Wei River entered from Xinxiang — also called the Qingshui River — received the Mengjiangnü River on the right, passed north of the prefectural seat and south of the tomb of Prince Bi, then northeast received the Cang River on the right, followed the Qi border, and entered that county. Three towns: Tongguan, Xingyuan, and Qimen. One post station: Weiyuan. A railway line passed through. Xinxiang County: strategically important and busy. It lay fifty li west of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Si'er Mountain and Wulinggang. To the southwest lay the old courses of the Huang and Qin rivers. To the northeast, the Wei River entered from Huojia, joined the Xiao Dan River and Sha River on the right, passed Hehe Market, then northeast entered Ji. One post station: Xinzhong. Huojia County: strategically important and busy. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the northeast lay Tongmeng Mountain. To the south lay the old courses of the Huang and Qin rivers. To the west, the Xiao Dan River entered from Xiuwu; its Xin River joined the Chongquan and flowed into it, east passed Sanqiao, received the Yu River on the left — that is, the Qingshui River. To its northwest lay Taibai Marsh — the Dalu of the Spring and Autumn Annals. Then east it entered Xinxiang. The Beiliu River from Hui entered as the Sha River and followed it. Two post stations: Chongning and Kangcun. The assistant magistrate also served as patrol officer. A railway line passed through. Qi County: strategically important. It lay fifty li north of the prefectural seat. To the northeast lay Fushan. To the northwest lay Ling Mountain. To the west lay Chaoyang. To the southeast, the Wei River from Ji joined the Cang River, along the border received the Zhuojing River — the so-called Feiquan — then northeast met the Qi River and entered Jun. Two towns: Zaosheng and Qinglong. One Qimen post station. Hui County: busy. It lay sixty li west of the prefectural seat. To the west lay the Taihang range. Its branch, to the northeast, was Fang Mountain. To the north lay Jiushan. To the northwest, Sumen was where the Wei River issued forth — called Baiquan. As the Odes records, "How clear those spring waters." It gathered the Zhuo, Baisha, Lianhua, and Wanquan waters, passed five sluices, entered Xinxiang, descended to Linqing in Shandong where it joined the Wen River, running nine hundred twenty-three li. To its west, the Sha River gathered the Dinggong, Qinglian, and Jiao springs; farther west, the Yu River and Qingshui gathered the Meizhu and Chongquan, all merging into Huojia. Chongquan — the Commentary on the Water Classic calls it the Changquan, passed east of Deng City, and was also called the Baiwu River. Qi Mountain lay to the northwest. The Classic of Mountains and Seas calls it Juru. The Huainanzi calls it Dahu. The Qi River issued from the northeast and entered Lin. One county post station. Yanjin County: strategically important and taxing. It lay seventy li south of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 2 it was transferred from Kaifeng to its jurisdiction. In the fifth year, Zuocheng was abolished and merged in. To the southwest lay Suanzao Mountain. To the north lay the old river course. To the northwest, the Mengjiangnü River flowed northeast, reached Ji, and flowed into the Wei River. The Pu River, Suan River, Yanjin, Jijin, and Wenshi Ferry were all silted up; only Wuchao Marsh remained. One town: Shamen. One post station, called Linyan. Jun County: strategically important and busy. It lay one hundred ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. At the southwest corner of the city wall lay Fuqiu Mountain. To the southeast lay Dapi — that is, Liyang Mountain; its branches were Zijin and Fenghuang. There were Yu's Two Canals. West of Baima Ferry lay Zhaihai Pavilion; farther west lay the Wei River. The ancient Quanyuan River from Ji joined the Qi and entered the Wei. This is what the Odes call "on the right." Qikou was the ancient Suxukou. Wei diverted the Qi into the Baigou — the so-called Fangtou, that is, the present Qimen Ferry — northeast passed south of Yongyu City, then north passed Baisi Mountain and the old city of Dunqiu. At Daokou Market the assistant magistrate maintained a post. One county post station. Hua County: busy and difficult to administer. It lay ninety li east of the prefectural seat. To the northeast lay Baima Mountain and Fuyu City. To the northwest lay Gouji and Tiantai; the old river course was there. There were the Huzi Embankment and Jin Embankment. The Hua River was silted up. To the northwest, the Wei River from Jun crossed along the border and re-entered the county. At Lao'an Market a patrol office maintained a post. One county post station. Fengqiu County: busy. It lay one hundred li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south the river entered from Yangwu, followed the Xiangfu border, and entered the county. North of the city wall lay Hei Mountain. To the northeast lay Chunyu Ridge and Qingling Terrace, now collapsed. The ancient Pu Canal was silted up. Two towns: Pandian and Zhongluan. There was a post station.

懷慶府：沖，繁。隸河北道。河北鎮總兵、黃沁同知駐。清初沿明制，領縣六。後割開封之原武、陽武來隸。東南距省治三百里。廣三百九十里，袤百三十里。北極高三十五度六分。京師偏西三度二十七分。領縣八。河內沖，繁。倚。北：太行山。沁水自濟源入，左傳少水，水經注「東逕小沁亭北，右合小沁、倍澗水、邘水，逕野王故城北」者。其水逕柏香鎮、絺城為豬龍河，合豐稔南支，南入孟。其支津東北貫城，合利仁河，東出合廣濟支津注之。左會丹水，又東逕武德鎮，古州邑，入武陟。丹水自山西鳳台入，為丹口，逕鄈城、苑鄉城，釃為十九渠，古光溝、界溝、長明溝故瀆在焉，並注沁。而小丹河為大，合白馬溝，逕清化鎮。廣濟河及北支豐稔自濟源入，並絕濟。廣濟復歧為二支津，併入溫。鎮七：崇義、柏香、邘台、萬善、清化、尚香、武德。驛二：覃懷、萬善。濟源難。府西七十里。西：王屋、天壇。王屋，志稱「天下第一洞天」。天台，道書所謂「清虛小有洞天」也。西北：析城、秦嶺、陵山。北：盤谷。東北：孔山、熊山。西南：河水自山西垣曲入，納濝水。又東，河清渡、馬渚合柴河。水經注「湛水逕向城、湛城東」者。又東入孟。浝水源出西北山，東南流，逕城東南注溴河，逕琮山口，至勛掌村，淤。故水經注，溴出原山勛掌谷，俗謂之白澗水。側城東南，其南源姑嫂、五指、秦嶺三山水自右來會，又東南，左合濟支渠。濟出王屋西麓太乙池，為沇水，伏九十里，至共山南，復出於東丘，為濟瀆。東西二源亂流，其支南注溴。又東入河內，為豬龍河。東北：沁水自山西鳳台入，為枋口，東南，右歧為廣濟河，古秦渠。水經注硃溝，元為廣濟河，明為二十四堰。在永福堰者利仁渠，在廣福堰者豐稔南北渠，古奉溝，與正渠併入河內。在永利堰者永利渠，又歧為二，一南注為支，一東南為餘，入。邵源鎮，巡司駐。縣驛一。原武難。府東百八十里。明屬開封。雍正二年來隸。東北：黑洋山，古漯水出。西南：河水自滎澤入，又東入中牟，天然渠從之。下至扶溝，長七十五里。縣驛一。修武沖，繁。府東北百十里。北：太行山。西北：天門。西南：小丹河自武陟入，一曰預河，逕習村，側城東北，又東入獲嘉。新河上承靈泉、劉公河，至城東北，匯皇母諸泉，入獲嘉。待王、承恩二鎮。縣驛一。武陟沖，繁。府東百里。河北道治。西南：清風嶺。河水自溫入，納廣濟河，沁河水注之，又東入滎澤。沁河自河內入，逕故懷城木欒店，側城東南，又東逕詹店入原武。廣濟河自河內入，逕縣西南注黃河。小丹水亦自河內入，逕縣西北入修武。永橋、寧郭二鎮。武陟、寧郭二驛。孟沖，繁。府南五十里。城西：紫金山。西北：五龍台嶺。山下至梁村，古溴梁。其東，馬吉嶺。西南：河水自濟源入，逕宋河清故城，為白坡渡，古治阪津，其下吉利沾，古高渚。又東合軹陽河，其下楊樹沾，古淘渚。又東逕野戍鎮，為河陽渡，古孟津，其下郭沾：所謂「河陽三城」。古河中渚，合衡磵，又東順磵至城南，其渡小平津，又東逕沇水鎮入溫。西北：溴水自濟源入，逕冶城，右合同水，逕古安國城，合青龍澗，又南逕穀旦鎮，至無鼻城，左合餘濟南支。又南，孟港。東，豬龍河自河內緣界，合豐稔南支及餘濟北支，並從之。沇河、白陂二鎮。驛一：河陽。溫繁。府東南五十里。西：太平山。西南：河水自孟入，至小營西北。濟水自河內入，為豬龍河，緣界合豐稔北支。又有大埝水，至上浣村，仍曰沇水，逕虢公台南，會溴水入焉，逕城南。又東至平泉西，大豐及長濟及興隆堰水亦自河內入焉，又東入武陟。趙堡一鎮。縣驛一。陽武繁。府東北九十里。西南：河水自原武入，逕官渡東入祥符。天然渠逕黃練集，東北入封丘。其河、濟故瀆西北。河自山西垣曲入郡境，凡行六百四十六里。太平、延州二鎮。縣驛一。

Huaqing Prefecture: strategically important and busy. It was subordinate to the Hebei Circuit. The Hebei garrison commander and the Huang-Qin subprefectural magistrate maintained posts there. In the early Qing, following the Ming system, it administered six counties. Later Yuanwu and Yangwu from Kaifeng were transferred to its jurisdiction. It lay three hundred li southeast of the provincial capital. It measured three hundred ninety li east to west and one hundred thirty li north to south. Its latitude was 35°6' north. It lay three degrees twenty-seven minutes west of the capital. It administered eight counties. Henei County: strategically important and busy. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the north lay the Taihang Mountains. The Qin River entered from Jiyuan — the Shaoshui of the Zuo Commentary — the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "east it passes north of Xiaoqin Pavilion, on the right joins the Xiaoqin, Beijian, and Yu rivers, passes north of the old city of Yewang." Its water passed Baixiang Market and Chicheng as the Zhulong River, joined the south branch of Fengrun, and south entered Meng. Its branch channel ran northeast through the city, joined the Liren River, and east issued forth to join the Guangji branch channel and flow into it. On the left it joined the Dan River, then east passed Wude Market — an ancient prefectural seat — and entered Wuzhi. The Dan River entered from Fengtai in Shanxi as Dankou, passed Weicheng and Yuanxiang City, was divided into nineteen canals; the old courses of the Guang, Jie, and Changming canals lay there, all flowing into the Qin. The Xiao Dan River was the greater stream; it joined the Baima Canal and passed Qinghua Market. The Guangji River and its north branch Fengrun entered from Jiyuan, both cutting off the Ji. The Guangji again branched into two branch channels and merged into Wen. Seven towns: Chongyi, Baixiang, Yutai, Wanshan, Qinghua, Shangxiang, and Wude. Two post stations: Tanhuai and Wanshan. Jiyuan County: difficult to administer. It lay seventy li west of the prefectural seat. To the west lay Wangwu and Tiantan. Wangwu — the gazetteer calls it "the foremost grotto-heaven under heaven." Tiantai was what Daoist texts call "the grotto-heaven of clear emptiness and slight fullness." To the northwest lay Xicheng, Qinling, and Ling Mountain. To the north lay Pangu. To the northeast lay Kong Mountain and Xiong Mountain. To the southwest, the river entered from Yuanqu in Shanxi and received the Hui River. Then east, at Heqing Ferry and Mazhu it joined the Chai River. This is the stretch the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "the Zhan River passes Xiang City and east of Zhancheng." Then east it entered Meng. The Bang River rose in the northwest mountains, flowed southeast, passed southeast of the city wall and flowed into the Xiu River, passed Congshan Mouth, reached Xunzhang Village, and was silted up. Formerly the Commentary on the Water Classic records that the Xiu issued from Xunzhang Valley on Yuan Mountain, popularly called the Baijian River. Running southeast of the city wall, its southern sources — the Gushao, Wuzhi, and Qinling mountain waters — came from the right to meet it, then southeast joined the Ji branch canal on the left. The Ji issued from Taiyi Pool on the western foothills of Wangwu as the Yan River, ran underground for ninety li, reached south of Gong Mountain, re-emerged at Dongqiu, and became the Ji Channel. The east and west sources flowed in confusion; its branch south flowed into the Xiu. Then east it entered Henei as the Zhulong River. To the northeast, the Qin River entered from Fengtai in Shanxi as Fangkou, southeast branching right as the Guangji River — the ancient Qin Canal. The Commentary on the Water Classic calls it Zhugou; in the Yuan it was the Guangji River; in the Ming it became twenty-four weirs. At the Yongfu weir was the Liren Canal; at the Guangfu weir were the north and south Fengrun canals — the ancient Feng Canal — which together with the main canal merged into Henei. At the Yongli weir was the Yongli Canal, which again branched into two — one south flowing as a branch, one southeast as the remainder — and entered. At Shaoyuan Market a patrol office maintained a post. One county post station. Yuanwu County: difficult to administer. It lay one hundred eighty li east of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was subordinate to Kaifeng. It was transferred to its jurisdiction in Yongzheng 2. To the northeast, Heiyang Mountain was where the ancient Luo River had issued forth. To the southwest, the river entered from Xingze, then east entered Zhongmou, and the Tianran Canal followed it. Descending to Fugou, it ran seventy-five li. One county post station. Xiuwu County: strategically important and busy. It lay one hundred ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the north lay the Taihang Mountains. To the northwest lay Tianmen. To the southwest, the Xiao Dan River entered from Wuzhi — also called the Yu River — passed Xicun, ran northeast of the city wall, then east entered Huojia. The Xin River received the Lingquan and Liugong rivers upstream, reached northeast of the city wall, gathered the Huangmu springs, and entered Huojia. Two towns: Daiwang and Chengen. One county post station. Wuzhi County: strategically important and busy. It lay one hundred li east of the prefectural seat. It was the seat of the Hebei Circuit. To the southwest lay Qingfeng Ridge. The river entered from Wen, received the Guangji River, the Qin River flowed into it, then east entered Xingze. The Qin River entered from Henei, passed the old Huai city at Muluan Market, ran southeast of the city wall, then east passed Zhadian and entered Yuanwu. The Guangji River entered from Henei, passed southwest of the county seat, and flowed into the Yellow River. The Xiao Dan River also entered from Henei, passed northwest of the county seat, and entered Xiuwu. Two towns: Yongqiao and Ningguo. Two post stations: Wuzhi and Ningguo. Meng County: strategically important and busy. It lay fifty li south of the prefectural seat. West of the city wall lay Zijin Mountain. To the northwest lay Wulongtai Ridge. From the foothills to Liang Village lay the ancient Xiuliang. To its east lay Maji Ridge. To the southwest, the river entered from Jiyuan, passed the old city of Songheqing as Baipo Ferry — the ancient Zhibanjin — below which lay Jilizhan, the ancient Gaozhu. Then east it joined the Zhiyang River; below lay Yangshuzhan, the ancient Taozhu. Then east it passed Yeshu Market as Heyang Ferry — the ancient Mengjin — below which lay Guozhan: the so-called "Three Cities of Heyang." The ancient Hezhongzhu joined Hengjian, then east followed the stream to south of the city wall; its ferry was Xiaopingjin, then east passed Yanshui Market and entered Wen. To the northwest, the Xiu River entered from Jiyuan, passed Yecheng, joined the Tong River on the right, passed the old city of Anguo, joined the Qinglong Stream, then south passed Gudan Market, reached Wubi City, and joined the south branch of the Yu Ji on the left. Then south lay Menggang. To the east, the Zhulong River from Henei along the border joined the south branch of Fengrun and the north branch of the Yu Ji, all following it. Two towns: Yanhe and Baipo. One post station: Heyang. Wen County: busy. It lay fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the west lay Taiping Mountain. To the southwest, the river entered from Meng and reached northwest of Xiaoying. The Ji River entered from Henei as the Zhulong River, along the border joining the north branch of Fengrun. Also there was the Danian River; reaching Shanghuan Village it was still called the Yan River, passed south of the Duke of Guo's Terrace, met the Xiu River flowing into it, and passed south of the city wall. Then east to west of Pingquan, the Dafeng, Changji, and Xinglong weir waters also entered from Henei, then east entered Wuzhi. One town: Zhaobao. One county post station. Yangwu County: busy. It lay ninety li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the southwest, the river entered from Yuanwu, passed east of Guandu, and entered Xiangfu. The Tianran Canal passed Huanglian Market and northeast entered Fengqiu. The old courses of the He and Ji rivers lay to the northwest. The river entered the prefecture from Yuanqu in Shanxi and ran six hundred forty-six li in all. Two towns: Taiping and Yanzhou. One county post station.

南陽府：沖，繁，難。隸南汝光道。南陽鎮總兵駐。清初沿明制，領州二，縣十一。道光中，淅川升廳。東北距省治六百十里。廣五百八十里，袤三百四十里。北極高三十三度六分。京師偏西三度五十五分。領州二，縣十。南陽沖，繁，難。倚。西北：精山、紫山。東北：豐山、蒲山。淯水俗名白河，自南召入，逕其北。水經注「逕博望西鄂故城，又南逕豫山宛城東，梅溪水注之」者。至府治南，支津南出為溧河。又西南，右合木溝、十二里河，逕淯陽城，併入新野。潦河緣鎮平界從之。東有唐河，自裕緣唐界入，桐河從之。石橋一鎮。賒旗店巡司。博望驛驛丞。林水驛驛丞。又宛城一驛。南召難。府西北百二十里。順治十七年省入南陽。雍正十二年復。南：百重山、天子望山。西：香爐。西南：燕尾、壺山。西北：伏牛、聖人。白河自嵩入，逕其東，右合獅子、黃洋河，左五路山水，至十里岡，右合留山及空山、雞子河。留即丹霞，其河即魯陽關水，水經注「逕皇后城西」者，關南三鴉水。有雉衡山，地理志醴水出，東入葉。李青店巡司。縣驛一。唐繁，難。府東百二十里。城南：天封、百里、唐子山、紫玉、午峰、花山。西北：富春。東南：孤山、馬武。東北：唐河自南陽緣界入，左會沘水及馬仁陂水，右合桐河，側城西南。左納澧河及江河、秋河，逕湖陽故城西、謝城北，合謝水、湖河，逕蒼苔鎮，緣新野界入湖北襄陽。蒼苔鎮，縣丞駐。明陽、桐河二鎮。縣驛一。泌陽簡。府東二百里。北：虎頭腦山。東：萬千。東南：祝家衡。東北：大胡，沘水出，譌「泌」，縣氏焉。左會小銅山水，逕城南，又西，比陽故城南，左合蔡水，右澳水。水經注「出磐石、茈丘二山」者，入唐，馬仁陂水從之。其支江河，與出磐石紅崖河，併入桐柏。西北扶予，潕水出，東北中陽，瀙水出，合為沙河，東入遂平。古路、饒良、羊柵三鎮。縣驛一。桐柏簡。府東南三百里。東：石門山、映山。西：天木。桐柏山在縣西南，與熊耳、伏牛聯體。其支大復、胎簪、黃山、石柱，通目之。淮水、澧水出。淮東北匯水簾洞、太陽城諸水，伏，至陽口復出，東逕尖山，東南逕復陽、義陽故城，左合月河，入湖北隨州。栗樹河從之。地理志，東南至淮陵入海，過郡四，行三千四百二十里。澧西北匯紅泥、三家，右納紅崖，逕平氏故城東，入唐。西南秋河，西北江河，自泌陽緣界自隨州入，並從之。吳城一鎮。縣驛一。鎮平簡。府西七十里。東：遮山。西北：歧棘。潦河出其東麓，緣南陽界入之，下注淯。照河，出嬌女朵，俗十二里河，匯東西三里淇河，及其西嚴陵河，並達之。縣驛一。鄧州繁，難。府西南百二十里。南：析隈山。西：五隴。西北：靈山、永青。湍水自內鄉入，逕臨湍、冠軍故城，右合得子河，側城東南至槃灘，左納趙河及嚴陵河。水經注「又逕穰縣為六門陂，又東南逕魏武故城西南白牛邑，安眾故城南，涅水注之」者，漢東陽涅陽城在焉。入新野，與淯會，為白河。其西，刁河自內鄉入，逕紅崖山，右合朝水，東南逕紫金山，為鉗盧陂，又南，黃渠河並從之。西南：禹山，茱萸河出，合排子河入湖北光化。板橋、槃灘、千金、張村、穰東五鎮。縣驛一。內鄉繁，難。府西百九十里。北：老君山。其南：秋林、夏館。山海經，翼望山，湍水出，會青山河，逕赤眉城，右合長城。又螺螄河，水經注「東南逕南陽酈故城東，菊水注之」者。逕城東又南，右合黃水，丹水故城在焉。又南，左合墨河。西北：霄山，刁河出，併入鄧。西北：熊耳山。淅水自盧氏入，逕修陽故城，一曰湯河，俗名黃沙五渡。逕菊潭，至西峽口，曰三渡河，又東南入淅川，與丹水會。丹水復逕順陽川，緣界入湖北光化。西峽口巡司。馬尾一鎮。縣驛一。新野沖。府東南五十里。北：蔓荊山。白河自南陽入，逕岡頭鎮，又西南，右合潦河，會湍水，合城東北，又西南，右納刁河，其支樊陂，折東南，逕新店鎮，左納支津漂河，復右納黃渠河。東南：唐河自其縣入，逕蒼苔鎮，右合小澗河，古安仁陂水，併入湖北襄陽。湍城一驛。裕州沖，難。府東北百二十里。東北：黃石山、方城山。東：中封。北：七峰，拐河出，醴河舊自南召入合之，今淤。東逕牛心山，洪河上游潕別源賈河出，分流東南逕小乘山復合，折東北，併入葉。西北：酈鳴山，唐河北源趙河出，南逕賒旗店，三里河即堵水，合清河、潘河、呂河注之，入唐。平台一鎮。赭陽一驛。舞陽簡。府東北百七十里。南：牛腦山、蘇家寨、鐵山。東南：瞻山。西：馬鞍。西：千江河自葉入，逕城南，曰三里河，右合八里河，東入西平，滾河從之。北：汝水自葉入，錯襄城，有湛河來注，又東南注沙河。沙河自葉入，有輝河、澧河，亦自葉來注，又東入郾城。唐河源出城東北，東流至郾城注澧。縣驛一。葉沖。府北百三十里。西南：方城、黃城。西北：北渡。滍、汝同源，俗名沙河，自寶豐入。逕河山，至臥羊山北為汝墳，東入舞陽。北：湛河，亦自寶豐入，逕平頂山，緣襄城界。其南輝河，古昆水，水經注，出魯陽縣唐山，逕昆陽故城西。又南拐河，即醴水，自裕入，逕王喬墓南。又南，賈河自裕入，曰千江河，古潕水，自泌陽入與會，通目之。滍水、保安二驛。保安，縣丞駐。

Nanyang Prefecture: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. It was subordinate to the Nanruguang Circuit. The Nanyang garrison commander maintained a post there. In the early Qing, following the Ming system, it administered two prefectures and eleven counties. In the Daoguang period, Xichuan was elevated to a subprefecture. It lay six hundred ten li northeast of the provincial capital. It measured five hundred eighty li east to west and three hundred forty li north to south. Its latitude was 33°6' north. It lay three degrees fifty-five minutes west of the capital. It administered two departments and ten counties. Nanyang County: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the northwest lay Jingshan and Zishan. To the northeast lay Fengshan and Pushan. The Yu River, colloquially called the Bai River, entered from Nanzhao and ran north of the county seat. The stream the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as passing the old cities of Bowang and Xie, then south past east of Mount Yu and Wancheng, where the Meixi River joins it. Reaching south of the prefectural seat, a branch channel issued south as the Li River. Farther southwest, it received the Mugou and Shierli rivers on the right, passed Yuyang City, and merged into Xinye County. The Liao River followed along the Zhenping border with it. To the east lay the Tang River, which entered from Yuzhou along the Tang border; the Tong River followed it. One town: Shiqiao. A patrol office was maintained at Sheqidian. Bowang Post Station had a post station master. Linshui Post Station had a post station master. There was also one post station at Wancheng. Nanzhao County: difficult to administer. It lay one hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. In Shunzhi 17 it was abolished and merged into Nanyang. It was restored in Yongzheng 12. To the south lay Baichong Mountain and Tianziwang Mountain. To the west lay Xianglu. To the southwest lay Yanwei and Hushan. To the northwest lay Funiu and Shengren. The Bai River entered from Song County, ran east of the county seat, received the Shizi and Huangyang rivers on the right and the Wulushan River on the left, reached Shiligang, and received Liushan as well as the Kongshan and Jizi rivers on the right. Liushan is Danxia; its river is the Luyang Pass River — the stream the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as passing west of Huanghou City — and south of the pass is the Sanya River. Mount Zhiheng lies here; the Geography Monograph records that the Li River issued forth and east entered Ye County. A patrol office was maintained at Liqingdian. One county post station. Tang County: busy and difficult to administer. It lay one hundred twenty li east of the prefectural seat. To the south of the city lay Tianfeng, Baili, Tangzishan, Ziyu, Wufeng, and Huashan. To the northwest lay Fuchun. To the southeast lay Gushan and Mawu. To the northeast, the Tang River entered from Nanyang along the border, met the Bi River and Marenpo River on the left, received the Tong River on the right, and passed southwest of the city. It received the Li River and the Jiang and Qiu rivers on the left, passed west of the old city of Huyang and north of Xie City, joined the Xie and Hu rivers, passed Cangtai Market, and along the Xinye border entered Xiangyang in Hubei. At Cangtai Market the assistant magistrate maintained a post. Two towns: Mingyang and Tonghe. One county post station. Biyang County: light administrative burden. It lay two hundred li east of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Hutounaoshan. To the east lay Wanqian. To the southeast lay Zhujiaheng. To the northeast lay Dahu, where the Bi River issued forth — erroneously written as "bi" — from which the county took its name. It met the Xiaotongshan River on the left, passed south of the city, then west, south of the old city of Biyang, received the Cai River on the left and the Ao River on the right. The stream the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as issuing from the two mountains of Panshi and Ciqu entered Tang County; the Marenpo River followed it. Its branch the Jiang River, together with the Hongya River issuing from Panshi, merged into Tongbai County. To the northwest lay Fuyu, where the Wu River issued forth; to the northeast lay Zhongyang, where the Qin River issued forth — they joined as the Sha River and east entered Suiping County. Three towns: Gulu, Raoliang, and Yangzha. One county post station. Tongbai County: light administrative burden. It lay three hundred li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east lay Shimen Mountain and Yingshan. To the west lay Tianmu. Mount Tongbai lay southwest of the county, connected in one mass with the Xionger and Funiu ranges. Its branches Dafu, Taizan, Huangshan, and Shizhu were visible throughout. The Huai and Li rivers issued forth here. The Huai northeast gathered the waters of Shuilian Cave and Taiyang City and others, sank underground, re-emerged at Yangkou, ran east past Jianshan, southeast past the old cities of Fuyang and Yiyang, received the Yue River on the left, and entered Suizhou in Hubei. The Lishu River followed it. The Geography Monograph records that it ran southeast to Huailing and entered the sea, passing four commanderies over a course of three thousand four hundred twenty li. The Li northwest gathered Hongni and Sanjia, received Hongya on the right, passed east of the old city of Pingshi, and entered Tang County. The Qiu River from the southwest and the Jiang River from the northwest entered from Suizhou along the Biyang border and all followed it. One town: Wucheng. One county post station. Zhenping County: light administrative burden. It lay seventy li west of the prefectural seat. To the east lay Zheshan. To the northwest lay Qiji. The Liao River issued from its eastern foothills, followed the Nanyang border into it, and downstream entered the Yu River. The Zhao River issued from Jiaonvduo, colloquially called the Shierli River, gathered the Sanliqi River east and west and the Yanling River to its west, and all reached it. One county post station. Dengzhou County: busy and difficult to administer. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Xiyinshan. To the west lay Wulong. To the northwest lay Lingshan and Yongqing. The Tuan River entered from Neixiang, passed the old cities of Lintuan and Guanjun, received the Dezi River on the right, passed southeast of the city to Pantan, and received the Zhao and Yanling rivers on the left. The stream the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as passing Rang County as Liumen Marsh, then southeast past southwest of Cao Cao's old city at Bainiu District, south of Anzhong old city, where the Nie River joins it — the Han-era city of Dongyang Ni'yang lay there. It entered Xinye County, met the Yu River, and became the Bai River. To its west, the Diao River entered from Neixiang, passed Hongyashan, received the Chao River on the right, ran southeast past Zijin Mountain as Qianlu Marsh, then south; the Huangqu River followed it. To the southwest lay Yushan, where the Zhuyu River issued forth, joined the Paizi River, and entered Guanghua in Hubei. Five towns: Banqiao, Pantan, Qianjin, Zhangcun, and Rangdong. One county post station. Neixiang County: busy and difficult to administer. It lay one hundred ninety li west of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Laojun Mountain. To its south lay Qiulin and Xiaguan. The Classic of Mountains and Seas records that at Yiwang Mountain the Tuan River issued forth, met the Qingshan River, passed Chimei City, and received the Changcheng River on the right. Also the Luosi River — the stream the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as passing southeast past east of Nanyang Li old city, where the Ju River joins it. It passed east of the city then south, received the Huang River on the right; the old city of Danshui lay there. Farther south, it received the Mo River on the left. To the northwest lay Xiaoshan, where the Diao River issued forth and merged into Deng County. To the northwest lay the Xionger Mountains. The Xi River entered from Lushi County, passed the old city of Xiuyang, also called the Tang River, colloquially named Huangsha Wudu. It passed Jutan, reached Xixia Pass, called Sandu River, then southeast entered Xichuan and met the Dan River. The Dan River again passed Shunyang Plain and along the border entered Guanghua in Hubei. A patrol office was maintained at Xixia Pass. One town: Mawei. One county post station. Xinye County: strategically important. It lay fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north lay Manjingshan. The Bai River entered from Nanyang, passed Gangtou Market, then southwest, received the Liao River on the right, met the Tuan River, joined northeast of the city, then southwest, received the Diao River on the right; its branch Fanpo turned southeast, passed Xindian Market, received the branch Pia River on the left, and again received the Huangqu River on the right. To the southeast, the Tang River entered from its county, passed Cangtai Market, received the Xiaojian River on the right and the ancient Anrenpo River, and merged into Xiangyang in Hubei. One Tuancheng post station. Yuzhou: strategically important and difficult to administer. It lay one hundred twenty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the northeast lay Huangshi Mountain and Fangcheng Mountain. To the east lay Zhongfeng. To the north lay Qifeng, where the Guai River issued forth; the Li River formerly entered from Nanzhao to join it — now silted up. Running east past Niuxin Mountain, the upper Hong River's separate source of the Wu, the Jia River, issued forth, split southeast past Xiaocheng Mountain and rejoined, turned northeast, and merged into Ye County. To the northwest lay Limingshan, where the northern source of the Tang River, the Zhao River, issued forth, ran south past Sheqidian; the Sanli River is the Du River, which joined the Qing, Pan, and Lü rivers to feed it, and entered Tang County. One town: Pingtai. One Zheyang post station. Wuyang County: light administrative burden. It lay one hundred seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Niunaoshan, Sujiazhai, and Tieshan. To the southeast lay Zhanshan. To the west lay Ma'an. To the west, the Qianjiang River entered from Ye County, passed south of the city, called the Sanli River, received the Bali River on the right, east entered Xiping County; the Gun River followed it. To the north, the Ru River entered from Ye County, crossed through Xiangcheng, received the Zhan River, then southeast fed the Sha River. The Sha River entered from Ye County; the Hui and Li rivers, also from Ye, joined it, then east entered Yancheng. The Tang River's source issued northeast of the city, flowed east to Yancheng and fed the Li River. One county post station. Ye County: strategically important. It lay one hundred thirty li north of the prefectural seat. To the southwest lay Fangcheng and Huangcheng. To the northwest lay Beidu. The Zhi and Ru shared a source, colloquially called the Sha River, entering from Baofeng County. It passed Heshan, north of Woyang Mountain became Rufen, and east entered Wuyang County. To the north, the Zhan River, also entering from Baofeng County, passed Pingdingshan and followed the Xiangcheng border. To its south lay the Hui River, the ancient Kun River — the Commentary on the Water Classic records that it issued from Tang Mountain in Luyang County and passed west of the old city of Kunyang. Farther south the Guai River, that is the Li River, entered from Yuzhou and passed south of Wang Qiao's tomb. Farther south, the Jia River entered from Yuzhou, called the Qianjiang River, the ancient Wu River; it entered from Biyang County and met it — visible throughout. Two post stations: Zhishui and Bao'an. At Bao'an the assistant magistrate maintained a post.

汝寧府：沖，繁，難。隸南汝光道。汝南分防通判、新息分防通判駐。清初沿明制，領州二，縣十二。雍正二年，光州直隸。光山、固始、息、商城割隸。北距省治四百六十里。廣二百四十里，袤五百九十里。北極高三十三度一分。京師偏西二度九分。領州一，縣八。汝陽繁，難。倚。城北：天中山。北汝，汝正源。西汝，潕及澺。南汝，瀙。元季，汝溢病蔡，自舞陽堨故瀆，則潕及西平、雲庄諸山水擅之。明嘉靖中涸，則遂平灈、瀙擅之。汝源凡三易，今北汝自上蔡合澺，通曰洪河。右合硃馬、馬常，左茅河，逕廟灣鎮，右合荊河，其故道蔡埠河入會。南汝右納黃酉、吳桂橋河，左迤為懸瓠池，右栗渚，側城東南，右合半截河，納溱水，錯正陽復入，併入新蔡。廟灣鎮巡司。黃岡、陽埠、射子、寒凍四鎮。縣驛一。正陽繁。府南百二十里。明真陽。雍正二年改。西：橫山。東北：南汝河自汝陽錯入，右合固城港、陳家溝，仍入之。水經注，首受慎水於慎陽故城南陂，注七陂，東入汝。南有淮水，自信陽緣界入息。西南：閭河、清水港並自確山入，又東從之。汝南埠，通判駐。縣驛一。上蔡繁，難。府北七十里。東：蔡岡。西北：北汝自郾城入，西汝、潕水右自西平會澺來注，遂通曰洪河，東南絕蔡河入汝陽，茅河、硃馬、馬常河從之。其故道自西洪橋右出納流堰為硃里河，通目之。復納石洋河，為蔡埠河，其西瀙水即南汝，自遂平入，右合清水河，亦併入汝陽。蔡河，澺支津，水經注「東南流為練溝，至上蔡西岡，北為黃陵陂，於上蔡岡東為蔡塘」者。又東為包河，入項城。北：華陂集，界溝河出，東緣商水界入之。邵店一鎮。縣驛一。新蔡簡。府東南百四十里。南汝，瀙，即汝水，洪河，澺，並自汝陽入，合於城東五里三汊口，又東南入息。又安徽阜陽谷水，即鮦水，從之；延河亦入焉。水經注「汝水逕櫟亭北，又東南逕新蔡故城南，又東南，左會澺水，逕壺丘故城北，澺水逕平輿故城南，左迤為葛陂」者。漢葛陵故城在焉。縣驛一。西平沖，繁。府西北百二十里。西：九頂山。潕水舊自舞陽入，逕故城。水經注，其西有呂墟，至合水鎮，匯諸石、雲庄諸山水。逕城北，又東歧為二，左支合周家泊水，古澺水。水經注「上承汝水，別流於奇額城東」者，今淤。泥河，緣郾城界，復合右支，會流堰河，併入上蔡。潕即西汝，自元季於舞陽鍋河堨之，今雲庄諸山水擅其故瀆。又會澺水，因通曰洪河。重渠、蔡砦、儀封三鎮。縣驛一。鐵路。遂平沖，繁。府西北九十里。西：奧崍山、嵖岈。南汝上游沙河，古瀙水，自泌陽入，逕金山，左合楊奉河。水經注「東過吳房縣南，又東過灈陽縣南」者，入上蔡。其逕城南支津，東北出為新河，會石洋河。河古灈，出西北嵢峰垛，水經注興山。逕吳家橋東南，清水河自確山入，並從之。縣驛一。確山沖，繁。府西南九十里。確山，城東南二里。又東南，朗陵、佛光。城南：蟠山。西南：平頂。西北：樂山，練水出，俗名黃酉河。秀山，吳桂橋河出。西有溱水自泌陽入，俗名石河，又東曰吳砦，逕確山故城。水經注謂「溱出浮石嶺北青衣山」，又東北逕獨山，併入汝陽。東南，閭河塘、下溝河、清水港，併入正陽。西北，清水河，入遂平。姬家堰。毛城、竹溝、明港三鎮。縣驛一。信陽州沖，繁，難。府西南二百七十里。東南：鍾山。南：士雅、峴山。西南：董奉。西：卓斧、堅山。西北：淮水自湖北隨州入，左合明港河，屈東緣信陽界入羅山。水經注「逕平春城陽鍾武故城南」。其溮水入合油水、三灣河、九渡水，逕城南從之。平昌關，州判駐。楊家堂巡司。信陽、明港二驛。京漢鐵路。羅山繁，難。府南二百三十里。羅山，城南十里。又南：獨山、鵲山。西南：黃神、霸山。皆桐柏支麓也。西北：淮水自信陽入，逕謝城合溮水，又東逕縣北。西南：六斗山，竹竿河出。水經注谷水，合黑龍池、小黃河、古瑟水，緣光山界注之，入息。大勝關，巡司駐。縣驛一。

Runing Prefecture: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. It was subordinate to the Nanruguang Circuit. The Runan defense subprefectural magistrate and the Xinxin defense subprefectural magistrate maintained posts there. At the beginning of the Qing it followed the Ming system, administering two departments and twelve counties. In Yongzheng 2 Guangzhou became directly administered. Guangshan, Gushi, Xi, and Shangcheng were cut off and transferred to its jurisdiction. It lay four hundred sixty li north of the provincial seat. It measured two hundred forty li wide and five hundred ninety li long. Its north latitude was thirty-three degrees one minute. It lay two degrees nine minutes west of the capital. It administered one department and eight counties. Ruyang County: busy and difficult to administer. Attached to the prefectural seat. North of the city lay Tianzhong Mountain. The Northern Ru was the true source of the Ru. The Western Ru was the Wu and She rivers. The Southern Ru was the Qin River. At the end of the Yuan, the Ru overflowed and harmed Cai; it was dammed at the old channel from Wuyang, and then the Wu and the rivers and mountains of Xiping, Yunzhuang, and elsewhere took it over. When it dried up in the Ming Jiajing era, Suiping's Qu and Qin took it over. The source of the Ru changed three times in all; today the Northern Ru from Shangcai joined the She River and was generally called the Hong River. It received Zhuma and Machang on the right and the Mao River on the left, passed Miaowan Market, received the Jing River on the right, and its old channel the Caibu River entered to join it. The Southern Ru received Huangyou and the Wuguiqiao River on the right, bent left as Xuangu Pool, right as Lizhu, passed southeast of the city, received the Banjie River on the right, received the Zhen River, crossed Zhengyang and re-entered, and merged into Xincai County. A patrol office was maintained at Miaowan Market. Four towns: Huanggang, Yangbu, Shezi, and Handong. One county post station. Zhengyang County: busy. It lay one hundred twenty li south of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was Zhenyang. It was renamed in Yongzheng 2. To the west lay Hengshan. To the northeast, the Southern Ru River entered from Ruyang in a crossing course, received Guchenggang and Chenjiagou on the right, and still re-entered it. The Commentary on the Water Classic records that it first received the Shen River at the marsh south of the old city of Shenyang, fed seven marshes, and east entered the Ru. To the south lay the Huai River, which from Xinyang along the border entered Xi. To the southwest, the Lü River and Qingshui Harbor both entered from Queshan and east followed it. At Runanbu the subprefectural magistrate maintained a post. One county post station. Shangcai County: busy and difficult to administer. It lay seventy li north of the prefectural seat. To the east lay Caigang. To the northwest, the Northern Ru entered from Yancheng; the Western Ru and Wu River from Xiping joined the She River on the right to feed it, then were generally called the Hong River, cut across the Cai River southeast to enter Ruyang; the Mao, Zhuma, and Machang rivers followed it. Its old channel from Xihong Bridge branched right through the Liuyan sluice as the Zhuli River — visible throughout. It again received the Shiyang River as the Caibu River; to its west the Qin River was the Southern Ru, entering from Suiping, receiving the Qingshui River on the right, and also merging into Ruyang. The Cai River, a branch of the She River — the stream the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "flowing southeast as Lian Gully, reaching Shangcai's western ridge, north forming Huangling Marsh, east of Shangcai Ridge forming Cai Pond." Farther east it became the Bao River and entered Xiangcheng County. To the north, at Huabiji, the Jiegou River issued forth, east followed the Shangshui border into it. One town: Shaodian. One county post station. Xincai County: light administrative burden. It lay one hundred forty li southeast of the prefectural seat. The Southern Ru, Qin — that is the Ru River — the Hong River, and She all entered from Ruyang, joined at Sanchakou five li east of the city, then southeast entered Xi. Also the Gu River of Fuyang in Anhui, that is the Tong River, followed it; The Yan River also entered there. The Commentary on the Water Classic describes it as "the Ru River passes north of Litings, then southeast past south of Xincai old city, then southeast, meeting the She River on the left, passing north of Huqiu old city; the She River passes south of Pingyu old city, bending left as Ge Marsh." The Han-era old city of Geling lay there. One county post station. Xiping County: strategically important and busy. It lay one hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the west lay Jiudingshan. The Wu River formerly entered from Wuyang and passed the old city. The Commentary on the Water Classic records that to its west lay Lüxu; reaching Heshui Market it gathered the rivers and mountains of Zhushi, Yunzhuang, and elsewhere. It passed north of the city, then east split in two; the left branch joined the Zhoujiabo River, the ancient She River. The stream the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "receiving the Ru River above, branching at east of Qi'e City" — now silted up. The Ni River followed the Yancheng border, rejoined the right branch, met the Liuyan River, and merged into Shangcai County. The Wu was the Western Ru; since the end of the Yuan it had been dammed at Guohe in Wuyang, and today the rivers and mountains of Yunzhuang and elsewhere had taken over its old channel. It again met the She River and was therefore generally called the Hong River. Three towns: Chongqu, Caizhai, and Yifeng. One county post station. A railway line passed through. Suiping County: strategically important and busy. It lay ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the west lay Aolaishan and Chaya. The upper Sha River of the Southern Ru, the ancient Qin River, entered from Biyang County, passed Jinshan, and received the Yangfeng River on the left. The stream the Commentary on the Water Classic describes as "passing south of Wufang County, then east passing south of Quyang County" entered Shangcai County. Its branch channel passing south of the city issued northeast as the Xin River and met the Shiyang River. The river was the ancient Qu, issuing from Caofengduo to the northwest — Xingshan in the Commentary on the Water Classic. It passed southeast of Wujia Bridge; the Qingshui River entered from Queshan and all followed it. One county post station. Queshan County: strategically important and busy. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. Queshan lay two li southeast of the city. Farther southeast lay Langling and Foguang. To the south of the city lay Panshan. To the southwest lay Pingding. To the northwest lay Leshan, where the Lian River issued forth, colloquially called the Huangyou River. At Xiushan the Wuguiqiao River issued forth. To the west the Zhen River entered from Biyang County, colloquially called the Shi River; farther east it was called Wuzhai and passed the old city of Queshan. The Commentary on the Water Classic says "the Zhen issues from Qingyi Mountain north of Fushiling," then northeast passed Dushan and merged into Ruyang. To the southeast, the Lühetang, Xiagou River, and Qingshui Harbor merged into Zhengyang County. To the northwest, the Qingshui River entered Suiping County. The Jijia weir lay here. Three towns: Maocheng, Zhugou, and Minggang. One county post station. Xinyang Prefecture: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. It lay two hundred seventy li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast lay Zhongshan. To the south lay Shiya and Xianshan. To the southwest lay Dongfeng. To the west lay Zhuofu and Jianshan. To the northwest, the Huai River entered from Suizhou in Hubei, received the Minggang River on the left, bent east along the Xinyang border, and entered Luoshan County. The Commentary on the Water Classic records that it "passed south of the old city of Pingchun Chenyang Zhongwu." Its Taishui River entered and joined the You River, Sanwan River, and Jiudu River, passed south of the city, and followed it. At Pingchang Pass the subprefectural magistrate maintained a post. A patrol office was maintained at Yangjiatang. Two post stations: Xinyang and Minggang. The Jinghan Railway passed through. Luoshan County: busy and difficult to administer. It lay two hundred thirty li south of the prefectural seat. Luoshan lay ten li south of the city. Farther south lay Dushan and Queshan. To the southwest lay Huangshen and Bashan. All were foothills of the Tongbai range. To the northwest, the Huai River entered from Xinyang, passed Xie City and joined the Taishui River, then east passed north of the county seat. To the southwest lay Liudoushan, where the Zhugan River issued forth. The Gu River of the Commentary on the Water Classic joined Heilong Pool, the Xiao Huang River, and the ancient Se River, followed the Guangshan border to feed it, and entered Xi. At Dasheng Pass a patrol office maintained a post. One county post station.

光州直隸州：繁，疲，難。隸南汝光道。鹽捕、水利通判駐。清初沿明制，為汝寧屬州。雍正二年升直隸州。北距省治八百里。廣二百四十五里，袤二百里。北極高三十二度十三分。京師偏西一度二十八分。領縣四。州，古黃國。故城，西十二里。東：鳳皇山，為州左翼。西：浦口岡，為州右翼。東南：彭山。南：車谷。西北：淮水自光山入，合寨河，古壑水，又東北逕鄭家店，復合黃水。水經注「逕弋陽郡東，又東入固始」。其雙輪河入為白鷺河，古渒水。及春河自商城緣界，古詔虞水，並從之。州驛一。光山繁，難。州西南四十里。古弦子國。縣境大半山區，自西北而來，綿亙近二百里。其最著者，老君山、天台、春風嶺、黑石諸山。老君山之北，雲台、仙居、馬鞍、守軍、浮光諸山，皆桐柏支脈也。地理志弋山，西有淮水自羅山合竹竿河，緣界逕軑縣故城至其麓。又東入州。西南：黃茅腦，寨河出。水經壑水。會馬鞍山水為清流河，又合牢山龍潭、沖水、泥河，其東黃水，至花石山為三道河。右合梅林河，逕塔山，右合潑陂河。水經注木陵關水。左合晏家河，逕黃川西陽故城，至城南為官渡河，逕天賜山，水經注渒水。又東雙輪河，並從之。中渡、牛山二鎮。長潭一驛。固始繁，疲，難。州東瑾四十里。東：大山。南：獨山、木賊、青峰嶺。西北：淮水自息入，逕棗林岡、安寧、期思。古蔣國，亦浸丘故城，其左岸會汝水，至硃皋鎮，納白鷺及春河。又東，往流集，巡司駐。至三河尖，決水、灌水入焉。決自商城入，為史河，左合長江河，右歧為泉河，古陽泉水水經注，自雩婁東北逕雞備亭，過安豐故城，邊城郡治。又逕茹陂。陂今龍潭口。右歧為清河，合勝湖，又西北逕史家故城，左納羊行河、急流澗，逕城東而北，古蓼國在焉。灌自商城入為曲河。淮南子「孫叔敖決期思之水，以灌雩婁之野」。又西北，逕蓼潭，至城北來會，為兩河口。東魏澮州在焉。又東北，右歧為堪河，迤為七里岡，復與清泉二支津合。又北入淮。淮水又東入霍丘。硃皋、期思二鎮。縣驛一。息繁，疲，難。州西北九十里。西有淮水自羅山入，又東逕白公城，至城南。又東，新息故城。分流，左納清水港，合泥河，復合閭河，自正陽入，蓋慎水故瀆，逕褒信長陵故城注之。水經注申陂水。又東逕烏龍集入州。其白鷺河入逕期思集。西北：汝水自汝陽入，入新蔡，復緣安徽阜陽界逕固城汛，並達之玉梁渠。楊庄一鎮。縣驛一。商城難。州東南百二十里。東南：大蘇山，古大別。南：花陽、馬頭。東北：青山。西南：牛山，決水出。水經注「出廬江雩婁縣南大別山」。東合八仙台、黃昏山五關水。又東北曰寨河，左合麻河，逕金家寨，其西北則長江、石槽、沙河。西南：黃柏，灌水出，北合木廠、盛家店、九水河，逕城西，亦曰龍潭河，併入固始。西北：熊山，春河出。水經詔虞水。亦緣固始界入州。牛食畈巡司。縣驛一。

Guangzhou Directly Administered Prefecture: busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. It was subordinate to the Nanruguang Circuit. The salt-control and water-control subprefectural magistrates maintained posts there. At the beginning of the Qing it followed the Ming system as a subordinate prefecture of Runing. In Yongzheng 2 it was elevated to a directly administered prefecture. It lay eight hundred li north of the provincial seat. It measured two hundred forty-five li wide and two hundred li long. Its north latitude was thirty-two degrees thirteen minutes. It lay one degree twenty-eight minutes west of the capital. It administered four counties. The prefectural seat was the ancient state of Huang. The old city lay twelve li west. To the east lay Fenghuang Mountain, forming the prefecture's left wing. To the west lay Pukou Ridge, forming the prefecture's right wing. To the southeast lay Pengshan. To the south lay Chegu. To the northwest, the Huai River entered from Guangshan County, joined the Zhai River, the ancient He River, then northeast passed Zhengjiadian and again joined the Huang River. The Commentary on the Water Classic records that it "passed east of Yiyang Commandery, then east entered Gushi." Its Shuanglun River entered as the Bailu River, the ancient Pi River. Also the Chun River from Shangcheng along the border, the ancient Zhaoyu River, all followed it. One prefectural post station. Guangshan County: busy and difficult to administer. It lay forty li southwest of the prefecture. It was the ancient state of Xianzi. Most of the county was mountainous, extending from the northwest for nearly two hundred li. The most prominent were Laojun Mountain, Tiantai, Chunfeng Ridge, Heishi, and other mountains. North of Laojun Mountain, Yuntai, Xianju, Ma'an, Shoujun, Fuguang, and other mountains were all branches of the Tongbai range. The Geography Monograph's Yi Mountain — to the west the Huai River from Luoshan joined the Zhugan River, followed the border past the old city of Dai County to its foothills. Farther east it entered the prefecture. To the southwest lay Huangmaonao, where the Zhai River issued forth. It was the He River of the Water Classic. It met the Ma'an River to form the Qingliu River, again joined Laoshan Longtan, Chongshui, and the Ni River; to its east the Huang River, reaching Huashishan became the Sandao River. It received the Meilin River on the right, passed Tashan, and received the Popo River on the right. It was the Muling Pass River of the Commentary on the Water Classic. It received the Yanjia River on the left, passed the old city of Xiyang in Huangchuan, south of the city became the Guandu River, passed Tianci Mountain — the Pi River of the Commentary on the Water Classic. Farther east the Shuanglun River all followed it. Two towns: Zhongdu and Niushan. One Changtan post station. Gushi County: busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. It lay forty li east of the prefecture. To the east lay Dashan. To the south lay Dushan, Muzei, and Qingfeng Ridge. To the northwest, the Huai River entered from Xi, passed Zaolingang, Anning, and Qisi. At the ancient state of Jiang, also the old city of Jinqiu, on its left bank it met the Ru River, reached Zhugao Market, and received the Bailu and Chun rivers. Farther east, at Wangliuji a patrol office maintained a post. Reaching Sanhejian, the Jue and Guan rivers entered there. The Jue entered from Shangcheng as the Shi River, received the Changjiang River on the left, branched right as the Quan River — the ancient Yangquan River of the Commentary on the Water Classic, from Yulou northeast passed Jibeiting, passed the old city of Anfeng, seat of Biancheng Commandery. It again passed Rupo Marsh. The marsh is today Longtankou. It branched right as the Qing River, joined Sheng Lake, then northwest passed the old city of Shijia, received the Yangxing River and Jiliu Stream on the left, passed east of the city and north — the ancient state of Liao lay there. The Guan entered from Shangcheng as the Qu River. The Huainanzi records that "Sun Shu'ao diverted the waters of Qisi to irrigate the fields of Yulou." Farther northwest, it passed Liaotan, reached north of the city to join, forming Lianghekou. The Eastern Wei prefecture of Huai lay there. Farther northeast, it branched right as the Kan River, wound as Qiligang, and again joined the two branch channels of Qingquan. Farther north it entered the Huai. The Huai River again east entered Huoqiu. Two towns: Zhugao and Qisi. One county post station. Xi County: busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. It lay ninety li northwest of the prefecture. To the west the Huai River entered from Luoshan, then east passed Baigong City to south of the city. Farther east lay the old city of Xinxin. It divided; received Qingshui Harbor on the left, joined the Ni River, again joined the Lü River entering from Zhengyang — the old channel of the Shen River — passed the old cities of Baoxin and Changling to feed it. It was the Shenpo River of the Commentary on the Water Classic. Farther east it passed Wulongji and entered the prefecture. Its Bailu River entered and passed Qisiji. To the northwest, the Ru River entered from Ruyang, entered Xincai, again followed the Fuyang border in Anhui past Gucheng Station, and all reached the Yuliang Canal. One town: Yangzhuang. One county post station. Shangcheng County: difficult to administer. It lay one hundred twenty li southeast of the prefecture. To the southeast lay Dasu Mountain, the ancient Dabie. To the south lay Huayang and Matou. To the northeast lay Qingshan. To the southwest lay Niushan, where the Jue River issued forth. The Commentary on the Water Classic records that it "issued from Dabie Mountain south of Yulou County in Lujiang." East it joined the Wuguan River of Baxiantai and Huanghunshan. Farther northeast it was called the Zhai River, received the Ma River on the left, passed Jinjiazhai; to its northwest lay the Changjiang, Shicao, and Sha rivers. To the southwest lay Huangbai, where the Guan River issued forth, north joined Mucang, Shengjiadian, and the Jiushui River, passed west of the city, also called the Longtan River, and merged into Gushi County. To the northwest lay Xiongshan, where the Chun River issued forth. It was the Zhaoyu River of the Water Classic. It also followed the Gushi border into the prefecture. A patrol office was maintained at Niushifan. One county post station.

淅川直隸廳：繁，難。明復析內鄉置縣。道光十二年為廳。宣統元年升，改南汝光道為南汝光淅道。西：岵山。西北：簧鎖里。丹水自陝西商南緣界逕荊子關，其北葛花山，其南丹崖。又東南，逕凌老龍山，其黑漆河入為淇河，逕花園關、岞客、獨阜山注之。至城西南納滔河，逕石杯、雷山至於村保，古商於三戶城在焉。左會淅水。又東南逕太白、玉照山，緣內鄉界入湖北均州。水經注「丹水自三戶城逕丹水故城南、南鄉縣北，右合汋水」。汋即均，形之誤。荊子關，縣丞駐。峽口一鎮。廳驛一。

Xichuan Directly Administered Subprefecture: busy and difficult to administer. In the Ming it was re-established by carving out territory from Neixiang as a county. In Daoguang 12 it became a subprefecture. In Xuantong 1 it was elevated, and the Nanruguang Circuit was renamed the Nanruguangxi Circuit. To the west lay Hushan. To the northwest lay Huangsuo Village. The Dan River from Shangnan in Shaanxi followed the border past Jingziguan; to its north lay Gehuashan, to its south Danya. Farther southeast, it passed Linglaolongshan; its Heiqi River entered as the Qi River, passed Huayuanguan, Zuoke, and Dufushan to feed it. Reaching southwest of the city it received the Tao River, passed Shibei and Leishan to Cunbao — the ancient Shangyu city of Sanhu lay there. It met the Xi River on the left. Farther southeast it passed Taibai and Yuzhaoshan, followed the Neixiang border, and entered Junzhou in Hubei. The Commentary on the Water Classic records that "the Dan River from Sanhu City passed south of the old city of Danshui and north of Nanxiang County, receiving the Zhuo River on the right." Zhuo is Jun — a graphic error. At Jingziguan the assistant magistrate maintained a post. One town: Xiakou. One subprefectural post station.

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