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卷64 志三十九 地理十一 甘肃

Volume 64 Treatises 39: Geography 11, Gansu

Chapter 64 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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Chapter 64
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Treatise 39
2
Geography 11
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Gansu
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西使西使 西使使 西使使 使 使西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西
Gansu: in the Tribute of Yu, the southern part of Yong Province and also Liang Province. That territory. Under the Ming it comprised the territory of the Shaanxi provincial administration commission and the Shaanxi regional military commission. In the early Shunzhi reign the Qing followed the Ming system and established a Gansu governor-general, stationed at Ningxia. The Ningxia post was soon abolished. In the fifth year the Gansu governor-general was moved to Lanzhou. In the third year of Kangxi, Shaanxi was divided into eastern and western provincial administration commissions; the western commission was stationed at Gongchang and continued to govern the same four prefectures. In the sixth year the western Shaanxi commission was renamed the Gongchang provincial administration commission. In the seventh year it was renamed again the Gansu provincial administration commission and the seat was moved to Lanzhou. In the third year of Yongzheng the regional military commission and all guard posts were abolished; Ganzhou, Liangzhou, Ningxia, and Xining were created; and Suzhou together with Qin and Jie prefectures were elevated to directly controlled prefectures. In the third year of Qianlong, Lintao prefecture was abolished and its seat moved to Lanzhou, and the prefecture was renamed accordingly. In the twenty-fourth year Anxi prefecture was established. In the twenty-ninth year the governorship was abolished, and the Shaanxi-Gansu governor-general at Lanzhou assumed its functions. In the thirty-eighth year Zhenxi prefecture was established at Barkol and Dihua directly controlled prefecture at Urumqi. In the thirty-ninth year Anxi prefecture was downgraded to a directly controlled prefecture. In the forty-second year Jingzhou was elevated to a directly controlled prefecture. In the eleventh year of Tongzhi, Huapingchuan directly controlled subprefecture was established. In the twelfth year Guyuan was elevated to a directly controlled prefecture. In the twelfth year of Guangxu, when Xinjiang was reorganized as a province, Dihua and Zhenxi were detached and placed under it. On the east it borders Shaanxi, reaching Fuzhou and Binzhou. On the south it borders Sichuan, at Baoning and Long'an. On the southwest it borders Qinghai; on the north, the Alashan and Ejina banners; and the Khalkha Zasagtu Khanate of Mongolia. It measures 2,120 li from east to west and 1,410 li from north to south. In the third year of Xuantong there were 906,639 registered households and a population of 4,691,620. It comprised eight prefectures, six directly controlled prefectures, one directly controlled subprefecture, six dependent prefectures, eight subprefectures, and forty-seven counties. Its notable mountains include Long, Boshong, Kongtong, Xiqing, and Jishi. Its major rivers are the Yellow River, Xihan, Wei, Jing, Tao, and Huangshui. Its chief strategic passes are Xiaoguan, Jiayuguan, and Yumenguan. Its post roads: one runs southeast over Liupan to Changwu in Shaanxi; another runs northwest across the river, out through Jiayuguan to Hami in Xinjiang. Telegraph lines: northwest to Dihua, southeast to Xi'an.
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使 西 西 西西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Lanzhou Prefecture: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. Seat of the Shaanxi-Gansu governor-general, the provincial administration, education, and judicial commissioners, and the police and industry intendants. Under the Ming it was a prefecture subordinate to Lintao and governed Jin, Weiyuan, and Hezhou. In the third year of Qianlong the Lintao prefectural seat was moved here and the prefecture renamed; Hezhou, Didao, and Weiyuan were reassigned under it, Didao was elevated to a prefecture, Gaolan County was established as the prefectural seat, and Jingyuan was detached from Gongchang prefecture and placed under Lanzhou as well. It lies 4,040 li northeast of the capital. It measures 1,225 li from east to west and 800 li from north to south. Its latitude is 36°8′ north. It lies 42°34′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised two prefectures and four counties. Gaolan County: strategically important, busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. Attached to the prefectural seat. Five li south of the city is Gaolan Mountain, from whose foot the Five Springs issue. One hundred forty li away is Kanglang Mountain. To the north: Jiuzhou, Taishan, and Songshan. To the west: Wogan Ridge and Maxian Mountain. The Yellow River enters from the southwest out of Hezhou and flows west; at Kongjia Temple it turns northeast, then flows east again, winding south past the north of the city wall to Dongping, where it forms the boundary with Jin County. It continues northeast through Wujin Gorge and enters Jingyuan. The Tao River enters from the south out of Didao, flows northwest, and at Maolong Gorge joins the Yellow River. The border wall comes from Pingfan in the west, begins at Maoniujuan northwest of the county, runs southeast to Xiaolutang, and enters the Jingyuan salt ponds. Beyond the border wall, to the north the boundary with Mongolia is marked by six boundary steles. One garrison: Nami. Three courier stations: Lanquan, Shajing, and Moyun. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Hongshuibao. Jin County: strategically important and taxing. It lies eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south: Kan Mountain. To the southwest: Maxian Mountain. To the northeast: Beiluan Mountain and Chedao Ridge. To the east: Tuoxiang. To the northwest: Zhuzui. The Yellow River enters from Gaolan; the Nanxinying River enters from Didao; at Dayingchuan the Wajia River joins from the right and the Qingshui River from the left; the Kan Valley, Xujia Gorge, Daxia, and other streams unite, and the waters flow northwest to Gaolan and enter the river. The Yellow River continues northeast through Wujin Gorge into Jingyuan. The border wall comes from Gaolan in the west, crosses south of the Yellow River to Suoqiao, joins the old border wall, and runs northeast into Zhongwei. Two courier stations: Dingyuan and Qingshui. Didao Prefecture: busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. It lies two hundred li south of the prefectural seat. To the south: Mobang Mountain and Mei Mountain. To the north: Maxian Mountain and the former Guanyuan plateau. To the west: Xiping Mountain. To the southwest: Eighteen Turns Mountain. The Tao River enters from the south out of Taozhou, receives the Mobang, Dongyu, Sancha, and Liuchuan rivers and various smaller streams, and winds northward through the territory of the Shani subprefectural judge; the Shani River rises on the western slope of Moyun Ridge and flows west to join it. The Tao River continues north into Gaolan. A canal north of the prefecture was dredged in the third year of Yongzheng to draw Tao River water and irrigate three hundred qing of fields. The Zhao native official's headquarters lay at the foot of Liupan Mountain southeast of the prefecture. Four courier stations: Shani, Taoyang, Yaodian, and Qingping. A subprefectural judge was stationed at Shanibao. Weiyuan County: strategically important and taxing. It lies two hundred fifty li south and slightly east of the prefectural seat. To the northwest: Seven Peaks Mountain. To the south: Lugu. To the southwest: Wuxing. To the west is Bird-and-Rat Mountain; the Wei River rises on its northern slope, flows southeast past the north of the city wall, joins the Qingyuan and Qiaoyu rivers, and flows east into Longxi. One courier station: Qingping. Jingyuan County: taxing and difficult to administer. It lies two hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was Jinglu Guard. In the second year of Yongzheng the guard was abolished and a subprefect was established under Gongchang. In the eighth year a county was established and the subprefect was abolished. In the third year of Qianlong it was placed under Lanzhou. To the east: Hongshan and Quwu Mountain. To the south: Wulan. To the north: Snow Mountain. The Yellow River enters from the southwest out of Jin County and reaches the north of the city wall; the Zulie River comes from Huining in the south, joins the Zuoguan River, and flows north to enter it. The Yellow River then receives the various streams within the county, flows north, winds west across the border wall, and runs northeast into Zhongwei. The border wall comes from Hongshuibao in Gaolan and connects with Zhongwei. Hezhou Prefecture: busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. It lies two hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. The Shaanxi Hezhou garrison commander-general was stationed here; in the fourth year of Yongzheng the Heshui Guard was abolished and merged into the prefecture. To the north: Fenglin Mountain. To the southwest: Shimen Mountain. To the northwest: Little Jishi Mountain, identified in the Water Classic Commentary as Tangshu Mountain. The Yellow River enters from the west out of Xunhua; at Jishi Pass it enters the prefecture, receives the Yangbei, Chuima, and Yinchuan rivers from the right, runs east past the south of the city wall, and continues east to Lianhua Temple. The Daxia River comes from Xunhua in the southwest, gathers the smaller streams within the prefecture, and winds north to join it. The Yellow River continues east into Gaolan. The Han native official and the Tufan, Laoya, Duanyan, Hongyan, Yadang, and Chuansa tribes were distributed across the western part of the prefecture. Five courier stations: Chang'an, Fenglin, Yinchuan, Hezheng, and Dingqiang. A subprefectural judge was stationed at Taizi Temple.
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西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西 西
Pingliang Prefecture: moderate, strategically important, and busy. Seat of the Ping-Qing-Jing-Gu circuit intendant. Under the Ming it was a prefecture governing three dependent prefectures and seven counties. In the early Shunzhi reign the Ming system was retained. In the forty-third year of Qianlong, Jingzhou was elevated to a directly controlled prefecture. In the eleventh year of Tongzhi, territory was taken from Pingliang, Huating, Guyuan, and Longde to establish Huapingchuan directly controlled subprefecture. In the twelfth year Guyuan was elevated to a directly controlled prefecture. It lies 760 li northwest of the provincial capital. It measures 500 li from east to west and 580 li from north to south. Its latitude is 35°35′ north. It lies 9°48′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised one dependent prefecture and three counties. Pingliang County: strategically important, taxing, and difficult to administer. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the northwest: Tiantan. To the southeast: Shima. To the southwest: Kelan. To the west: Kongtong Mountain. Its spurs include Jitou, Matun Mountain, and Tanzheng Gorge. The northern source of the Jing River comes from Guyuan in the west and enters the county at Shagoumen; the southern source comes from Huapingchuan subprefecture in the west and enters at Weizigou. The streams unite west of the city; the Daxia River joins from the right and the Xiaolu, Dalu, Panyin Stream, and other waters from the left, and the river flows southeast into Jingzhou. The Rui River enters from Chongxin in the west, passes Wangjia Temple southeast of the county, and flows east into Jingzhou. To the east is the Limin Canal, dredged in the Ming, where the streams south of the county gather. Two garrisons: Xiashi and Anguo. One courier station: Gaoping. Huating County: taxing. It lies ninety li south of the prefectural seat. To the east: Yishan. To the west: Long Mountain. It adjoins the great desert on the north and reaches the Qian-Long region on the south. To the northwest: Meigao and Chaona Mountain. The northern source of the Rui River rises west of the county at Qiaotou Ford and the southern source at Daguan Mountain; the streams flow east on either side of the city and unite, then continue east, receiving the Cedai River from the right and the Wucun River from the left, and wind northeast into Chongxin. The Pankou River rises in the mountains southwest of the county and flows east; a branch channel to the left forms the Wucun River and enters Chongxin. The Huimin Canal, dredged in the Ming, dams the Rui River and draws its water into the city. Garrisons at Zhisheng, Liupan Pass, Sanxiang, and Huangshihe. One courier station: Wating. Jingning Prefecture: strategically important, taxing, and difficult to administer. It lies two hundred thirty li west of the prefectural seat. To the east: Long Mountain, Shangxia, and Dongshan. To the south: Shimen. To the west: Xiyan. To the north: Hengshan. The Kushui River, also called the Changyuan River, enters from Longde in the north, loops south around the city, receives the Tianshui River and other smaller streams within the prefecture, and winds south into Qin'an. To the west is the Xinglong Canal, dredged in the Ming. One courier station: Jingyang. Longde County: strategically important and difficult to administer. It lies one hundred forty li northwest of the prefectural seat. In the forty-third year of Qianlong, Zhuanglang County was abolished and its territory placed under Longde. To the east: Liupan Mountain. The Ruoshui River enters from Guyuan in the north; receives the Malian River, Lanni River, and other streams, and flows south into Jingning. Its eastern branch, the Tianshui River or Long River, also rises at Liupan, passes north of the city wall, and west of the city joins the Dibao River and Nanyuan Gully stream, all flowing with it. One courier station: Longcheng. An assistant magistrate was stationed at the old Zhuanglang city.
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西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西 西西西西 西 西 西西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西西西 西西 西
Gongchang Prefecture: strategically important, busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. Subordinate to the Ping-Qing-Jing-Gu circuit. The Ming established it as a prefecture governing three dependent prefectures and fourteen counties. In the early Shunzhi reign the Ming system was retained. In the seventh year of Yongzheng, Qin and Jie prefectures were elevated to directly controlled prefectures, Huizhou was reduced to a county, Qing Shui, Qin'an, Li, and Liangdang were placed under Qinzhou, and Wen and Cheng counties under Jiezhou. In the eighth year Minzhou and Jingyuan County were added. In the third year of Qianlong, Jingyuan was detached and placed under Lanzhou. In the thirteenth year Taozhou Guard was converted to a subprefecture and placed under Gongchang; Zhang County was soon merged into Longxi under the Gong-Qin-Jie circuit. It lies 420 li northwest of the provincial capital. It measures 295 li from east to west and 1,230 li from north to south. Its latitude is 34°57′ north. It lies 11°43′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised one subprefecture, one dependent prefecture, and seven counties. Longxi County: strategically important and busy. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the east: Sanpin Stone and Renshou. To the north: Chiting. To the southwest: Shouyang. To the west: Xiqing. To the northwest: Bajiao Mountain. The Wei River enters from Weiyuan in the west; at Shanhekou it joins the Guangyang River, receives the Yuanyang River from the left and the Keyang from the right, passes north of the city wall, gathers the streams within the county, and flows southeast into Ningyuan. The Zhang River, also called the Qingshui River, enters from Minzhou in the southwest, passes south of the old Zhang County seat, and flows east into Ningyuan. One garrison: Tianqu. Two courier stations: Tongyuan and Sancha. An assistant magistrate was stationed at the old Zhang County seat. Anding County: strategically important and difficult to administer. It lies one hundred sixty li north of the prefectural seat. To the south: Nan'an Mountain. To the east: Zhaocheng and Fenghuang. To the west: Xiyan Mountain. To the southeast: Hot Springs Mountain. To the north: Chedao Pass. The Guanchuan River's eastern source rises at the foot of Chanmu Mountain south of the county—it is also called the East River and flows northwest; its western source rises at Humaling in the southwest—it is also called the West River and flows northeast. The two pass north of the county seat, merge into a single stream also called the North River, and flow north into Huining. One garrison: Guierzui. Four courier stations: Yanshou, Tong'an, Xigong, and Chenggou. Huining County: strategically important and difficult to administer. It lies two hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast: Taohua. To the north: Wulan Mountain, with Wulan Pass at its foot. To the south: Tiemushan (Ironwood Mountain). To the northeast: Quwu Mountain. The Zu River rises at Wangjia Mountain in the southeast and flows west; the Li River rises at Mijia Gorge in the south and flows north. They meet south of the city to form the Zulie River. It receives the Xigong courier-station stream from the left and joins the Cangxiashizi Stream from the right, then flows northwest into Jingyuan. The Guanchuan River enters from Anding in the southwest, crosses the northwest of the county, and flows into Jingyuan. One garrison: Zhaijia. Four courier stations: Bao'an, Qiangou, Guocheng, and Qingjia. Tongwei County: simple (light administration). It lies two hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the northwest: Bijia Mountain (Pen Rack Mountain). To the northeast: Yulang. To the south: Shibapan Mountain (Eighteen Turns Mountain). The Huachuan River rises at Huachuan Ridge in Huining and enters the county. It passes Xihewan in the southeast; receives the Nanjia River from the left and the Longwei Gully from the right, then crosses east into Qin'an, with the Guanchuan River accompanying it. It crosses the border again and re-enters the county as the Sandu River, joins the Qingshi Gorge stream and the Qingxi, and flows into Fuxiang. Two garrisons: Jichuan and Anyuan. Ningyuan County: strategically important. It lies ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south: Yinguan Yu. To the west: Guangwu Mountain. To the south: Dongmo. To the northeast: Shimen. To the southwest: Wucheng. The Wei River enters from Longxi in the northwest, passes Yuanyangzui, joins the Zhang River and the Guangwu River, winds east past the north of the city wall, gathers the streams within the county, and flows east into Fuxiang. There are twenty-seven irrigation canals within the county. Six garrisons: Mawu, Weiyuan, Laiyuan, Luomen, Nani, and Yupán. Fuxiang County: strategically important and difficult to administer. It lies one hundred ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south: Tianmen Mountain. To the west: Sandu Valley. To the southwest: Zhuyu Mountain. The Wei River enters from Ningyuan in the west, receives the streams flowing from the south, passes north of the city wall, is joined from the north by the Huachuan River out of Tongwei, and flows east into Qin'an. The Jie River, also called the Wuyou River, rises in the mountains south of the county and flows east into Qinzhou. The Guangji, Lutian, and Tongji canals were all dredged in the Ming. Xihe County: taxing. It lies three hundred li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast: Taizu Mountain. To the north: Baoquan. To the northeast: Jifeng. To the northwest: Qishan. To the southwest: Qiuchi Mountain. The Xihan River enters from Li County in the east and passes north of the county; the Hengshui River passes east of the city wall, joins the Yejia River and the Baishui, and continues west into Li County. It then flows east back into the county, passes south of the seat, receives the Jiangdi River—which rises at Xiangshan in the southwest and flows southeast—and continues southeast into Jiezhou. To the northeast: Yanjing (Salt Well). One garrison: Changdao. Minzhou: taxing and difficult to administer. It lies two hundred forty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Formerly a Ming guard post. Re-established in the eighth year of Yongzheng. To the north: Min Mountain. To the southeast: Min'guan Mountain. The Tao River enters from Taozhou Subprefecture in the west and flows east past the north of the city wall; the Diezang River comes from Yang chieftain territory in the southwest, joins the Duobang and Lüyuan streams, and flows north to join it. The Tao River then turns northwest and re-enters Taozhou Subprefecture. The Minguan River, also called the Liangong River, rises on the watershed at the eastern foot of Min'guan Mountain; flows south and winds east into Li County. The upper source of the Bailong River is the Awu River, which rises on the watershed at the western foot of Min'guan Mountain and flows southeast; gathering several smaller streams, it becomes the Min River and, passing west of Linpu, flows southeast into Jiezhou. Three courier stations: Minshan, Xijin, and Jiudian. Two native chieftains: Matong and Bailinkou Fort. One Fan community: Shazhuang. Taozhou Subprefecture: busy and difficult to administer. It lies three hundred sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest: Xiqing Mountain. The range runs eastward through Yinde'ertu Tala Mountain, Chuonasuo'er Mountain, Duokedi Mountain, Amunichazhu Wengong Mountain, and Duoga'er Mountain. The Tao River rises on the eastern slope of Xiqing Mountain—it is also called the Bakexi River—and flows south and east, receiving the Kukuwusu, Bo'erbo, and Duokedi rivers together with the La'er and Dimutang streams. It passes south of the subprefectural seat, flows east into Minzhou, turns northwest, re-enters the subprefecture, and runs northeast through it into Didao. The Bailong River is the Huan River of the Yu Gong—it is also called the Dian River; it enters from Songpan Subprefecture in Sichuan in the west, passes southwest of the subprefectural seat, and flows southeast into Jiezhou. The border wall begins at the south Yugukou of the old Taozhou Guard seat in the south and runs north into He Prefecture. One garrison: Guangsi. Three native chieftains: Zhuoxun, the Zhuoni Yang clan, and the Zibu Ma clan. All the native chieftains were poor and weak; nine-tenths of the land fell under the Zhuoni Yang clan, whose domain extended more than a thousand li and bordered Songpan to the south. Seven passes on the southern route lead into Fan territory in Sichuan. Six passes on the western route lead into Qinghai. Three passes on the northern route lead into Fan territory in Xunhua Subprefecture.
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西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西西 西西西
Qingyang Prefecture: moderate, taxing, and difficult to administer. Subordinate to the Ping-Qing-Jing-Gu circuit. In the early Shunzhi reign, following the Ming system, the Qingyang Guard was also established. In the fifth year of Yongzheng the guard was abolished. It lies one thousand one hundred eighty li west of the provincial capital. It measures 310 li from east to west and 420 li from north to south. Its latitude is 36°3′ north. It lies 8°46′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised one dependent prefecture and four counties. Anhua County: taxing and difficult to administer. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the northeast: Taibai and Qingsha Ridge. To the northwest: Tiebian Mountain. The Huan River, also called the Malian River, enters from Huan County in the northwest and flows southeast past the south of the city wall; the Tiebian River gathers the streams within the territory and flows south to join it. Continuing southeast, it joins the Jiaozi Stream and enters Heshui; the Liyuan Stream from the northeast also flows into it. Farther north, the Baobao Stream flows into Bao'an in Shaanxi. North of the county are large and small salt ponds. Five garrisons: Huaian, Wujiao, Yele, Maling, and Dongzhi. One courier station: Yima Pass. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Dongzhiyuan. Heshui County: simple (light administration). It lies seventy li east of the prefectural seat. To the west: Jinping. To the east: Qiaoshan and Ziwu Mountain. The Huan River enters from Anhua in the northwest; at Banqiao Town it joins the Jianshui River, also called the East River, flows southwest past the east of the city wall; the Dongbei Stream to the right forms the Heshui, receives the Malian River, and flows south into Ning Prefecture. The Gucheng Stream rises at Ziwu Mountain and joins it. Four garrisons: Huachi, Fengchuan, Pingrong, and Taibai. Three courier stations: Huachi, Shaozhuang, and Songzhuang. Huan County: simple (light administration). It lies one hundred eighty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east: Jianshan. To the west: Qingshan. To the northwest: Qinggang Gorge; the Huan River rises on its southern slope, flows southeast past the west of the city wall, receives more than ten small streams from both sides, continues southeast into Anhua, with the Qingshui and Xiaojia rivers joining it. From the southwest, the Guafu Stream also flows into it. Three garrisons: Maling, Mubo, and Shichang. Three courier stations: Lingwu, Lingyou, and Qugan. Zhengning County: simple (light administration); it lies two hundred forty li south of the prefectural seat. Originally Zhenning; it was renamed in the early Qianlong reign. The Luoshui River rises at Luoshan east of the county; flows southwest past the south of the city wall, receives the Mazao Gou stream, and flows west into Ning Prefecture. Three garrisons: Qiutou, Pingzi, and Shanhe. Ning Prefecture: moderate, taxing, and difficult to administer. It lies one hundred forty li south of the prefectural seat. To the east: Diaoling. To the south: Yunji. To the northeast: Wuzhang Mountain. The Jing River enters from Jingzhou in the west, receives the Rushui River, flows south winding east; the Huan River comes from Heshui in the north to join it, gathers the streams within the territory, passes southwest of the city wall to pour into it, then east receives the Luoshui and flows into Changwu in Shaanxi. Eight garrisons: Xiangle, Zhengping, Zaoshe, Jiaocun, Dachang, Xinzhuang, Nanyijing, and Fenghuang. Two courier stations: Pengyuan and Jiaocun.
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西 西 西 西 西 西綿 西 沿 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 耀 西 西西 西 西 西
Ningxia Prefecture: strategically important, busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. Seat of the Ningxia circuit intendant. The general, deputy commander-in-chief, and regional commander were stationed there. Under the Ming, there were five Ningxia guards. Initially the Qing followed the Ming system. In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi the Front Guard was merged into the Left Guard and the Middle Guard into the Right Guard. In the third year of Yongzheng the guards and posts were abolished; the prefecture was established together with the counties of Ningxia, Ningshuo, Pingluo, and Zhongwei, and Lingzhou directly controlled prefecture was placed under it. In the fifth year Xinqu County was established. In the seventh year Baofeng County was established. In the third year of Qianlong Xinqu and Baofeng were abolished and merged into Pingluo. In the eleventh year of Tongzhi Ningling Subprefecture was established. It lies nine hundred forty li southwest of the provincial capital. It measures 530 li from east to west and 660 li from north to south. Its latitude is 38°32′ north. It lies 10°20′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised one subprefecture, one dependent prefecture, and four counties. Ningxia County: strategically important, busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. Attached to the prefectural seat. Its seat was located east of the prefectural capital. Its territory was formerly that of the Front and Left guards. The county was established in the fourth year of Yongzheng. The Yellow River enters from Lingzhou in the southwest and runs northeast to the Changrun Canal mouth, where it enters Pingluo. Where the river enters China, Ningxia alone enjoys its benefits; branch canals divide the flow and irrigate the prefecture. The Huinong Canal was dredged in the fourth year of Yongzheng and the Hanyan Canal rebuilt in the ninth year of Yongzheng; both enter from Ningshuo in the south. The Tang Canal was rebuilt in the ninth year of Yongzheng and enters from Ningshuo in the west. All flow northeast into Pingluo. To the east: Gaotaisi Lake. To the north: Yue Lake. To the northeast: Jinbo Lake and Santa Lake. Three courier stations: Ningxia, Wanghong, and Hengchengkou. Ningshuo County: strategically important and difficult to administer. Attached to the prefectural seat. Its seat was located west of the prefectural capital. Its territory was formerly that of the Middle and Right guards. The county was established in the third year of Yongzheng. To the northwest: Helan Mountain; the range runs continuously north to the great desert and south to Zhongwei; beyond the mountains lie the Mongol territories of Alashan and Ejina. The Yellow River enters from Ningling and Zhongwei in the south and runs northeast to Yesheng Ford, where it enters Ningxia. The Huinong Canal at Shangmajiatan south of the county takes a Yellow River tributary and flows northeast into Ningxia. The Hanyan Canal at Xiamajiatan south of the county takes a Yellow River tributary, receives several smaller canals to the northeast, and flows into Ningxia. The Daqing Canal was dredged in the forty-ninth year of Kangxi; south of the Han Canal it takes river water, passes north of Shuangta Lake, and joins the Tang Canal. The Tang Canal at Qingtong Gorge south of the county first takes river water, receives more than ten branch canals to the northeast, and flows into Pingluo. To the south: Chang Lake. To the west: Guanyin Lake. The Jilantai salt pond lies at the foot of Helan Mountain. The border wall runs along the mountains from north to south, crosses Fenshou Ridge, and enters Zhongwei. Dingyuan City at Datai Gou: during the Yongzheng period the Alashan Mongols moved the Borokkok tribe here, built a fortified city, and established a garrison. The Alashan prince soon returned to his old pastures, but Dingyuan City was still granted to him. Pingluo County: taxing and difficult to administer. It lies one hundred twenty li north slightly east of the prefectural seat. Formerly the Pingluo guard post. The county was established in the third year of Yongzheng. In the third year of Qianlong Xinqu and Baofeng counties were abolished and their territory was placed under it. The Yellow River enters from Ningxia in the southwest, divides into two branches, flows northeast for more than a hundred li and reunites, then runs north into Ordos. The Tang and Huinong canals enter from Ningshuo in the southwest, run northeast to Shizuizi, and rejoin the river. The Changrun Canal was dredged in the sixth year of Yongzheng on the old course of the Liuyang River; the channel was cleared and sluices were built; beginning southeast of the county, flowing north past the east of old Baofeng county and rejoining the river. The border wall north of the county begins at the foot of Helan Mountain in the west and ends at the riverbank in the east. An assistant magistrate was stationed at the old Baofeng city. Ling Prefecture: important, busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. It lies ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. Initially, following the Ming system, it was a directly controlled prefecture. In the third year of Yongzheng it was placed under the prefecture; the Rear Guard was also abolished and its territory incorporated into the prefecture. The Yellow River comes from Ningling Subprefecture in the southwest; its east bank runs along the western border of the prefecture. The Shanshui River rises in the mountains south of the prefecture, flows northwest into Pingyuan, then returns north into the prefecture. The Muxu Canal first takes water from the Yellow River; coming from the west it joins the river, and a branch canal to the right forms the Qin Canal. The Shanshui River flows north again, winds northwest, and enters the Yellow River. A branch stream to the north forms the Lao River; north to Sandao Bridge it again divides into two channels: one flows northwest into the Yellow River, and one flows north to join the Qin Canal and enter the river. The Yellow River continues northeast to Hengchengkou and enters Ningxia. To the southeast are Pucao Lake and Dong Lake. The South, North, and Central Salt Ponds, Huama Pond, and Hongliu Pond all lie southeast of the prefecture. The border wall begins at Heng Fort and runs east into Yan'an, Shaanxi. One garrison: Yaode. Three courier stations: Ling Prefecture, Hongshan, and Shaquan. The subprefect was stationed at Huama Pond. The salt suppression assistant prefectural judge was stationed at Huian Fort. Zhongwei County: strategically important, busy, and taxing. It lies three hundred sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Former Zhongwei territory. In the third year of Yongzheng a county was established. The Yellow River enters from Jingyuan in the west and passes southwest of the city; branch canals to the left split off as the Meili and Taiping canals, and to the right as the Lingyangjiao Canal; passing southeast of the city, a branch to the right forms the Lingyangdian Canal; farther east, branches to the left form the Yongxing and Shengshui canals, and to the right the Lingyangxia Canal. The Qingshui River comes from Pingyuan in the southeast and flows north to join it. The Yellow River turns east again and winds north; a branch to the right forms the Qixing Canal, and branches to the left form the Shunshui and Fengle canals. All the canals rejoin the river to the northeast. The Yellow River continues northeast into Ningling. The border wall runs along the south bank of the Yellow River, crosses the river, and enters Ningling to the east. Three courier stations: Zhongwei, Qukou, and Changliushui. A patrol inspector was stationed at Quning. On the northern border with Alashan Banner there is a Han–Mongol boundary stele. Ningling Subprefecture: important. It lies two hundred li south of the prefectural seat. Former Jinji Fort, which belonged to Ling Prefecture. In the eleventh year of Tongzhi, Governor-General Zuo Zongtang led the army in recovering the region, memorialized to establish a subprefecture, and changed the Ningxia waterworks subprefect to a civil pacification subprefect stationed there. To the south: Jinji Mountain. To the southeast: Daliao. To the northeast: Zijin. To the southwest: Qingtong Gorge. The Yellow River enters from Zhongwei in the south and runs through the gorge; it flows northeast into Ningshuo and Ling Prefecture. The Qingshui River enters from Haicheng in the southwest; to the left it joins the Bianqiang Gully and Hong Gully, enters Zhongwei, and joins the river. The Han Canal first takes water from the Yellow River west of the subprefectural seat; its lower course joins the Shanshui River.
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西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 {} 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Xining Prefecture: most important, strategically important, busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. Seat of the Xining circuit intendant. An affairs commissioner and a regional commander were stationed there. Under the Ming, it was Xining Guard. Initially it followed the Ming system. In the second year of Yongzheng the guard was abolished and the prefecture was established together with the counties of Xining and Nianbo. In the ninth year of Qianlong, Bayan Rongge Subprefecture was established. In the twenty-sixth year, Datong County was established. In the fifty-seventh year, Guide and Dangar subprefectures were established, and Xunhua was detached from Lanzhou and placed under the prefecture. It lies six hundred twenty li southeast of the provincial seat. It is three hundred fifty li wide and six hundred five li long. Its north polar altitude is thirty-six degrees and thirty-nine minutes. It lies 14°13′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised four subprefectures and three counties. Xining County: strategically important, busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the east: Xiakou Mountain and Tanhuang territory; Hongyazi Mountain. To the west: Tulou Mountain and Jin Mountain. To the south: Bayan Mountain. To the southwest: Nanchan Mountain, Jishi Mountain, and Laji Mountain. To the northwest: Beichan Mountain. The Yellow River comes from Guide Subprefecture in the west, passes south of the city, and flows east into Bayan Rongge. The Huangshui enters from Dangar in the west and passes north of the city; the Beichuan River comes from Datong in the northwest to join it, then flows southeast into Nianbo. The Datong River passes northeast of the county and enters Pingfan. West of the county: the Boyan River Canal. South of the county: the Nahai River Canal. Two courier stations: Xining and Pingrong. Four native chieftains: the Chen, Ji, Qi, and Li clans. Two Fan settlements: Shangduo'er and Miehaijia. Three Fan tribes: Shanggu Bishan, Songba, and Bawa. Nianbo County: strategically important and busy. It lies one hundred thirty li east of the prefectural seat. Former defense garrison thousand-household post, which belonged to Xining Guard. In the second year of Yongzheng a county was established. To the south: Snow Mountain. To the west: Siwang Mountain. To the northeast: Alagu Mountain. The Huangshui enters from Xining in the west, flows southeast, passes south of the city, and is called the Nianbo River. It receives the various streams within the county and flows southeast to Lianhuatai; the Datong River comes from Pingfan in the north to join it. Canals north and south of the river draw the Huangshui to irrigate fields and split into thirty branch canals. Three courier stations: Jiashun, Laoya, and Bazhou. Three native chieftains: Jiujiagang, Shengfangou, and Laoyabao. More than ten other Fan tribes were scattered across the county. Datong County: difficult to administer. It lies one hundred thirty li northwest of the prefectural seat. Former Fan territory. In the second year of Yongzheng, because the Fan tribes submitted, Datong Guard was established. In the twenty-sixth year of Qianlong the guard was abolished and a county was established. To the northwest: Great Snow Mountain. To the north: Dahan. To the east: Five Peaks. To the south: Yuansuo Mountain. The Datong River is the ancient Hao'ai River; it enters from Qinghai in the west and flows southeast into Pingfan. The Beichuan River enters from Qinghai in the west and has two sources: the northern is the Buke River and the southern the Shake River; they merge north of the city to form the Beichuan River, which flows southeast into Xining. Two canals: the East Xia River Canal and the Xiamen Fort Canal. One courier station: Changning. Six native chieftains: Qita Fort, Diegou, Datong River, Wangjiabao, Zhujiabao, and Meidugou. On the northwestern border with Qinghai there is a boundary stele. Guide Subprefecture: important. It lies south of the prefectural seat. Former Guide thousand-household post, which belonged to Hezhou Guard. In the fourth year of Yongzheng the guard post was abolished and placed under He Prefecture. In the third year of Qianlong it was reassigned to Xining. In the twenty-sixth year a county assistant was established. In the fifty-seventh year it was elevated to a subprefecture and a Fan pacification subprefect was established. To the east: Guotu. To the south: Moqu Mountain and Tu'ergen Mountain. To the southeast: Yuanzhu. To the south: South Mountain. The Yellow River comes from Qinghai in the south, turns to flow northwest, then bends northeast; the Qiaketu River joins it from the east. It continues northeast, skirts the western border of the subprefecture, and at Longyang Gorge turns southeast; it joins the Longchi River and the Wulanshi'erguo'er River together with various smaller streams, and enters Xunhua and Bayan Rongge. The Fan tribes are divided into three kinds: raw Fan, settled Fan, and wild Fan. Fifty-four settled Fan tribes pay field tax and levies on the same terms as ordinary subjects. Nineteen raw Fan tribes live by herding livestock. Eight wild Fan tribes: the Wangshidaike tribe moved north to Dangar at the end of the Qianlong reign; the remaining seven tribes all live in the eastern part of the subprefecture, pitching their tents along the south bank of the Yellow River. Xunhua Subprefecture: important. It lies southeast of the prefectural seat. Formerly under Lanzhou, it was the garrison seat of the He Prefecture subprefect. At the end of the Qianlong reign it was reassigned to Xining. To the southwest: the Duoga'er mountains, which have several names. The Yellow River enters from Guide in the west; the north bank is territory of Bayan Rongge Subprefecture. The Bao'an Great River comes from Dangar in the south, flows north to join it, then eastward gathers the streams within the subprefecture and, at Jishi Pass, enters He Prefecture. The Daxia River is the ancient Li River; it rises in the mountains beyond the southern border of the subprefecture, flows north past Labrang Monastery, and winds southeast into He Prefecture. Khoshut nomadic pastures of Qinghai intrude into the southern border of the subprefecture. Fan communities: Shanglongbu Western Fan, sixteen stockades; Nan Fan, twenty-one stockades; Abana Western Fan, eight stockades; Duonai and Cuowuri, two stockades; Suhusiji, two stockades; Biandugou Western Fan, ten stockades; and Dongxiang Western Fan, five stockades. Settled there by Hui Muslims of the Salar people, in places called Upper Eight Works and Lower Eight Works. Dangar Subprefecture lies southwest of the prefectural seat. The Fan pacification subprefect was stationed there. To the east: Cui Mountain. To the south: the Riyue (Sun and Moon) Mountains. To the north: Beiji Mountain. The Huangshui rises on Ga'erzang Ridge in Qinghai, flows east, enters the subprefecture at Zhazang Monastery, passes south of the city, and flows east into Xining. The Qingshui River rises on Sugushan south of Guide Subprefecture and flows northeast. The Longwu River rises in Fan territory southwest of Xunhua Subprefecture, flows north, gathers into the Bao'an Great River, and enters Xunhua from the north. The domain of the Han native chieftain lies southeast of the subprefecture. Dongkor Monastery lies southwest of the subprefecture. The thoroughfare route between Xining and Qinghai. Where the Shala Kutuer Fan tribes are concentrated. Bayan Rongge Subprefecture lies southeast of the prefectural seat; an assistant prefectural judge was stationed there. Under the Ming, it was territory of the Xining, Nianbo, and Taozhou subprefectures. In the third year of Qianlong, the abolished assistant prefectural judge post from Gongchang was transferred here and reorganized. To the north: Snow Mountain. To the west: Little Jishi. To the southeast: Lazha Mountain. The Yellow River enters from Guide Subprefecture in the west; the south bank is Xunhua territory. The Bayan Rongge River rises on the eastern foothills of Little Jishi Mountain, gathers the smaller streams within the subprefecture, and flows south into the Yellow River.
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西 綿西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西
Liangzhou Prefecture: strategically important, busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. Seat of the Gan-Liang circuit intendant. The deputy commander-in-chief and regional commander were stationed there. Under the Ming, it was Liangzhou Guard. In the early Shunzhi reign the Ming system was retained. In the second year of Yongzheng it was elevated to a prefecture and subprefectures and counties were established. It lies five hundred sixty li southeast of the provincial capital. It measures 930 li from east to west and 520 li from north to south. Its latitude is 37°59′ north. It lies 13°48′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised one subprefecture and five counties. Wuwei County: strategically important, busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. Attached to the prefectural seat. Former Liangzhou Guard territory. In the second year of Yongzheng a county was established. To the south: the Qilian Mountains, also called Great Snow Mountain, stretching a thousand li and reaching the border of Gan Prefecture in the northwest. The Shagou Stream emerges from the foothills, winds north, joins the Huangyang Canal to form the Baita River, then winds northwest past the north of the city; it joins the Zamu, Daqi, Jintasi Canal, Haizang Great River, Tanshan, and Beisha rivers to form the Guo River, which flows north into Zhenfan. To the northeast: the border wall begins at Caiqi Fort on the Zhenfan border and runs south to Tumen Pass, entering Gulang. Three courier stations: Wuwei, Huai'an, and Dahe. Zhenfan County: busy and taxing. It lies two hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. Former Zhenfan Guard territory. In the second year of Yongzheng a county was established. To the south: Yibulasi Mountain, which encircles the area on three sides to the northeast. The Guo River enters from Wuwei in the south, exits the border wall to the northwest, splits into four branch canals, then exits the frontier again to the northwest and forms a great marsh; the Mongols call it Halahaimo—it is the ancient Xiutu Marsh. Green Salt Pond, Yuanyang White Salt Pond, and Little White Salt Pond all lie beyond the northwestern border wall. The border wall connects with Yongchang in the west, runs east to the north of the county seat, turns south, crosses the Guo River, and enters Wuwei. Yongchang County: strategically important, busy, and taxing. It lies one hundred sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. Former Yongchang Guard territory. In the second year of Yongzheng a county was established. To the north: Jin Mountain. To the west: Yanzhi. To the northeast: Ma Fan. To the southeast: Tanshan. The Shuimochuan rises on the northern foothills of the Qilian Mountains southwest of the county; four sources flow together as one stream, turns east after flowing north, then exits the border wall to the northeast and forms Changning Lake; It is now dry. The Tanshan River rises south of the county, flows north to south of Yongfeng Fort, then turns southeast into Wuwei. The border wall begins at Shuiquan Fort in the west and ends at Hongya Fort on the Zhenfan border in the east. Two courier stations: Yongchang and Shuiquan. Gulang County: strategically important and taxing. It lies one hundred thirty li southeast of the prefectural seat. Former Gulang garrison territory. In the second year of Yongzheng a county was established. To the west: Bailing. To the southeast: Heisonglin. The Gulang River rises on the northern foothills of Wushao Ridge south of the county and gathers the streams within the county; it exits the border wall to the northeast and forms a marsh called Baihai. The border wall comes from the southern border of Wuwei, crosses the Gulang River, and winds southeast into Pingfan. Two courier stations: Gulang and Heisong. A patrol inspector was stationed at Dajing. Pingfan County: strategically important, busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. It lies three hundred thirty li southeast of the prefectural seat. Former Zhuanglang garrison territory. In the second year of Yongzheng a county was established. To the east: Songshan. To the north: Tanshan. To the west: Zhuozi Mountain. To the northwest: Watershed Ridge. To the north is the Xuanma River, which flows into Gulang. The Zhuanglang River rises on the southern foothills of the ridge, gathers the Jinqiang, Shimen, Qingshui, and other smaller streams, reaches south of the city, and continues south to the Toudao River, entering Gaolan. The Datong River enters from Datong in the northwest, passes west of the city, enters Nianbo, and joins the Huangshui. Great Salt Gully, to the southeast. The border wall begins in the northwest of the county and runs southeast into Gaolan. Five courier stations: Zhuanglang, Datong, Tongyuan, Zhenqiang, and Pingcheng. Two native chieftains: Gucheng and Liancheng. An assistant magistrate was stationed at West Datong. Zhuanglang Subprefecture: simple (light administration). Southeast of the prefectural seat. The vice prefect and the affairs-commissioner subprefect were co-located. The Zhuanglang River enters from Pingfan in the north; south of the Gaolan border it flows into the river. The Datong River enters from Pingfan in the northwest and flows southeast to the borders of Gaolan and He Prefecture, where it enters the river. One native chieftain: Dayingwan.
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西 西 西綿 西 西 西 西 西 西
Ganzhou Prefecture: strategically important, busy, and taxing. Subordinate to the Gan-Liang circuit. The provincial military governor was stationed there. Under the Ming, it was the seat of the Shaanxi regional military commission. In the early Shunzhi reign the Ming system was retained. In the second year of Yongzheng the regional military commission was abolished, and the prefecture together with the three counties of Zhangye, Shandan, and Gaotai were established. In the seventh year Gaotai was detached and placed under Suzhou. During the Qianlong reign Fuyi Subprefecture was added. It lies one thousand five hundred li southeast of the provincial capital. It measures 320 li from east to west and 200 li from north to south. Its latitude is 39° north. It lies 15°31′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised one subprefecture and two counties. Zhangye County: important, strategically important, busy, and taxing. Attached to the prefectural seat. Former Ganzhou Left and Right Guard territory. In the second year of Yongzheng a county was established. To the north: Heli Mountain. To the southwest: the Qilian Mountains, stretching across the prefecture and forming the border with Qinghai. The Shandan River enters from Shandan in the east; the Flood River rises on the northern foothills of Jin Mountain southeast of the county and flows north to join it. Continuing northwest past the north of the city, the Zhangye River—the ancient Qianggu Stream—rises in the Qilian Mountains, gathers the canals within the county, and flows north to join it. From here the Shandan River takes the name Hei River (Black River). Continuing northwest, it enters Fuyi. On the east bank of the Zhangye River is Black Tibetan pasturage; on the west bank is Yellow Tibetan pasturage. The border wall runs along the north bank of the Shandan River and east into Shandan. Two courier stations: Ganquan and Renshou. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Dongle. Shandan County: strategically important, busy, and taxing. It lies one hundred twenty li east of the prefectural seat. Former Shandan Guard territory. In the second year of Yongzheng a county was established. The Shandan River is the Ruoshui of the Tribute of Yu; it rises on the southern foothills of the Qilian Mountains, four sources flow together, gather south of the city, and flow east into Zhangye. Red Salt Pond lies north of the county; White Salt Pond borders Juyan Marsh. Dacaotan; to the southeast it borders Liangzhou, Xining, and Qinghai. The border wall begins south of Heli Mountain, passes north of the county seat, and runs east into Yongchang. Four courier stations: Shandan, Dongle, Xinhe, and Xiakou. Fuyi Subprefecture lies one hundred fifty li northwest of the prefectural seat. Formerly subordinate to Ganzhou Rear Guard. In the second year of Yongzheng the guard was abolished and its territory placed under Gaotai. In the eighteenth year of Qianlong it was reassigned here, a subprefecture was established, and a subprefect was appointed. To the south: the Qilian Mountains. The Xiangshan River rises in the southeast; the Hei River enters from Zhangye and joins it; flowing northwest past the north of the subprefecture, it receives the Sanqing Canal from the left and sends out a branch canal to the right; north from Ludunwan it enters Gaotai. The border wall runs along the north bank of the Hei River and east into Zhangye. One courier station: bearing the same name as the subprefecture.
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西 西 西 西 西西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西西西 西 西
Jing Directly Controlled Prefecture: important, strategically important, and taxing. Difficult to administer. Subordinate to the Ping-Qing-Jing-Gu circuit. Under the Ming it was subordinate to Pingliang Prefecture and governed Lingtai. In the early Shunzhi reign the Ming system was retained. In the forty-second year of Qianlong it was elevated to a directly controlled prefecture. Chongxin and Zhenyuan were detached and placed under it. It lies nine hundred fifty-nine li west of the provincial capital. It measures 110 li from east to west and 305 li from north to south. Its latitude is 35°23′ north. It lies 9°07′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised three counties. To the north: Jianshan. To the west: Huishan. To the southwest: Yan'er Mountain and Qingxi Ridge. The Jing River enters from Pingliang in the west, passes north of the city, and receives the Ruishui from Chongxin in the southwest. Continuing east to the old Tang city of Changwu, it receives the Hong River from Zhenyuan in the northwest. Continuing east to the border of Ning Prefecture, it receives the Rushui from Zhenyuan in the northwest and flows south into Changwu in Shaanxi. The Pankou River enters from Lingtai in the west, runs along the southern border of the prefecture, and flows east into Changwu. One garrison: Pankou. One courier station: Anding. Chongxin County: difficult to administer. It lies one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. The city stands on the northern foothills of Jinping Mountain. To the southwest: Jian'ge Mountain. To the northwest: Xiakou. The Ruishui enters from Huating in the west, gathers the waters of Wulong, Duanwan, and Wuma mountains and the Jiuyu streams, bends east past the north of the city, and flows east into Pingliang. The Pankou River is the Hei River; it also enters from Huating, runs along the southern border of the county, and flows northeast into Lingtai. At Xinliutan beside the Ruishui, during the Shunzhi reign it was dredged into a canal. Zhenyuan County: taxing. It lies two hundred li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east: Dongshan. To the north: Qianfu and Xiaoshan. The Rushui enters from Guyuan in the northwest, passes south of the city, receives the Jiaokou and Pu rivers together with the streams on the northern border of the county, and flows southeast into Ning Prefecture. The Hong River enters from Guyuan in the northwest, joins Pingshui Spring and the Panyang Stream in the southwest, and enters the prefecture. Two garrisons: Xincheng and Liuquan. One courier station: Baishui. Lingtai County: taxing and difficult to administer. It lies two hundred li south of the prefectural seat. To the north: Taishan. To the east: Cangshan. To the northeast: Shutai. To the southwest: Lishan. The Daxi Stream enters from Long Prefecture in Shaanxi in the west, receives the Zhenchuankou River from the left, and at Baili Town receives the Daji from the right and the Xiaojian River from the left; it passes south of the city and flows northeast into Changwu in Shaanxi. The Pankou River enters from Chongxin in the west, passes northeast of the county, joins the Huai shu Gully stream, and flows east into the prefecture. Seven garrisons: Dong Chaona, Liangyuan, Baili, Shaozhai, Shitang, Shangliang, and Xitun.
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西 西 西 西 西綿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Guyuan Directly Controlled Prefecture: strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. Subordinate to the Ping-Qing-Jing-Gu circuit. The Shaanxi provincial military governor was stationed there. Under the Ming it was subordinate to Pingliang Prefecture. In the early Shunzhi reign the previous system was retained. In the twelfth year of Tongzhi it was elevated to a directly controlled prefecture, and Pingyuan and Haicheng counties were established under it. It lies 890 li west of the provincial capital. It measures 520 li from east to west and 310 li from north to south. Its latitude is 36°04′ north. It lies 10°07′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised two counties. To the northwest: Shicheng Mountain. To the north: Xumi. To the southwest: Long Mountain, also called Liupan Mountain, spanning the territories of Pingliang and Huapingchuan. The Qingshui River rises at the northern foot of Kaicheng Ridge on Long Mountain in the ancient Gaoping Valley; its two sources flow together and merge into one stream, pass east of the city, receive the various streams within the prefecture, and flow north into Pingyuan. The northern source of the Jing River rises at the southern foot of Kaicheng Ridge, forming the Great and Little Nanchuan, which meet at Wating courier station; It flows east past Haodian, is called the Heng River, exits Tanzheng Gorge, and enters Pingliang. The Ru River rises at the eastern foot of Kaicheng Ridge; the Hong River rises at Taojia Haizi in the southeast of the prefecture; both flow east into Zhenyuan. Three courier stations: Yongning, Sanying, and Wating. The prefectural judge was stationed at Xiaohe City. Pingyuan County: strategically important and difficult to administer. It lies 240 li north of the prefectural seat. Formerly the Pingyuan guard post. In the twelfth year of Tongzhi a county was established; territory west of Xiamaguan in Haicheng and Tongxincheng in Lingzhou were also detached and placed under it. To the northwest: Luoshan. To the south: Dolang. To the northwest: Maiduo. To the southwest: Baiyanglin. The Qingshui River enters from the prefecture in the south; the Tianshui River enters from the east and joins it; it then receives the various streams within the county and flows northwest into Zhongwei. The Shanshui River enters from Lingzhou in the east, passes through the north of the county, and flows west again into Lingzhou. Haicheng County: strategically important, taxing, and difficult to administer. It lies 210 li northwest of the prefectural seat. It was territory of Hailadu under Pingliang Prefecture. In the fourteenth year of Qianlong the Salt-Tea subprefect was relocated to garrison here. In the twelfth year of Tongzhi the subprefect was abolished and a county was established. To the west: Tiandu Mountain. To the southwest: Lianhua. To the south: Wuqiao Mountain. To the north: the Dahei River, Hongjing Fort stream, and Xiangdong Valley all flow east into the prefecture and join the Qingshui River. The Qingshui River passes Honggu Fort, joins the Shixia stream, then north joins the Xingren Fort stream and enters Ningling. To the northwest: the Gan Salt Pond Fort stream passes Dalachi, where the assistant magistrate was stationed.
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西 西 西西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西西西西 西西
Jie Directly Controlled Prefecture: taxing. Subordinate to the Gong-Qin-Jie circuit. Under the Ming it was subordinate to Gongchang Prefecture and governed Wen County. In the early Shunzhi reign the Ming system was retained. In the seventh year of Yongzheng it was elevated to a directly controlled prefecture, and Cheng County was detached from Gongchang and placed under it. It lies 1,150 li northwest of the provincial capital. It measures 290 li from east to west and 550 li from north to south. Its latitude is 33°23′ north. It lies 11°23′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised two counties. To the north: Fenghuang Mountain. The Baishui River enters from Taozhou in the northwest and flows south; winding east past the south of Xigu, it receives the Bailong River entering from Minzhou in the north. It then flows southeast past the west of the city, receives several small streams, and enters Wen County in the south. The Xihan River enters from Li County in the northwest and winds southeast into Cheng County. Four garrisons: Pingluo, Anhua, Jiaogong, and Shimen. Three courier stations: Jie Prefecture, Guancheng, and Shazai Bridge. The subprefect was stationed at Xigu City. The prefectural judge was stationed at Baima Pass. Wen County: simple (light administration). It lies 200 li southwest of the prefectural seat. The Baishui River enters from the prefecture in the north and passes the southeast of the county; the Qingjiang River, also called the Wen County River, enters from Songpan Subprefecture in Sichuan in the northwest, upstream receiving the Chagang Gong River; flowing southeast into the county, it receives the various streams in the west of the county and joins them. The Baishui River then flows southeast, receives the various streams in the east of the county, and enters Zhaohua in Sichuan. To the south: Yinping Pass. Two courier stations: Wen County and Linjiang. Cheng County: taxing. It lies 200 li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the west: Nigong Mountain and Qiuchi Mountain. To the east: Mupi Ridge. The Xihan River enters from the prefecture in the northwest and passes the southwest of the county; the Heiyu River rises in the mountains north of the county, receives the various streams within the county, and flows southwest to join it. From here the Xihan River takes the name Rhino River and flows southeast into Lueyang in Shaanxi. Three garrisons: Niyang, Hengchuan, and Paosha. One courier station: Xiaochuan.
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西 西 西 西 西 西西 西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西西西 西西
Qin Directly Controlled Prefecture: important, strategically important, busy, and difficult to administer. Seat of the Gong-Qin-Jie circuit intendant. Under the Ming it was subordinate to Gongchang Prefecture and governed Qin'an, Qingshui, and Li counties. In the early Shunzhi reign the Ming system was retained; in the seventh year of Yongzheng it was elevated to a directly controlled prefecture, Huizhou under Gongchang was reduced to a county, and Liangdang County was placed under it. It lies 730 li northwest of the provincial capital. It measures 390 li from east to west and 450 li from north to south. Its latitude is 34°35′ north. It lies 10°40′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised five counties. To the west: Xingma Mountain. To the northwest: Guishan. To the southeast: Maiji. To the southwest: Baozhong. The Wei River enters from Fuxiang in the west, receives the Jie River from the right and the Niutou River from the left, flows east past the south of the city, then east receives various small streams, passes north of Sancha, and winds south into Long Prefecture in Shaanxi. The Xihan River rises at the southern foot of Baozhong Mountain and flows west into Li County. The Luotuo Stream rises at the eastern foot of Baozhong Mountain, joins several small streams, and flows south into Huizhou. Four garrisons: Guanzi, Gaoqiao, Sheshuping, and Dongcheng. The prefectural judge was stationed at Sancha Town. Qin'an County: taxing and difficult to administer. It lies 80 li north of the prefectural seat. To the east: Jiulong Mountain. To the north: Xianqin Gorge. To the south: Xinyang Cliff. To the northeast: Qinglong. The Luoyu River, the ancient Long River, enters from Jingning Prefecture in the north, upstream receiving the Kushui River; flowing south past the west of the county, at Xinyang Cliff it enters the prefecture and joins the Wei River. The Lueyang River enters from Qingshui in the east, joins the Shipan Spring in the west, enters Jingning, and flows into the Kushui River. Six garrisons: Jincheng, Chuankou, Guojia, Taiping, Longcheng, and Dazhai. Qingshui County: strategically important and taxing. It lies one hundred twenty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east: the Long Mountains, with Dazhen Pass at their foot. The Niutou River, also called the Dongting River; the Ancient Qiao River rises on the western foothills of the Long Mountains; its many sources are gathered into one stream, pass north of the city, flow east, and wind south into the prefectural territory. The Lueyang River also rises on the western foothills of the Long Mountains, flows west, receives the various streams within the county, passes Longshan garrison, and enters Qin'an. Eight garrisons: Baisha, Yannian, Qingshui, Baijia, Yuping, Songshu, Longshan, and Gongmen. One courier station: Changning. Li County: taxing. It lies two hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the east: Qishan. To the southeast: Qiuchi Mountain. To the southwest: Minguan Mountain. The Xihan River enters from the prefectural territory in the east, receives the various streams within the county, passes east of the city and turns south, then flows west into Jie Prefecture. Two garrisons: Shitou and Yacheng. Hui County: difficult to administer. It lies two hundred eighty li south of the prefectural seat. To the north: Luanting. To the east: Chiyu. To the south: Tieshan and Qingni Ridge. To the west: Liting Mountain and Mupi Ridge. To the southeast: Shajinping, with Xianren Pass above it. The Gudao River enters from Liangdang in the east; the Luotuo River enters it from the prefectural territory in the north; flowing west past the south of the county and receiving two small streams, it flows southwest into Lueyang in Shaanxi—the upper reaches of the Jialing River. The Li River rises on Liting Mountain, flows south as the Niyang River, and enters Lueyang to the south. Three garrisons: Yongning, Suting, and Huozuan. Liangdang County: simple to administer. It lies one hundred seventy li south of the prefectural seat. To the east: Yuezhuo. To the south: Tianmen. To the northeast: Shenjia, the ancient Nandafu Mountain. The Gudao River enters from Feng County in Shaanxi in the east; the river is the Liangdang River; passing south of the county and receiving two small streams, it flows southwest past Qingang Mountain to form Pipal Lake and enters Hui County. Two garrisons: Guangxiang and Liangdang. It had a courier station.
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西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Suzhou Directly Controlled Prefecture: strategically important, populous, and taxing. Seat of the Ansu Circuit. The regional commander was stationed here. Under the Ming it was the Suzhou Guard. In the early Shunzhi reign the Ming system was retained. In the second year of Yongzheng the guard was abolished and merged into Ganzhou Prefecture. In the seventh year a directly controlled prefecture was established, and Gaotai County was detached from Ganzhou and placed under it. It lay one thousand four hundred sixty li southeast of the provincial capital. It measured 190 li from east to west and 150 li from north to south. Its latitude was 39°16′ north. It lay 17°12′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised one county. To the southeast: Guanyin Mountain. To the south: the Qilian Mountains. To the east it extended across Gaotai and formed the border with Qinghai. To the west: Jiayu Mountain. A pass was established on its western foothills—the route for Russian trade—and the tax office was stationed there. The Taolai River rises on the northern foothills of the Qilian Mountains southwest of the prefecture; anciently called the Can River, it flows north and winds east; branch canals issue on either side, four spreading to the left and three to the right. Continuing east it becomes the North Great River; at Linshui Fort the Linshui River, rising at the highest point of the Qilian Mountains, flows northeast and joins it; turning north and passing Jinta Temple, it exits the border wall to the west as the North Great River; at Gucheng it receives the Hong River from the right and joins the Qingshui River from the left, becoming the White River, and flows northeast into Gaotai. The Fengle River rises at Tianlao Pool in the Qilian Mountains southeast of the prefecture, flows north, and irrigates several dozen canals. To the south: Jinchang. The border wall ran from Jiayu Pass northwest across the Taolai River, then turned southeast into Gaotai. Two courier stations: Jiuquan and Linshui. The prefectural vice-prefect was stationed at Jinta Temple. The patrol office was stationed at Jiayu Pass. Gaotai County: strategically important, populous, and taxing. It lay two hundred seventy li southeast of the prefectural seat. Formerly a defense thousand-household post. A county was established in the third year of Yongzheng. To the west: Kongtong. To the south: Yumu. To the northeast: Heli Mountain. The Hei River enters from Fuyi Subprefecture in the east, flows northwest past the north of the city, and sends out five branch canals to the left. Continuing northwest past Shengou courier station, it is again diverted into several small canals and reaches Zhenyi Camp to the north. Exiting the border wall, it is diverted to the right as the Shuangshuzi garrison canal and to the left as the Maomu canal; the White River joins it from the prefecture in the southwest; flowing north into the territory of the Ejin Banner, it converges at Juyan Sea. In the northwest of the county was a salt pond. The border wall came from the prefectural territory in the west, crossed the Hei River, and entered Fuyi Subprefecture in the southeast. Four courier stations: Shuangjing, Shengou, Heiquan, and Yanchi. The county assistant magistrate was stationed at Maomu garrison.
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西 西 西 西 綿 西 西西西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西綿 西 西 西
Anxi Directly Controlled Prefecture: strategically important, populous, taxing, and difficult to administer. Subordinate to the Ansu Circuit. Under the Ming there were the Chijin and Shazhou guards. Later, because of tribal disturbances, the population moved inward and the territory was left empty. In the fifty-seventh year of Kangxi the tribal peoples submitted; the Jingni and Chijin guards were established, and a Jingni subprefect was appointed to govern them; soon afterward a subprefect was added, with his seat at Liugou. In the first year of Yongzheng the Shazhou post was restored, Bulongji city was built, and an Anxi subprefect was established with his seat there. In the third year the Jingni subprefect was abolished and the subprefect was moved to govern that territory, still overseeing the two guards; soon afterward the Shazhou post was elevated to a guard. In the sixth year the seat of the Anxi subprefecture was moved to Dawan. In the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong it was elevated to a prefecture; Yuanquan County was established as the attached seat county; the Jingni subprefect was abolished; and Yumen County was established from the Chijin Guard. In the twenty-fifth year the Shazhou Guard became Dunhuang County, and Yuanquan was abolished and merged into the prefectural seat. In the twenty-eighth year it was reduced to a directly controlled prefecture subordinate to the Ansu Circuit. It lay two thousand one hundred twenty li east of the provincial capital. It measured 620 li from east to west and 600 li from north to south. Its latitude was 39°40′ north. It lay 18°52′ west of the capital meridian. It comprised two counties. The Snow Mountains branch from the Congling range and wind eastward, stretching across the prefectural territory; beyond the mountains lies the great desert, forming the border with Qinghai. To the north the mountains extend without limit, forming the border with Hami and the Jasakhtu Khan. The Shule River, anciently the Nanjiduan River and also called the Bulongji River: its western source, the Changma River, rises and flows east into Yumen, joins the eastern source, re-enters, and receives a branch canal from the right. The Gongchang River flows northwest past the south of Qiaowan Camp, receives seven small streams from the left, winds north and flows west past the south of the city; branch canals issue to the left as the South Works Canal and North Works Canal, and the main stream flows west into Dunhuang. The border wall began on the north bank of the Shule River east of Bulongji city in the west and ended at Qiaowan Camp entering Yumen in the east. Seven courier stations: Liugou, Xiaowan, Guazhoukou, Baidazi, Hongliuquan, Daquan, and Malianjing. Dunhuang County: populous and difficult to administer. It lay two hundred seventy li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast: Sanwei Mountain and Mingsha Mountain. To the southwest: Longle Mountain. To the west: the drifting-sand desert of Bailongdui. The Shule River enters from the east within the prefecture and reaches Shuanghe Fork north of the city wall, where the Dang River joins it from the south. The Dang River, the ancient Di people's Zhi River—called Xilagajin in Mongol—rises in the mountains south of the county; its two sources unite into a single stream that flows north past the west of the city wall, splits into more than ten canals, and rejoins the Shule River to the north. The Shule River continues west and pools as Lake Halabo. To the southeast: salt ponds. Yumenguan and Yangguan both lie southwest of the county. Yumen County: strategically important and busy. It lies two hundred ninety-five li east of the prefectural seat. Jin Mountain rings the east, west, and north for more than two hundred li. To the northwest: Chijin Gorge. The Shule River rises in the mountains south of the county, flows north, receives the Changma and Gongchang rivers, passes north of the west of the city wall, and winds east into the prefecture. Alake Lake is the Yanxing Sea. Farther east is the Baiyang River. There is a petroleum spring—the ancient Shizhi River. The border wall comes from the west out of the prefecture and runs east into Suzhou. Two courier stations: Chijin Lake and Chijin Gorge.
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Huapingchuan Directly Controlled Subprefecture: busy, taxing, and difficult to administer. Subordinate to the Ping-Qing-Jing-Gu circuit. Comprised territory taken from Pingliang, Huating, Guyuan, and Longde. In the eleventh year of Tongzhi, after Longdong was pacified, the subprefecture was established with a subprefect. It lies 749 li northwest of the provincial capital. It measures more than one hundred li in both width and length. Its latitude is a little over 35° north. It lies a little over 10° southwest of the capital meridian. To the east: Guanshan. To the southwest: Daguan Mountain. The southern source of the Jing River rises at Laolongtan on the mountain foothills, runs east past Baiya Mountain and joins the Baiyan River, continues east past Feilongtayin, receives the Shengnv River and Longjiang Gorge stream from the left, and flows east into Pingliang.
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