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浙江浙江:禹貢揚州之域。 明設布政使司。 清初為浙江省,置巡撫,福建置總督。 兼轄之。 駐福州。 順治十五年,置浙江總督。 駐溫州。 康熙元年移駐杭州。 八年裁,尋復。 二十五年復裁,兼轄如故。 雍正五年,改巡撫為總督。 十二年,仍為巡撫。 乾隆元年,復置浙江總督。 三年,改閩浙總督,自是為定制。 順治五年,遣固山額真金礪來杭駐防,掌平南將軍印。 康熙初年改將軍,總督駐福州,將軍、巡撫駐杭州。 三十六年,舟山置定海縣,以舊縣改置鎮海。 雍正六年,增置溫台玉環廳。 道光二十一年,升定海為直隸廳。 乾隆三十八年,升海寧縣為州,降安吉州為縣。 領府十一,直隸廳一,州一,廳一,縣七十五。 東至海中普陀山; 四百九十里。 西至安徽歙縣界; 三百七十里。 南至福建壽寧界; 七百八十四里。 北至江蘇吳縣界。 二百里。 廣八百八十里,袤一千二百八十里。 北極高二十七度三十五分至三十度五十八分。 京師偏東一度五十五分至五度四十分。 宣統三年,編戶三百八十八萬八千三百一十一,口一千六百一十四萬九千四百五。 其名山:會稽、天目、四明、天台、括蒼、金華。 其大川:浙江、浦陽江、苕溪。 天目自餘杭飛翥而入,為黃山三天都之一。 杭嘉湖道杭州府杭州府:衝,繁,難。 杭嘉湖道治所。 初治嘉興府,今改駐。 巡撫,布政、交涉、提學、提法、鹽運各司,糧儲、巡警、勸業各道,及將軍、副都統,織造,同駐。 明為浙江布政使司,領縣九。 順治初,因明制。 乾隆三十八年,升海寧縣為州。 東北距京師四千二百里。 廣百九十五里,袤百三十里。 北極高三十度十七分。 京師偏東三度三十九分。 領州一,縣八。 錢塘:衝,繁,難。 倚。 西:靈隱山,古武林山,西湖源此。 北為南北二高峰。 西南:天竺山,其東丁家山。 瀕湖周三十里。 唐刺史白居易、宋守蘇軾導。 厥後水淺葑橫,縱成蘇堤,橫成白堤。 迤西為孤嶼,有行宮,與城內吳山為二。 其北聖塘澗水,石函三閘,以時防泄。 其東涌金閘,導之入城,曰城河。 浙江,古淛河,東南自富陽入。 城河出武林門,會西谿入下塘河,一名宦塘河,逕江漲橋。 有鹽場司,兼管吳山驛。 出北新關,有橋曰拱宸。 光緒二十一年與日本約,定為通商埠。 抵奉口陡門。 左會苕溪。 有西谿、瓶窯二鎮。 宣統元年移府同知駐瓶窯。 有武林驛。 城南鹽場司。 浙江驛。 仁和:衝,繁,難。 倚。 南:鳳凰山。 西北:皋亭山。 浙江,西南自蕭山、錢塘入,東北流入海。 捍海石塘,自錢塘烏龍廟一堡至戚井村十二堡,西防同知治。 又東至翁家埠十七堡,中防同知治。 城河出候潮門入上塘河,舊名運河,一曰夾官河,北流,右出枝津為備塘河,入海寧。 下塘河西自錢塘入,西北流者宦塘河,與苕溪會。 其北流者為新開運河,逕塘棲,歧為二,一入德清,一入海寧。 苕溪自錢塘緣西北界入德清、武康為界水。 有鹽場司。 湯鎮、塘棲鎮巡司二。 又德勝、臨平二鎮。 海寧州::疲,繁,難。 府東北百七十里。 東:黃灣山,臨黃灣浦入石墩山,迤東鳳凰山,並建砲臺。 浙江,西南自仁和入,出鱉子亹為大海。 自海鹽至此,潮流倒灌,與江水相薄,此為浙西第一門戶,南北二大亹扼其中。 潮昔趨南,後改徙北,一線危堤,屢受衝激。 自仁和十七堡至南門外三十三堡,東防同知治。 又自一堡至十八堡界海鹽,累朝修築。 下塘河西北自石門、德清界入,逕永安橋,歧為二。 北支為運河,入石門,為長安塘。 東支復歧為二,一周王廟塘河,一許公塘河,入海鹽。 左出枝津為硤石河,入海鹽、桐鄉為界水。 上塘河自仁和入,流為二十五里塘河,合備塘河,會袁花塘河,入海鹽,為招寶塘。 有袁花、郭店、硤石、石墩、長安、馬牧港六鎮。 長安,州判駐。 戴家橋有行宮,有汛。 有巡司。 許村、西路鹽場二。 富陽:衝,繁。 府西南九十里。 東:五泄水。 下二泄屬諸暨。 泄或作「洩」,泄溪源此。 西:貝山。 北:桐嶺。 富春江,浙江上流,西南自桐廬入,納浦江。 湖洑水即壺源江,右合剡浦,左納莧浦,自天目山伏流,入縣西北始出山。 錯出復入,流為白洋溪,逕城南,合安吳川,抵漁山埠,北入錢塘,南入蕭山。 城河即慶春河,起觀山訖莧浦。 陡門二。 有漁山、靈橋、場口、湯家、洋波場五鎮。 會江驛。 餘杭:繁,難。 府西北七十里。 南:由拳山。 西北:禹航山。 北:獨松嶺,並百丈、幽嶺為三關。 南苕溪、中苕溪西自臨安分入而合,會北苕溪,為瓶窯大河。 又一支出武康界孔井山入焉。 南苕性悍,逼臨城東,廝二瀽以引之,自滾壩泄流為餘杭塘河。 其南南湖,北流為黃母港,會苕溪,分上湖、下湖。 鎮三:雙溪、石瀨、閒林。 臨安簡。 府西北百里。 西南:臨安山,縣以此名。 西:楓樹嶺。 天目山,即山海經浮玉之山,苕水出其陰,合董、平、鵠三溪。 又東南,右合潘溪,左合馬跑泉,側城北而東,錦溪合南溪入焉。 又東為南苕溪,西北為中苕溪。 松溪出南黃嶺,其西婁塘,當苕之:衝,乾隆五年圮。 有青山、亭川、板橋、化龍、橫坂、三口、鶴山七鎮。 青山近城。 公、姥二山夾鎖苕源,最險要。 於潛簡。 府西北百七十里。 東:石柱山。 西北:龍翔嶺。 西:天目,上有兩池,若左右目。 左屬臨安曰東溪,右曰西溪,出尖頂,合流,逕白鶴橋雙溪口,合虞溪為浮溪。 至寮車橋,左合藻溪,右合交溪。 紫溪西南自昌化入合之。 其上流柳溪。 有千秋、白沙、桐嶺、豪千、孔夫諸關。 新城簡。 府西南百二十里。 西:大雷山。 西北:青牛嶺。 並天目支阜。 南:百丈嶺,界餘杭。 葛溪出,合武源、里仁二水,出大源橋,右合菖溪,左納槎溪,上承分水廣陵溪為三溪口,逕練頭庄為練頭溪,合松溪為雙港口,曰鼉江。 北有塔山堰。 有東安鎮。 昌化簡。 府西二百十里。 西南:福泉山,其東蘆嶺。 南:楊嶺。 西:昱嶺。 北:嶠嶺、黃花嶺。 並置關。 又馬頭嶺,上溪出,合高溪、仁里溪,東流為無他溪。 合雲溪,右納頰口溪,逕晚山下為西晚溪,逕城南為雙溪。 又南為下阮溪、三溪。 伽溪南峽川,上博溪東南納分水青坑溪、覽溪,西南承蕭、浦二水,以達柳溪。 其中柯相公潭,與於潛為界水。 有手𥤺、頰口、柯橋三鎮。 嘉興府嘉興府:衝,繁,疲,難。 隸杭嘉湖道。 副將駐。 乾隆十五年裁所,並海寧衛為嘉興府。 西南距省治百八十里。 廣百五十里,袤百里。 北極高三十度五十二分。 京師偏東四度三分。 領縣七。 嘉興:衝,繁,疲,難。 倚。 府境之水二派,曰武林、天目,而天目派由石門、秀水入運,則合武林為一。 長水塘南自桐鄉、海鹽界入,合練浦塘。 海鹽塘東南自其縣入,並匯於南湖,一名鴛鴦湖,東南接滮湖。 六里涇承南湖水,歧為二,一魏塘,一漢塘。 合王廟、空廟、眾歡諸塘,左出枝津為伍子塘。 有王店、新豐、鍾埭、新禮四鎮。 王店、新豐有汛。 西水驛有丞。 有鐵路。 秀水:衝,繁,難。 明宣德四年析嘉興置,同附郭。 西南:運河自桐鄉入,合石人涇,左出枝津為新塍南塘,側城西南注南湖。 新塍塘西北自江蘇震澤入,納新塍北塘,與南塘合,逕北麗橋。 長水、海鹽二塘東南自嘉興注之,是為秀水,縣以是名。 東北流,右出枝津北流,瀦為姚涇、楊舍、上馬諸港,分趨南官、北官、連四、梅家、陸家諸盪,入江蘇吳江。 魏塘,東自嘉興入,入嘉善。 爛溪,西北自桐鄉入,入震澤、吳江為界水。 王江涇,通判駐。 舊設同知及東西兩塘協辦同知,並裁。 濮院鎮、新塍、九里匯有汛。 新城、陸門二鎮。 嘉善:繁,疲,難。 府東北三十里。 南:瓶山。 魏塘自秀水入,會東郭湖塘,貫西城壕,出東門流為楓涇塘,入江蘇婁縣。 伍子塘南自嘉興入,貫南城壕,出北門入祥符盪。 其北沈家、白魚、上白諸盪,西北烏盆潭、木斜湖、吳家漾,併入江蘇青浦。 西北:汾湖潀流匯處,播為南北許盪、南北夏墓盪,入吳江。 斜塘鎮,縣丞駐。 楓涇鎮,主簿駐。 天寧庄鎮,有汛。 魏塘、陶庄、幹家窯三鎮。 海鹽:繁,難。 府東南八十里。 南:秦駐。 東南:白塔。 西北:獨山。 海,東北自平湖入,逕縣城,又南至澉浦。 道光二十四年設水師都司。 其西長牆山,橫截海灣,建砲臺。 捍海石塘,西南接海寧,東北亙平湖。 秦駐塢水出秦駐山,歧為三,通曰秦溪,縱橫數十里,貫以招寶、烏坵兩塘。 招寶塘西南自海寧入,烏坵塘出長生橋合之,是為嘉興塘。 又自□興城東海貫城壕出北門流為平湖塘。 長水塘亦自海寧入,緣西北界,錯出復入,入嘉興、桐鄉為界水。 有鮑郎、海沙二鹽場司。 海口、枕盪二鎮。 有汛。 石門:衝,繁,難。 府西南八十里。 明為崇德。 康熙元年改名。 西北:含山。 運河,西南自德清入,納海寧下塘枝水。 左枝為南界涇,入歸安,右納下塘河、長安塘,並自海寧南注之。 左枝為南沙渚塘,入海寧、桐鄉為界水,側城南而北,右出二枝津為中北沙渚塘,又北襟塘,左石人、瓜塔、沙木諸涇,折東環灣如帶,是為王灣。 其塘右諸涇、半截運河注塘,左半由含山入歸安。 有玉溪鎮。 皁林驛。 平湖:繁,疲,難。 府東南五十四里。 東南:雅山,又苦竹山,水師戰艦泊焉。 迤東羊、許二山,峭立海中,為江、浙分疆處,浙西第三門戶也。 海,東南自江蘇金山衛入,又西逕乍浦。 雍正二年設水師營,七年,移杭州副都統來駐。 道光三年移府海防同知並駐。 東西兩海口,北接廣陳汛。 自此入澉浦達杭州,為錢塘江口北岸,西人名乍浦灣。 漢塘西自嘉興入,分流注當湖。 右得平湖塘,西南自海鹽入合之。 左得乍浦塘,出東南前黃山,合何陳塘注之。 東北流,歧為二,分流復合,入泖湖,其口曰硃洞港。 有汛一。 廣陳塘右出枝津為鹽船河,出放港為秦河,入泖湖,正渠併入之。 鎮五:白門、廣陳、戶浦、新埭、青蓮寺。 有白沙灣巡司。 蘆瀝、橫浦二鹽場。 天后宮、觀山麓、陳山嘴砲臺。 桐鄉:繁,難。 府西南五十里。 東:殳山。 南:王家山。 運河西南自石門入,枝津入震澤界為爛溪,正渠逕永新橋歧為三,南流注永新港,達石人涇,北流注五往涇入爛溪,東流入秀水。 石人涇亦自石門入,合瓜塔涇及北沙渚塘,逕屠甸,復合沙木涇。 南沙渚塘亦自石門入,合中沙渚塘,入海寧。 長水塘自海寧、海鹽緣東南界入海鹽、嘉興為界水。 鎮五:濮院、爐鎮、皁林、陳庄,又青墩巡司。 湖州府湖州府::繁,疲,難。 隸杭嘉湖道。 明,領州一,縣五。 副將、所千總駐。 乾隆三十八年,改安吉為縣。 東南距省治百八十里。 廣百八十二里,袤百三十八里。 北極高三十度五十二分。 京師偏東三度二十七分。 領縣七。 烏程:繁,疲,難。 倚。 南:衡山、金蓋山。 西北:弁山。 太湖,東北八十里,古震澤,周五百里,匯上游諸水。 大小雷山扼其東,西亙長興,北至小雷界吳江。 浙源為東西二苕溪。 東苕溪東南自歸安入,合西塘河注碧浪湖。 山塘溪亦自其縣注之。 合妙喜港,左得呂山塘,西北自長興入合之。 左出枝津為北塘河,分瀦二十五漊港。 西苕溪亦自長興入,合四安溪。 左出枝津小梅港及橫港,分瀦十一漊港。 正渠與東苕合,是為江渚,匯合瀦大錢港入太湖,三十六漊港併入之。 其東,運河自歸安入,合潯溪入震澤。 爛溪自歸安、桐鄉緣界,左出枝津為白米塘河,納歸安中塘河併入之。 太湖營守備駐,同知駐烏鎮,通判駐南潯溪,並晟舍、大錢、馬要、圓通橋、小梅、青山、伍浦有汛。 南潯、大錢湖口二巡司。 苕溪驛。 歸安:繁,疲,難。 倚。 東南:長超山。 西南:梅峰山。 東北:太湖。 東苕溪,東南自德清入,左出枝津為吳興塘,納石門含山塘注錢山漾。 西塘河,南自武康入,洛舍漾逾埭溪注之,與東苕合。 逕城南,呂山塘西自烏程注之,右出枝津為菜花涇,播為運河,歷月河為霅溪,抵臨湖水門。 自錢山漾至此,與烏程為界水。 雙菱鎮,守備駐。 縣丞駐射村港鎮; 主薄駐菱湖鎮。 並涵山、善連有汛。 璉巿、埭溪二巡司。 長興:衝,繁。 府西北六十里。 西:白石山。 西北:碣石山。 北:啄木嶺,界江蘇荊溪。 東北:太湖。 大雷、小雷西南自安吉入,其西四安溪,出硃灣嶺,合罨畫溪。 西北箬溪二源合於長安渡,故曰合溪。 罨畫溪右出枝津為呂山塘,歧為二:一中橫塘,入烏程; 一南橫塘,入北橫塘。 正渠逕橫石橋,與北橫塘會。 其北顧渚溪,出懸臼嶺,流為紫花澗,瀦於包洋湖,分二十八漊港,南至蔡浦,接烏程小梅港,西至夾浦,為顧渚溪來源。 橫溪,出東北橫玉山,分瀦長大、上周、蔣家、金村四港。 香山嶺水瀦雙橋港,浮渚嶺水瀦斯圻港,併入太湖。 鎮六。 夾浦,縣丞駐。 有四安、合溪二巡司。 並新塘有汛。 德清:繁,疲,難。 府南九十里。 東:德清山,本烏山,縣以此名。 東北:澉山。 西北:白峴山。 苕溪南自仁和入,納武康南塘河,逕南水門,曰龜溪。 左出枝津入洛舍漾,為歸安、武康界水。 正渠貫城壕西北流,東苕溪分運河入之。 東塘河,其枝津運河亦自仁和入,緣東南界錯出復入。 有錢巿鎮巡司。 武康:疲,難。 府南百二十里。 東:封山。 西北:草干。 又銅峴山為餘英溪北源,南源出西上郎山,匯於牌頭,逕新塘灘為前溪,會湘溪、後溪。 其枝津側城南而東,左得封溪故道,又東北合阜溪,左出枝津注洛舍漾。 苕溪自錢塘入,緣東南界合官塘河,北流為餘不溪。 鎮二:牌頭、上柏。 安吉:疲,難。 府西南百三十里。 明為州。 乾隆三十八年降。 東南:白楊山。 北:金烏山,界長興。 東南:獨松嶺,界餘杭。 東溪出大溪,即苕溪,西南自孝豐入,逕塔潭。 東溪合梅園溪,復納孝豐豐食、吳渚二溪入焉。 側城東合丁埠港水,北流,左合理溪,右合魯家溪,逕梅溪。 渾水瀆亦自孝豐注之,又北合四公溪。 小溪巿、梅溪鎮、遞鋪鎮有汛。 乾隆十七年移州判駐南溪。 孝豐簡。 府西南九十里。 西南:天目山,界臨安、於潛。 又桃花山。 南:廣苕山,苕溪出,合深溪、橫溪。 其東大海嶺,東濱溪出,下流為吳渚溪,又東巿嶺,大溪出,下流為豐食溪。 梅家山溪出北梅家山,下流為渾水瀆。 有天目山巡司。 沿干鎮。 寧紹台道寧波府寧波府:衝,繁。 寧紹台道治所。 提督駐。 康熙二十六年,改定海曰鎮海,移置定海於舟山。 宣統三年,增置南田。 西北距省治四百四十里。 廣二百二十四里,袤二百八里。 北極高二十九度五十五分。 京師偏東四度五十七分。 領縣六。 鄞:衝,繁,難。 倚。 西南:四明山。 東傍海為鄮山。 西南:灌頂、梅園山、海浦、羊求山。 海,東南自象山入,逕大嵩水口。 順治十七年裁所置游擊。 雍正七年設同知。 東接瞻崎,南毗鹽場,有司。 又北通東錢湖,匯東境諸水,有南北二塘、梅墟石塘。 奉化江南自其縣入,鄞江出四明山,合而北流,為甬江。 又與慈谿江合,河流縱貫。 道光二十三年開租界,與英立約,為五口通商之一。 逕白沙巿。 左出一枝津,首白沙,訖張家堰,與鎮海為界水。 西南:南塘河出四明,歧為二:前港貫城壕,注日月二湖; 後港即里弄港,會中塘、西塘及中南二河入江。 其東前塘河,三源匯於橫溪,出橫石橋,會中塘、北塘河,逕和安橋,為三河總渠,注大石碶入江。 有浙海關。 四明水驛。 鐵路。 橫山嶴、猛港等砲臺。 慈谿:繁,疲,難。 府西北五十里。 西南:大寶、句餘。 東南:石柱山。 海,西北自餘姚入,北抵海鹽。 迤東有海王山,又東為松浦港口。 港分杜湖水,出三眼橋,界鎮海。 慈谿江上流即姚江,自餘姚入,逕丈亭渡,歧為二:前江歷車廄嶺,抵大浹江口,會甬江; 後江貫城壕,出東郭,曰管山江,南抵西渡會前江,西抵化紙閘會橫溪。 西南:藍溪自龔村匯二十六隩水,出玉女山。 西南諸水出四明,入蛟門,北資杜、白二湖。 海壖設塘置閘,曰松浦、淹浦、古窯、津浦、洋浦。 鎮五:丈亭、洪塘、東埠、松浦有巡司、向頭廢司。 鶴鳴鹽場司。 車廄驛。 有瓜蒂山、東山砲臺。 奉化:疲,難。 府西南八十里。 東南:奉化山,縣以此名。 又鮚埼山。 光緒十年法兵艦來犯砲臺,斃其將孤拔,遂遁。 海,東北自鄞入,逕湖頭渡關,又西逕塔山城、應家棚,東接楊村汛,又西為河泊所。 其口有懸山。 又天門山,下即漢志天門水,南為江彭山,界象山、寧海。 縣溪出西南大公隩,七十二曲,硃、白二溪逾趙河注之。 抵璡琳碶,歧流為長它江,抵三江口。 金溪出東金瓘山,逕白杜河來會。 其西剡溪,出六詔嶺,合左溪,納西晦溪,是為奉化江。 又東合長它江,迤東北會甬江。 塔山城巡司。 應家棚守備。 有鮚埼鎮。 連山驛。 祥嶺、董公、桐照等砲臺。 鎮海:衝,繁。 府東北六十里。 海,西北自慈谿入,東至澥浦,水師參將駐,為郡北要害。 又東逕招寶山抵鉗口門。 道光二十一年英兵艦由此登岸。 其東蛟門,西虎蹲,並稱天險。 又東穿山所,臨黃歧洋。 又東崎頭角,臨崎洋。 頭長、跳嘴山扼其口,並為郡東要害。 轉南至霩所,南接昆亭汛。 迤南撲蛇山,臨雙嶼港。 又南至荒嶼,界鄞。 外洋各島,其著者,東北七姊妹山,東西霍山,迤東搗杵山。 東距金塘水道為大隩子港。 轉南有天隍山,東西二嶼,界象山。 涌江西南自鄞入,入海口為大浹江口,即古甬句,東自張家堰至此,與鄞為界水。 西北諸水瀦為鳳浦、沈窖、靈緒、白沙四湖,播為巨河。 夾江河西自鄞分甬江水,逾白沙,歷鷺林,入前大河。 中大河上流後江自慈谿入,北流為西河。 大閘河上流松浦亦自其縣入,歧為三:一抵澥浦入海,一流為西大河入浹江河,一逕箭港為後大河。 其中港貫前、後兩河,併入城河,出頭二閘入海。 其東南上河注逕大碶巿,中河逕穿山碶,會蘆江河海。 有庄巿、柴埠二鎮。 定海關有管界、長山、穿山三巡司。 龍頭、穿山、清泉三場。 有北城角、威遠、定遠、宏遠、平遠、綏遠、靖遠、鎮遠各砲臺。 象山簡。 府東南二百七十里。 海,西自奉化入,逕西周渡,虎山扼其口,南接泗州頭汛。 逕東西塔嘴入,為陳山渡,接海口汛。 又東逕前倉所,西接珠溪汛,東對牛鼻山。 其東北獵戶角,為南岸盡處。 迤南逕爵溪城,青門、羊背諸山扼之,並為郡南要害。 其南天目山,東即韭山列島。 又南至昌國,順治中裁衛,置水師營都司。 又南至石浦,明為所,道光三年移府海防同知駐。 南出為東門,與小銅礁對峙。 中為銅瓦門,道光二十二年英兵艦來犯,由此門入。 過此曰下灣門、金齒門,西為林門、珠門。 又南至大田島。 光緒初,派開墾委員駐此。 宣統三年改為撫民廳,移府通判、左營游擊駐樊嶴,守備、千總駐龍泉、鶴浦兩塘。 島北為石浦港,西即三門灣。 轉西至台寧嶼,界寧海。 東大河出王家嶴及旋井、飛鳳諸山,注會源碶。 南大河出鳳躍山,自西水門接諸河,注朝宗碶。 西大河出郭家諸澗,注靈長碶,併入海。 上洋三碶蓄三河水,防泄下洋,下洋永豐諸碶防泄入海。 有南田、竹山二巡司。 前嶴嶺、高塘山等砲臺。 南田簡。 舊隸象山。 宣統三年新置,治大佛頭山麓。 孤峙海中,東、南、西大洋,惟北距石浦較近,水程十有餘里。 海中十洲,此為第一。 明湯和懼趙宋遺族苞□,擬廢象山、棄滃洲,遂徙南田居民。 後復有群入墾煎者。 道光三年,巡撫帥承瀛奏謂「明與定海、玉環並封禁。 嗣定、玉展辟而南田獨否,以彼泥潮而此沙壚,匪船易留,故復徙之」。 大小共一百八嶴,南路四十九,北路五十九。 定海直隸廳定海直隸廳:簡。 隸寧紹台道。 總兵及同知駐。 古句章地。 明為衛。 康熙二十七年改縣。 道光二十一年升直隸廳。 西距省治七百六十里。 廣百四十里,袤八十三里。 北極高二十九度五十九分。 京師偏東五度五十八分。 舟山,古翁洲山,即定海山。 康熙、道光間陷於英。 咸豐間復陷英、法。 澳外島嶼屹𡾐。 西洋螺角,東竟留角,對峙若門。 洋螺南為螺頭山,西即大榭山,接象山港。 口北各島為廳南險汛。 又六橫山西對前倉嘴,牛鼻山扼其中。 其東南為桃花山、登步山。 桃花東北、登步東南為硃家島,中有烏沙山,曰烏沙門。 東岸狼灣,其東普陀山西北嘴對舟山東嘴,中為蓮花洋,西即沈家門,商舶鱗萃。 北達蘭秀灣,西北距千□覽角,曰龜水道,青山屹立,中為灌門,航路最險。 蘭秀以北為官山,中為乩山門。 官山以北為岱山,中為高定洋,利停泊。 其西北大沙澳,北距長白山,中為長白水道。 其西為岑港。 西北接大小沙汛。 又西即金塘水道。 其東北為冊子山,中為西堠門。 岱山以西為兩頭洞山。 又大漁山、嶼心腦山與乍浦為犄角。 以東為竹嶼港。 又東曰大小長塗、東西福山,並為廳北險汛。 其東北大衢山,四圍多澳。 有岑港、道頭二巡司。 瀝港、沈家門二鎮。 定遠、振威、永清等砲臺。 紹興府紹興府:衝,繁,難。 隸寧紹台道。 副將、衛守備駐。 西北距省治百四十里。 廣三百二十里,袤二百九十里。 北極高三十度五分。 京師偏東四度四分。 領縣八。 山陰:衝,繁,難。 倚。 西北:興龍山,南麓本臥龍山,康熙二十七年駐蹕,改。 南:龜山、陽台、蘭渚山、秦望山。 西北:塗山、梅山。 東北:蕺山。 海,自蕭山入,逕三江口,為杭州灣南岸水口,對岸為海寧。 南大亹、中小亹扼其中。 潮昔趨南,暴岸衝擊,其後海塘東接會稽,西亙蕭山。 浦陽江西南自諸暨入。 運河西北自蕭山入,合鑒湖枝津北注瓜渚湖。 湖分青電湖水入西水門,復合入銅盤湖港,抵港口與西小江會。 江分為二,自蕭山古萬安橋入,緣北界,西溪出雞頭山注之。 逕錢清鎮,錯出復入,抵三江閘。 湘湖自蕭山貫運河來會,又東入海。 鑒湖,古鏡湖,周三百五十里,今衹存西溪及會稽,若耶溪為其別源,湘湖為其正源,僅十五里矣。 三江城,通判駐,有鹽場司,與錢清為二。 有柯橋巡司,蓬萊驛。 會稽:衝,繁。 倚。 南:會稽山,有禹陵,縣以此名。 其宛委、秦望、天柱,並為支阜。 海,東北自山陰入,逕瀝海城,南接蟶浦。 西曰西會渚,北與澉浦遙對,為險汛,有防海塘。 曹娥江上流剡溪,東南自上虞入,納嵊小舜江,錯出復入,歷曹娥壩,抵宣港入海。 運河自曹娥壩分諸溪河水,逕通陵橋,會欑宮河,宋六陵在焉。 出五雲門西,有若耶溪出化山注之,入山陰運河。 有三江、東江、曹娥鹽場。 曹娥巡司。 東關驛。 纂風鎮。 平水關、宣港、臨山砲臺。 蕭山:衝,繁,難。 府西北百十里。 東南:大羅山。 東北:龕、赭二山。 浙江西北自富陽入,浦陽江西南自諸暨入,合於漁浦街。 古時浦陽與浙江閡,後開磧堰始通。 抵中小亹,出南大亹入海。 海潮自鱉子亹入,為龕、赭所束,洪濤奔突,捍以危堤二十餘里。 西小江,古潘水,出臨浦巿山,歷麻溪壩,貫運河,入山陰,下至三江口入海。 運河自西興渡引浙江水,逕望湖橋,湘湖匯西南諸山水貫之,又東南入山陰。 臨浦鎮,縣丞駐。 有漁浦、河庄山二巡司,義橋鎮汛。 西興水驛有丞。 錢清課場。 有西陵、漁臨兩關。 北祇菴砲臺。 諸暨簡。 府西南百十里。 東:紫薇、鐵崖山。 西:洞岩、雞冠、五泄山。 北:銀冶、杭烏山。 浦陽江南自浦江入,一名上西江,合酥溪,東北流,合上瀨溪,與上東江會。 江出東陽界東白山,曰孝義溪,合開化溪,流為洪浦江,合下瀨溪注之,是為浣江。 逕城東,歧為二,東曰下東江,合楓橋港諸溪,西曰下西江,合五泄諸溪,分而復合,亦曰大江,併入蕭山。 有楓橋鎮。 長清關。 餘姚:疲,繁,難。 府東北百十里。 南:大吳山。 西:龍泉山,古緒山。 北:歷山。 東北:四明、石匱山。 海,北自上虞入,逕臨山衛。 康熙八年移廟山巡司駐。 四十七年移瀝海守備並駐。 北臨山港,東泗門港,為濱海要口。 逕破山浦,有防海塘、利濟塘。 外砲臺七所。 其西南姚江,出太平山及菁山,古句章渠水,錯出復入,納上虞馬渚橫河,貫兩城間,抵竹山潭,合蘭塑港,逾姜家渡,納慈谿官船浦,是為丈亭江。 鎮四:梁壽、眉山、廟山,其三山有巡司。 石堰、鳴鶴二鹽場。 中村、北溪、梁衕、周巷、周家路有汛。 姚江驛,康熙九年併入縣。 上虞:繁,疲。 府東百二十里。 南:覆卮山。 西南:象田山。 西北:夏蓋山,南臨夏蓋湖,匯白馬、上妃二湖水,周百五里。 北枕海,西北自會稽入,逕瀝海所,有四衛、施湖二隘。 其塘外為沙塗。 上虞江即曹娥江,古柯水,亦曰東小江,上流剡溪,西南自嵊入,納會稽小舜江,逕梁湖堰,其東為運河。 外有通水河,逕百官渡,其東為馬渚橫河,抵備塘。 自梁湖堰至此,與會稽為界水,有曹娥驛,康熙元年裁丞。 其側鹽場二。 梁湖鎮巡司。 嵊:衝,繁。 府東南百八十里。 東:金庭山。 西南:五龍、真如二山。 分水岡,剡溪出,合大小白山水,東南流,右合珠溪,左合籮松溪,逕白楊村,納富潤、江田二溪,側城東南,有潭遏溪、寶溪注之,是為剡溪。 黃澤溪亦自其縣入,合北庄溪注之。 又西北,合丫溪、強口溪、嵊溪,入上虞為曹娥江,即古浦陽江也。 東北西梅溪,出大屏山,入奉化。 鎮三:浦口、長樂、三界。 有汛。 新昌簡。 府東南二百十里。 東:天姥山:東南:關嶺。 東北:蘇木嶺。 東港溪自天台入,合泄上山溪、潛溪,下流為潭遏溪。 西港溪上流夾溪,西南自東陽入,合三洲譚溪,下流為寶溪。 北港溪出奉化界蔡嶴山,歷岩頭嶺,別源自寧海緣界合為黃澤溪。 彩煙鎮。 黃渡有汛。 台州府台州府:疲,難。 隸寧紹台道。 海門鎮總兵駐。 原名黃岩鎮,總兵駐黃岩。 光緒二年移此。 西北距省治五百九十里。 廣三百七十里,袤二百七十里。 北極高二十八度五十三分。 京師偏東四度三十九分。 領縣六。 臨海:繁,疲,難。 倚。 西南:括蒼山。 東:了倭山。 南:蓋竹山,道書「十九洞天第二福地」也。 東蔡嶺、西石松山,並築石城。 海,東自寧海入,逕坡壩江,白岱山扼其口。 納上流花橋港,南逕泗淋汛,納上流洞港,又南逕有殿角,南對白梳角,曰清塘門。 桃渚港出東大羅山,合矩溪入之。 其★C9順治十八年廢,康熙十一年復,守備駐。 自白梳角迤南至白沙山,為台州灣口北岸,迤南至前所城,游擊及巡司駐。 南對海門,順治十七年裁衛,總兵駐。 其西家子鎮,同知駐,是為椒江口。 口外群島聯群,迤南為竇門山、麂青山。 臨海江二源,北為始豐溪,自天台入,合大石溪、歸溪為百步溪,出三江村,西南永安溪,合黃沙溪、芳溪來會,是為靈江。 逕雙港口,合大田港,逕三江口,會永寧江,是為椒江。 又東,合章安、東邏二浦入海。 鎮二:蛟湖,其花橋縣丞駐。 有杜瀆鹽場司。 赤城驛。 牛頭頸、外沙、小圓山砲臺。 黃岩:疲,繁,難。 府東南六十里。 東:永寧山。 南:委羽山,道書「第二洞天」。 西:黃岩山,縣以此名。 海,東自臨海入,逕浪磯山,為台州灣口南岸,有丁進、洪輔兩塘,長六十餘里,內為鹽地,北接臨海,南亙太平。 西北:永寧江出西塵山,別源出黃岩山,合流為大橫溪,逕大砩頭為寧溪。 逕烏岩為烏岩溪,合柔極、小坑二港為長潭。 又東南合官嶴水、茅畬溪,逕山頭洲為斷江。 逕後垟,合西江,是為澄江。 逕東浦,外東浦即東官河,側城東北,合里東浦,為黃林港,下流為永寧江。 南官河匯沙埠、九峰諸水,南支接太平金清港,北支貫城壕,左出枝津,分流復合,入西江。 又北流為里東浦。 烏岩鎮,縣丞駐。 有長浦巡司。 黃岩鹽場司。 丹霞驛。 烏岩三港口、沙埠、寧溪、洋嶼、白湖塘有汛。 天台簡。 府西北九十里。 北:天台山,周八百里,支阜赤城,有玉京洞,道書「第六洞天」。 始豐溪西南自東陽入,合寒、明二岩,鷓鴣諸山水,側城西,左得青溪,合桃源瀑布、關嶺溪壑注之,東抵鳳凰山下,合寶華及螺歡、倒靈諸溪,折南又合大小淡溪。 西北:福溪出天台山西麓,混水溪出南麓,其東泳溪出蒼山東北麓。 又界溪出龍鳴山。 有清溪鎮。 桑洲驛。 仙居:疲,難。 府西九十里。 西南:韋羌山、景星岩。 北:羅城岩。 西北:蒼嶺,一名風門。 西南:大溪,南源出永嘉界坑山,曰永安溪,左出枝津抵安仁嶺下,曰安仁溪,入縉雲。 西源自縉雲入,曰金坑水,合仙人溪,逕四都,與南源會。 逕洋山潭,合□里溪。 又東北,右得馬嶺溪、大陳山水,左得珠母、韋羌、南溪諸水。 又東北,納萍溪。 上流櫸溪,西北自永康入合之,逕城東,合白水溪、彭溪,抵塔山西,合硃溪,入臨海。 有皤灘鎮汛。 寧海簡。 府東北百有八里。 水師參將駐。 西北:龍鬚山。 北:天門山。 海,東北自奉化入,逕浮溪口,納上流鐵江,轉東逕黃墩港,納上流白渚溪,錯出為象山港南岸。 又自石浦入,逕台寧嶼,又西逕茶院港,分出東北許家、雙坑二山,合流為柞浦溪,逕龍口塘。 又西逕白嶠港,上流白溪,西南自天台入,別源出西桃花山,合逕亭頭渡來會,西南逕清溪口,上承天台泳溪,逕旂門渡。 又南為亭旁、海游二溪口,一承天台界溪,一出西南分水嶺,合逕連蛇渡。 又西南逕健跳所,守備駐,臨健跳江。 上流橫渡溪,合小白溪來會。 外有健陽塘,東北對石浦城,是為寧海灣口門。 群島錯峙,其著者為田灣島,島東為青門山,臨牛頭洋,北為五嶼門,外硃門洋,內蛇蟠洋,並險汛。 鎮四:海嶴、越溪、亭旁,其海游,縣丞駐。 有長亭鹽場司。 硃嶴驛。 太平簡。 府東南百四十里。 水師參將駐。 南:石盤山。 西南:靈山。 西:溫嶺。 海,東南自台州灣入,逕金星門,又南道士冠山、盤馬山。 其東白岩山,中為搗臼門。 又東沙鑊山,東南積穀山,東北即台州群島。 其著者上下大陳山,轉南逕松門城,置守備,臨松門港,松門山扼其口,中有窄水道。 其東牛山島,又東蘇丹島,東南三蒜島。 轉西逕隘頑寨,群峰刺天,慢游嶺尤嶮仄。 中有大海灣,錯出溫州府境,逕天澳、木杓諸山,轉西北逕楚門城。 西北:白漿渚溪,正源大溪與別源小溪合流為雙溪,北流折東為新建河,合桃溪、溫嶺溪,逕大溪口。 西南西溪出梅嶺來會,是為金清港,北通黃岩官河。 又東逕新河城為迂江,縣丞駐,又東入海。 閭溪一名練溪,併入之。 有蒲岐、溫嶺二鎮。 松門巡司。 鳳尾、盤馬、沙角、寺前鎮、石塘、金清、箬里有汛。 金衢嚴道金華府金華府:衝,繁,難。 隸金衢嚴道。 副將駐。 明初為寧越府,後復改。 東北距省治四百五十里。 廣三百四十里,袤二百四十四里。 北極高二十九度十分。 京師偏東二度二十一分。 領縣八。 金華:衝,繁。 倚。 北:金華山,縣以此名,古曰常山。 東南:至道山,康熙二年,耿逆遣兵踞此。 東陽江自義烏入,曰東港,合航慈溪,東南流,納孝順溪、薌溪、赤松溪,逕城南,合城中七寶渠。 南港自武義入,西北流,抵燕尾洲,與東港會,是為婺港,一名雙溪。 又西北,桐溪、白沙溪並自湯溪入,抵柵頭,有盤溪承徐公湖、九龍山水,流為黃煙溪注之,此北渠也。 古時南渠與衢港會,今淤狹。 有孝順鎮。 雙溪驛。 蘭谿:衝,繁,難。 府西北五十里。 東:銅山。 西:硯山,界龍游、壽昌。 婺港東南自金華入,合黃煙溪,逕城西南。 衢港自龍游入,納壽昌游埠溪,錯出復入,左得永昌溪,逕蘭陰山下,會楊子港,是為蘭港。 又北合虎溪、乾溪、香溪、抵施家灘,納浦江大梅溪。 有黃湓堤,康熙、雍正間屢修築。 鎮三:平渡、香溪,又女埠有廢司。 瀔水驛。 東陽:繁,難。 府東北百里。 東南:大盆山,界天台。 東:玉山,一名封山。 東北有東西白山,接太白山。 東陽江二源:南源定安溪,即歌溪,出大盆墨嶺,合金蒙坑、茅洋諸水,逕雙溪口; 北源上白溪,出東白山,會西白山水,南流,合白峰溪、渼沙溪來會,西流,右得筧竹溪、蟠溪,左得龍化溪、泗渡溪,又西合雅溪、郎坑溪。 畫溪出大盆西麓,始豐溪出南麓,其東上夾溪出尖山巿,下夾溪出天笠山。 有白坦、永寧二鎮。 白峰、夾溪汛。 義烏:疲,難。 府東北百十里。 南:淡雲、八保。 北:黃□山。 東江,古烏傷溪,自東陽入,合廿三里諸溪,折西南會瑞雲溪、麟溪。 又西南,右合綉湖,左合鯰溪及善溪,逕江灣巿,會畫溪,又南納吳溪,入金華。 其北航慈溪,出覆釜山,會仙洪岩水,緣西北界入。 素溪出西南古寺坑。 北酥溪出清潭山。 又洪巡溪出西北綢岩。 鎮四:龍祈、酥溪、佛堂、廿三里溪。 有汛。 永康:疲,難。 府東南百十里。 東:方岩。 東南:靈岩。 南:絕塵山。 永康港二源:北源華溪,出密浦山,逕社山下為鶴鳴溪,合酥溪,出仁政橋; 南源南溪,即建陽溪,自縉雲入,右合盧溪,左合橫坑溪,逕水崢岩,右合李溪,逕雙溪口,兩源相合,是為永康港。 又西,合西門、烈橋、高坑諸溪,入武義。 東北:雙牌溪,出八盆嶺,下流為靈溪,入縉雲。 又東櫸溪,出大嶺,下流為萍溪,入仙居。 櫸溪村,府都司及縣丞駐。 有孝義、里溪汛。 華溪驛。 武義:疲,難。 府東南七十五里。 東:百義山,又烏牛山,界永康。 西:銅釜山。 武義港上承永康港,東自其縣入,合清溪、郭衕溪,側城東北,左得熟溪,西南自宣平入,合諸溪水匯焉。 西北流,右合東溪、硃吳溪,左合桃溪,入金華。 其南日溪自麗水入,合泄溪,入宣平。 西:梅溪自宣平入,入金華。 東北:素溪,出大撈箕山,自金華錯入,仍入之。 浦江簡。 府東北百十里。 東:半壁山、五路嶺。 西北:深褭山,湧泉為深褭溪,浦陽江源此。 別源出西並硎嶺,東流為吳溪來會。 又合諸溪水,側城南,有東、西二溪夾流注之,是為南江。 合澄、左二溪,又東北,右得大溪,即演溪,東南自義烏入,合流逕康侯山下,為潮溪。 又東,右合深溪、白麟諸溪入諸暨。 南:梅溪,出雷公、城竇諸山,西流入蘭溪。 西北:湖源溪出石楂嶺,逕五泄山,錯出復入浦江,下流為湖洑水。 潢溪、胡公、斤竹有汛。 湯溪簡。 府西南五十里。 西北:湯塘山,縣以此名。 南:銀嶺。 東南:輔倉山,白沙溪出。 瀔江即衢港,西自龍游入。 古無「瀔」字,當即漢志穀水。 東北流,合莘版溪。 又東北,左得雙溪,上流永安溪枝津,北自蘭谿入合之。 右得潦溪,上流游埠溪,亦自其縣入合之。 是為三港口。 又東北合羅埠溪,入遂昌。 白沙溪,南自遂昌入,合諸溪水。 堰三十六,而金華得其十。 衢州府衢州府:衝,繁,難。 金衢嚴道治所,總兵駐。 明洪武初改龍游府,明年復改,屬浙江布政使司。 順治八年,浙閩總督移此。 康熙二十三年裁。 東北距省治五百四十里。 廣二百二十五里,袤二百二十里。 北極高二十九度二分。 京師偏東二度三十五分。 領縣五。 西安:衝,繁。 倚。 南:爵豆山。 北:銅錢嶺。 西北:銅山。 衢港二源:南源文溪,即江山港,自其縣入; 北源信安溪,即常山港,亦自其縣入,會於雙港口,亦曰西溪。 側城西北,合柘溪、青岡溪,東抵雞鳴山下。 右得東溪,南自遂昌入,出石室堰來會,古曰定陽溪。 又東北,合銀坑、羅張、勝塘諸溪,逕屏風灘,合芝溪。 又東逕馬葉埠,入龍游。 樟樹鎮,縣丞駐。 有金旺巡司,岩剝、柏固二廢司。 上航驛。 上方、新橋街、杜澤、朝京埠有汛。 龍游:衝,難。 府東北七十里。 西:龍山,又岑山。 北:烏石山、大乘山,八十里梅嶺。 北有龍游港,即衢港,西自西安入,合金村源水,逕下溪灘,右得靈山港,南自遂昌入,合桐溪、小蓮嶺水來會。 又東,右得斗潭溪,北自壽昌入合之。 又東合築溪,錯出復入者再,又東北入湯溪。 有湖頭鎮巡司。 亭步驛。 溪口前巿汛。 江山:衝,疲。 府西南七十五里。 仙霞嶺,南百里,上置五關,其楓嶺為浙、閩分疆處,順治十一年置游擊駐二十八都,縣丞並駐。 康熙九年併入福建。 十三年仍隸兩省。 又江郎山,即隋書江山。 大溪一名鹿溪,出仙霞諸嶺,匯東角、箬坑、白石諸水,逕城東,合三橋溪、逸溪,入西安。 西有文溪,分出,復匯於禮賢鎮東北,與大溪會,是為江山港。 其北石崆溪,出斜馱山。 又峴山溪出大寨山東峰。 峽石鎮,同知駐。 有清湖鎮巡司,兼管廣濟水驛。 順治十年自常山來隸。 並靈谷山、官溪、外村有汛。 常山:衝,繁。 府西八十里。 東有常山,縣以此名。 南; 峴山、岩嶺。 北:三衢山。 馬金溪北自開化入,合馬尪溪,逕源口,合謝源水,逕疊石,為金川。 逕儻溪橋,合諸山水,逕清水潭,廝以官壩,外紫港,內廣濟港。 昔時文溪自江山入,達金川,為三合水,注內港。 後湖涸,水道徙南。 又東石硿溪、峴山溪並自江山注之。 又東合虹橋溪、芳枝溪,入西安。 有草坪鎮巡司。 球川鎮。 馬車曹、會關有汛。 有鎮平、甘露二鎮。 開化簡。 府西北百六十里。 東:鴉金嶺,界常山。 北:礦山,又馬金、金竹二嶺。 馬金溪二源:一出汪公嶺,即馬金支阜; 一出西北際嶺,會於辛田渡,東南流,合金竹嶺水,側城東南,左得汪邊溪,出北謳歌嶺,貫城壕,出南門合之,西會白沙溪達華埠。 左得池淮溪,逕藤岩下,曰池淮坂。 逕星口巿,為星口溪,合流入常山。 是為常山港。 西北:洪源溪,入江西德興。 鎮二:馬金、華埠。 金竹嶺巡司。 嚴州府嚴州府:簡。 隸金衢嚴道。 副將駐。 乾隆二十五年裁衛,併入杭州。 東北距省治二百九十里。 廣三百七十里,袤百七十五里。 北極高二十九度三十七分。 京師偏東三度三分。 領縣六。 建德簡。 倚。 東:高峰山。 西:銅官山。 北:烏龍山。 新安江西自淳安入,右納艾溪,東北流,合洋溪、下涯溪、西溪,側城南。 蘭港東南自蘭谿入,合三合溪、大小洋水來會,是為浙江南源,一名丁字水。 又東北合佘浦、苔溪,逕七里瀧,左合胥溪,又東北合岔柏溪。 清渚港東北自桐廬錯入,會杜息溪,併入桐廬注之。 東湖出烏龍山,合建安山水,由佘浦出口。 康熙十一年築壩,水漲,繞江家塘注西湖入江。 有安仁、乾潭、三都、洋溪、大溪五鎮。 東烏石關,東南三河關。 有富春驛。 淳安簡。 府西北六十五里。 東:龜鶴山。 南:雲濛山。 西南:雉山。 前溪出西北塘塢山。 新安江自歙縣入,一名徽港,左得蜀口溪,東南流,合富至源、雲源溪,又東合桐梓溪,折南合景溪。 逕南山東麓,左得東溪上流進賢溪,匯諸山水注之,逕城南,合雲濛溪。 又東南,右得武強溪。 又東南,合商家源、洋溪、錦溪,入建德。 羅伍溪出東北白坑嶺,羅溪出東塢山,龍溪出西北官山尖。 鎮四:威坪、茶園、街口、港口有汛。 桐廬簡。 府東北九十五里。 東北:桐廬山,縣以此名。 西北:雞籠山。 西:富春山。 新安江西自建德入,為七里瀨,即富春渚,合蘆茨溪,逕麻車山麓,左得清水港,西北自分水入,合琴溪,錯出復入,逕桐君山下,西會分水港,是為桐江。 又東曰下淮,江流扼要處。 又東北合窄溪,東梓溪。 湖源溪東南自浦江入,仍入之。 有芝廈、舊縣、柴埠、窄溪、翽岡五鎮。 桐江驛。 遂安簡。 府西南百八十里。 西南:洪洞山。 西:白石山,又百漈嶺,界安徽休寧。 武強溪出,合雙溪、仙溪、華溪,東南流,左合大連嶺水,右合前後溪,側城南,合連溪、靈岩溪。 折東,右得龍溪,北自淳安注之。 逕寺前村,有鳳林港合東西港注之。 又東北,合罟網、東亭二溪,入淳安。 有鳳林、橫沿、郭村、安陽、東亭五鎮。 壽昌簡。 府西南九十里。 南:硯山,亙金、衢二郡。 西:萬松山。 壽昌溪出鵝籠山,合大小源、松坑二溪,東北流,合交溪,為大同溪。 又東北,合梅溪、曹溪,自城西而東,曰艾溪,東北逕城南,至淤堨,為淤堨溪。 又東北至湖岑坂,為湖岑溪,北抵羅桐埠,入建德。 有大同、新巿二鎮。 分水簡。 府西北百二十三里。 東:獅、象二山。 南:胥嶺、設峰。 西南:雲梯嶺、銅橋山,最險要。 天目溪一名分水港,上流虞溪,東北自於潛入,逕印渚渡,為印渚溪。 右得前溪,西南自淳安入,合羅伍溪及羅溪,匯於雛溪。 東南流,合塘源水、夏塘溪,抵畢浦,左合文嶺、良梅諸山水,右合斜尖山水。 其南歌舞溪,出歌舞嶺,會直塢、海高塢諸水,下流入建德,為清渚港。 有畢浦、百江二鎮。 溫處道溫州府溫州府:衝,難。 溫處道治所。 總兵駐。 明領縣五。 雍正六年,增置玉環廳。 西北距省治八百九十里。 廣百六十里,袤五百里。 北極高二十八度。 京師偏東四度二十一分。 領廳一,縣五。 永嘉:衝,繁。 倚。 城有九斗山,內華蓋,道書「第十八洞天」。 西北:大若岩,即赤水山,「第十二福地」。 東南:大羅山。 南:吹台山。 西:甌浦山。 北:孤嶼山,橫亙江中,英領事署在焉。 海,東自樂清入,為甌江口,南逕龍灣陡門,又南逕寧村所。 康熙九年改寨置游擊。 海口曰溫州灣,靈昆島扼之。 甌江上流大溪,西南自青田入,東流,合菰溪及韓埠、上戍二港。 側城西北。 右得會昌湖,分出郭、瞿、雄三溪,合流逕望江門外。 光緒二年煙台之約,立租界。 逕陡門橋北,右合塘河,抵永樂界,為館頭江。 其右合雙井、茶山二河,又東南合瑤溪、白水溪入海。 枬溪鎮,縣丞駐。 有西溪巡司,永嘉鹽場司,窯嶴鎮兼驛。 沙頭、碧蓮、韓埠、楓林、雙溪有汛。 有龍灣山、茅竹嶺、狀元橋砲臺。 瑞安:衝,繁。 府南八十里。 水師副將駐。 東:龍山。 北:集雲山、大小二洋山。 海,東北自永嘉入,逕梅頭城,又南逕海安所,又南逕飛雲江口,有關。 其外洋鳳凰山與西江橫山對峙,曰鳳凰門。 迤北大小丁山。 迤東南齒頭山。 東:長帶山。 迤北南策山,與東策、北策相望。 北策以西,與永嘉大瞿以東,稱佳澳焉。 飛雲江上流大溪西自泰順入,合桂溪,逕口村,右合洄溪。 又東合九溪、方坑溪。 又東北,左得漈門溪,匯諸溪水,折東南,合半溪,左納南岸塘河入海。 有大、江岸二巡司,雙穗鹽場。 黑城、宋埠有汛。 樂清:衝,繁,難。 府東北八十里。 水師副將駐。 北:雁盪山。 東:窯嶴山。 西:章嶴山,與沙角、黃華並置寨。 黃華有關,追臨海口,為第一門戶。 海,東北自太平入,逕大荊城,游擊駐。 轉西南逕鏵鍬埠,北接大嵩汛。 又西南逕蒲岐,至城南,為甌江口。 自木杓山至此,曰樂清灣。 東北:新巿河,東源出白龍山,西源出玳球、赤岩、硐坪諸山,合流為黃雙塘溪。 北,梅溪出左原諸山,流為石埭河,並匯萬橋港入海。 東:芙蓉川,分出長蛇嶺及西中奧四十九盤嶺,合流為清江,北接蔡嶴汛,南接光岩汛。 又白溪出雁盪東麓,逕靈岩,流為淨名溪。 東北:蒲溪,二源,一出石門潭,合南閤、北閤諸水,一出荊潭,合桐垟隘、門嶺諸水,匯於水漲,併入海。 城河即東溪,出縣治東北諸山。 左出諸枝河,並通西城河。 河即西溪,逕下馬橋,與東溪合,是為運河,西南入館頭江。 東逕磐石,都司及巡司駐。 南接天妃汛,與龍灣對峙,為第二門戶。 又東至白沙嶺入海。 自此逕曹田汛,抵歧頭山,即海口也。 有館頭鎮,嶺店驛。 縣丞駐大荊城。 有長林鹽場。 東門、西山嶺、鎮甌、歧頭砲臺。 平陽:衝,繁。 府南百三十里。 水師副將駐。 西:雁盪山,對樂清曰南雁盪。 其東焦溪、天井洋、赤岩諸山。 西南:分水嶺,泉出瀧上,東西分流,以限閩、浙。 海,東北自瑞安入,逕沙園城,南逕鰲江口,又南逕金鄉營,東北接舥艚汛。 又南為大濩海口,官山島扼之,分南北水道。 西南:鰲江,古曰始陽江。 南港二源,一平水,一燥溪,歧為東西溪。 北港二源,一順溪,一梅溪,兩港會於蕭家渡西,合逕羅源山下為橫陽江。 逕錢倉鎮為錢倉江。 又東合東塘河,抵墨城汛入海。 城河分出西南毗岩嶺諸山,入城為腰帶水,匯於抗雲橋,一出東郭入海,一出北郭為城北運河。 其夾嶼橋河在南夾嶼下,下匯城南諸水,歧為二,一西塘河,一東塘河,分趨入海。 南運河出東南金獅山,合直浹河,赤溪出西南礬山,併入之。 二鎮:仙口、錢倉。 蒲門巡司。 天富鹽場。 下垟諸砲臺。 泰順簡。 府西南百三十里。 東:飛龍山。 南:石嶺。 西:雙港嶺。 仙居溪出西北諸山,逕洪口渡,洪溪會葛溪注之,古曰漁溪。 東北流,左得三插溪,東北自景寧入,會左溪。 又東北,右合莒岡溪,左納青田下窄口溪,古曰龍溪。 其北太平溪,出上庄,貫城壕,出南門,合白溪,錯出復入,緣界抵赤水坑口,會雙港溪。 溪自壽寧入,逕五步,合棠坪水,逕石竹洲,合周邊諸水,抵交溪村,會四溪及仕陽、龜伏二溪,與福建霞浦、福安為界水。 有甌西第一、分水、桂峰、武嶺頭鎮南諸關,排嶺、牛頭上下排、龍岩嶺、分水排諸隘。 池村、三魁二鎮。 有巡司。 墩頭隘、吳家墩、洋岡、后街有汛。 玉環廳簡。 府東北二百里。 參將及同知駐。 坎門、釣艚隩勢險要。 釣艚東即鷹捕隩。 北車首頭與東北木杓山斜對,中為棧頭港,東通靈門港,外列虎叉、雞冠、羊嶼諸山。 東南至鹿門。 外洋虎叉以東為披山。 外洋以北為白馬嘴,嘴東有沙角、鐙台、茅草諸山。 西有花岩浦。 西北接後□交汛。 進此曰漩門,兩山崟束,一水中流,航路最險。 其西為分水山,北為苔山。 分水以東為楚門港,以南為烏洋港,西接浦歧港。 又南為西青嶼、烏岩。 北為大青、小青。 迤西為茅峴山。 又西江□廷山。 其南大烏、小烏。 又南為蓮嶼。 西南為大門、小門。 迤東南為黃大嶴,中有重山。 黃大嶴之西,重山之北,中曰天門。 又東南為狀元隩,為三盤山。 東北為鹿棲山。 西北至大岩頭。 又北接梁灣汛,東南即黃門。 門東為南排山。 北教場隩、里隩。 巾嶴寨鎮,玉環巡司,蛇嶼砲臺。 處州府處州府:簡。 隸溫處道。 總兵及衛守備駐。 北距省治一千九十八里。 廣四百九十里,袤四百十里。 北極高二十八度二十五分。 京師偏東三度二十五分。 領縣十。 麗水簡。 倚。 都司駐。 道光二十八年改守備。 東:銀場山、楊梅岡。 北:麗陽山,縣以此名。 大溪,西南自雲和入,左得松陰溪,西自松陽來會,為大港頭。 又東合松阮水,為郭溪。 又東合通濟渠,折北,左得畎溪。 西北自宣平入,合西岸溪來會。 西北稽勾溪,納宣平小溪,是為三港口。 逕溪口,合麗陽水,環城南為洄溪。 又東,左得好溪,東北自縉雲入,合嚴溪注之。 鎮二:寶定,其碧湖,縣丞駐。 十八都、蓬蒿嶺、皁阮、庫頭、卻金館、沙溪有汛。 有保定鎮。 括蒼驛。 青田簡。 府東南百五十里。 北:青田山,縣以此名,一曰大鶴山,道書「第三十六洞天」。 西:石門山,「第三十七洞天」。 南:方山。 大溪出西南龍鬚山,上承洄溪,西北自麗水入,合海溪、芝溪、中坑、石藤諸水。 又東南,右納小溪,上承山溪,自景寧入,流為浣紗溪,復流為雙溪來會。 左合石溪,側城西南。 折東合顧溪,入永嘉為甌江。 西南:浯溪出蒲斜嶺,下流為下窄口溪。 又南田坑水出天馬山,入瑞安,下流為泗溪。 大溪七十二灘,在青田者都三十有三。 黃□亶鎮,縣丞駐。 有芝田驛,黃□亶、淡洋二廢巡司。 縉雲簡。 府東北九十里。 東:括蒼山。 西南:馮公嶺,古桃枝嶺,上有桃花隘。 好溪出東大盤山,逕大皿為九曲溪,合黃檀、潤川二水,逕冷水三港口,合虯里溪,右得靈溪,北自永康入合之。 又西南,合棠、赤二溪,出賢母橋,合管溪,逕岱石,會訪溪,逕城南。 左合荊坑水,右合貞溪,為南港溪。 又西入麗水,下達溫州入海。 其北南港溪,出雪峰山,合建洋溪,逕縣北,匯梅、龜二溪。 又北為黃碧溪,入永康,下會蘭溪入浙江。 西南:岩溪,出紗帽嶺,合芳溪,亦入麗水。 又龍溪,出分水,仰納仙居安仙溪,下流為金坑水。 有丹峰驛。 松陽簡。 府西北百二十里。 西南:箬山。 南:白峰、尖山。 北:竹□客嶺,勢險仄。 松陰溪西北自遂昌入,合東湖山水,逕卯酉山下,合霏溪、侖溪,逕青龍堰,右得大竹溪,分出西南香乳、玉岩二山,會為夏川,合南岱、亞岱水為中隩川,又合小竹溪,三台水來會。 又東南,右得竹□客溪,北支入宣平,南支與松陰合,逕城西合循居溪。 又東南,合蛤湖、石倉源,會裕溪、小槎溪入麗水。 東白岸溪,出桐鄉山。 有舊治鎮。 乾隆二十八年移汛於此。 遂昌簡。 府西北百八十里。 西南:君子山。 東:尹公山。 西:奕山、湖山。 北:兌谷山、金石岩。 南:貴義嶺,前溪出,南支入龍泉,北支逕城南,出東關橋,會後溪上流柘溪,東流為好川,匯梅山二水,是為雙溪。 又東為航川。 其西蔡溪上流住溪,西南自龍泉入,合碧隴源,出宏濟橋,合關川為鍾溪。 逕周公村,左得東川,上承福建浦城罟網水入之。 抵龍鼻頭隘,右出枝津為梭溪,即柘溪上流。 正渠入西安,為烏溪港。 北官溪出侵雲嶺,右得馬戍源,出湯溪界銀嶺,入為桃溪,合白水源,下流為靈山港。 有高平、關堂二隘。 龍泉:疲,難。 府西南二百四十里。 南:豫章山。 又琉華山,下有琉田,土宜陶,有烏赩窯、青赩窯,今曰龍泉窯。 北:黃鶴嶺。 大溪西南自慶元入,曰秦溪,合小梅溪,錯慶元復入,會山溪。 逕查田巿,又東北至獨田灘,蔣溪合桑溪來會。 合豫章川,逕南大垟村,瀦為劍池湖。 出披雲橋,合錦川。 逕城南,中阻槎洲,分流復合。 右合大貴溪,左合鐵杓溪,東北流。 右得白雁溪,上流前溪,西北自遂昌入合之。 又東北合道太、安仁二溪,錯出復入者再。 其西南住溪,自福建浦城入,東北入遂昌。 下流為蔡溪,碧隴源亦自其縣入。 一溪出南九漈山,東南入景寧。 安仁庄,縣丞駐。 查田廢司。 五都、洋村有汛。 慶元簡。 府西南四百里。 南:赤摶嶺。 東:九台山。 西北:蠻頭山,秦溪出,下流為大溪。 山溪出東源頭山,小梅溪出北大拗嶺,併入龍泉。 東北鈐高山,南洋溪出。 東南雞冠山,魚頭溪出,併入景寧。 其東光石山,蓋竹溪出,合濛洲溪、交劍水,逕城北為大溪。 左合竹坑溪,右合焦坑溪,逕八都鎮。 右得芸洲溪,西南自福建政和入合之,是為槎溪,循棘蘭西入福建松溪。 其西北竹口溪,出雷風山,合下漈、新窯二溪併入之。 舉溪出東南棠廕山,入政和。 有汛。 伏石、大澤二關。 雲和簡。 府西南百二十里。 東南:白龍山。 北:牛頭山。 南:前溪山,兩山竦峙,勢險要。 西:岩山。 北:石鏡岩,大溪逕其南,自龍泉入,錯出復入,右合烏椹源,左合麻、梅二洋,復錯出,自洽川口入,合洽川及硃坑、烏龍坑水,折東南,會浮雲溪。 溪出西南黃棧坑,合硃源水,出利濟橋,有霧溪合新溪注之。 環城而東,右合黃溪,左合雙溪,為戈溪。 又合諸坑水,為規溪,入麗水。 豐源水出西南豐源山、入景寧。 宣平簡。 府西北百二十里。 東:岱石山。 南:俞高山。 西:竹喀嶺。 雙溪二源:東源分出龍樊嶺,上坦、小妃匯岡山下,曰東溪,亦曰午溪; 西源出礱坑山,合新錦溪,曰西溪,亦曰申溪。 兩源匯於綠岩潭。 東南流,納松陽竹□客溪,又東南,右納歐澗水,上流日溪,東自武義入合之。 左合石浦水,又東南,右納松陽白石溪,入麗水為畎溪。 北:梅溪出黃塘山,東流入武義。 汛五:曰竹□客、玉岩山、陶村、和尚田、式河頭。 景寧簡。 府南百四十里。 東:羅岱山。 西南:豸山。 北:莘田嶺。 山溪上流南洋溪,西自慶元入,左得英川,即定度溪,上流一溪西自龍泉來會,東南流,合標溪,逕新亭村,右得豐源水,西北自雲和來會,折東北,右得鶴沐溪,會塵溪入焉。 又合大小順坑水,入青田為小溪。 南白鶴溪,出梨樹嶺,下流為三插溪。 有龍首、龍匯、白鹿諸關。
Zhejiang. Zhejiang lay within the Yangzhou region described in the Yu Gong. Under the Ming, a provincial administration commission was established. In the early Qing it became Zhejiang Province, with a provincial governor appointed, while Fujian received a governor-general. The governor-general also exercised jurisdiction over Zhejiang. The post was based at Fuzhou. In Shunzhi 15 (1658), a separate Zhejiang governor-general was created. The office was first stationed at Wenzhou. In Kangxi 1 (1662) it was moved to Hangzhou. In Kangxi 8 (1669) the post was abolished, then soon restored. In Kangxi 25 (1686) it was abolished again, and Zhejiang reverted to the previous arrangement of joint jurisdiction from Fujian. In Yongzheng 5 (1727), the provincial governor was elevated to governor-general. In Yongzheng 12 (1734), the office reverted to provincial governor. In Qianlong 1 (1736), the Zhejiang governor-general was restored. In Qianlong 3 (1738) the post was reorganized as the Fujian-Zhejiang governor-general, which thereafter remained the standard arrangement. In Shunzhi 5 (1648), the banner general Jin Kan was dispatched to garrison Hangzhou, bearing the seal of the Pacification of the South general. In the early Kangxi reign the post was retitled general; the governor-general remained at Fuzhou, while the general and provincial governor were stationed at Hangzhou. In Kangxi 36 (1697), Dinghai County was established on Zhoushan, and the former county seat was reorganized as Zhenhai. In Yongzheng 6 (1728), the Wen-Tai Yuhuan subprefecture was added. In Daoguang 21 (1841), Dinghai was promoted to a directly administered subprefecture. In Qianlong 38 (1773), Haining County was promoted to a prefecture, and Anji Prefecture was demoted to a county. The province comprised eleven prefectures, one directly administered subprefecture, one autonomous prefecture, one subprefecture, and seventy-five counties. On the east, to Mount Putuo in the sea; a distance of four hundred ninety li. On the west, to the border of She County, Anhui; a distance of three hundred seventy li. On the south, to the border of Shouning, Fujian; a distance of seven hundred eighty-four li. On the north, to the border of Wu County, Jiangsu. A distance of two hundred li. It measured eight hundred eighty li from east to west and one thousand two hundred eighty li from north to south. North polar altitude ranged from 27°35′ to 30°58′. Longitude east of the capital ranged from 1°55′ to 5°40′. In Xuantong 3 (1911), registered households totaled 3,888,311 and population 16,149,405. Its notable mountains were Kuaiji, Tianmu, Siming, Tiantai, Kuocang, and Jinhua. Its major rivers were the Zhe River, the Puyang River, and the Tiao Creek. Tianmu rises in flight from Yuhang and forms one of the three Tiandu peaks associated with Mount Huang. Hang-Jia-Hu Circuit. Hangzhou Prefecture. Hangzhou Prefecture: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the Hang-Jia-Hu Circuit. The circuit was first administered from Jiaxing Prefecture; the seat was later moved here. The provincial governor, commissioners of civil administration, foreign affairs, education, judicial administration, and salt transport, the intendancies of grain storage, police, and industrial promotion, together with the garrison general, deputy lieutenant-general, and imperial textile office, were all based here. Under the Ming it formed the Zhejiang provincial administration commission, governing nine counties. In the early Shunzhi reign the Ming arrangement was retained. In Qianlong 38 (1773), Haining County was promoted to a prefecture. It lay four thousand two hundred li northeast of the capital. It measured one hundred ninety-five li from east to west and one hundred thirty li from north to south. North polar altitude was 30°17′. Longitude east of the capital was 3°39′. It governed one prefecture and eight counties. Qiantang: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the west stood Mount Lingyin, the ancient Mount Wulin, from which West Lake drew its waters. To the north lay the Northern and Southern Twin Peaks. To the southwest stood Mount Tianzhu; east of it rose Mount Dingjia. The lake shore measured thirty li in circumference. Tang prefect Bai Juyi and Song magistrate Su Shi had dredged and regulated it. Later the waters grew shallow and duckweed spread across the surface; the Su Causeway ran lengthwise and the Bai Causeway crosswise. Westward lay Solitary Hill, site of an imperial traveling palace, paired with Mount Wu inside the city walls. To the north, Shengtang Stream passed through three stone sluice gates that regulated seasonal discharge. To the east, the Yongjin Sluice channeled water into the city as the City River. The Zhe River, the ancient Zhe River, entered from the southeast at Fuyang. The City River issued from Wulin Gate, joined the West Stream to enter the Lower Embankment River—also called the Official Embankment River—and passed Jiangzhang Bridge. A salt-field office was stationed here, also overseeing Wushan Post Station. Beyond Beixin Pass stood the Gongchen Bridge. In Guangxu 21 (1895), under the treaty with Japan, it was designated a treaty port. The river reached Fengkou Steep Gate. On the left it received the Tiao Creek. The county had the market towns of Xixi and Pingyao. In Xuantong 1 (1909), the prefectural sub-prefect was relocated to Pingyao. Wulin Post Station was located here. A salt-field office stood south of the city. Zhe River Post Station. Renhe: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Fenghuang. To the northwest stood Mount Gaoting. The Zhe River entered from the southwest through Xiaoshan and Qiantang and flowed northeast to the sea. The stone seawall extended from the first bastion at Wulong Temple in Qiantang to the twelfth bastion at Qijing Village, administered by the western defense sub-prefect. Farther east to the seventeenth bastion at Wengjiabu, administered by the central defense sub-prefect. The City River issued from Houchao Gate into the Upper Embankment River—formerly the Grand Canal, also called the Jiaguan River—which flowed north; a branch on the right became the Reserve Embankment River and entered Haining. The Lower Embankment River entered from Qiantang on the west; its northwest-flowing branch, the Official Embankment River, joined the Tiao Creek. Its north-flowing branch, the newly opened Grand Canal, passed Tangqi and split in two—one branch entering Deqing, the other Haining. The Tiao Creek followed the northwestern border from Qiantang into Deqing and Wukang, serving as a boundary river. A salt-field office was stationed here. Patrol offices were stationed at Tang Town and Tangqi Town. The county also had the market towns of Desheng and Linping. Haining Prefecture: fiscally strained, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Huangwan, facing Huangwan Creek where it entered Mount Shidun; farther east lay Mount Fenghuang, all fortified with batteries. The Zhe River entered from the southwest at Renhe and issued through Biezi Inlet into the open sea. From Haiyan to this point, tidal surges backed up against the river current; here lay the foremost gateway of western Zhejiang, pinched between the two great inlets to north and south. The tide had once run southward but later shifted northward, and the narrow embankment suffered repeated battering. From the seventeenth bastion in Renhe to the thirty-third bastion outside the south gate, administered by the eastern defense sub-prefect. From the first to the eighteenth bastion on the Haiyan border, the works had been maintained through successive reigns. The Lower Embankment River entered from the northwest at the Shimen–Deqing border, passed Yong'an Bridge, and divided in two. The northern branch formed the Grand Canal, entering Shimen as the Chang'an Embankment. The eastern branch split again into the Zhouwang Temple Embankment River and the Xugong Embankment River, both entering Haiyan. A branch on the left became the Xiashi River, forming a boundary with Haiyan and Tongxiang. The Upper Embankment River entered from Renhe as the Twenty-five-li Embankment River, joined the Reserve Embankment River and the Yuanhua Embankment River, entered Haiyan, and became Zhaobao Embankment. The prefecture had the market towns of Yuanhua, Guodian, Xiashi, Shidun, Chang'an, and Mamugang. The prefectural judge was stationed at Chang'an. Daijia Bridge had an imperial traveling palace and a garrison post. A patrol office was stationed here. There were two salt fields, at Xucun and Xilu. Fuyang: strategically important and populous. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the east: the Wuxie Waters. The lower two falls belonged to Zhuji. The name was sometimes written with an alternate character; Xie Stream rose here. To the west stood Mount Bei. To the north lay Tong Ridge. The Fuchun River—the upper Zhe—entered from the southwest at Tonglu and received the Pujiang. Hufu Water is the Huyuan River, which joined Yanpu on the right and received Xianpu on the left; it ran underground from Mount Tianmu and first surfaced in the county's northwest. Breaking out and sinking back underground in turn, it became Baiyang Stream, passed south of the city wall, joined the Anwu River, and reached Yushan Bank, where it flowed north into Qiantang and south into Xiaoshan. The City River was the Qingchun River, running from Mount Guan to Xianpu. There were two sluice gates. The county had the market towns of Yushan, Lingqiao, Changkou, Tangjia, and Yangbochang. Huijiang Post was stationed here. Yuhang: populous and difficult to govern. It lay seventy li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Youquan. To the northwest stood Mount Yuhang. To the north lay Dusong Ridge, which with Baizhang and You ridges formed the Three Passes. The Southern and Middle Tiao Creeks entered separately from Lin'an on the west and merged, joining the Northern Tiao Creek to form the Pingyao Great River. Another branch entered from Kongjing Mountain on the Wukang border. The Southern Tiao ran fierce and pressed against the city's east; two diversion sluices were built to channel it, and from the Rolling Dam it discharged as the Yuhang Embankment River. South of it lay South Lake; flowing north it became Huangmu Harbor, joined the Tiao Creek, and split into Upper and Lower Lakes. There were three market towns: Shuangxi, Shilai, and Xianlin. Lin'an: administratively simple. It lay one hundred li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Lin'an, which gave the county its name. To the west lay Maple Ridge. Mount Tianmu—the Floating Jade Mountain of the Classic of Mountains and Seas—sent forth Tiao Water from its northern slope, which joined the Dong, Ping, and Hu streams. Flowing southeast, it joined Pan Stream on the right and Mapao Spring on the left; skirting the north of the city and running east, Jin Stream and South Stream merged into it. Flowing east it became the Southern Tiao Creek; flowing northwest, the Middle Tiao Creek. Song Stream rose at South Huang Ridge; west of it, Loutang occupied a strategically important position on the Tiao River but collapsed in Qianlong 5. The county had the market towns of Qingshan, Tingchuan, Banqiao, Hualong, Hengban, Sankou, and Heshan. Qingshan lay close to the county seat. Mount Gong and Mount Lao pinched the source of the Tiao between them—the most perilous point in the region. Yuqian: administratively simple. It lay one hundred seventy li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Shizhu. To the northwest lay Longxiang Ridge. To the west rose Tianmu, with two pools on its summit like a pair of eyes. The stream on the left, belonging to Lin'an, was called East Creek and that on the right West Creek; issuing from the pointed summit they merged, passed Shuangxikou at Baihe Bridge, and joining Yu Stream became Fu Stream. At Liaoche Bridge it joined Zao Stream on the left and Jiao Stream on the right. The Zi Stream entered from Changhua on the southwest and merged with it. Its upper reach was Liu Stream. The county had the passes of Qianqiu, Baisha, Tongling, Haoqian, and Kongfu. Xincheng: administratively simple. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west stood Mount Dalei. To the northwest lay Qingniu Ridge. Both were foothills of Tianmu. To the south lay Baizhang Ridge, on the border with Yuhang. Ge Stream rose and joined the Wuyuan and Liren rivers, issued at Dayuan Bridge, joined Chang Stream on the right and received Cha Stream on the left; its upper course took in the Fenshui Guangling Stream at Sanxikou, passed Liantouzhuang as Liantou Stream, and joining Song Stream at Shuanggangkou became the Tuo River. Tashan Dam lay to the north. The county had Dong'an Market Town. Changhua: administratively simple. It lay two hundred ten li west of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Fuquan; east of it lay Lu Ridge. To the south lay Yang Ridge. To the west lay Yu Ridge. To the north lay Qiao Ridge and Huanghua Ridge. Passes were established on all of them. At Matou Ridge, Shang Stream rose, joined Gao Stream and Renli Stream, and flowing east became Wuta Stream. It joined Yun Stream, received Jiakou Stream on the right, passed beneath Mount Wan as Xiwan Stream, and skirting the south of the city became Shuang Stream. Farther south it became Xiayuan Stream and San Stream. Qie Stream ran at Nanxia River; Shangbo Stream on the southeast received the Fenshui Qingkeng and Lan streams, and on the southwest took in the Xiao and Pu rivers to reach Liu Stream. Ke Xianggong Pool lay within it, forming a boundary river with Yuqian. The county had the market towns of Shouyi, Jiakou, and Keqiao. Jiaxing Prefecture. Jiaxing Prefecture: strategically important, populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to the Hang-Jia-Hu Circuit. A brigade-general was stationed here. In Qianlong 15 the office was abolished and Haining Guard was merged into Jiaxing Prefecture. It lay one hundred eighty li southwest of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred fifty li from east to west and one hundred li from north to south. North polar altitude was 30°52′. Longitude east of the capital was 4°03′. It governed seven counties. Jiaxing: strategically important, populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. Waters within the prefecture fell into two branches, the Wulin and Tianmu lines; the Tianmu branch entered the Grand Canal via Shimen and Xiushui, merging with the Wulin line into one. Changshui Embankment entered from the Tongxiang–Haiyan border on the south and joined Lianpu Embankment. Haiyan Embankment entered from the southeast at Haiyan County, and all converged at South Lake—also called Mandarin Duck Lake—which on the southeast connected with Biao Lake. Liuli Creek took water from South Lake and split in two—the Wei Embankment and the Han Embankment. Joining the Wang Temple, Empty Temple, Zhonghuan, and other embankments, a branch on the left became Wuzi Embankment. The county had the market towns of Wangdian, Xinfeng, Zhongdai, and Xinli. Garrison posts were stationed at Wangdian and Xinfeng. An assistant official was stationed at Xishui Post. A railway ran through the county. Xiushui: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. Established in Ming Xuande 4 by division from Jiaxing, it was attached to the prefectural seat as an outer county. To the southwest the Grand Canal entered from Tongxiang, joined Shiren Creek, sent a branch on the left as Xincheng South Embankment, and passing southwest of the city discharged into South Lake. Xincheng Embankment entered from Zhenze in Jiangsu on the northwest, received Xincheng North Embankment, merged with South Embankment, and passed Beili Bridge. The Changshui and Haiyan embankments entered from Jiaxing on the southeast and discharged here—this was Xiushui, which gave the county its name. Flowing northeast, a branch on the right ran north and backed up into the harbors of Yaojing, Yangshe, Shangma, and others, spreading toward the marshes of Nanguan, Beiguan, Liansi, Meijia, Lujia, and the like before entering Wujiang in Jiangsu. Wei Embankment entered from Jiaxing on the east and flowed into Jiashan. Lan Stream entered from Tongxiang on the northwest and flowed into Zhenze and Wujiang as a boundary river. The sub-prefect was stationed at Wangjiangjing. Sub-prefects and cooperative sub-prefects for the eastern and western embankments had formerly been established; all were abolished. Garrison posts were stationed at Puyuan Market Town, Xincheng, and Jiuli Hui. The county had the market towns of Xincheng and Lumen. Jiashan: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay thirty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Ping. Wei Embankment entered from Xiushui, joined East Outer Lake Embankment, ran through the west city moat, left the east gate as Fengjing Embankment, and entered Lou County in Jiangsu. Wuzi Embankment entered from Jiaxing on the south, ran through the south city moat, left the north gate, and entered Xiangfu Marsh. North of it lay the marshes of Shenjia, Baiyu, Shangbai, and the like; to the northwest were Wupen Pool, Muxie Lake, and Wujia Yang, all discharging into Qingpu in Jiangsu. To the northwest, where Fen Lake's rushing waters converged, they spread into the South and North Xu and South and North Xiamu marshes before entering Wujiang. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Xietang Market Town. The registrar was stationed at Fengjing Market Town. A garrison post was stationed at Tianningzhuang Market Town. The county had the market towns of Wei Embankment, Taozhuang, and Ganjia Kiln. Haiyan: populous and difficult to govern. It lay eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Qinzhu. To the southeast stood White Pagoda. To the northwest stood Mount Du. The sea entered from Pinghu on the northeast, passed the county seat, and continued south to Ganpu. In Daoguang 24 a naval garrison company commander was established. West of it, Mount Changqiang spanned the bay, where a fort was built. The stone seawall linked Haining on the southwest with Pinghu on the northeast. Qinzhu Dock water rose at Mount Qinzhu, split into three branches known collectively as Qin Stream; stretching dozens of li in every direction, it was crossed by the Zhaobao and Wuqiu embankments. Zhaobao Embankment entered from Haining on the southwest; Wuqiu Embankment issued from Changsheng Bridge and merged with it to form Jiaxing Embankment. From east of Jiaxing city it also ran through the city moat, left the north gate as Pinghu Embankment. Changshui Embankment also entered from Haining, ran along the northwest boundary in and out, and served as a boundary river between Jiaxing and Tongxiang. Salt-field offices were stationed at Baolang and Haisha. The county had the market towns of Haikou and Zhendang. A garrison post was stationed here. Shimen: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was called Chongde. It was renamed in Kangxi 1. To the northwest stood Mount Han. The Grand Canal entered from Deqing on the southwest and received the Haining Lower Embankment branch. A branch on the left became Nan Boundary Creek and entered Gui'an; on the right it took in Lower Embankment River and Chang'an Embankment, both entering from Haining on the south. A branch on the left became South Shazhu Embankment and served as a boundary river between Haining and Tongxiang, passing south of the city northward; on the right two branches formed Central-North Shazhu Embankment and then Jin Embankment farther north; Shiren, Guata, and Shamu creeks on the left turned east to loop a bay like a belt—this was Wang Bay. Creeks on the right of the embankment and half the Grand Canal fed the embankment; the left half entered Gui'an via Mount Han. The county had Yuxi Market Town. Zaolin Post was stationed here. Pinghu: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay fifty-four li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Ya; also Mount Kuzhu, where naval warships were moored. Farther east, Mounts Yang and Xu rose steeply from the sea at the Jiangsu-Zhejiang boundary—the third gateway of western Zhejiang. The sea entered from Jinshan Guard in Jiangsu on the southeast and passed west through Zhapu. In Yongzheng 2 a naval garrison was established; in Yongzheng 7 the Hangzhou deputy lieutenant-general was relocated here. In Daoguang 3 the prefectural coastal-defense sub-prefect was also relocated here. There were eastern and western sea mouths; to the north they connected with the Guangchen garrison post. From here one entered Ganpu to reach Hangzhou—the north bank of the Qiantang estuary, known to Westerners as Zhapu Bay. Han Embankment entered from Jiaxing on the west, divided, and discharged into Dang Lake. On the right it received Pinghu Embankment entering from Haiyan on the southwest and merging with it. On the left it received Zhapu Embankment from Front Yellow Hill on the southeast, merged with He-Chen Embankment, and fed in. Flowing northeast it split in two, then reunited and entered Mao Lake at a mouth called Zhudong Harbor. One garrison post was stationed here. Guangchen Embankment sent a branch on the right as Salt-Boat River and another at Fang Harbor as Qin River into Mao Lake, with the main channel entering as well. The county had five market towns: Baimen, Guangchen, Hupu, Xindai, and Qingliansi. A patrol office was stationed at Baishawan. There were two salt fields, at Luli and Hengpu. Tianhou Palace, Guanshan Foot, and Chenshanzui Fort were located here. Tongxiang: populous and difficult to govern. It lay fifty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Shu. To the south stood Mount Wangjia. The Grand Canal entered from Shimen on the southwest; branches entered the Zhenze boundary as Lan Stream; the main channel passed Yongxin Bridge and split three ways—south into Yongxin Harbor to Shiren Creek, north into Wuwang Creek and Lan Stream, and east into Xiushui. Shiren Creek also entered from Shimen, merged with Guata Creek and North Shazhu Embankment, passed Tudian, and joined Shamu Creek again. South Shazhu Embankment also entered from Shimen, merged with Central Shazhu Embankment, and flowed into Haining. Changshui Embankment from Haining and Haiyan ran along the southeast boundary as a boundary river between Haiyan and Jiaxing. The county had the market towns of Puyuan, Luzhen, Zaolin, and Chenzhuang, and a patrol office at Qingdun. Huzhou Prefecture. Huzhou Prefecture: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to the Hang-Jia-Hu Circuit. In the Ming it governed one department and five counties. A brigade-general and garrison thousand-commander were stationed here. In Qianlong 38 Anji was converted to a county. It lay one hundred eighty li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred eighty-two li from east to west and one hundred thirty-eight li from north to south. North polar altitude was 30°52′. Longitude east of the capital was 3°27′. It governed seven counties. Wucheng: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Heng and Mount Jingai. To the northwest stood Mount Bian. Tai Lake lay eighty li to the northeast—the ancient Zhenze, five hundred li in circumference, gathering waters from upstream. Great and Little Lei Mountains guarded its east; it stretched west to Changxing and north to Little Lei, where it bordered Wujiang. The Zhejiang headwaters divided into the Eastern and Western Tiao streams. Eastern Tiao Stream entered from Gui'an on the southeast, merged with Xitang River, and discharged into Bilang Lake. Shantang Stream from the same county also discharged into it. Joining Miaoxi Harbor, it received Lushan Embankment on the left entering from Changxing on the northwest and merging with it. A branch on the left became North Embankment River, backing up into twenty-five harbor inlets. Western Tiao Stream also entered from Changxing and merged with Si'an Stream. Branches on the left at Xiaomei Harbor and Heng Harbor backed up into eleven harbor inlets. The main channel merged with Eastern Tiao to form Jiang Isle; gathering at Daqian Harbor it entered Tai Lake, with all thirty-six harbor inlets discharging into it. To its east the Grand Canal entered from Gui'an, merged with Xun Stream, and entered Zhenze. Lan Stream ran along the Gui'an-Tongxiang boundary; a branch on the left became Baimi Embankment River, receiving Gui'an Central Embankment River and feeding in. The Tai Lake garrison commandant was stationed here; sub-prefects were at Wuzhen and Nanxun Creek; and garrison posts were stationed at Shenghe, Daqian, Mayao, Yuantong Bridge, Xiaomei, Qingshan, and Wupu. There were patrol offices at Nanxun and Daqian Lake Mouth. Tiaoxi Post was stationed here. Gui'an: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Changchao. To the southwest stood Mount Meifeng. To the northeast lay Tai Lake. Eastern Tiao Stream entered from Deqing on the southeast; a branch on the left became Wuxing Embankment, receiving Shimen Mount Han Embankment and discharging into Qianshan Yang. Xitang River entered from Wukang on the south; Luoshe Yang crossed Dai Creek and fed in, merging with Eastern Tiao. South of the city, Lushan Embankment fed in from Wucheng on the west; a branch on the right became Caihua Creek and spread as the Grand Canal, following Moon River as Zha Stream to Linhu Water Gate. From Qianshan Yang to this point it served as a boundary river with Wucheng. The garrison commandant was stationed at Shuangling Market Town. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Shecungang Market Town; The registrar was stationed at Linghu Market Town. Garrison posts were also stationed at Hanshan and Shanlian. There were patrol offices at Lianshi and Daixi. Changxing: strategically important and populous. It lay sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the west stood Mount Baishi. To the northwest stood Mount Jieshi. To the north stood Zhuomu Ridge, on the border with Jingxi in Jiangsu. To the northeast lay Tai Lake. Great and Little Lei entered from Anji on the southwest; to their west Si'an Stream rose at Zhuwan Ridge and merged with Yanhua Stream. The two sources of Ruoxi in the northwest joined at Chang'an Ford, hence the name Hexi. A branch on the right of Yanhua Stream became Lushan Embankment and split in two: one branch, Central Cross Embankment, entered Wucheng; The other, South Cross Embankment, entered North Cross Embankment. The main channel passed Hengshi Bridge and merged with North Cross Embankment. To its north Guzhu Stream rose at Xuanjiu Ridge, flowed as Zihua Brook, pooled at Baoyang Lake, and split into twenty-eight harbor inlets south to Caipu, where it connected with Wucheng's Xiaomei Harbor, and west to Jiapu—the headwaters of Guzhu Stream. Heng Stream rose at Northeast Hengyu Mountain and backed up into four harbors: Changda, Shangzhou, Jiangjia, and Jincun. Water from Xiangshan Ridge pooled at Shuangqiao Harbor and water from Fuzhu Ridge at Siqi Harbor; both entered Tai Lake. The county had six market towns. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Jiapu. Patrol offices were stationed at Si'an and Hexi. A garrison post was also stationed at Xintang. Deqing: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay ninety li south of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Deqing, formerly Mount Wu, from which the county took its name. To the northeast stood Mount Gan. To the northwest stood Mount Baixian. Tiao Stream entered from Renhe on the south, received Wukang South Embankment River, passed South Water Gate, and was called Gui Stream. A branch on the left entered Luoshe Yang as a boundary river between Gui'an and Wukang. The main channel ran through the city moat northwest; Eastern Tiao Stream sent a branch of the Grand Canal into it. Dongtang River; its Grand Canal branch also entered from Renhe, running in and out along the southeast boundary. A patrol office was stationed at Qianshi Market Town. Wukang: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred twenty li south of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Feng. To the northwest lay Caogan. Mount Tongxian was also the northern source of Yuying Stream; the southern source rose at Xishishanglang Mountain, gathered at Paitou, passed Xintang Shoal as Front Stream, and merged with Xiang Stream and Rear Stream. Its branch ran east along the south of the city; on the left it took the old course of Feng Stream, then northeast merged with Fu Stream; a branch on the left discharged into Luoshe Yang. Tiao Stream entered from Qiantang, ran along the southeast boundary and merged with Guantang River, flowing north as Yubu Stream. The county had two market towns: Paitou and Shangbai. Anji: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred thirty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was a department. It was demoted in Qianlong 38. To the southeast stood Mount Baiyang. To the north stood Mount Jinwu, on the border with Changxing. To the southeast stood Dusong Ridge, on the border with Yuhang. Eastern Stream rose at Daxi—that is, Tiao Stream—entering from Xiaofeng on the southwest and passing Tatan. Eastern Stream merged with Meiyuan Stream, then also received Xiaofeng's Fengshi and Wuzhu streams. East of the city it merged with Dingbu Harbor water and flowed north; on the left it joined Li Stream, on the right Lujia Stream, passing Meixi. Hunshui Ditch from Xiaofeng also discharged into it; farther north it merged with Sigong Stream. Garrison posts were stationed at Xiaoxi Market, Meixi Market Town, and Dipu Market Town. In Qianlong 17 the prefectural judge was relocated to Nanxi. Xiaofeng: administratively simple. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Tianmu, on the border with Lin'an and Yuqian. Also nearby stood Mount Taohua. To the south stood Mount Guangtao, where Tiao Stream rose and merged with Shen Stream and Heng Stream. To its east was Dahai Ridge, where Dongbin Stream rose and flowed down as Wuzhu Stream; farther east at Shiling Ridge, Daxi rose and flowed down as Fengshi Stream. Meijiashan Stream rose at North Meijiashan Mountain and flowed down as Hunshui Ditch. A patrol office was stationed at Mount Tianmu. Yanggan Market Town was located here. Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit. Ningbo Prefecture. Ningbo Prefecture: strategically important and populous. It was the seat of the Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit. A provincial military commander was stationed here. In Kangxi 26 Dinghai was renamed Zhenhai and the Dinghai seat was moved to Zhoushan. In Xuantong 3 Nantian was added. It lay four hundred forty li northwest of the provincial seat. It measured two hundred twenty-four li from east to west and two hundred eight li from north to south. North polar altitude was 29°55′. Longitude east of the capital was 4°57′. It governed six counties. Yin: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Siming. To the east, along the coast, stood Mount Yin. To the southwest stood Guanding, Mount Meiyuan, Haipu, and Mount Yangqiu. The sea entered from Xiangshan on the southeast and passed Dashui Mouth. In Shunzhi 17 the guard office was abolished and a garrison battalion commander was posted. In Yongzheng 7 a sub-prefect was established. To the east it connected with Zhanqi; to the south it bordered the salt fields, with a supervising office. It also connected north to East Qian Lake, gathering waters from the eastern part of the county; there were northern and southern embankments and the Meixu stone embankment. The Fenghua River entered from that county; Yin River rose at Mount Siming; merging they flowed north as the Yong River. It also merged with the Cixi River and ran the length of the county. In Daoguang 23 a concession was opened under treaty with Britain as one of the five treaty ports. It passed Baisha Market. A branch on the left began at Baisha and ended at Zhangjiayan, serving as a boundary river with Zhenhai. To the southwest, South Embankment River rose at Siming and split in two: Front Harbor ran through the city moat and discharged into the Sun and Moon lakes; Rear Harbor, also called Lilong Harbor, merged with Central Embankment, West Embankment, and the central and southern rivers before entering the main river. To its east, Front Embankment River; three sources converged at Heng Stream, left Hengshi Bridge, merged with Central Embankment and North Embankment River, passed He'an Bridge as the combined channel of the three rivers, and entered the main river at Dashiqi. The Zhehai Customs House was located here. Siming Water Post was stationed here. A railway ran through the county. There were forts at Hengshan'ao, Menggang, and elsewhere. Cixi: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay fifty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest were Dabao and Gouyu. To the southeast stood Mount Shizhu. The sea entered from Yuyao on the northwest and extended north to Haiyan. Extending east stood Mount Haiwang; farther east was the mouth of Songpu Harbor. The harbor split Du Lake water, issued at Sanyan Bridge, and formed the border with Zhenhai. The upper reach of the Cixi River was the Yao River; it entered from Yuyao, passed Zhangting Ford, and split in two: the front river crossed Chejiu Ridge, reached Daxie River mouth, and joined the Yong River; The rear river ran through the city moat, left the east suburb as Guanshan River, reached Xidu on the south to meet the front river, and Huazhi Sluice on the west to meet Heng Stream. To the southwest, Lan Stream gathered twenty-six inlet streams at Gong Village and issued at Mount Yunü. Southwestern waters rose at Siming, entered Jiaomen, and fed Du and Bai lakes to the north. Along the coastal embankment, dikes and sluices were built at Songpu, Yanpu, Guyao, Jinpu, and Yangpu. There were five market towns: Zhangting, Hongtang, and Dongbu; Songpu had an inspection office, and Xiangtou had a defunct one. The Heming Salt Field Office was located here. Chejiu Post was stationed here. Mount Guadi and Dongshan Fort were located here. Fenghua: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Fenghua, for which the county was named. Mount Jieqi also stood here. In Guangxu 10 French warships attacked the fort; Admiral Courbet was killed, and the fleet withdrew. The sea entered from Yin on the northeast, passed Hutoudu Pass, then west through Tashan City and Yingjiapeng, connected east with the Yangcun garrison post, and farther west reached the river berth office. Mount Xuan stood at its mouth. Mount Tianmen also stood here; below it was the Tianmen Water recorded in the Han Gazetteer; to the south was Mount Jiangpeng, on the border with Xiangshan and Ninghai. County Stream rose in the southwest at Dagong'ao with seventy-two bends; the Zhu and Bai streams crossed Zhao River to join it. At Jinlin Sluice it divided as Changta River and reached Sanjiang Mouth. Jin Stream rose east at Mount Jinguan and joined via Baidu River. To its west, Shan Stream rose at Liuzhao Ridge, merged with Zuo Stream, received Xihui Stream, and formed the Fenghua River. Farther east it merged with Changta River and flowed northeast to meet the Yong River. The Tashan City Inspection Office was stationed here. A defense commandant was stationed at Yingjiapeng. Jieqi Market Town was located here. Lianshan Post was stationed here. Forts stood at Xiangling, Donggong, Tongzhao, and elsewhere. Zhenhai: strategically important and populous. It lay sixty li northeast of the prefectural seat. The sea entered from Cixi on the northwest and extended east to Xiepu, where a naval deputy commander was stationed; it was the chief strongpoint of the prefecture's north. Farther east it passed Mount Zhaobao and reached Qian Mouth. In Daoguang 21 British warships landed here. Jiaomen lay to its east and Hurdun to its west; together they were called a heaven-sent barrier. Farther east stood Chuanshan Guard, facing Huangqi Ocean. Farther east stood Qitou Cape, facing Qi Ocean. Touzhang and Tiaozui Mountains guarded its mouth; together they formed the chief strongpoints of the prefecture's east. It turned south to Guo Guard and connected south with the Kunting garrison post. Extending south to Pushan Mountain, it faced Shuangyu Harbor. Farther south lay Huang Isle, on the border with Yin. Among the outer-sea islands, the notable ones were Seven Sisters Mountains to the northeast, east-west Huo Mountain, and Daozhu Mountain farther east. East across the Jintang channel lay Da'aozi Harbor. Turning south stood Mount Tianhuang and east-west twin isles on the border with Xiangshan. The Yong River entered from Yin on the southwest; its estuary was Daxie River mouth, the ancient Yong-Gou; from Zhangjiayan in the east to here it served as a boundary river with Yin. Northwestern waters pooled in the four lakes of Fengpu, Shenjiao, Lingxu, and Baisha and spread out as great rivers. Jiajiang River split Yong River water from Yin on the west, passed Baisha and Lulin, and entered the front great river. The upper reach of the middle great river, the rear river from Cixi, flowed north as West River. The upper reach of Dazha River, with Songpu also entering from that county, split in three: one reached Xiepu and entered the sea; one became West Great River and entered Xiejiang River; one passed Jiankou as Rear Great River. Zhonggang Harbor ran through the front and rear rivers, merged into the city river, and left through Tou'er Sluice to enter the sea. Its southeast upper river passed Daqi Market Town; the middle river passed Chuanshan Sluice and met the Lu River, the main river, and the sea. Zhuangshi and Chaibu market towns were located here. Dinghai Customs had inspection offices at Guanjie, Changshan, and Chuanshan. There were three stations: Longtou, Chuanshan, and Qingquan. Forts stood at Beichengjiao, Weiyuan, Dingyuan, Hongyuan, Pingyuan, Suiyuan, Jingyuan, and Zhenyuan. Xiangshan: administratively simple. It lay two hundred seventy li southeast of the prefectural seat. The sea entered from Fenghua on the west, passed Xizhou Ford; Mount Hushan guarded its mouth; and it connected south with the Sizhoutou garrison post. It passed Dongxitazui as Chenshan Ford and connected with the Haikou garrison post. Farther east it passed Qiancang Guard, connected west with the Zhuxi garrison post, and faced Mount Niubi to the east. Its northeast was Liehujiao, the southern bank's end point. Extending south it passed Juexi City; Qingmen, Yangbei, and other mountains guarded it; together they formed the chief strongpoints of the prefecture's south. Mount Tianmu lay to the south; the Jiushan Archipelago lay to the east. Farther south lay Changguo; during the Shunzhi reign the guard was abolished and a naval battalion colonel was posted. Farther south lay Shipu; under the Ming it was a guard office; in Daoguang 3 the prefectural coastal defense sub-prefect was moved here. To the south it opened as East Gate, facing Little Copper Reef. In the middle was Tongwa Gate; in Daoguang 22 British warships attacked and entered through this gate. Beyond this lay Xiawan Gate and Jinchi Gate; to the west were Lin Gate and Zhu Gate. Farther south lay Datian Island. In the early Guangxu reign an opening-reclamation commissioner was posted here. In Xuantong 3 it was reorganized as a civilian pacification subprefecture; the prefectural sub-prefect and Left Battalion battalion commander were moved to Fan'ao, with a defense commandant and company commander at the Longquan and Hepu embankments. Shipu Harbor lay north of the island; Sanmen Bay lay to the west. Turning west to Taining Isle, it bordered Ninghai. East Great River rose at Wangjia'ao and at Xuanjing, Feifeng, and other mountains, and discharged at Huiyuan Sluice. South Great River rose at Fengyue Mountain, received various rivers at West Water Gate, and discharged at Chaozong Sluice. West Great River rose from various ravines at Guojia, discharged at Lingchang Sluice, and merged into the sea. Three sluices in the upper reach stored the three river waters to prevent discharge to the lower reach; Yongfeng and other sluices in the lower reach prevented discharge into the sea. Inspection offices were stationed at Nantian and Zhushan. Forts stood at Qian'aoling, Gaotang Mountain, and elsewhere. Nantian: administratively simple. It had formerly been subordinate to Xiangshan. It was newly established in Xuantong 3, with its seat at the foot of Mount Dafotou. It stood alone in the sea with open ocean to the east, south, and west; only to the north was it relatively close to Shipu, a water distance of more than ten li. Among the ten isles of the sea, it ranked first. In the Ming, Tang He feared that Song remnant clans were harboring people (bao cang, text damaged), planned to abolish Xiangshan and abandon Wuzhou, and relocated Nantian's residents. Later groups again entered to reclaim land and boil salt. In Daoguang 3, Governor Shuai Chengying memorialized: "Nantian was sealed off together with Dinghai and Yuhuan. Later Dinghai and Yuhuan were opened but Nantian alone was not, because those had muddy tides while this had sandy shoals where bandit ships easily lingered, so residents were again relocated." Large and small inlets totaled one hundred eight; the southern route had forty-nine and the northern route fifty-nine. Dinghai Directly Administered Subprefecture. Dinghai Directly Administered Subprefecture: administratively simple. It was subordinate to Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit. The regional commander and sub-prefect were stationed here. It occupied the ancient territory of Gouzhang. Under the Ming it was organized as a guard. In Kangxi 27 it was reorganized as a county. In Daoguang 21 it was promoted to a directly administered subprefecture. It lay seven hundred sixty li west of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred forty li across and eighty-three li from north to south. Its north polar latitude was twenty-nine degrees fifty-nine minutes. It lay five degrees fifty-eight minutes east of the capital. Zhoushan, the ancient Wengzhou Mountain, was Mount Dinghai. During the Kangxi and Daoguang reigns it fell to the British. During the Xianfeng reign it again fell to Britain and France. Islands outside the bay rose ruggedly from the sea. Xiyang Luojiao and Dongjing Liujiao faced each other like a gate. South of Yangluo stood Luotou Mountain; to the west was Daxie Mountain, connecting with Xiangshan Harbor. Islands north of the mouth formed perilous garrison posts on the subprefecture's south. Farther east, Liheng Mountain faced Qiancang Point, with Mount Niubi guarding the middle. To its southeast stood Taohua Mountain and Dengbu Mountain. Northeast of Taohua and southeast of Dengbu lay Zhujia Island; Mount Wusha within it was called Wushamen. Lang Bay lay on the east bank; east of it Putuo Mountain's northwest point faced Zhoushan's eastern point, with Lianhua Ocean between them; to the west was Shenjiamen, where merchant ships gathered densely. North it reached Lanxiu Bay; northwest across Qian [lan, text damaged] Cape lay Guishui Channel, where Green Mountain stood firm and Guanmen lay in the middle; the route was the most perilous. North of Lanxiu stood Guanshan; Jishan Gate lay in the middle. North of Guanshan lay Daishan; Gaoding Ocean in the middle offered good anchorage. Its northwest was Dashao Bay; north across Changbai Mountain lay Changbai Channel. To its west lay Cengang. Northwest it connected with the Large and Small Sha garrison posts. Farther west lay Jintang Channel. To its northeast stood Cezi Mountain; Xihou Gate lay in the middle. West of Daishan stood Liangtoudong Mountain. Dayu Mountain and Yuxinnao Mountain also formed pincers with Zhapu. East of them lay Zhuyu Harbor. Farther east lay Large and Small Changtu and East and West Fushan; together they formed perilous garrison posts on the subprefecture's north. To its northeast stood Daqu Mountain, surrounded by many bays. Inspection offices were stationed at Cengang and Daotou. Ligang and Shenjiamen were market towns. Forts stood at Dingyuan, Zhenwei, Yongqing, and elsewhere. Shaoxing Prefecture. Shaoxing Prefecture: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit. The deputy commander and guard defense commandant were stationed here. It lay one hundred forty li northwest of the provincial seat. It measured three hundred twenty li across and two hundred ninety li from north to south. Its north polar latitude was thirty degrees five minutes. It lay four degrees four minutes east of the capital. It administered eight counties. Shanyin: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the northwest stood Mount Xinglong; its southern slope had originally been Mount Wolong, renamed after the imperial visit in Kangxi 27. To the south stood Mount Gui, Yangtai, Mount Lanzhu, and Mount Qinwang. To the northwest stood Mount Tu and Mount Mei. To the northeast stood Mount Ji. The sea entered from Xiaoshan, passed Sanjiang Mouth as the south-bank outlet of Hangzhou Bay, with Haining on the opposite shore. Large and Middle Aiwai guarded the middle. Formerly the tide ran south and battered the shore; afterward the sea embankment extended east to Kuaiji and west across Xiaoshan. The Puyang River entered from Zhuji on the southwest. The Grand Canal entered from Xiaoshan on the northwest, joined a branch channel of Mirror Lake, and discharged north into Guazhu Lake. The lake split Qingdian Lake water into West Water Gate, then merged again into Tongpan Lake Harbor and reached the harbor mouth to meet West Little River. The river split in two, entering from Xiaoshan at ancient Wan'an Bridge and running along the northern border; West Stream from Mount Jitou discharged into it. It passed Qianqing Market Town, diverged and re-entered, and reached Sanjiang Sluice. Xiang Lake from Xiaoshan passed through the Grand Canal to join, then flowed east into the sea. Mirror Lake, the ancient Jing Lake, once measured three hundred fifty li in circumference; today only West Stream and Kuaiji remain, with Ruoye Stream as a separate source and Xiang Lake as the main source, covering only fifteen li. At Sanjiang City a sub-prefect was stationed; there was a salt field office, one of two with Qianqing. Keqiao Inspection Office and Penglai Post were located here. Kuaiji: strategically important and populous. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Kuaiji, with Yu's tomb; the county was named for it. Wanwei, Qinwang, and Tianzhu were all subsidiary peaks. The sea entered from Shanyin on the northeast, passed Lihai City, and connected south with Qingpu. To the west was West Huizhu; to the north it faced Ganpu from afar as a perilous garrison post, with a coastal defense embankment. The upper reach of the Cao'e River was Shan Stream; it entered from Shangyu on the southeast, received Sheng Xiaoshun River, diverged and re-entered, passed Cao'e Dam, reached Xuan Harbor, and entered the sea. The Grand Canal from Cao'e Dam divided various stream waters, passed Tongling Bridge, and joined Cuangong River, where the Song Six Mausoleums stood. It issued west of Wuyun Gate; Ruoye Stream from Mount Hua discharged into it and entered the Shanyin Grand Canal. There were Sanjiang, Dongjiang, and Cao'e salt fields. The Cao'e Inspection Office was stationed here. Dongguan Post was stationed here. Zuanfeng Market Town was located here. Pingshui Pass, Xuan Harbor, and Linshan Fort were located here. Xiaoshan: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred ten li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Daluo. To the northeast stood Mounts Kan and Zhe. The Qiantang River entered from Fuyang on the northwest; the Puyang River entered from Zhuji on the southwest; they joined at Yubu Street. In ancient times the Puyang and Qiantang rivers were blocked; opening Qiyan Weir later first connected them. It reached Middle Aiwai and issued from South Aiwai to enter the sea. The sea tide entered from Biezi Aiwai, was confined by Mounts Kan and Zhe, surged violently, and was held back by perilous dikes for more than twenty li. West Little River, the ancient Pan Water, rose at Mount Shi in Linpu Market, passed Maxi Dam, ran through the Grand Canal, entered Shanyin, and below reached Sanjiang Mouth to enter the sea. The Grand Canal from Xixing Ford drew Qiantang River water and passed Wanghu Bridge; Xiang Lake gathered southwestern mountains and waters to run through it, then flowed southeast into Shanyin. At Linpu Market Town an assistant magistrate was stationed. There were Yubu and Hezhuangshan inspection offices and a garrison post at Yiqiao Market Town. Xixing Water Post had an assistant stationed. The Qianqing Tax Station was located here. There were Xiling and Yulin passes. Beizhi'an Fort was located here. Zhuji: administratively simple. It lay one hundred ten li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Ziwei and Mount Tieya. To the west stood Mounts Dongyan, Jiguan, and Wuxie. To the north stood Mounts Yinye and Hangwu. The Puyang River entered from Pujiang on the south, also called Upper West River; it joined Suxi, flowed northeast, joined Shanglai Stream, and met Upper East River. The river rose from Mount Dongbaibai on the Dongyang border as Xiaoyi Stream; it joined Kaihua Stream, flowed as Hongpu River, joined Xialai Stream to discharge into it, and formed Huan River. It passed east of the city and split in two: east was Lower East River, joining Fengqiao Harbor streams; west was Lower West River, joining Wuxie streams; they divided and rejoined, also called Great River, and merged into Xiaoshan. Fengqiao Market Town was located here. Changqing Pass was located here. Yuyao: fiscally strained, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Dawu. To the west stood Mount Longquan, the ancient Mount Xu. To the north stood Mount Li. To the northeast stood Mounts Siming and Shikui. The sea entered from Shangyu on the north and passed Linshan Guard. In Kangxi 8 the Miaoshan Inspection Office was moved here. In Kangxi 47 the Lihai defense commandant was also moved here. To the north lay Linshan Harbor and to the east Simen Harbor; together they formed a key coastal mouth. It passed Poshanpu; there were coastal defense embankments and Liji Embankment. There were seven outer forts. To its southwest the Yao River rose at Mount Taiping and Mount Jingshan, the ancient Gouzhang canal water; it diverged and re-entered, received Shangyu's Mazhu Cross River, passed between the two cities, reached Zhushan Pool, joined Lansu Harbor, crossed Jiangjia Ford, received Cixi's official boat harbor, and formed Zhangting River. There were four market towns: Liangshou, Meishan, and Miaoshan; the third, Sanshan, had an inspection office. There were Shiyan and Minghe salt fields. Garrison posts were stationed at Zhongcun, Beixi, Lianghong, Zhouxiang, and Zhoujialu. Yaojiang Post was merged into the county in Kangxi 9. Shangyu: populous and fiscally strained. It lay one hundred twenty li east of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Fuzhi. To the southwest stood Mount Xiangtian. To the northwest stood Mount Xiaga; to its south lay Xiaga Lake, gathering Baima and Shangfei lake waters in a circumference of one hundred five li. It bordered the sea to the north; from the northwest it entered from Kuaiji and passed Lihai Guard; there were Siwei and Shihu passes. Outside its embankment lay tidal flat. Shangyu River was the Cao'e River, the ancient Ke Water, also called East Little River; its upper reach Shan Stream entered from Sheng on the southwest, received Kuaiji Xiaoshun River, and passed Lianghu Weir; east of it was the Grand Canal. Outside lay Tongshui River, which passed Baiguan Ford; east was Mazhu Cross River, reaching Beitang. From Lianghu Weir to here it served as a boundary river with Kuaiji; Cao'e Post stood here, and in Kangxi 1 its assistant was abolished. Two salt fields stood beside it. The Lianghu Market Town Inspection Office was stationed here. Sheng: strategically important and populous. It lay one hundred eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Jinting. To the southwest stood Mounts Wulong and Zhenru. At Fenshui Ridge Shan Stream issued, joined large and small Baishan waters, flowed southeast, merged with Zhu Stream on the right and Luosong Stream on the left, passed Baiyang Village, received Furun and Jiangtian streams, passed southeast of the city; Tan'e Stream and Bao Stream discharged into it, forming Shan Stream. Huangze Stream also entered from that county and joined Beizhuang Stream to discharge into it. Farther northwest it joined Ya Stream, Qiangkou Stream, and Sheng Stream, entered Shangyu as the Cao'e River, the ancient Puyang River. Northeast, West Mei Stream rose at Mount Daping and entered Fenghua. There were three market towns: Pukou, Changle, and Sanjie. A garrison post was stationed here. Xinchang: administratively simple. It lay two hundred ten li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Tianmu; to the southeast stood Guan Ridge. To the northeast stood Mount Sumu. East Harbor Stream entered from Tiantai, joined Xieshangshan Stream and Qian Stream; its lower reach was Tan'e Stream. The upper reach of West Harbor Stream, Jiexi, entered from Dongyang on the southwest and joined Sanzhou Tan Stream; its lower reach was Bao Stream. North Harbor Stream rose at Cai'ao Mountain on the Fenghua border and passed Yantou Ridge; a separate source from the Ninghai border merged to form Huangze Stream. Caiyan Market Town was located here. A garrison post was stationed at Huangdu. Taizhou Prefecture. Taizhou Prefecture: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit. The regional commander of Haimen Town was stationed here. It was originally named Huangyan Town, and the regional commander was stationed at Huangyan. In Guangxu 2 it was moved here. It lay five hundred ninety li northwest of the provincial seat. It measured three hundred seventy li across and two hundred seventy li from north to south. Its north polar latitude was twenty-eight degrees fifty-three minutes. It lay four degrees thirty-nine minutes east of the capital. It administered six counties. Linhai: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Kuocang. To the east stood Mount Liaowo. To the south stood Mount Gaizhu; a Daoist text calls it "the second blessed land of the Nineteen Grotto-Heavens." East Cai Ridge and West Shisong Mountain both had stone walls built on them. The sea entered from Ninghai on the east, passed Poba River, and Mount Baidai guarded its mouth. It received the upper reach of Huaqiao Harbor, passed the Siling garrison post on the south, received the upper reach of Dong Harbor, farther south passed Youdian Cape, and south faced Baishujiao at Qingtang Gate. Taozhu Harbor rose at East Mount Daluo and joined Ju Stream to enter it. Its Taozhu Guard was abolished in Shunzhi 18, restored in Kangxi 11, and a defense commandant was stationed there. From Baishujiao extending south to Mount Baisha formed the north bank of Taizhou Bay mouth; extending south to Qiansuo City, a battalion commander and inspection officer were stationed. South it faced Haimen; in Shunzhi 17 the guard was abolished and the regional commander was stationed. To the west lay Jiazi Market Town, where a sub-prefect was stationed; this was Jiaojiang Mouth. Outside the mouth islands clustered in groups; extending south were Doumen Mountain and Liqing Mountain. Linhai River had two sources: north was Shifeng Stream, entering from Tiantai and joining Dashi Stream and Gui Stream as Baibu Stream, issuing at Sanjiang Village; southwest was Yong'an Stream, joining Huangsha Stream and Fang Stream to form Ling River. It passed Shuang Harbor mouth, joined Datian Harbor, passed Sanjiang Mouth, met Yongning River, and formed Jiao River. Farther east it joined Zhang'an and Dongluo harbors to enter the sea. There were two market towns: Jiaohu; at Huaqiao an assistant magistrate was stationed. The Dulü Salt Field Office was located here. Chicheng Post was stationed here. Forts stood at Niutoujing, Waisha, and Xiaoyuanshan. Huangyan: fiscally strained, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Yongning. To the south stood Mount Weiyu; a Daoist text calls it "the Second Grotto-Heaven." To the west stood Mount Huangyan, for which the county was named. The sea entered from Linhai on the east, passed Langji Mountain as the south bank of Taizhou Bay mouth; there were Dingjin and Hongfu embankments more than sixty li long, with salt lands within; north it connected with Linhai and south it extended across Taiping. To the northwest Yongning River rose at Mount Xichen; a separate source rose at Mount Huangyan; merging they flowed as Daheng Stream and passed Dafeitou as Ning Stream. It passed Wuyan as Wuyan Stream and joined Rouji and Xiaokeng harbors to form Changtan. Farther southeast it joined Guan'ao water and Maoshe Stream and passed Shantou Isle as Duan River. It passed Houyang, joined West River, and formed Cheng River. It passed Dongpu; outside Dongpu was East Official River; northeast of the city it joined Lidong Harbor as Huanglin Harbor; its lower reach was Yongning River. South Official River gathered Shabu, Jiufeng, and other waters; its south branch connected with Taiping's Jinqing Harbor; its north branch passed through the city moat, left branch channels divided and rejoined, and entered West River. Farther north it flowed as Lidong Harbor. At Wuyan Market Town an assistant magistrate was stationed. The Changpu Inspection Office was stationed here. The Huangyan Salt Field Office was located here. Danxia Post was stationed here. Garrison posts were stationed at Wuyan Three Harbors, Shabu, Ning Stream, Yangyu, and Baihu Pond. Tiantai: administratively simple. It lay ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the north stood Mount Tiantai, eight hundred li in circumference; its subsidiary peak Chicheng had Yujing Cave; a Daoist text calls it "the Sixth Grotto-Heaven." Shifeng Stream entered from Dongyang on the southwest, joined Han and Ming cliffs and Zhegu mountain waters, passed west of the city, received Qing Stream on the left and joined Taoyuan waterfall and Guanling gorge streams, reached the foot of Fenghuang Mountain on the east and joined Baohua, Luhuan, and Daoling streams, then turned south and again joined large and small Dan streams. To the northwest Fuxi Stream rose at the western foothills of Mount Tiantai, Hunshui Stream at the southern foothills, and east of them Yong Stream rose at the northeastern foothills of Mount Cang. Jie Stream also rose at Longming Mountain. Qingxi Market Town was located here. Sangzhou Post was stationed here. Xianju: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay ninety li west of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Weiyao and Jingxing Cliff. To the north lay Luocheng Cliff. To the northwest was Cang Ridge, also called Fengmen. To the southwest lay Da Stream; its south source rose at Jiekeng Mountain on the Yongjia border as Yong'an Stream; on the left a branch channel reached the foot of Anren Ridge as Anren Stream and entered Jinyun. The west source entered from Jinyun as Jinkeng water, joined Xianren Stream, passed Sidu, and met the south source. It passed Yangshan Pool and joined [text damaged]li Stream. Farther northeast it received Maling Stream and Dachen mountain waters on the right and Zhumu, Weiyao, and Nan streams on the left. Farther northeast it received Ping Stream. Its upper reach was Juxi Stream, which entered from Yongkang on the northwest and joined; it passed east of the city, joined Baishui Stream and Peng Stream, reached west of Tashan Mountain, joined Zhu Stream, and entered Linhai. Botan Market Town had a garrison post. Ninghai: administratively simple. It lay one hundred and eight li northeast of the prefectural seat. A naval deputy commander was stationed here. To the northwest stood Mount Longxu. To the north stood Mount Tianmen. The sea entered from Fenghua on the northeast, passed Fuxikou, received the upper reach Tiejang, turned east past Huangdun Harbor, received the upper reach Baizhu Stream, and diverged as the south bank of Xiangshan Harbor. It also entered from Shipu, passed Taining Isle, then west past Chayuan Harbor, divided northeast at Xujia and Shuangkeng mountains, joined as Zuopu Stream, and passed Longkou Pond. Farther west it passed Baiqiao Harbor; its upper reach was Bai Stream, entering from Tiantai on the southwest; a separate source rose at West Taohua Mountain, joined and passed Tingtou Ford to meet; southwest it passed Qingxikou, upstream receiving Tiantai Yong Stream, and passed Qimen Ford. Farther south lay the mouths of Tingpang and Haiyou streams; one received Tiantai Jie Stream and one rose at Fenshui Ridge on the southwest, joined, and passed Lianshe Ford. Farther southwest it passed Jiantiao Station, where a garrison commander was stationed overlooking Jiantiao River. Its upper reach was Hengdu Stream, which joined Xiaobai Stream to meet. Outside lay Jianyang Pond, northeast facing Shipu City; this formed the mouth of Ninghai Bay. Islands stood in confusion; the notable one was Tianwan Isle; east of the isle stood Qingmen Mountain overlooking Niutou Sea; north lay Wuyu Gate; outside was Zhumen Sea and inside Shepan Sea; all were perilous garrison posts. There were four market towns: Haiao, Yuexi, and Tingpang; at Haiyou an assistant magistrate was stationed. The Changting Salt Field Office was located here. Zhuxiao Post was stationed here. Taiping: administratively simple. It lay one hundred and forty li southeast of the prefectural seat. A naval deputy commander was stationed here. To the south stood Mount Shipan. To the southwest stood Mount Ling. To the west lay Wenling. The sea entered from Taizhou Bay on the southeast, passed Jinxing Gate, then south passed Daoshi Crown Mountain and Panma Mountain. East of it stood Baiyan Mountain; in the middle lay Daojiu Gate. Farther east stood Shaguo Mountain; to the southeast Jigu Mountain; to the northeast lay the Taizhou archipelago. The notable ones were Upper and Lower Dachen mountains; turning south it passed Songmen City, where a garrison commander was placed overlooking Songmen Harbor; Songmen Mountain guarded its mouth and a narrow water channel ran within. East of it lay Niushan Isle; farther east Sudan Isle; to the southeast Sansuan Isle. Turning west it passed Aiwan Stockade, where peaks pierced the sky and Manyou Ridge was especially steep and narrow. Within lay a great sea bay that diverged into Wenzhou Prefecture territory, passed Tian'ao and Mushao mountains, and turned northwest past Chumen City. To the northwest lay Baizhu Stream; the main source Da Stream and separate source Xiao Stream joined as Shuang Stream, flowed north then turned east as Xinjian River, joined Tao Stream and Wenling Stream, and passed Dakou. Southwest West Stream rose at Meiling to meet; this formed Jinqing Harbor, north connecting with Huangyan Official River. Farther east it passed Xinhe City as Yujiang, where an assistant magistrate was stationed, then farther east entered the sea. Lu Stream, also called Lian Stream, all entered it. Puqi and Wenling market towns were located here. The Songmen Inspection Office was stationed here. Garrison posts were stationed at Fengwei, Panma, Shajiao, Siqian Market Town, Shitang, Jinqing, and Ruoli. Jin-Qu-Yan Circuit. Jinhua Prefecture. Jinhua Prefecture: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to the Jin-Qu-Yan Circuit. A brigade-general was stationed here. In the early Ming it was Ningyue Prefecture; later the name was restored. It lay four hundred fifty li northeast from the provincial capital. It measured three hundred forty li in width and two hundred forty-four li in length. Its north pole height was twenty-nine degrees ten minutes. From the capital it lay two degrees twenty-one minutes east. It administered eight counties. Jinhua: strategically important and populous. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the north stood Mount Jinhua, for which the county was named; anciently it was called Mount Chang. To the southeast stood Zhidao Mountain; in Kangxi 2 Geng Jingni sent troops to occupy it. Dongyang River entered from Yiwu as East Harbor, joined Hangci Stream, flowed southeast, received Xiaoshun, Xiang, and Chisong streams, passed south of the city, and joined the Seven Treasures Canal within the city. South Harbor entered from Wuyi, flowed northwest, reached Yanzhi Isle, met East Harbor, and formed Wu Harbor, also called Shuang Stream. Farther northwest Tong Stream and Baisha Stream both entered from Tangxi and reached Zhantou; Pan Stream received Xu Gong Lake and Jiulong mountain waters, flowed as Huangyan Stream to discharge into it; this was the north channel. In ancient times the south channel met Qu Harbor; today it is silted and narrow. Xiaoshun Market Town was located here. Shuangxi Post was stationed here. Lanxi: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay fifty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Tong. To the west stood Mount Yan, bordering Longyou and Shouchang. Wu Harbor entered from Jinhua on the southeast, joined Huangyan Stream, and passed southwest of the city. Qu Harbor entered from Longyou, received Shouchang Youbu Stream, diverged and re-entered, received Yongchang Stream on the left, passed below Lanyin Mountain, met Yangzi Harbor, and formed Lan Harbor. Farther north it joined Hu Stream, Gan Stream, and Xiang Stream, reached Shijia Shoal, and received Pujiang Damei Stream. Huangtun Embankment was repeatedly repaired during the Kangxi and Yongzheng reigns. There were three market towns: Pingdu and Xiangxi; at Nufu there was a defunct office. Gushui Post was stationed here. Dongyang: populous and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Dapen, bordering Tiantai. To the east stood Mount Yu, also called Mount Feng. To the northeast stood East and West White mountains, connecting with Mount Taibai. Dongyang River had two sources: the south source was Ding'an Stream, also called Ge Stream, rising at Dapen Mo Ridge, joining Jinmeng Pit and Maoyang waters, and passing Shuangxikou; The north source was Upper Bai Stream, rising at East White Mountain, meeting West White mountain waters, flowing south and joining Baifeng Stream and Meisha Stream to meet, flowing west and receiving Jianzhu Stream and Pan Stream on the right and Longhua Stream and Sidu Stream on the left, then farther west joining Ya Stream and Langkeng Stream. Hua Stream rose at the western foothills of Dapen; Shifeng Stream at the southern foothills; east of them Upper Jia Stream rose at Jianshan Market and Lower Jia Stream at Mount Tianzhu. Baitan and Yongning market towns were located here. Garrison posts were stationed at Baifeng and Jiaxi. Yiwu: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Danyun and Babao. To the north stood Mount Huang [text damaged]. East River, the ancient Wushang Stream, entered from Dongyang, joined Ershili streams, turned southwest and met Ruiyun Stream and Lin Stream. Farther southwest it joined Embroidered Lake on the right and Nian Stream and Shan Stream on the left, passed Jiangwan Market, met Hua Stream, farther south received Wu Stream, and entered Jinhua. North of it Hangci Stream rose at Fufu Mountain, met Xianhongyan water, and followed the northwest border to enter. Su Stream rose at Gusi Pit on the southwest. North Su Stream rose at Mount Qingtan. Hongxun Stream also rose at Chouyan on the northwest. There were four market towns: Longqi, Suxi, Fotang, and Ershili Stream. A garrison post was stationed here. Yongkang: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred ten li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east lay Fangyan. To the southeast lay Lingyan. To the south stood Mount Juechen. Yongkang Harbor had two sources: the north source was Hua Stream, rising at Mipu Mountain, passing below She Mountain as Heming Stream, joining Suxi Stream, and issuing at Renzheng Bridge; The south source was Nan Stream, also called Jianyang Stream, entering from Jinyun; it joined Lu Stream on the right and Hengkeng Stream on the left, passed Shuizhen Cliff, joined Li Stream on the right, passed Shuangxikou, and the two sources joined to form Yongkang Harbor. Farther west it joined Ximen, Lieqiao, and Gaokeng streams and entered Wuyi. To the northeast Shuangpai Stream rose at Bapen Ridge; its lower reach was Ling Stream, entering Jinyun. Farther east Juxi Stream rose at Daling; its lower reach was Ping Stream, entering Xianju. At Juxi Stream Village the prefectural brigade commander and an assistant magistrate were stationed. Garrison posts were stationed at Xiaoyi and Lixi. Huaxi Post was stationed here. Wuyi: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay seventy-five li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Baiyi and Mount Wuniu, bordering Yongkang. To the west stood Mount Tongfu. Wuyi Harbor upstream received Yongkang Harbor; entering from that county on the east, it joined Qing Stream and Guotong Stream; northeast of the city it received Shuxi Stream on the left, entering from Xuanping on the southwest and gathering various streams to pool there. It flowed northwest, joined East Stream and Zhuwu Stream on the right and Tao Stream on the left, and entered Jinhua. South of it Ri Stream entered from Lishui, joined Xie Stream, and entered Xuanping. To the west Mei Stream entered from Xuanping and entered Jinhua. To the northeast Su Stream rose at Mount Dalaoji; entering from Jinhua it diverged and re-entered. Pujiang: administratively simple. It lay one hundred ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Banbi and Wulu Ridge. To the northwest stood Mount Shenniao; its spring waters formed Shenniao Stream, and the Puyang River took its source here. A separate source rose at West Bingxing Ridge; flowing east as Wu Stream it came to meet. Farther on it joined various streams; south of the city East and West streams flowed on both sides to discharge into it, forming South River. It joined Cheng and Zuo streams; farther northeast it received Da Stream on the right, also called Yan Stream, entering from Yiwu on the southeast; joining they passed below Mount Kanghou as Chao Stream. Farther east it joined Shen Stream and Bailin streams on the right and entered Zhuji. To the south Mei Stream rose at Leigong and Chengdou mountains and flowed west into Lanxi. To the northwest Huyuan Stream rose at Shizha Ridge, passed Wuxie Mountain, diverged and re-entered Pujiang; its lower reach was Hufu water. Garrison posts were stationed at Huang Stream, Hugong, and Jinzhu. Tangxi: administratively simple. It lay fifty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest stood Mount Tangtang, for which the county was named. To the south lay Yin Ridge. To the southeast stood Mount Fucang; Baisha Stream rose there. Gu River was Qu Harbor, entering from Longyou on the west. In antiquity there was no Gu character; it should be the Gushui of the Han Records. It flowed northeast and joined Xinban Stream. Farther northeast it received Shuang Stream on the left; its upper reach was a branch channel of Yong'an Stream entering from Lanxi on the north to join. On the right it received Liao Stream; its upper reach was Youbu Stream, also entering from that county to join. This formed Sangan Harbor. Farther northeast it joined Luobu Stream and entered Suichang. Baisha Stream entered from Suichang on the south, joining various streams. There were thirty-six weirs, of which Jinhua received ten. Quzhou Prefecture. Quzhou Prefecture: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the Jin-Qu-Yan Circuit; a regional commander was stationed here. At the beginning of Hongwu in the Ming it was changed to Longyou Prefecture; the next year the name was changed back, and it belonged to the Zhejiang provincial administration commission. In Shunzhi 8 the Zhe-Fujian governor-general moved here. In Kangxi 23 it was abolished. It lay five hundred forty li northeast from the provincial capital. It measured two hundred twenty-five li in width and two hundred twenty li in length. Its north pole height was twenty-nine degrees two minutes. From the capital it lay two degrees thirty-five minutes east. It administered five counties. Xi'an: strategically important and populous. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Juedou. To the north lay Tongqian Ridge. To the northwest stood Mount Tong. Qu Harbor had two sources: the south source was Wen Stream, also called Jiangshan Harbor, entering from that county; The north source was Xin'an Stream, also called Changshan Harbor, also entering from that county; they met at Shuanggang Harbor, also called West Stream. Northwest of the city it joined Zhe Stream and Qinggang Stream and reached the foot of Jiming Mountain on the east. On the right it received East Stream, entering from Suichang on the south and issuing from Shishi Weir to meet; anciently it was called Dingyang Stream. Farther northeast it joined Yinkeng, Luozhang, and Sheng Tang streams, passed Pingfeng Shoal, and joined Zhi Stream. Farther east it passed Mayebu and entered Longyou. At Zhangshu Market Town an assistant magistrate was stationed. The Jinwang Inspection Office was stationed here, with defunct offices at Yanbo and Bogu. Shanghang Post was stationed here. Garrison posts were stationed at Shangfang, Xinqiao Street, Duze, and Chaojing Ford. Longyou: strategically important and difficult to govern. It lay seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the west stood Mount Long and Mount Cen. To the north stood Mount Wushi and Mount Dacheng; Meiling lay eighty li away. To the north was Longyou Harbor, also called Qu Harbor, entering from Xi'an on the west, joining Jincun source water and passing Xiaxi Shoal; on the right it received Lingshan Harbor, entering from Suichang on the south and joining Tong Stream and Xiaolianling water to meet. Farther east it received Doutan Stream on the right, entering from Shouchang on the north to join. Farther east it joined Zhu Stream, diverging and re-entering twice, then farther northeast entered Tangxi. The Hutou Market Town Inspection Office was stationed here. Tingbu Post was stationed here. A garrison post was stationed at Xikouqian Market. Jiangshan: strategically important and fiscally strained. It lay seventy-five li southwest of the prefectural seat. Xianxia Ridge lay one hundred li to the south; five passes were placed on it; its Feng Ridge marked where Zhe and Fujian divided territory; in Shunzhi 11 a mobile detachment commander was placed at Ershiba Du and an assistant magistrate was also stationed. In Kangxi 9 it was merged into Fujian. In the thirteenth year it was again subordinate to both provinces. Also Mount Jianglang, that is the Jiangshan of the Sui History. Da Stream, also called Lu Stream, rose at the Xianxia ridges, gathered Dongjiao, Ruokeng, and Baishi waters, passed east of the city, joined Sanqiao Stream and Yi Stream, and entered Xi'an. To the west was Wen Stream; it divided out, then gathered again northeast of Lixian Market Town and met Da Stream, forming Jiangshan Harbor. North of it Shikong Stream rose at Mount Xietuo. Also Xianshan Stream rose from the eastern peak of Mount Dazhai. At Xiashi Market Town a subprefect was stationed. The Qinghu Market Town Inspection Office was stationed here, also managing Guangji Water Post. In Shunzhi 10 it came under this jurisdiction from Changshan. Garrison posts were also stationed at Linggu Mountain, Guan Stream, and Waicun. Changshan: strategically important and populous. It lay eighty li west of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Chang, for which the county was named. To the south: Xianshan and Yan Ridge. To the north stood Mount Sanqu. Majin Stream entered from Kaihua on the north, joined Mawang Stream, passed Yuankou, joined Xieyuan water, passed Dieshi, and formed Jinchuan. It passed Tangxi Bridge, joined various mountain waters, passed Qingshui Pool, and was divided by the official dam; outside was Zigang and inside Guangji Harbor. Formerly Wen Stream entered from Jiangshan, reached Jinchuan, formed Sanhe water, and discharged into the inner harbor. Later the lake dried and the watercourse shifted south. Farther east Shikong Stream and Xianshan Stream both entered from Jiangshan to discharge into it. Farther east it joined Hongqiao Stream and Fangzhi Stream and entered Xi'an. The Caoping Market Town Inspection Office was stationed here. Qiuchuan Market Town was located here. Garrison posts were stationed at Mache Cao and Huiguan. Zhenping and Ganlu market towns were located here. Kaihua: administratively simple. It lay one hundred sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east lay Yajin Ridge, bordering Changshan. To the north stood Kuang Mountain and also Majin and Jinzhu ridges. Majin Stream had two sources: one rose at Wanggong Ridge, a subsidiary peak of Majin; One rose at Northwest Jiling and met at Xintian Ford; flowing southeast it joined Jinzhu Ridge water; southeast of the city it received Wangbian Stream on the left, rising at North Ouge Ridge, passing through the city moat and issuing from the south gate to join; west it met Baisha Stream reaching Huabu. On the left it received Chi Huai Stream, passing below Teng Cliff as Chi Huai Slope. It passed Xingkou Market as Xingkou Stream, joined, and flowed into Changshan. This formed Changshan Harbor. To the northwest Hongyuan Stream entered Dexing in Jiangxi. There were two market towns: Majin and Huabu. The Jinzhu Ridge Inspection Office was stationed here. Yanzhou Prefecture. Yanzhou Prefecture: administratively simple. It was subordinate to the Jin-Qu-Yan Circuit. A brigade-general was stationed here. In Qianlong 25 the guard was abolished and merged into Hangzhou. It lay two hundred ninety li northeast from the provincial capital. It measured three hundred seventy li in width and one hundred seventy-five li in length. Its north pole height was twenty-nine degrees thirty-seven minutes. From the capital it lay three degrees three minutes east. It administered six counties. Jiande: administratively simple. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Gaofeng. To the west stood Mount Tongguan. To the north stood Mount Wulong. Xin'an River entered from Chun'an on the west, received Ai Stream on the right, flowed northeast, and joined Yang Stream, Xiaye Stream, and West Stream south of the city. Lan Harbor entered from Lanxi on the southeast, joined Sanhe Stream and large and small Yang waters to meet, forming the south source of the Zhe River, also called Dingzi water. Farther northeast it joined Shepu and Tai streams, passed Qili Rapids, joined Xu Stream on the left, and farther northeast joined Chabai Stream. Qingzhu Harbor entered from Tonglu on the northeast in error, met Duxi Stream, and all entered Tonglu to discharge into it. East Lake rose at Mount Wulong, joined Jian'an mountain waters, and exited through Shepu. In Kangxi 11 a dam was built; when the water rose it circled Jiangjia Pond to discharge into West Lake and enter the river. There were five market towns: Anren, Qiancheng, Sandu, Yang Stream, and Da Stream. To the east lay Wushi Pass; to the southeast Sanhe Pass. Fuchun Post was stationed here. Chun'an: administratively simple. It lay sixty-five li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Guihe. To the south stood Mount Yunmeng. To the southwest stood Mount Zhi. Qian Stream rose at Northwest Tangwu Mountain. Xin'an River entered from She County, also called Hui Harbor; it received Shukou Stream on the left, flowed southeast, joined Fuzhi source and Yun source streams, farther east joined Tongzi Stream, turned south, and joined Jing Stream. It passed the eastern foothills of South Mountain; on the left it received the upper reach of East Stream, Jinxian Stream, gathering various mountain waters to discharge into it; it passed south of the city and joined Yunmeng Stream. Farther southeast it received Wuqiang Stream on the right. Farther southeast it joined Shangjia source, Yang Stream, and Jin Stream and entered Jiande. Luowu Stream rose at Northeast Baikeng Ridge; Luo Stream at East Wushan; and Long Stream at Northwest Guanshan Peak. There were four market towns: Weiping, Chayuan, Jiekou, and Gangkou; garrison posts were stationed there. Tonglu: administratively simple. It lay ninety-five li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the northeast stood Mount Tonglu, for which the county was named. To the northwest stood Mount Jilong. To the west stood Mount Fuchun. Xin'an River entered from Jiande on the west as Qili Rapids, also called Fuchun Shoal; it joined Luci Stream, passed the foothills of Mache Mountain, received Qingshui Harbor on the left entering from Fenshui on the northwest and joining Qin Stream, diverged and re-entered, passed below Tongjun Mountain, met Fenshui Harbor on the west, and formed Tong River. Farther east it was called Xiahuai, a critical point on the river course. Farther northeast it joined Zhai Stream and East Zixi. Huyuan Stream entered from Pujiang on the southeast and re-entered. There were five market towns: Zhixia, Jiuxian, Chaibu, Zhai Stream, and Huigang. Tongjiang Post was stationed here. Suian: administratively simple. It lay one hundred eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Hongdong. To the west stood Mount Baishi and also Baiji Ridge, bordering Xiuning in Anhui. Wuqiang Stream issued forth, joined Shuang Stream, Xian Stream, and Hua Stream, flowed southeast, joined Dalianling water on the left and front and rear streams on the right, and south of the city joined Lian Stream and Lingyan Stream. It turned east and received Long Stream on the right, entering from Chun'an on the north to discharge into it. It passed Siqian Village, where Fenglin Harbor joined East and West harbors to discharge into it. Farther northeast it joined Gunwang and Dongting streams and entered Chun'an. There were five market towns: Fenglin, Hengyan, Guocun, Anyang, and Dongting. Shouchang: administratively simple. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south Mount Yan extended across Jin and Qu prefectures. To the west stood Mount Wansong. Shouchang Stream rose at Mount Elong, joined large and small source and Songkeng streams, flowed northeast, joined Jiao Stream, and formed Datong Stream. Farther northeast it joined Mei Stream and Cao Stream; from west of the city eastward it was called Ai Stream; northeast it passed south of the city to Yue, forming Yue Stream. Farther northeast to Hucen Slope it was Hucen Stream; north it reached Luotong Ford and entered Jiande. There were two market towns: Datong and Xin Market. Fenshui: administratively simple. It lay one hundred twenty-three li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Lion and Elephant mountains. To the south lay Xu Ridge and She Peak. To the southwest lay Yunti Ridge and Tongqiao Mountain, the most strategically critical points. Tianmu Stream, also called Fenshui Harbor, had as its upper reach Yu Stream, entering from Yuyu on the northeast and passing Yindu Ford as Yindu Stream. On the right it received Qian Stream, entering from Chun'an on the southwest, joining Luowu Stream and Luo Stream, and pooling at Chuxi. It flowed southeast, joined Tangyuan water and Xiatang Stream, reached Bipu, joined Wenling and Liangmei mountain waters on the left and Xiejian mountain water on the right. South of it Gewu Stream rose at Gewu Ridge, met Zhiwu and Haigaowu waters, and its lower reach entered Jiande as Qingzhu Harbor. There were two market towns: Bipu and Baijiang. Wen-Chu Circuit. Wenzhou Prefecture. Wenzhou Prefecture: strategically important and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the Wen-Chu Circuit. A regional commander was stationed here. Under the Ming it administered five counties. In Yongzheng 6 Yuhuan Subprefecture was added. It lay eight hundred ninety li northwest from the provincial capital. It measured one hundred sixty li in width and five hundred li in length. Its north pole height was twenty-eight degrees. From the capital it lay four degrees twenty-one minutes east. It administered one subprefecture and five counties. Yongjia: strategically important and populous. Attached to the prefectural seat. The city had Mount Jiudou; within stood Huagai; a Daoist text calls it "the Eighteenth Grotto-Heaven." To the northwest stood Mount Daruoyan, also called Mount Chishui; "the Twelfth Blessed Land." To the southeast stood Mount Daluo. To the south stood Mount Chuitai. To the west stood Mount Oupu. To the north Solitary Isle Mountain stretched across the river; the British consulate was located there. The sea entered from Yueqing on the east as the Oujiang mouth; south it passed Longwan Doumen and farther south passed Ningcun Station. In Kangxi 9 the stockade was changed to station a mobile detachment commander. The harbor mouth was called Wenzhou Bay; Lingkun Isle guarded it. The upper reach of the Oujiang was Da Stream, entering from Qingtian on the southwest; it flowed east and joined Gu Stream and Hanbu and Shangshu harbors. It passed northwest of the city. On the right it received Huichang Lake, divided into Guo, Qu, and Xiong streams, and joining they passed outside Wangjiang Gate. In Guangxu 2 the Yantai Treaty established a concession. It passed north of Doumen Bridge, joined Tang River on the right, and reached the Yongle border as Guantou River. To its right it joined Shuangjing and Chashan rivers; farther southeast it joined Yaoxi and Baishui streams and entered the sea. At Zhaxi Market Town an assistant magistrate was stationed. The Xixi Inspection Office, Yongjia Salt Field Office, and Yaoxiao Market Town post were stationed here. Garrison posts were stationed at Shatou, Bilian, Hanbu, Fenglin, and Shuangxi. Longwan Mountain, Maozhu Ridge, and Zhuangyuan Bridge batteries were located here. Ruian: strategically important and populous. It lay eighty li south of the prefectural seat. A naval deputy commander was stationed here. To the east stood Mount Long. To the north stood Mount Jiyun and large and small Yang mountains. The sea entered from Yongjia on the northeast, passed Meitou City, farther south passed Hai'an Station, and farther south passed Feiyun River mouth, where there was a pass. Offshore Fenghuang Mountain faced Xijiang Heng Mountain; this was called Fenghuang Gate. Northward lay large and small Ding mountains. Southeastward stood Chitou Mountain. To the east stood Mount Changdai. Northward stood Mount Nance, facing East Ce and North Ce. West of North Ce and east of Yongjia Daqu was called Jia'ao. The upper reach of Feiyun River was Da Stream, entering from Taishun on the west; it joined Gui Stream, passed Kou Village, and joined Hui Stream on the right. Farther east it joined Jiu Stream and Fangkeng Stream. Farther northeast it received Jimen Stream on the left, gathering various streams; it turned southeast, joined Ban Stream, and left received South Bank Pond River entering the sea. The large and Jiang'an inspection offices and Shuangsui Salt Field were located here. Garrison posts were stationed at Heicheng and Songbu. Yueqing: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay eighty li northeast of the prefectural seat. A naval deputy commander was stationed here. To the north stood Mount Yandang. To the east stood Mount Yaoxiao. To the west stood Mount Zhang'ao; with Shajiao and Huanghua stockades were placed. Huanghua had a pass overlooking the harbor mouth; it was the first gateway. The sea entered from Taiping on the northeast, passed Dajing City, where a mobile detachment commander was stationed. It turned southwest past Huajiao Ford; north it connected with the Dasong garrison post. Farther southwest it passed Puqi to south of the city as the Oujiang mouth. From Mushao Mountain to here was called Yueqing Bay. To the northeast lay Xin Market River; the east source rose at Mount Bailong and the west source at Daiqiu, Chiyan, and Dongping mountains; joining they flowed as Huangshuang Pond Stream. To the north Mei Stream rose at Zuoyuan mountains, flowed as Shidai River, and all entered Wanqiao Harbor to reach the sea. To the east lay Furong River, dividing from Changshe Ridge and West Zhong'ao Forty-Nine Pan Ridge and joining as Qing River; north it connected with the Cai'ao garrison post and south with the Guangyan garrison post. Farther northeast Bai Stream rose at the eastern foothills of Yandang, passed Lingyan, and flowed as Jingming Stream. To the northeast Pu Stream had two sources; one rose at Shimen Pool and joined South and North Ge waters; one rose at Jing Pool and joined Tongyang Pass and Menling waters; pooling at Shuizhang, all entered the sea. The city river was East Stream, rising from mountains northeast of the county seat. On the left branch rivers issued, all connecting with West City River. The river was West Stream, passing Xiamaqiao, meeting East Stream to form the Grand Canal, and southwest entering Guantou River. East it passed Panshi, where the brigade commander and inspection office were stationed. South it connected with the Tianfei garrison post; facing Longwan it was the second gateway. Farther east to Baisha Ridge it entered the sea. From here it passed the Caotian garrison post to Qitou Mountain, which was the harbor mouth. Guantou Market Town and Lingdian Post were located here. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Dajing City. The Changlin Salt Field was located here. East Gate, Xishan Ridge, Zhen'ou, and Qitou batteries were located here. Pingyang: strategically important and populous. It lay one hundred thirty li south of the prefectural seat. A naval deputy commander was stationed here. To the west stood Mount Yandang; facing Yueqing it was called South Yandang. To its east lay Jiaoxi, Tianjingyang, and Chiyan mountains. To the southwest lay Fenshui Ridge; springs rose at Longshang, dividing east and west to mark the boundary between Fujian and Zhe. The sea entered from Ruian on the northeast, passed Shayuan City, south passed Aojiang mouth, farther south passed Jinxiang Camp, and northeast connected with the Pachao garrison post. Farther south lay Dahu Harbor mouth; Guanshan Isle guarded it, dividing north and south water channels. To the southwest lay Aojiang, anciently called Shiyang River. South Harbor had two sources: one Ping water and one Zao Stream; they divided into East and West streams. North Harbor had two sources: one Shun Stream and one Mei Stream; the two harbors met west of Xiaojiadu, joined, and passed below Luoyuan Mountain as Hengyang River. It passed Qianchang Market Town as Qianchang River. Farther east it joined East Pond River and reached the Mocheng garrison post to enter the sea. The city river divided from Piyan Ridge and other mountains southwest of the city, entered the city as Belt Water, pooled at Kangyun Bridge; one issued from East Gate to enter the sea and one from North Gate as North City Grand Canal. Its Jiayu Bridge River lay below South Jiayu; below it pooled south city waters and divided in two: one West Pond River and one East Pond River, each tending to enter the sea. South Grand Canal rose at Southeast Jinshi Mountain and joined Zhijie River; Chixi rose at Southwest Fanshan and all entered it. There were two market towns: Xiankou and Qianchang. The Pumen Inspection Office was stationed here. The Tianfu Salt Field was located here. The Xiayang batteries were located here. Taishun: administratively simple. It lay one hundred thirty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Feilong. To the south stood Mount Shiling. To the west lay Shuanggang Ridge. Xianju Stream rose from northwest mountains and passed Hongkou Ford; Hong Stream met Ge Stream to discharge into it; anciently it was called Yu Stream. It flowed northeast and received Sancha Stream on the left, entering from Jingning on the northeast and meeting Zuo Stream. Farther northeast it joined Jugang Stream on the right and received Qingtian Lower Zhaikou Stream on the left; anciently it was called Long Stream. North of it Taiping Stream rose at Shangzhuang, passed through the city moat, issued from the south gate, joined Bai Stream, diverged and re-entered, followed the border to Chishuikeng mouth, and met Shuanggang Stream. The stream entered from Shouning, passed Wubu, joined Tangping water, passed Shizhu Isle, joined surrounding waters, reached Jiaoxi Village, met four streams and Shiyang and Guifu streams, and with Xiapu and Fu'an in Fujian formed a boundary river. There were the Ouxi First, Fenshui, Guifeng, and Wulingtou south of the market town passes, and Pailing, Niutou upper and lower Pai, Longyan Ridge, and Fenshui Pai passes. There were two market towns: Chicun and Sankui. An inspection office was stationed here. Garrison posts were stationed at Duntou Pass, Wujiadun, Yanggang, and Houjie. Yuhuan Subprefecture: administratively simple. It lay two hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. A deputy commander and subprefect were stationed here. Kanmen and Diaocao inlets were strategically critical. East of Diaocao lay Yingbu Inlet. North Cheshoutou and northeast Mushao Mountain faced each other obliquely; between them lay Zhanoutou Harbor; east it connected with Lingmen Harbor; outside lay Hucha, Jiguan, and Yang isles. Southeast to Lumen. East of offshore Hucha lay Pishan. North of the outer sea was Baima Mouth; east of the mouth lay Shajiao, Dengtai, and Maocao mountains. To the west lay Huayan Harbor. Northwest it connected with the Hou [text damaged]jiao garrison post. Beyond this lay Xuanmen, where two mountains pressed close and a single stream flowed between; the route was most perilous. To its west stood Fenshui Mountain; to the north Taisan. East of Fenshui lay Chumen Harbor; south Wuyang Harbor; west it connected with Puqi Harbor. Farther south lay West Qing Isle and Wuyan. To the north lay Da Qing and Xiao Qing. Westward lay Maoxian Mountain. Also West River [text damaged]ting Mountain. To its south lay Da Wu and Xiao Wu. Farther south lay Lian Isle. To the southwest lay Da Gate and Xiao Door. Southeastward lay Huangda'ao; within were layered mountains. West of Huangda'ao and north of the layered mountains, in the middle lay Tianmen. Farther southeast lay Zhuangyuan Inlet, forming Sanpan Mountain. To the northeast stood Luqi Mountain. Northwest to Dayantou. Farther north it connected with the Liangwan garrison post; southeast lay Huangmen. East of the gate stood Nanpai Mountain. North lay Jiaochang Inlet and Li Inlet. Jin'ao Stockade Market Town, the Yuhuan Inspection Office, and Sheyu Battery were located here. Chuzhou Prefecture. Chuzhou Prefecture: administratively simple. It was subordinate to the Wen-Chu Circuit. A regional commander and guard garrison commander were stationed here. It lay one thousand ninety-eight li north from the provincial capital. It measured four hundred ninety li in width and four hundred ten li in length. Its north pole height was twenty-eight degrees twenty-five minutes. From the capital it lay three degrees twenty-five minutes east. It administered ten counties. Lishui: administratively simple. Attached to the prefectural seat. A brigade commander was stationed here. In Daoguang 28 it was changed to a garrison commander. To the east stood Yinchang Mountain and Yangmei Hill. To the north stood Mount Liyang, for which the county was named. Da Stream entered from Yunhe on the southwest; on the left it received Songyin Stream, entering from Songyang on the west to meet, forming Dagangtou. Farther east it joined Songruan water, forming Guo Stream. Farther east it joined Tongji Canal, turned north, and left received Quan Stream. Entering from Xuanping on the northwest, it joined Xi'an Stream to meet. Northwest Jigou Stream received Xuanping Xiao Stream; this formed Sangan Harbor. It passed Xikou, joined Liyang water, and circled south of the city as Huixi. Farther east it received Hao Stream on the left, entering from Jinyun on the northeast and joining Yan Stream to discharge into it. There were two market towns: Baoding; at Bihu an assistant magistrate was stationed. Garrison posts were stationed at Shiba Du, Penghao Ridge, Zaoruan, Kutou, Quejinguan, and Shaxi. Baoding Market Town was located here. Kuocang Post was stationed here. Qingtian: administratively simple. It lay one hundred fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north stood Mount Qingtian, for which the county was named, also called Mount Dahe; a Daoist text calls it "the Thirty-Sixth Grotto-Heaven." To the west stood Mount Shimen; "the Thirty-Seventh Grotto-Heaven." To the south stood Mount Fang. Da Stream rose at southwest Mount Longxu; upstream it received Huixi; entering from Lishui on the northwest it joined Hai Stream, Zhi Stream, Zhongkeng, and Shiteng waters. Farther southeast it received Xiao Stream on the right; its upper reach was Shan Stream, entering from Jingning, flowing as Huansha Stream, then flowing as Shuang Stream to meet. On the left it joined Shi Stream, southwest of the city. It turned east, joined Gu Stream, and entered Yongjia as the Oujiang. To the southwest Wuxi Stream rose at Puxie Ridge; its lower reach was Lower Zhaikou Stream. Farther south Nantian Pit water rose at Mount Tianma, entered Ruian, and its lower reach was Sixi. Da Stream had seventy-two rapids; of these thirty-three were in Qingtian. At Huang [text damaged]dan Market Town an assistant magistrate was stationed. Zhitian Post was stationed here; Huang [text damaged]dan and Danyang had defunct inspection offices. Jinyun: administratively simple. It lay ninety li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Kuocang. To the southwest lay Fenggong Ridge, anciently Taozhi Ridge; on it was Taohua Pass. Hao Stream rose at East Dapan Mountain, passed Damin as Jiuqu Stream, joined Huangtan and Chuanchuan waters, passed Lengshui Sangan Harbor, joined Qiuli Stream, and on the right received Ling Stream entering from Yongkang on the north to join. Farther southwest it joined Tang and Chi streams, issued from Xianmu Bridge, joined Guan Stream, passed Daishi, met Fang Stream, and passed south of the city. On the left it joined Jingkeng water and on the right Zhen Stream, forming South Harbor Stream. Farther west it entered Lishui and downstream reached Wenzhou to enter the sea. North of it South Harbor Stream rose at Mount Xuefeng, joined Jianyang Stream, passed north of the county, and gathered Mei and Gui streams. Farther north was Huangbi Stream, entering Yongkang; downstream it met Lanxi to enter Zhejiang. To the southwest Yan Stream rose at Shamou Ridge, joined Fang Stream, and also entered Lishui. Also Long Stream rose at Fenshui, upstream receiving Xianju Anxian Stream; its lower reach was Jinkeng water. Danfeng Post was stationed here. Songyang: administratively simple. It lay one hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Ruo. To the south stood Mount Baifeng and Mount Jianshan. To the north lay Zhu [text damaged]ke Ridge, steep and narrow. Songyin Stream entered from Suichang on the northwest, joined East Lake mountain waters, passed below Maoyou Mountain, joined Fei Stream and Lun Stream, passed Qinglong Weir, received Dazhu Stream on the right, divided southwest from Xiangru and Yuyan mountains meeting as Xiachuan, joined Nandai and Yadai waters as Zhong'ao River, also joined Xiaozhu Stream, and three streams came to meet. Farther southeast it received Zhu [text damaged]ke Stream on the right; the north branch entered Xuanping and the south branch joined Songyin, passed west of the city, and joined Xunju Stream. Farther southeast it joined Gehu and Shicang sources, met Yu Stream and Xiao Cha Stream, and entered Lishui. East Baian Stream rose at Mount Tongxiang. Old Seat Market Town was located here. In Qianlong 28 the garrison post was moved here. Suichang: administratively simple. It lay one hundred eighty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Junzi. To the east stood Mount Yingong. To the west stood Mount Yi and Mount Hushan. To the north stood Mount Duigu and Jinshi Cliff. To the south lay Guiyi Ridge; Qian Stream issued forth; the south branch entered Longquan and the north branch passed south of the city, issued from East Gate Bridge, met the upper reach of Hou Stream, Zhe Stream, flowed east gathering Meishan two waters, and formed Shuang Stream. Farther east it was Hang River. West of it Cai Stream's upper reach was Zhu Stream; entering from Longquan on the southwest it joined Bilong source, issued from Hongji Bridge, joined Guanchuan forming Zhong Stream. It passed Zhougong Village; on the left it received East River, upstream receiving Pucheng Gunwang water from Fujian to discharge into it. It reached Longbitou Pass; on the right it issued a branch channel as Suo Stream, the upper reach of Zhe Stream. The main channel entered Xi'an as Wuxi Harbor. North Guan Stream rose at Qinyun Ridge; on the right it received Mawu source, issuing from Tangxi border Yin Ridge, entering as Tao Stream, joining Bai water source; its lower reach was Lingshan Harbor. There were Gaoping and Guantang passes. Longquan: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay two hundred forty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Yuzhang. Also Mount Liuhua; below lay Liutian; the soil suited pottery; there were Wuxi and Qingxi kilns; today it is called Longquan Kiln. To the north lay Huanghe Ridge. Da Stream entered from Qingyuan on the southwest as Qin Stream, joined Xiaomei Stream, diverged into Qingyuan and re-entered, and met Shan Stream. It passed Chatian Market; farther northeast to Dutian Shoal Jiang Stream joined Sang Stream to meet. It joined Yuzhang River, passed South Dayang Village, and was dammed as Sword Pool Lake. It issued from Piyun Bridge and joined Jin River. It passed south of the city; midstream it was blocked by Chazhou, divided, and rejoined. On the right it joined Dagui Stream and on the left Tie Shao Stream and flowed northeast. On the right it received Baiyan Stream; its upper reach was Qian Stream, entering from Suichang on the northwest to join. Farther northeast it joined Daotai and Anren streams, diverging and re-entering twice. To its southwest Zhu Stream entered from Pucheng in Fujian and northeast entered Suichang. Its lower reach was Cai Stream; Bilong source also entered from that county. One stream rose at South Jiuji Mountain and southeast entered Jingning. At Anren Village an assistant magistrate was stationed. The Chatian office was defunct. Garrison posts were stationed at Wudu and Yangcun. Qingyuan: administratively simple. It lay four hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Chituan Ridge. To the east stood Mount Jiutai. To the northwest stood Mantou Mountain; Qin Stream rose there; its lower reach was Da Stream. Shan Stream rose at East Yuantou Mountain; Xiaomei Stream at North Da'ao Ridge; all entered Longquan. To the northeast stood Qian'gao Mountain; Nanyang Stream rose there. To the southeast stood Jiguan Mountain; Yutou Stream rose there; all entered Jingning. To its east stood Guangshi Mountain; Gaizhu Stream rose there, joined Mengzhou Stream and Jiaojian water, and passed north of the city as Da Stream. On the left it joined Zhukeng Stream and on the right Jiaokeng Stream and passed Badu Market Town. On the right it received Yunzhou Stream, entering from Zhenghe in Fujian on the southwest to join; this was Cha Stream, following Jilan west into Songxi in Fujian. To its northwest Zhukou Stream rose at Leifeng Mountain, joined Xiaji and Xinyao streams, and all entered it. Juxi Stream rose at southeast Tangyin Mountain and entered Zhenghe. A garrison post was stationed here. Fushi and Daze passes were located here. Yunhe: administratively simple. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Bailong. To the north stood Mount Niutou. To the south stood Mount Qianxi; two mountains rose steeply and the terrain was strategically critical. To the west stood Mount Yan. To the north stood Stone Mirror Cliff; Da Stream passed south of it, entering from Longquan, diverging and re-entering; on the right it joined Wushen source and on the left Ma and Mei pools; it diverged again, entering from Qiechuan mouth, joining Qiechuan and Zhukeng and Wulong pit waters, turned southeast, and met Fuyun Stream. The stream rose at southwest Huangzhan Pit, joined Zhuyuan water, issued from Liji Bridge; Wuxi Stream joined Xin Stream to discharge into it. It circled the city east; on the right it joined Huang Stream and on the left Shuang Stream, forming Ge Stream. It also joined various pit waters, forming Gui Stream, and entered Lishui. Fengyuan water rose at southwest Fengyuan Mountain and entered Jingning. Xuanping: administratively simple. It lay one hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Daishi. To the south stood Mount Yugao. To the west lay Zhukha Ridge. Shuang Stream had two sources: the east source divided from Longfan Ridge, above Tan and Xiaofei meeting below Gang Mountain as East Stream, also called Wu Stream; The west source rose at Longkeng Mountain, joined Xinjin Stream, and was called West Stream, also called Shen Stream. The two sources pooled at Green Rock Pool. It flowed southeast, received Songyang Zhu [text damaged]ke Stream, and farther southeast on the right received Oujian water; its upper reach was Ri Stream, entering from Wuyi on the east to join. On the left it joined Shipu water; farther southeast on the right it received Songyang Baishi Stream and entered Lishui as Quan Stream. To the north Mei Stream rose at Huangtang Mountain and flowed east into Wuyi. Five garrison posts were stationed at Zhu [text damaged]ke, Yuyan Mountain, Taocun, Heshangtian, and Shihetou. Jingning: administratively simple. It lay one hundred forty li south of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Luodai. To the southwest stood Mount Zhi. To the north lay Xintian Ridge. The upper reach of Shan Stream was Nanyang Stream, entering from Qingyuan on the west; on the left it received Yingchuan, also called Dingdu Stream; its upper reach one stream entered from Longquan on the west to meet; it flowed southeast, joined Biao Stream, passed Xinting Village, received Fengyuan water on the right entering from Yunhe on the northwest to meet, turned northeast, received Hemuy Stream on the right, and met Chen Stream entering it. Farther on it joined large and small Shunkeng waters and entered Qingtian as Xiao Stream. To the south Baihe Stream rose at Lishu Ridge; its lower reach was Sancha Stream. Longshou, Longhui, and Bailu passes were located here.