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卷65 志四十 地理十二 浙江

Volume 65 Treatises 40: Geography 12, Zhe Jiang

Chapter 65 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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Zhejiang. Zhejiang lay within the Yangzhou region described in the Yu Gong. Under the Ming, a provincial administration commission was established. In the early Qing it became Zhejiang Province, with a provincial governor appointed, while Fujian received a governor-general. The governor-general also exercised jurisdiction over Zhejiang. The post was based at Fuzhou. In Shunzhi 15 (1658), a separate Zhejiang governor-general was created. The office was first stationed at Wenzhou. In Kangxi 1 (1662) it was moved to Hangzhou. In Kangxi 8 (1669) the post was abolished, then soon restored. In Kangxi 25 (1686) it was abolished again, and Zhejiang reverted to the previous arrangement of joint jurisdiction from Fujian. In Yongzheng 5 (1727), the provincial governor was elevated to governor-general. In Yongzheng 12 (1734), the office reverted to provincial governor. In Qianlong 1 (1736), the Zhejiang governor-general was restored. In Qianlong 3 (1738) the post was reorganized as the Fujian-Zhejiang governor-general, which thereafter remained the standard arrangement. In Shunzhi 5 (1648), the banner general Jin Kan was dispatched to garrison Hangzhou, bearing the seal of the Pacification of the South general. In the early Kangxi reign the post was retitled general; the governor-general remained at Fuzhou, while the general and provincial governor were stationed at Hangzhou. In Kangxi 36 (1697), Dinghai County was established on Zhoushan, and the former county seat was reorganized as Zhenhai. In Yongzheng 6 (1728), the Wen-Tai Yuhuan subprefecture was added. In Daoguang 21 (1841), Dinghai was promoted to a directly administered subprefecture. In Qianlong 38 (1773), Haining County was promoted to a prefecture, and Anji Prefecture was demoted to a county. The province comprised eleven prefectures, one directly administered subprefecture, one autonomous prefecture, one subprefecture, and seventy-five counties. On the east, to Mount Putuo in the sea; a distance of four hundred ninety li. On the west, to the border of She County, Anhui; a distance of three hundred seventy li. On the south, to the border of Shouning, Fujian; a distance of seven hundred eighty-four li. On the north, to the border of Wu County, Jiangsu. A distance of two hundred li. It measured eight hundred eighty li from east to west and one thousand two hundred eighty li from north to south. North polar altitude ranged from 27°35′ to 30°58′. Longitude east of the capital ranged from 1°55′ to 5°40′. In Xuantong 3 (1911), registered households totaled 3,888,311 and population 16,149,405. Its notable mountains were Kuaiji, Tianmu, Siming, Tiantai, Kuocang, and Jinhua. Its major rivers were the Zhe River, the Puyang River, and the Tiao Creek. Tianmu rises in flight from Yuhang and forms one of the three Tiandu peaks associated with Mount Huang. Hang-Jia-Hu Circuit. Hangzhou Prefecture. Hangzhou Prefecture: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the Hang-Jia-Hu Circuit. The circuit was first administered from Jiaxing Prefecture; the seat was later moved here. The provincial governor, commissioners of civil administration, foreign affairs, education, judicial administration, and salt transport, the intendancies of grain storage, police, and industrial promotion, together with the garrison general, deputy lieutenant-general, and imperial textile office, were all based here. Under the Ming it formed the Zhejiang provincial administration commission, governing nine counties. In the early Shunzhi reign the Ming arrangement was retained. In Qianlong 38 (1773), Haining County was promoted to a prefecture. It lay four thousand two hundred li northeast of the capital. It measured one hundred ninety-five li from east to west and one hundred thirty li from north to south. North polar altitude was 30°17′. Longitude east of the capital was 3°39′. It governed one prefecture and eight counties. Qiantang: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the west stood Mount Lingyin, the ancient Mount Wulin, from which West Lake drew its waters. To the north lay the Northern and Southern Twin Peaks. To the southwest stood Mount Tianzhu; east of it rose Mount Dingjia. The lake shore measured thirty li in circumference. Tang prefect Bai Juyi and Song magistrate Su Shi had dredged and regulated it. Later the waters grew shallow and duckweed spread across the surface; the Su Causeway ran lengthwise and the Bai Causeway crosswise. Westward lay Solitary Hill, site of an imperial traveling palace, paired with Mount Wu inside the city walls. To the north, Shengtang Stream passed through three stone sluice gates that regulated seasonal discharge. To the east, the Yongjin Sluice channeled water into the city as the City River. The Zhe River, the ancient Zhe River, entered from the southeast at Fuyang. The City River issued from Wulin Gate, joined the West Stream to enter the Lower Embankment River—also called the Official Embankment River—and passed Jiangzhang Bridge. A salt-field office was stationed here, also overseeing Wushan Post Station. Beyond Beixin Pass stood the Gongchen Bridge. In Guangxu 21 (1895), under the treaty with Japan, it was designated a treaty port. The river reached Fengkou Steep Gate. On the left it received the Tiao Creek. The county had the market towns of Xixi and Pingyao. In Xuantong 1 (1909), the prefectural sub-prefect was relocated to Pingyao. Wulin Post Station was located here. A salt-field office stood south of the city. Zhe River Post Station. Renhe: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Fenghuang. To the northwest stood Mount Gaoting. The Zhe River entered from the southwest through Xiaoshan and Qiantang and flowed northeast to the sea. The stone seawall extended from the first bastion at Wulong Temple in Qiantang to the twelfth bastion at Qijing Village, administered by the western defense sub-prefect. Farther east to the seventeenth bastion at Wengjiabu, administered by the central defense sub-prefect. The City River issued from Houchao Gate into the Upper Embankment River—formerly the Grand Canal, also called the Jiaguan River—which flowed north; a branch on the right became the Reserve Embankment River and entered Haining. The Lower Embankment River entered from Qiantang on the west; its northwest-flowing branch, the Official Embankment River, joined the Tiao Creek. Its north-flowing branch, the newly opened Grand Canal, passed Tangqi and split in two—one branch entering Deqing, the other Haining. The Tiao Creek followed the northwestern border from Qiantang into Deqing and Wukang, serving as a boundary river. A salt-field office was stationed here. Patrol offices were stationed at Tang Town and Tangqi Town. The county also had the market towns of Desheng and Linping. Haining Prefecture: fiscally strained, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Huangwan, facing Huangwan Creek where it entered Mount Shidun; farther east lay Mount Fenghuang, all fortified with batteries. The Zhe River entered from the southwest at Renhe and issued through Biezi Inlet into the open sea. From Haiyan to this point, tidal surges backed up against the river current; here lay the foremost gateway of western Zhejiang, pinched between the two great inlets to north and south. The tide had once run southward but later shifted northward, and the narrow embankment suffered repeated battering. From the seventeenth bastion in Renhe to the thirty-third bastion outside the south gate, administered by the eastern defense sub-prefect. From the first to the eighteenth bastion on the Haiyan border, the works had been maintained through successive reigns. The Lower Embankment River entered from the northwest at the Shimen–Deqing border, passed Yong'an Bridge, and divided in two. The northern branch formed the Grand Canal, entering Shimen as the Chang'an Embankment. The eastern branch split again into the Zhouwang Temple Embankment River and the Xugong Embankment River, both entering Haiyan. A branch on the left became the Xiashi River, forming a boundary with Haiyan and Tongxiang. The Upper Embankment River entered from Renhe as the Twenty-five-li Embankment River, joined the Reserve Embankment River and the Yuanhua Embankment River, entered Haiyan, and became Zhaobao Embankment. The prefecture had the market towns of Yuanhua, Guodian, Xiashi, Shidun, Chang'an, and Mamugang. The prefectural judge was stationed at Chang'an. Daijia Bridge had an imperial traveling palace and a garrison post. A patrol office was stationed here. There were two salt fields, at Xucun and Xilu. Fuyang: strategically important and populous. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the east: the Wuxie Waters. The lower two falls belonged to Zhuji. The name was sometimes written with an alternate character; Xie Stream rose here. To the west stood Mount Bei. To the north lay Tong Ridge. The Fuchun River—the upper Zhe—entered from the southwest at Tonglu and received the Pujiang. Hufu Water is the Huyuan River, which joined Yanpu on the right and received Xianpu on the left; it ran underground from Mount Tianmu and first surfaced in the county's northwest. Breaking out and sinking back underground in turn, it became Baiyang Stream, passed south of the city wall, joined the Anwu River, and reached Yushan Bank, where it flowed north into Qiantang and south into Xiaoshan. The City River was the Qingchun River, running from Mount Guan to Xianpu. There were two sluice gates. The county had the market towns of Yushan, Lingqiao, Changkou, Tangjia, and Yangbochang. Huijiang Post was stationed here. Yuhang: populous and difficult to govern. It lay seventy li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Youquan. To the northwest stood Mount Yuhang. To the north lay Dusong Ridge, which with Baizhang and You ridges formed the Three Passes. The Southern and Middle Tiao Creeks entered separately from Lin'an on the west and merged, joining the Northern Tiao Creek to form the Pingyao Great River. Another branch entered from Kongjing Mountain on the Wukang border. The Southern Tiao ran fierce and pressed against the city's east; two diversion sluices were built to channel it, and from the Rolling Dam it discharged as the Yuhang Embankment River. South of it lay South Lake; flowing north it became Huangmu Harbor, joined the Tiao Creek, and split into Upper and Lower Lakes. There were three market towns: Shuangxi, Shilai, and Xianlin. Lin'an: administratively simple. It lay one hundred li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Lin'an, which gave the county its name. To the west lay Maple Ridge. Mount Tianmu—the Floating Jade Mountain of the Classic of Mountains and Seas—sent forth Tiao Water from its northern slope, which joined the Dong, Ping, and Hu streams. Flowing southeast, it joined Pan Stream on the right and Mapao Spring on the left; skirting the north of the city and running east, Jin Stream and South Stream merged into it. Flowing east it became the Southern Tiao Creek; flowing northwest, the Middle Tiao Creek. Song Stream rose at South Huang Ridge; west of it, Loutang occupied a strategically important position on the Tiao River but collapsed in Qianlong 5. The county had the market towns of Qingshan, Tingchuan, Banqiao, Hualong, Hengban, Sankou, and Heshan. Qingshan lay close to the county seat. Mount Gong and Mount Lao pinched the source of the Tiao between them—the most perilous point in the region. Yuqian: administratively simple. It lay one hundred seventy li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Shizhu. To the northwest lay Longxiang Ridge. To the west rose Tianmu, with two pools on its summit like a pair of eyes. The stream on the left, belonging to Lin'an, was called East Creek and that on the right West Creek; issuing from the pointed summit they merged, passed Shuangxikou at Baihe Bridge, and joining Yu Stream became Fu Stream. At Liaoche Bridge it joined Zao Stream on the left and Jiao Stream on the right. The Zi Stream entered from Changhua on the southwest and merged with it. Its upper reach was Liu Stream. The county had the passes of Qianqiu, Baisha, Tongling, Haoqian, and Kongfu. Xincheng: administratively simple. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west stood Mount Dalei. To the northwest lay Qingniu Ridge. Both were foothills of Tianmu. To the south lay Baizhang Ridge, on the border with Yuhang. Ge Stream rose and joined the Wuyuan and Liren rivers, issued at Dayuan Bridge, joined Chang Stream on the right and received Cha Stream on the left; its upper course took in the Fenshui Guangling Stream at Sanxikou, passed Liantouzhuang as Liantou Stream, and joining Song Stream at Shuanggangkou became the Tuo River. Tashan Dam lay to the north. The county had Dong'an Market Town. Changhua: administratively simple. It lay two hundred ten li west of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Fuquan; east of it lay Lu Ridge. To the south lay Yang Ridge. To the west lay Yu Ridge. To the north lay Qiao Ridge and Huanghua Ridge. Passes were established on all of them. At Matou Ridge, Shang Stream rose, joined Gao Stream and Renli Stream, and flowing east became Wuta Stream. It joined Yun Stream, received Jiakou Stream on the right, passed beneath Mount Wan as Xiwan Stream, and skirting the south of the city became Shuang Stream. Farther south it became Xiayuan Stream and San Stream. Qie Stream ran at Nanxia River; Shangbo Stream on the southeast received the Fenshui Qingkeng and Lan streams, and on the southwest took in the Xiao and Pu rivers to reach Liu Stream. Ke Xianggong Pool lay within it, forming a boundary river with Yuqian. The county had the market towns of Shouyi, Jiakou, and Keqiao. Jiaxing Prefecture. Jiaxing Prefecture: strategically important, populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to the Hang-Jia-Hu Circuit. A brigade-general was stationed here. In Qianlong 15 the office was abolished and Haining Guard was merged into Jiaxing Prefecture. It lay one hundred eighty li southwest of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred fifty li from east to west and one hundred li from north to south. North polar altitude was 30°52′. Longitude east of the capital was 4°03′. It governed seven counties. Jiaxing: strategically important, populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. Waters within the prefecture fell into two branches, the Wulin and Tianmu lines; the Tianmu branch entered the Grand Canal via Shimen and Xiushui, merging with the Wulin line into one. Changshui Embankment entered from the Tongxiang–Haiyan border on the south and joined Lianpu Embankment. Haiyan Embankment entered from the southeast at Haiyan County, and all converged at South Lake—also called Mandarin Duck Lake—which on the southeast connected with Biao Lake. Liuli Creek took water from South Lake and split in two—the Wei Embankment and the Han Embankment. Joining the Wang Temple, Empty Temple, Zhonghuan, and other embankments, a branch on the left became Wuzi Embankment. The county had the market towns of Wangdian, Xinfeng, Zhongdai, and Xinli. Garrison posts were stationed at Wangdian and Xinfeng. An assistant official was stationed at Xishui Post. A railway ran through the county. Xiushui: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. Established in Ming Xuande 4 by division from Jiaxing, it was attached to the prefectural seat as an outer county. To the southwest the Grand Canal entered from Tongxiang, joined Shiren Creek, sent a branch on the left as Xincheng South Embankment, and passing southwest of the city discharged into South Lake. Xincheng Embankment entered from Zhenze in Jiangsu on the northwest, received Xincheng North Embankment, merged with South Embankment, and passed Beili Bridge. The Changshui and Haiyan embankments entered from Jiaxing on the southeast and discharged here—this was Xiushui, which gave the county its name. Flowing northeast, a branch on the right ran north and backed up into the harbors of Yaojing, Yangshe, Shangma, and others, spreading toward the marshes of Nanguan, Beiguan, Liansi, Meijia, Lujia, and the like before entering Wujiang in Jiangsu. Wei Embankment entered from Jiaxing on the east and flowed into Jiashan. Lan Stream entered from Tongxiang on the northwest and flowed into Zhenze and Wujiang as a boundary river. The sub-prefect was stationed at Wangjiangjing. Sub-prefects and cooperative sub-prefects for the eastern and western embankments had formerly been established; all were abolished. Garrison posts were stationed at Puyuan Market Town, Xincheng, and Jiuli Hui. The county had the market towns of Xincheng and Lumen. Jiashan: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay thirty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Ping. Wei Embankment entered from Xiushui, joined East Outer Lake Embankment, ran through the west city moat, left the east gate as Fengjing Embankment, and entered Lou County in Jiangsu. Wuzi Embankment entered from Jiaxing on the south, ran through the south city moat, left the north gate, and entered Xiangfu Marsh. North of it lay the marshes of Shenjia, Baiyu, Shangbai, and the like; to the northwest were Wupen Pool, Muxie Lake, and Wujia Yang, all discharging into Qingpu in Jiangsu. To the northwest, where Fen Lake's rushing waters converged, they spread into the South and North Xu and South and North Xiamu marshes before entering Wujiang. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Xietang Market Town. The registrar was stationed at Fengjing Market Town. A garrison post was stationed at Tianningzhuang Market Town. The county had the market towns of Wei Embankment, Taozhuang, and Ganjia Kiln. Haiyan: populous and difficult to govern. It lay eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Qinzhu. To the southeast stood White Pagoda. To the northwest stood Mount Du. The sea entered from Pinghu on the northeast, passed the county seat, and continued south to Ganpu. In Daoguang 24 a naval garrison company commander was established. West of it, Mount Changqiang spanned the bay, where a fort was built. The stone seawall linked Haining on the southwest with Pinghu on the northeast. Qinzhu Dock water rose at Mount Qinzhu, split into three branches known collectively as Qin Stream; stretching dozens of li in every direction, it was crossed by the Zhaobao and Wuqiu embankments. Zhaobao Embankment entered from Haining on the southwest; Wuqiu Embankment issued from Changsheng Bridge and merged with it to form Jiaxing Embankment. From east of Jiaxing city it also ran through the city moat, left the north gate as Pinghu Embankment. Changshui Embankment also entered from Haining, ran along the northwest boundary in and out, and served as a boundary river between Jiaxing and Tongxiang. Salt-field offices were stationed at Baolang and Haisha. The county had the market towns of Haikou and Zhendang. A garrison post was stationed here. Shimen: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was called Chongde. It was renamed in Kangxi 1. To the northwest stood Mount Han. The Grand Canal entered from Deqing on the southwest and received the Haining Lower Embankment branch. A branch on the left became Nan Boundary Creek and entered Gui'an; on the right it took in Lower Embankment River and Chang'an Embankment, both entering from Haining on the south. A branch on the left became South Shazhu Embankment and served as a boundary river between Haining and Tongxiang, passing south of the city northward; on the right two branches formed Central-North Shazhu Embankment and then Jin Embankment farther north; Shiren, Guata, and Shamu creeks on the left turned east to loop a bay like a belt—this was Wang Bay. Creeks on the right of the embankment and half the Grand Canal fed the embankment; the left half entered Gui'an via Mount Han. The county had Yuxi Market Town. Zaolin Post was stationed here. Pinghu: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay fifty-four li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Ya; also Mount Kuzhu, where naval warships were moored. Farther east, Mounts Yang and Xu rose steeply from the sea at the Jiangsu-Zhejiang boundary—the third gateway of western Zhejiang. The sea entered from Jinshan Guard in Jiangsu on the southeast and passed west through Zhapu. In Yongzheng 2 a naval garrison was established; in Yongzheng 7 the Hangzhou deputy lieutenant-general was relocated here. In Daoguang 3 the prefectural coastal-defense sub-prefect was also relocated here. There were eastern and western sea mouths; to the north they connected with the Guangchen garrison post. From here one entered Ganpu to reach Hangzhou—the north bank of the Qiantang estuary, known to Westerners as Zhapu Bay. Han Embankment entered from Jiaxing on the west, divided, and discharged into Dang Lake. On the right it received Pinghu Embankment entering from Haiyan on the southwest and merging with it. On the left it received Zhapu Embankment from Front Yellow Hill on the southeast, merged with He-Chen Embankment, and fed in. Flowing northeast it split in two, then reunited and entered Mao Lake at a mouth called Zhudong Harbor. One garrison post was stationed here. Guangchen Embankment sent a branch on the right as Salt-Boat River and another at Fang Harbor as Qin River into Mao Lake, with the main channel entering as well. The county had five market towns: Baimen, Guangchen, Hupu, Xindai, and Qingliansi. A patrol office was stationed at Baishawan. There were two salt fields, at Luli and Hengpu. Tianhou Palace, Guanshan Foot, and Chenshanzui Fort were located here. Tongxiang: populous and difficult to govern. It lay fifty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Shu. To the south stood Mount Wangjia. The Grand Canal entered from Shimen on the southwest; branches entered the Zhenze boundary as Lan Stream; the main channel passed Yongxin Bridge and split three ways—south into Yongxin Harbor to Shiren Creek, north into Wuwang Creek and Lan Stream, and east into Xiushui. Shiren Creek also entered from Shimen, merged with Guata Creek and North Shazhu Embankment, passed Tudian, and joined Shamu Creek again. South Shazhu Embankment also entered from Shimen, merged with Central Shazhu Embankment, and flowed into Haining. Changshui Embankment from Haining and Haiyan ran along the southeast boundary as a boundary river between Haiyan and Jiaxing. The county had the market towns of Puyuan, Luzhen, Zaolin, and Chenzhuang, and a patrol office at Qingdun. Huzhou Prefecture. Huzhou Prefecture: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to the Hang-Jia-Hu Circuit. In the Ming it governed one department and five counties. A brigade-general and garrison thousand-commander were stationed here. In Qianlong 38 Anji was converted to a county. It lay one hundred eighty li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred eighty-two li from east to west and one hundred thirty-eight li from north to south. North polar altitude was 30°52′. Longitude east of the capital was 3°27′. It governed seven counties. Wucheng: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Heng and Mount Jingai. To the northwest stood Mount Bian. Tai Lake lay eighty li to the northeast—the ancient Zhenze, five hundred li in circumference, gathering waters from upstream. Great and Little Lei Mountains guarded its east; it stretched west to Changxing and north to Little Lei, where it bordered Wujiang. The Zhejiang headwaters divided into the Eastern and Western Tiao streams. Eastern Tiao Stream entered from Gui'an on the southeast, merged with Xitang River, and discharged into Bilang Lake. Shantang Stream from the same county also discharged into it. Joining Miaoxi Harbor, it received Lushan Embankment on the left entering from Changxing on the northwest and merging with it. A branch on the left became North Embankment River, backing up into twenty-five harbor inlets. Western Tiao Stream also entered from Changxing and merged with Si'an Stream. Branches on the left at Xiaomei Harbor and Heng Harbor backed up into eleven harbor inlets. The main channel merged with Eastern Tiao to form Jiang Isle; gathering at Daqian Harbor it entered Tai Lake, with all thirty-six harbor inlets discharging into it. To its east the Grand Canal entered from Gui'an, merged with Xun Stream, and entered Zhenze. Lan Stream ran along the Gui'an-Tongxiang boundary; a branch on the left became Baimi Embankment River, receiving Gui'an Central Embankment River and feeding in. The Tai Lake garrison commandant was stationed here; sub-prefects were at Wuzhen and Nanxun Creek; and garrison posts were stationed at Shenghe, Daqian, Mayao, Yuantong Bridge, Xiaomei, Qingshan, and Wupu. There were patrol offices at Nanxun and Daqian Lake Mouth. Tiaoxi Post was stationed here. Gui'an: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Changchao. To the southwest stood Mount Meifeng. To the northeast lay Tai Lake. Eastern Tiao Stream entered from Deqing on the southeast; a branch on the left became Wuxing Embankment, receiving Shimen Mount Han Embankment and discharging into Qianshan Yang. Xitang River entered from Wukang on the south; Luoshe Yang crossed Dai Creek and fed in, merging with Eastern Tiao. South of the city, Lushan Embankment fed in from Wucheng on the west; a branch on the right became Caihua Creek and spread as the Grand Canal, following Moon River as Zha Stream to Linhu Water Gate. From Qianshan Yang to this point it served as a boundary river with Wucheng. The garrison commandant was stationed at Shuangling Market Town. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Shecungang Market Town; The registrar was stationed at Linghu Market Town. Garrison posts were also stationed at Hanshan and Shanlian. There were patrol offices at Lianshi and Daixi. Changxing: strategically important and populous. It lay sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the west stood Mount Baishi. To the northwest stood Mount Jieshi. To the north stood Zhuomu Ridge, on the border with Jingxi in Jiangsu. To the northeast lay Tai Lake. Great and Little Lei entered from Anji on the southwest; to their west Si'an Stream rose at Zhuwan Ridge and merged with Yanhua Stream. The two sources of Ruoxi in the northwest joined at Chang'an Ford, hence the name Hexi. A branch on the right of Yanhua Stream became Lushan Embankment and split in two: one branch, Central Cross Embankment, entered Wucheng; The other, South Cross Embankment, entered North Cross Embankment. The main channel passed Hengshi Bridge and merged with North Cross Embankment. To its north Guzhu Stream rose at Xuanjiu Ridge, flowed as Zihua Brook, pooled at Baoyang Lake, and split into twenty-eight harbor inlets south to Caipu, where it connected with Wucheng's Xiaomei Harbor, and west to Jiapu—the headwaters of Guzhu Stream. Heng Stream rose at Northeast Hengyu Mountain and backed up into four harbors: Changda, Shangzhou, Jiangjia, and Jincun. Water from Xiangshan Ridge pooled at Shuangqiao Harbor and water from Fuzhu Ridge at Siqi Harbor; both entered Tai Lake. The county had six market towns. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Jiapu. Patrol offices were stationed at Si'an and Hexi. A garrison post was also stationed at Xintang. Deqing: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay ninety li south of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Deqing, formerly Mount Wu, from which the county took its name. To the northeast stood Mount Gan. To the northwest stood Mount Baixian. Tiao Stream entered from Renhe on the south, received Wukang South Embankment River, passed South Water Gate, and was called Gui Stream. A branch on the left entered Luoshe Yang as a boundary river between Gui'an and Wukang. The main channel ran through the city moat northwest; Eastern Tiao Stream sent a branch of the Grand Canal into it. Dongtang River; its Grand Canal branch also entered from Renhe, running in and out along the southeast boundary. A patrol office was stationed at Qianshi Market Town. Wukang: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred twenty li south of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Feng. To the northwest lay Caogan. Mount Tongxian was also the northern source of Yuying Stream; the southern source rose at Xishishanglang Mountain, gathered at Paitou, passed Xintang Shoal as Front Stream, and merged with Xiang Stream and Rear Stream. Its branch ran east along the south of the city; on the left it took the old course of Feng Stream, then northeast merged with Fu Stream; a branch on the left discharged into Luoshe Yang. Tiao Stream entered from Qiantang, ran along the southeast boundary and merged with Guantang River, flowing north as Yubu Stream. The county had two market towns: Paitou and Shangbai. Anji: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred thirty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was a department. It was demoted in Qianlong 38. To the southeast stood Mount Baiyang. To the north stood Mount Jinwu, on the border with Changxing. To the southeast stood Dusong Ridge, on the border with Yuhang. Eastern Stream rose at Daxi—that is, Tiao Stream—entering from Xiaofeng on the southwest and passing Tatan. Eastern Stream merged with Meiyuan Stream, then also received Xiaofeng's Fengshi and Wuzhu streams. East of the city it merged with Dingbu Harbor water and flowed north; on the left it joined Li Stream, on the right Lujia Stream, passing Meixi. Hunshui Ditch from Xiaofeng also discharged into it; farther north it merged with Sigong Stream. Garrison posts were stationed at Xiaoxi Market, Meixi Market Town, and Dipu Market Town. In Qianlong 17 the prefectural judge was relocated to Nanxi. Xiaofeng: administratively simple. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Tianmu, on the border with Lin'an and Yuqian. Also nearby stood Mount Taohua. To the south stood Mount Guangtao, where Tiao Stream rose and merged with Shen Stream and Heng Stream. To its east was Dahai Ridge, where Dongbin Stream rose and flowed down as Wuzhu Stream; farther east at Shiling Ridge, Daxi rose and flowed down as Fengshi Stream. Meijiashan Stream rose at North Meijiashan Mountain and flowed down as Hunshui Ditch. A patrol office was stationed at Mount Tianmu. Yanggan Market Town was located here. Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit. Ningbo Prefecture. Ningbo Prefecture: strategically important and populous. It was the seat of the Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit. A provincial military commander was stationed here. In Kangxi 26 Dinghai was renamed Zhenhai and the Dinghai seat was moved to Zhoushan. In Xuantong 3 Nantian was added. It lay four hundred forty li northwest of the provincial seat. It measured two hundred twenty-four li from east to west and two hundred eight li from north to south. North polar altitude was 29°55′. Longitude east of the capital was 4°57′. It governed six counties. Yin: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Siming. To the east, along the coast, stood Mount Yin. To the southwest stood Guanding, Mount Meiyuan, Haipu, and Mount Yangqiu. The sea entered from Xiangshan on the southeast and passed Dashui Mouth. In Shunzhi 17 the guard office was abolished and a garrison battalion commander was posted. In Yongzheng 7 a sub-prefect was established. To the east it connected with Zhanqi; to the south it bordered the salt fields, with a supervising office. It also connected north to East Qian Lake, gathering waters from the eastern part of the county; there were northern and southern embankments and the Meixu stone embankment. The Fenghua River entered from that county; Yin River rose at Mount Siming; merging they flowed north as the Yong River. It also merged with the Cixi River and ran the length of the county. In Daoguang 23 a concession was opened under treaty with Britain as one of the five treaty ports. It passed Baisha Market. A branch on the left began at Baisha and ended at Zhangjiayan, serving as a boundary river with Zhenhai. To the southwest, South Embankment River rose at Siming and split in two: Front Harbor ran through the city moat and discharged into the Sun and Moon lakes; Rear Harbor, also called Lilong Harbor, merged with Central Embankment, West Embankment, and the central and southern rivers before entering the main river. To its east, Front Embankment River; three sources converged at Heng Stream, left Hengshi Bridge, merged with Central Embankment and North Embankment River, passed He'an Bridge as the combined channel of the three rivers, and entered the main river at Dashiqi. The Zhehai Customs House was located here. Siming Water Post was stationed here. A railway ran through the county. There were forts at Hengshan'ao, Menggang, and elsewhere. Cixi: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. It lay fifty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest were Dabao and Gouyu. To the southeast stood Mount Shizhu. The sea entered from Yuyao on the northwest and extended north to Haiyan. Extending east stood Mount Haiwang; farther east was the mouth of Songpu Harbor. The harbor split Du Lake water, issued at Sanyan Bridge, and formed the border with Zhenhai. The upper reach of the Cixi River was the Yao River; it entered from Yuyao, passed Zhangting Ford, and split in two: the front river crossed Chejiu Ridge, reached Daxie River mouth, and joined the Yong River; The rear river ran through the city moat, left the east suburb as Guanshan River, reached Xidu on the south to meet the front river, and Huazhi Sluice on the west to meet Heng Stream. To the southwest, Lan Stream gathered twenty-six inlet streams at Gong Village and issued at Mount Yunü. Southwestern waters rose at Siming, entered Jiaomen, and fed Du and Bai lakes to the north. Along the coastal embankment, dikes and sluices were built at Songpu, Yanpu, Guyao, Jinpu, and Yangpu. There were five market towns: Zhangting, Hongtang, and Dongbu; Songpu had an inspection office, and Xiangtou had a defunct one. The Heming Salt Field Office was located here. Chejiu Post was stationed here. Mount Guadi and Dongshan Fort were located here. Fenghua: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Fenghua, for which the county was named. Mount Jieqi also stood here. In Guangxu 10 French warships attacked the fort; Admiral Courbet was killed, and the fleet withdrew. The sea entered from Yin on the northeast, passed Hutoudu Pass, then west through Tashan City and Yingjiapeng, connected east with the Yangcun garrison post, and farther west reached the river berth office. Mount Xuan stood at its mouth. Mount Tianmen also stood here; below it was the Tianmen Water recorded in the Han Gazetteer; to the south was Mount Jiangpeng, on the border with Xiangshan and Ninghai. County Stream rose in the southwest at Dagong'ao with seventy-two bends; the Zhu and Bai streams crossed Zhao River to join it. At Jinlin Sluice it divided as Changta River and reached Sanjiang Mouth. Jin Stream rose east at Mount Jinguan and joined via Baidu River. To its west, Shan Stream rose at Liuzhao Ridge, merged with Zuo Stream, received Xihui Stream, and formed the Fenghua River. Farther east it merged with Changta River and flowed northeast to meet the Yong River. The Tashan City Inspection Office was stationed here. A defense commandant was stationed at Yingjiapeng. Jieqi Market Town was located here. Lianshan Post was stationed here. Forts stood at Xiangling, Donggong, Tongzhao, and elsewhere. Zhenhai: strategically important and populous. It lay sixty li northeast of the prefectural seat. The sea entered from Cixi on the northwest and extended east to Xiepu, where a naval deputy commander was stationed; it was the chief strongpoint of the prefecture's north. Farther east it passed Mount Zhaobao and reached Qian Mouth. In Daoguang 21 British warships landed here. Jiaomen lay to its east and Hurdun to its west; together they were called a heaven-sent barrier. Farther east stood Chuanshan Guard, facing Huangqi Ocean. Farther east stood Qitou Cape, facing Qi Ocean. Touzhang and Tiaozui Mountains guarded its mouth; together they formed the chief strongpoints of the prefecture's east. It turned south to Guo Guard and connected south with the Kunting garrison post. Extending south to Pushan Mountain, it faced Shuangyu Harbor. Farther south lay Huang Isle, on the border with Yin. Among the outer-sea islands, the notable ones were Seven Sisters Mountains to the northeast, east-west Huo Mountain, and Daozhu Mountain farther east. East across the Jintang channel lay Da'aozi Harbor. Turning south stood Mount Tianhuang and east-west twin isles on the border with Xiangshan. The Yong River entered from Yin on the southwest; its estuary was Daxie River mouth, the ancient Yong-Gou; from Zhangjiayan in the east to here it served as a boundary river with Yin. Northwestern waters pooled in the four lakes of Fengpu, Shenjiao, Lingxu, and Baisha and spread out as great rivers. Jiajiang River split Yong River water from Yin on the west, passed Baisha and Lulin, and entered the front great river. The upper reach of the middle great river, the rear river from Cixi, flowed north as West River. The upper reach of Dazha River, with Songpu also entering from that county, split in three: one reached Xiepu and entered the sea; one became West Great River and entered Xiejiang River; one passed Jiankou as Rear Great River. Zhonggang Harbor ran through the front and rear rivers, merged into the city river, and left through Tou'er Sluice to enter the sea. Its southeast upper river passed Daqi Market Town; the middle river passed Chuanshan Sluice and met the Lu River, the main river, and the sea. Zhuangshi and Chaibu market towns were located here. Dinghai Customs had inspection offices at Guanjie, Changshan, and Chuanshan. There were three stations: Longtou, Chuanshan, and Qingquan. Forts stood at Beichengjiao, Weiyuan, Dingyuan, Hongyuan, Pingyuan, Suiyuan, Jingyuan, and Zhenyuan. Xiangshan: administratively simple. It lay two hundred seventy li southeast of the prefectural seat. The sea entered from Fenghua on the west, passed Xizhou Ford; Mount Hushan guarded its mouth; and it connected south with the Sizhoutou garrison post. It passed Dongxitazui as Chenshan Ford and connected with the Haikou garrison post. Farther east it passed Qiancang Guard, connected west with the Zhuxi garrison post, and faced Mount Niubi to the east. Its northeast was Liehujiao, the southern bank's end point. Extending south it passed Juexi City; Qingmen, Yangbei, and other mountains guarded it; together they formed the chief strongpoints of the prefecture's south. Mount Tianmu lay to the south; the Jiushan Archipelago lay to the east. Farther south lay Changguo; during the Shunzhi reign the guard was abolished and a naval battalion colonel was posted. Farther south lay Shipu; under the Ming it was a guard office; in Daoguang 3 the prefectural coastal defense sub-prefect was moved here. To the south it opened as East Gate, facing Little Copper Reef. In the middle was Tongwa Gate; in Daoguang 22 British warships attacked and entered through this gate. Beyond this lay Xiawan Gate and Jinchi Gate; to the west were Lin Gate and Zhu Gate. Farther south lay Datian Island. In the early Guangxu reign an opening-reclamation commissioner was posted here. In Xuantong 3 it was reorganized as a civilian pacification subprefecture; the prefectural sub-prefect and Left Battalion battalion commander were moved to Fan'ao, with a defense commandant and company commander at the Longquan and Hepu embankments. Shipu Harbor lay north of the island; Sanmen Bay lay to the west. Turning west to Taining Isle, it bordered Ninghai. East Great River rose at Wangjia'ao and at Xuanjing, Feifeng, and other mountains, and discharged at Huiyuan Sluice. South Great River rose at Fengyue Mountain, received various rivers at West Water Gate, and discharged at Chaozong Sluice. West Great River rose from various ravines at Guojia, discharged at Lingchang Sluice, and merged into the sea. Three sluices in the upper reach stored the three river waters to prevent discharge to the lower reach; Yongfeng and other sluices in the lower reach prevented discharge into the sea. Inspection offices were stationed at Nantian and Zhushan. Forts stood at Qian'aoling, Gaotang Mountain, and elsewhere. Nantian: administratively simple. It had formerly been subordinate to Xiangshan. It was newly established in Xuantong 3, with its seat at the foot of Mount Dafotou. It stood alone in the sea with open ocean to the east, south, and west; only to the north was it relatively close to Shipu, a water distance of more than ten li. Among the ten isles of the sea, it ranked first. In the Ming, Tang He feared that Song remnant clans were harboring people (bao cang, text damaged), planned to abolish Xiangshan and abandon Wuzhou, and relocated Nantian's residents. Later groups again entered to reclaim land and boil salt. In Daoguang 3, Governor Shuai Chengying memorialized: "Nantian was sealed off together with Dinghai and Yuhuan. Later Dinghai and Yuhuan were opened but Nantian alone was not, because those had muddy tides while this had sandy shoals where bandit ships easily lingered, so residents were again relocated." Large and small inlets totaled one hundred eight; the southern route had forty-nine and the northern route fifty-nine. Dinghai Directly Administered Subprefecture. Dinghai Directly Administered Subprefecture: administratively simple. It was subordinate to Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit. The regional commander and sub-prefect were stationed here. It occupied the ancient territory of Gouzhang. Under the Ming it was organized as a guard. In Kangxi 27 it was reorganized as a county. In Daoguang 21 it was promoted to a directly administered subprefecture. It lay seven hundred sixty li west of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred forty li across and eighty-three li from north to south. Its north polar latitude was twenty-nine degrees fifty-nine minutes. It lay five degrees fifty-eight minutes east of the capital. Zhoushan, the ancient Wengzhou Mountain, was Mount Dinghai. During the Kangxi and Daoguang reigns it fell to the British. During the Xianfeng reign it again fell to Britain and France. Islands outside the bay rose ruggedly from the sea. Xiyang Luojiao and Dongjing Liujiao faced each other like a gate. South of Yangluo stood Luotou Mountain; to the west was Daxie Mountain, connecting with Xiangshan Harbor. Islands north of the mouth formed perilous garrison posts on the subprefecture's south. Farther east, Liheng Mountain faced Qiancang Point, with Mount Niubi guarding the middle. To its southeast stood Taohua Mountain and Dengbu Mountain. Northeast of Taohua and southeast of Dengbu lay Zhujia Island; Mount Wusha within it was called Wushamen. Lang Bay lay on the east bank; east of it Putuo Mountain's northwest point faced Zhoushan's eastern point, with Lianhua Ocean between them; to the west was Shenjiamen, where merchant ships gathered densely. North it reached Lanxiu Bay; northwest across Qian [lan, text damaged] Cape lay Guishui Channel, where Green Mountain stood firm and Guanmen lay in the middle; the route was the most perilous. North of Lanxiu stood Guanshan; Jishan Gate lay in the middle. North of Guanshan lay Daishan; Gaoding Ocean in the middle offered good anchorage. Its northwest was Dashao Bay; north across Changbai Mountain lay Changbai Channel. To its west lay Cengang. Northwest it connected with the Large and Small Sha garrison posts. Farther west lay Jintang Channel. To its northeast stood Cezi Mountain; Xihou Gate lay in the middle. West of Daishan stood Liangtoudong Mountain. Dayu Mountain and Yuxinnao Mountain also formed pincers with Zhapu. East of them lay Zhuyu Harbor. Farther east lay Large and Small Changtu and East and West Fushan; together they formed perilous garrison posts on the subprefecture's north. To its northeast stood Daqu Mountain, surrounded by many bays. Inspection offices were stationed at Cengang and Daotou. Ligang and Shenjiamen were market towns. Forts stood at Dingyuan, Zhenwei, Yongqing, and elsewhere. Shaoxing Prefecture. Shaoxing Prefecture: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit. The deputy commander and guard defense commandant were stationed here. It lay one hundred forty li northwest of the provincial seat. It measured three hundred twenty li across and two hundred ninety li from north to south. Its north polar latitude was thirty degrees five minutes. It lay four degrees four minutes east of the capital. It administered eight counties. Shanyin: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the northwest stood Mount Xinglong; its southern slope had originally been Mount Wolong, renamed after the imperial visit in Kangxi 27. To the south stood Mount Gui, Yangtai, Mount Lanzhu, and Mount Qinwang. To the northwest stood Mount Tu and Mount Mei. To the northeast stood Mount Ji. The sea entered from Xiaoshan, passed Sanjiang Mouth as the south-bank outlet of Hangzhou Bay, with Haining on the opposite shore. Large and Middle Aiwai guarded the middle. Formerly the tide ran south and battered the shore; afterward the sea embankment extended east to Kuaiji and west across Xiaoshan. The Puyang River entered from Zhuji on the southwest. The Grand Canal entered from Xiaoshan on the northwest, joined a branch channel of Mirror Lake, and discharged north into Guazhu Lake. The lake split Qingdian Lake water into West Water Gate, then merged again into Tongpan Lake Harbor and reached the harbor mouth to meet West Little River. The river split in two, entering from Xiaoshan at ancient Wan'an Bridge and running along the northern border; West Stream from Mount Jitou discharged into it. It passed Qianqing Market Town, diverged and re-entered, and reached Sanjiang Sluice. Xiang Lake from Xiaoshan passed through the Grand Canal to join, then flowed east into the sea. Mirror Lake, the ancient Jing Lake, once measured three hundred fifty li in circumference; today only West Stream and Kuaiji remain, with Ruoye Stream as a separate source and Xiang Lake as the main source, covering only fifteen li. At Sanjiang City a sub-prefect was stationed; there was a salt field office, one of two with Qianqing. Keqiao Inspection Office and Penglai Post were located here. Kuaiji: strategically important and populous. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Kuaiji, with Yu's tomb; the county was named for it. Wanwei, Qinwang, and Tianzhu were all subsidiary peaks. The sea entered from Shanyin on the northeast, passed Lihai City, and connected south with Qingpu. To the west was West Huizhu; to the north it faced Ganpu from afar as a perilous garrison post, with a coastal defense embankment. The upper reach of the Cao'e River was Shan Stream; it entered from Shangyu on the southeast, received Sheng Xiaoshun River, diverged and re-entered, passed Cao'e Dam, reached Xuan Harbor, and entered the sea. The Grand Canal from Cao'e Dam divided various stream waters, passed Tongling Bridge, and joined Cuangong River, where the Song Six Mausoleums stood. It issued west of Wuyun Gate; Ruoye Stream from Mount Hua discharged into it and entered the Shanyin Grand Canal. There were Sanjiang, Dongjiang, and Cao'e salt fields. The Cao'e Inspection Office was stationed here. Dongguan Post was stationed here. Zuanfeng Market Town was located here. Pingshui Pass, Xuan Harbor, and Linshan Fort were located here. Xiaoshan: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred ten li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Daluo. To the northeast stood Mounts Kan and Zhe. The Qiantang River entered from Fuyang on the northwest; the Puyang River entered from Zhuji on the southwest; they joined at Yubu Street. In ancient times the Puyang and Qiantang rivers were blocked; opening Qiyan Weir later first connected them. It reached Middle Aiwai and issued from South Aiwai to enter the sea. The sea tide entered from Biezi Aiwai, was confined by Mounts Kan and Zhe, surged violently, and was held back by perilous dikes for more than twenty li. West Little River, the ancient Pan Water, rose at Mount Shi in Linpu Market, passed Maxi Dam, ran through the Grand Canal, entered Shanyin, and below reached Sanjiang Mouth to enter the sea. The Grand Canal from Xixing Ford drew Qiantang River water and passed Wanghu Bridge; Xiang Lake gathered southwestern mountains and waters to run through it, then flowed southeast into Shanyin. At Linpu Market Town an assistant magistrate was stationed. There were Yubu and Hezhuangshan inspection offices and a garrison post at Yiqiao Market Town. Xixing Water Post had an assistant stationed. The Qianqing Tax Station was located here. There were Xiling and Yulin passes. Beizhi'an Fort was located here. Zhuji: administratively simple. It lay one hundred ten li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Ziwei and Mount Tieya. To the west stood Mounts Dongyan, Jiguan, and Wuxie. To the north stood Mounts Yinye and Hangwu. The Puyang River entered from Pujiang on the south, also called Upper West River; it joined Suxi, flowed northeast, joined Shanglai Stream, and met Upper East River. The river rose from Mount Dongbaibai on the Dongyang border as Xiaoyi Stream; it joined Kaihua Stream, flowed as Hongpu River, joined Xialai Stream to discharge into it, and formed Huan River. It passed east of the city and split in two: east was Lower East River, joining Fengqiao Harbor streams; west was Lower West River, joining Wuxie streams; they divided and rejoined, also called Great River, and merged into Xiaoshan. Fengqiao Market Town was located here. Changqing Pass was located here. Yuyao: fiscally strained, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Dawu. To the west stood Mount Longquan, the ancient Mount Xu. To the north stood Mount Li. To the northeast stood Mounts Siming and Shikui. The sea entered from Shangyu on the north and passed Linshan Guard. In Kangxi 8 the Miaoshan Inspection Office was moved here. In Kangxi 47 the Lihai defense commandant was also moved here. To the north lay Linshan Harbor and to the east Simen Harbor; together they formed a key coastal mouth. It passed Poshanpu; there were coastal defense embankments and Liji Embankment. There were seven outer forts. To its southwest the Yao River rose at Mount Taiping and Mount Jingshan, the ancient Gouzhang canal water; it diverged and re-entered, received Shangyu's Mazhu Cross River, passed between the two cities, reached Zhushan Pool, joined Lansu Harbor, crossed Jiangjia Ford, received Cixi's official boat harbor, and formed Zhangting River. There were four market towns: Liangshou, Meishan, and Miaoshan; the third, Sanshan, had an inspection office. There were Shiyan and Minghe salt fields. Garrison posts were stationed at Zhongcun, Beixi, Lianghong, Zhouxiang, and Zhoujialu. Yaojiang Post was merged into the county in Kangxi 9. Shangyu: populous and fiscally strained. It lay one hundred twenty li east of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Fuzhi. To the southwest stood Mount Xiangtian. To the northwest stood Mount Xiaga; to its south lay Xiaga Lake, gathering Baima and Shangfei lake waters in a circumference of one hundred five li. It bordered the sea to the north; from the northwest it entered from Kuaiji and passed Lihai Guard; there were Siwei and Shihu passes. Outside its embankment lay tidal flat. Shangyu River was the Cao'e River, the ancient Ke Water, also called East Little River; its upper reach Shan Stream entered from Sheng on the southwest, received Kuaiji Xiaoshun River, and passed Lianghu Weir; east of it was the Grand Canal. Outside lay Tongshui River, which passed Baiguan Ford; east was Mazhu Cross River, reaching Beitang. From Lianghu Weir to here it served as a boundary river with Kuaiji; Cao'e Post stood here, and in Kangxi 1 its assistant was abolished. Two salt fields stood beside it. The Lianghu Market Town Inspection Office was stationed here. Sheng: strategically important and populous. It lay one hundred eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Jinting. To the southwest stood Mounts Wulong and Zhenru. At Fenshui Ridge Shan Stream issued, joined large and small Baishan waters, flowed southeast, merged with Zhu Stream on the right and Luosong Stream on the left, passed Baiyang Village, received Furun and Jiangtian streams, passed southeast of the city; Tan'e Stream and Bao Stream discharged into it, forming Shan Stream. Huangze Stream also entered from that county and joined Beizhuang Stream to discharge into it. Farther northwest it joined Ya Stream, Qiangkou Stream, and Sheng Stream, entered Shangyu as the Cao'e River, the ancient Puyang River. Northeast, West Mei Stream rose at Mount Daping and entered Fenghua. There were three market towns: Pukou, Changle, and Sanjie. A garrison post was stationed here. Xinchang: administratively simple. It lay two hundred ten li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Tianmu; to the southeast stood Guan Ridge. To the northeast stood Mount Sumu. East Harbor Stream entered from Tiantai, joined Xieshangshan Stream and Qian Stream; its lower reach was Tan'e Stream. The upper reach of West Harbor Stream, Jiexi, entered from Dongyang on the southwest and joined Sanzhou Tan Stream; its lower reach was Bao Stream. North Harbor Stream rose at Cai'ao Mountain on the Fenghua border and passed Yantou Ridge; a separate source from the Ninghai border merged to form Huangze Stream. Caiyan Market Town was located here. A garrison post was stationed at Huangdu. Taizhou Prefecture. Taizhou Prefecture: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit. The regional commander of Haimen Town was stationed here. It was originally named Huangyan Town, and the regional commander was stationed at Huangyan. In Guangxu 2 it was moved here. It lay five hundred ninety li northwest of the provincial seat. It measured three hundred seventy li across and two hundred seventy li from north to south. Its north polar latitude was twenty-eight degrees fifty-three minutes. It lay four degrees thirty-nine minutes east of the capital. It administered six counties. Linhai: populous, fiscally strained, and difficult to govern. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Kuocang. To the east stood Mount Liaowo. To the south stood Mount Gaizhu; a Daoist text calls it "the second blessed land of the Nineteen Grotto-Heavens." East Cai Ridge and West Shisong Mountain both had stone walls built on them. The sea entered from Ninghai on the east, passed Poba River, and Mount Baidai guarded its mouth. It received the upper reach of Huaqiao Harbor, passed the Siling garrison post on the south, received the upper reach of Dong Harbor, farther south passed Youdian Cape, and south faced Baishujiao at Qingtang Gate. Taozhu Harbor rose at East Mount Daluo and joined Ju Stream to enter it. Its Taozhu Guard was abolished in Shunzhi 18, restored in Kangxi 11, and a defense commandant was stationed there. From Baishujiao extending south to Mount Baisha formed the north bank of Taizhou Bay mouth; extending south to Qiansuo City, a battalion commander and inspection officer were stationed. South it faced Haimen; in Shunzhi 17 the guard was abolished and the regional commander was stationed. To the west lay Jiazi Market Town, where a sub-prefect was stationed; this was Jiaojiang Mouth. Outside the mouth islands clustered in groups; extending south were Doumen Mountain and Liqing Mountain. Linhai River had two sources: north was Shifeng Stream, entering from Tiantai and joining Dashi Stream and Gui Stream as Baibu Stream, issuing at Sanjiang Village; southwest was Yong'an Stream, joining Huangsha Stream and Fang Stream to form Ling River. It passed Shuang Harbor mouth, joined Datian Harbor, passed Sanjiang Mouth, met Yongning River, and formed Jiao River. Farther east it joined Zhang'an and Dongluo harbors to enter the sea. There were two market towns: Jiaohu; at Huaqiao an assistant magistrate was stationed. The Dulü Salt Field Office was located here. Chicheng Post was stationed here. Forts stood at Niutoujing, Waisha, and Xiaoyuanshan. Huangyan: fiscally strained, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Yongning. To the south stood Mount Weiyu; a Daoist text calls it "the Second Grotto-Heaven." To the west stood Mount Huangyan, for which the county was named. The sea entered from Linhai on the east, passed Langji Mountain as the south bank of Taizhou Bay mouth; there were Dingjin and Hongfu embankments more than sixty li long, with salt lands within; north it connected with Linhai and south it extended across Taiping. To the northwest Yongning River rose at Mount Xichen; a separate source rose at Mount Huangyan; merging they flowed as Daheng Stream and passed Dafeitou as Ning Stream. It passed Wuyan as Wuyan Stream and joined Rouji and Xiaokeng harbors to form Changtan. Farther southeast it joined Guan'ao water and Maoshe Stream and passed Shantou Isle as Duan River. It passed Houyang, joined West River, and formed Cheng River. It passed Dongpu; outside Dongpu was East Official River; northeast of the city it joined Lidong Harbor as Huanglin Harbor; its lower reach was Yongning River. South Official River gathered Shabu, Jiufeng, and other waters; its south branch connected with Taiping's Jinqing Harbor; its north branch passed through the city moat, left branch channels divided and rejoined, and entered West River. Farther north it flowed as Lidong Harbor. At Wuyan Market Town an assistant magistrate was stationed. The Changpu Inspection Office was stationed here. The Huangyan Salt Field Office was located here. Danxia Post was stationed here. Garrison posts were stationed at Wuyan Three Harbors, Shabu, Ning Stream, Yangyu, and Baihu Pond. Tiantai: administratively simple. It lay ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the north stood Mount Tiantai, eight hundred li in circumference; its subsidiary peak Chicheng had Yujing Cave; a Daoist text calls it "the Sixth Grotto-Heaven." Shifeng Stream entered from Dongyang on the southwest, joined Han and Ming cliffs and Zhegu mountain waters, passed west of the city, received Qing Stream on the left and joined Taoyuan waterfall and Guanling gorge streams, reached the foot of Fenghuang Mountain on the east and joined Baohua, Luhuan, and Daoling streams, then turned south and again joined large and small Dan streams. To the northwest Fuxi Stream rose at the western foothills of Mount Tiantai, Hunshui Stream at the southern foothills, and east of them Yong Stream rose at the northeastern foothills of Mount Cang. Jie Stream also rose at Longming Mountain. Qingxi Market Town was located here. Sangzhou Post was stationed here. Xianju: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay ninety li west of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Weiyao and Jingxing Cliff. To the north lay Luocheng Cliff. To the northwest was Cang Ridge, also called Fengmen. To the southwest lay Da Stream; its south source rose at Jiekeng Mountain on the Yongjia border as Yong'an Stream; on the left a branch channel reached the foot of Anren Ridge as Anren Stream and entered Jinyun. The west source entered from Jinyun as Jinkeng water, joined Xianren Stream, passed Sidu, and met the south source. It passed Yangshan Pool and joined [text damaged]li Stream. Farther northeast it received Maling Stream and Dachen mountain waters on the right and Zhumu, Weiyao, and Nan streams on the left. Farther northeast it received Ping Stream. Its upper reach was Juxi Stream, which entered from Yongkang on the northwest and joined; it passed east of the city, joined Baishui Stream and Peng Stream, reached west of Tashan Mountain, joined Zhu Stream, and entered Linhai. Botan Market Town had a garrison post. Ninghai: administratively simple. It lay one hundred and eight li northeast of the prefectural seat. A naval deputy commander was stationed here. To the northwest stood Mount Longxu. To the north stood Mount Tianmen. The sea entered from Fenghua on the northeast, passed Fuxikou, received the upper reach Tiejang, turned east past Huangdun Harbor, received the upper reach Baizhu Stream, and diverged as the south bank of Xiangshan Harbor. It also entered from Shipu, passed Taining Isle, then west past Chayuan Harbor, divided northeast at Xujia and Shuangkeng mountains, joined as Zuopu Stream, and passed Longkou Pond. Farther west it passed Baiqiao Harbor; its upper reach was Bai Stream, entering from Tiantai on the southwest; a separate source rose at West Taohua Mountain, joined and passed Tingtou Ford to meet; southwest it passed Qingxikou, upstream receiving Tiantai Yong Stream, and passed Qimen Ford. Farther south lay the mouths of Tingpang and Haiyou streams; one received Tiantai Jie Stream and one rose at Fenshui Ridge on the southwest, joined, and passed Lianshe Ford. Farther southwest it passed Jiantiao Station, where a garrison commander was stationed overlooking Jiantiao River. Its upper reach was Hengdu Stream, which joined Xiaobai Stream to meet. Outside lay Jianyang Pond, northeast facing Shipu City; this formed the mouth of Ninghai Bay. Islands stood in confusion; the notable one was Tianwan Isle; east of the isle stood Qingmen Mountain overlooking Niutou Sea; north lay Wuyu Gate; outside was Zhumen Sea and inside Shepan Sea; all were perilous garrison posts. There were four market towns: Haiao, Yuexi, and Tingpang; at Haiyou an assistant magistrate was stationed. The Changting Salt Field Office was located here. Zhuxiao Post was stationed here. Taiping: administratively simple. It lay one hundred and forty li southeast of the prefectural seat. A naval deputy commander was stationed here. To the south stood Mount Shipan. To the southwest stood Mount Ling. To the west lay Wenling. The sea entered from Taizhou Bay on the southeast, passed Jinxing Gate, then south passed Daoshi Crown Mountain and Panma Mountain. East of it stood Baiyan Mountain; in the middle lay Daojiu Gate. Farther east stood Shaguo Mountain; to the southeast Jigu Mountain; to the northeast lay the Taizhou archipelago. The notable ones were Upper and Lower Dachen mountains; turning south it passed Songmen City, where a garrison commander was placed overlooking Songmen Harbor; Songmen Mountain guarded its mouth and a narrow water channel ran within. East of it lay Niushan Isle; farther east Sudan Isle; to the southeast Sansuan Isle. Turning west it passed Aiwan Stockade, where peaks pierced the sky and Manyou Ridge was especially steep and narrow. Within lay a great sea bay that diverged into Wenzhou Prefecture territory, passed Tian'ao and Mushao mountains, and turned northwest past Chumen City. To the northwest lay Baizhu Stream; the main source Da Stream and separate source Xiao Stream joined as Shuang Stream, flowed north then turned east as Xinjian River, joined Tao Stream and Wenling Stream, and passed Dakou. Southwest West Stream rose at Meiling to meet; this formed Jinqing Harbor, north connecting with Huangyan Official River. Farther east it passed Xinhe City as Yujiang, where an assistant magistrate was stationed, then farther east entered the sea. Lu Stream, also called Lian Stream, all entered it. Puqi and Wenling market towns were located here. The Songmen Inspection Office was stationed here. Garrison posts were stationed at Fengwei, Panma, Shajiao, Siqian Market Town, Shitang, Jinqing, and Ruoli. Jin-Qu-Yan Circuit. Jinhua Prefecture. Jinhua Prefecture: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It was subordinate to the Jin-Qu-Yan Circuit. A brigade-general was stationed here. In the early Ming it was Ningyue Prefecture; later the name was restored. It lay four hundred fifty li northeast from the provincial capital. It measured three hundred forty li in width and two hundred forty-four li in length. Its north pole height was twenty-nine degrees ten minutes. From the capital it lay two degrees twenty-one minutes east. It administered eight counties. Jinhua: strategically important and populous. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the north stood Mount Jinhua, for which the county was named; anciently it was called Mount Chang. To the southeast stood Zhidao Mountain; in Kangxi 2 Geng Jingni sent troops to occupy it. Dongyang River entered from Yiwu as East Harbor, joined Hangci Stream, flowed southeast, received Xiaoshun, Xiang, and Chisong streams, passed south of the city, and joined the Seven Treasures Canal within the city. South Harbor entered from Wuyi, flowed northwest, reached Yanzhi Isle, met East Harbor, and formed Wu Harbor, also called Shuang Stream. Farther northwest Tong Stream and Baisha Stream both entered from Tangxi and reached Zhantou; Pan Stream received Xu Gong Lake and Jiulong mountain waters, flowed as Huangyan Stream to discharge into it; this was the north channel. In ancient times the south channel met Qu Harbor; today it is silted and narrow. Xiaoshun Market Town was located here. Shuangxi Post was stationed here. Lanxi: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay fifty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Tong. To the west stood Mount Yan, bordering Longyou and Shouchang. Wu Harbor entered from Jinhua on the southeast, joined Huangyan Stream, and passed southwest of the city. Qu Harbor entered from Longyou, received Shouchang Youbu Stream, diverged and re-entered, received Yongchang Stream on the left, passed below Lanyin Mountain, met Yangzi Harbor, and formed Lan Harbor. Farther north it joined Hu Stream, Gan Stream, and Xiang Stream, reached Shijia Shoal, and received Pujiang Damei Stream. Huangtun Embankment was repeatedly repaired during the Kangxi and Yongzheng reigns. There were three market towns: Pingdu and Xiangxi; at Nufu there was a defunct office. Gushui Post was stationed here. Dongyang: populous and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Dapen, bordering Tiantai. To the east stood Mount Yu, also called Mount Feng. To the northeast stood East and West White mountains, connecting with Mount Taibai. Dongyang River had two sources: the south source was Ding'an Stream, also called Ge Stream, rising at Dapen Mo Ridge, joining Jinmeng Pit and Maoyang waters, and passing Shuangxikou; The north source was Upper Bai Stream, rising at East White Mountain, meeting West White mountain waters, flowing south and joining Baifeng Stream and Meisha Stream to meet, flowing west and receiving Jianzhu Stream and Pan Stream on the right and Longhua Stream and Sidu Stream on the left, then farther west joining Ya Stream and Langkeng Stream. Hua Stream rose at the western foothills of Dapen; Shifeng Stream at the southern foothills; east of them Upper Jia Stream rose at Jianshan Market and Lower Jia Stream at Mount Tianzhu. Baitan and Yongning market towns were located here. Garrison posts were stationed at Baifeng and Jiaxi. Yiwu: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Danyun and Babao. To the north stood Mount Huang [text damaged]. East River, the ancient Wushang Stream, entered from Dongyang, joined Ershili streams, turned southwest and met Ruiyun Stream and Lin Stream. Farther southwest it joined Embroidered Lake on the right and Nian Stream and Shan Stream on the left, passed Jiangwan Market, met Hua Stream, farther south received Wu Stream, and entered Jinhua. North of it Hangci Stream rose at Fufu Mountain, met Xianhongyan water, and followed the northwest border to enter. Su Stream rose at Gusi Pit on the southwest. North Su Stream rose at Mount Qingtan. Hongxun Stream also rose at Chouyan on the northwest. There were four market towns: Longqi, Suxi, Fotang, and Ershili Stream. A garrison post was stationed here. Yongkang: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay one hundred ten li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east lay Fangyan. To the southeast lay Lingyan. To the south stood Mount Juechen. Yongkang Harbor had two sources: the north source was Hua Stream, rising at Mipu Mountain, passing below She Mountain as Heming Stream, joining Suxi Stream, and issuing at Renzheng Bridge; The south source was Nan Stream, also called Jianyang Stream, entering from Jinyun; it joined Lu Stream on the right and Hengkeng Stream on the left, passed Shuizhen Cliff, joined Li Stream on the right, passed Shuangxikou, and the two sources joined to form Yongkang Harbor. Farther west it joined Ximen, Lieqiao, and Gaokeng streams and entered Wuyi. To the northeast Shuangpai Stream rose at Bapen Ridge; its lower reach was Ling Stream, entering Jinyun. Farther east Juxi Stream rose at Daling; its lower reach was Ping Stream, entering Xianju. At Juxi Stream Village the prefectural brigade commander and an assistant magistrate were stationed. Garrison posts were stationed at Xiaoyi and Lixi. Huaxi Post was stationed here. Wuyi: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay seventy-five li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Baiyi and Mount Wuniu, bordering Yongkang. To the west stood Mount Tongfu. Wuyi Harbor upstream received Yongkang Harbor; entering from that county on the east, it joined Qing Stream and Guotong Stream; northeast of the city it received Shuxi Stream on the left, entering from Xuanping on the southwest and gathering various streams to pool there. It flowed northwest, joined East Stream and Zhuwu Stream on the right and Tao Stream on the left, and entered Jinhua. South of it Ri Stream entered from Lishui, joined Xie Stream, and entered Xuanping. To the west Mei Stream entered from Xuanping and entered Jinhua. To the northeast Su Stream rose at Mount Dalaoji; entering from Jinhua it diverged and re-entered. Pujiang: administratively simple. It lay one hundred ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Banbi and Wulu Ridge. To the northwest stood Mount Shenniao; its spring waters formed Shenniao Stream, and the Puyang River took its source here. A separate source rose at West Bingxing Ridge; flowing east as Wu Stream it came to meet. Farther on it joined various streams; south of the city East and West streams flowed on both sides to discharge into it, forming South River. It joined Cheng and Zuo streams; farther northeast it received Da Stream on the right, also called Yan Stream, entering from Yiwu on the southeast; joining they passed below Mount Kanghou as Chao Stream. Farther east it joined Shen Stream and Bailin streams on the right and entered Zhuji. To the south Mei Stream rose at Leigong and Chengdou mountains and flowed west into Lanxi. To the northwest Huyuan Stream rose at Shizha Ridge, passed Wuxie Mountain, diverged and re-entered Pujiang; its lower reach was Hufu water. Garrison posts were stationed at Huang Stream, Hugong, and Jinzhu. Tangxi: administratively simple. It lay fifty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest stood Mount Tangtang, for which the county was named. To the south lay Yin Ridge. To the southeast stood Mount Fucang; Baisha Stream rose there. Gu River was Qu Harbor, entering from Longyou on the west. In antiquity there was no Gu character; it should be the Gushui of the Han Records. It flowed northeast and joined Xinban Stream. Farther northeast it received Shuang Stream on the left; its upper reach was a branch channel of Yong'an Stream entering from Lanxi on the north to join. On the right it received Liao Stream; its upper reach was Youbu Stream, also entering from that county to join. This formed Sangan Harbor. Farther northeast it joined Luobu Stream and entered Suichang. Baisha Stream entered from Suichang on the south, joining various streams. There were thirty-six weirs, of which Jinhua received ten. Quzhou Prefecture. Quzhou Prefecture: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the Jin-Qu-Yan Circuit; a regional commander was stationed here. At the beginning of Hongwu in the Ming it was changed to Longyou Prefecture; the next year the name was changed back, and it belonged to the Zhejiang provincial administration commission. In Shunzhi 8 the Zhe-Fujian governor-general moved here. In Kangxi 23 it was abolished. It lay five hundred forty li northeast from the provincial capital. It measured two hundred twenty-five li in width and two hundred twenty li in length. Its north pole height was twenty-nine degrees two minutes. From the capital it lay two degrees thirty-five minutes east. It administered five counties. Xi'an: strategically important and populous. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Juedou. To the north lay Tongqian Ridge. To the northwest stood Mount Tong. Qu Harbor had two sources: the south source was Wen Stream, also called Jiangshan Harbor, entering from that county; The north source was Xin'an Stream, also called Changshan Harbor, also entering from that county; they met at Shuanggang Harbor, also called West Stream. Northwest of the city it joined Zhe Stream and Qinggang Stream and reached the foot of Jiming Mountain on the east. On the right it received East Stream, entering from Suichang on the south and issuing from Shishi Weir to meet; anciently it was called Dingyang Stream. Farther northeast it joined Yinkeng, Luozhang, and Sheng Tang streams, passed Pingfeng Shoal, and joined Zhi Stream. Farther east it passed Mayebu and entered Longyou. At Zhangshu Market Town an assistant magistrate was stationed. The Jinwang Inspection Office was stationed here, with defunct offices at Yanbo and Bogu. Shanghang Post was stationed here. Garrison posts were stationed at Shangfang, Xinqiao Street, Duze, and Chaojing Ford. Longyou: strategically important and difficult to govern. It lay seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the west stood Mount Long and Mount Cen. To the north stood Mount Wushi and Mount Dacheng; Meiling lay eighty li away. To the north was Longyou Harbor, also called Qu Harbor, entering from Xi'an on the west, joining Jincun source water and passing Xiaxi Shoal; on the right it received Lingshan Harbor, entering from Suichang on the south and joining Tong Stream and Xiaolianling water to meet. Farther east it received Doutan Stream on the right, entering from Shouchang on the north to join. Farther east it joined Zhu Stream, diverging and re-entering twice, then farther northeast entered Tangxi. The Hutou Market Town Inspection Office was stationed here. Tingbu Post was stationed here. A garrison post was stationed at Xikouqian Market. Jiangshan: strategically important and fiscally strained. It lay seventy-five li southwest of the prefectural seat. Xianxia Ridge lay one hundred li to the south; five passes were placed on it; its Feng Ridge marked where Zhe and Fujian divided territory; in Shunzhi 11 a mobile detachment commander was placed at Ershiba Du and an assistant magistrate was also stationed. In Kangxi 9 it was merged into Fujian. In the thirteenth year it was again subordinate to both provinces. Also Mount Jianglang, that is the Jiangshan of the Sui History. Da Stream, also called Lu Stream, rose at the Xianxia ridges, gathered Dongjiao, Ruokeng, and Baishi waters, passed east of the city, joined Sanqiao Stream and Yi Stream, and entered Xi'an. To the west was Wen Stream; it divided out, then gathered again northeast of Lixian Market Town and met Da Stream, forming Jiangshan Harbor. North of it Shikong Stream rose at Mount Xietuo. Also Xianshan Stream rose from the eastern peak of Mount Dazhai. At Xiashi Market Town a subprefect was stationed. The Qinghu Market Town Inspection Office was stationed here, also managing Guangji Water Post. In Shunzhi 10 it came under this jurisdiction from Changshan. Garrison posts were also stationed at Linggu Mountain, Guan Stream, and Waicun. Changshan: strategically important and populous. It lay eighty li west of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Chang, for which the county was named. To the south: Xianshan and Yan Ridge. To the north stood Mount Sanqu. Majin Stream entered from Kaihua on the north, joined Mawang Stream, passed Yuankou, joined Xieyuan water, passed Dieshi, and formed Jinchuan. It passed Tangxi Bridge, joined various mountain waters, passed Qingshui Pool, and was divided by the official dam; outside was Zigang and inside Guangji Harbor. Formerly Wen Stream entered from Jiangshan, reached Jinchuan, formed Sanhe water, and discharged into the inner harbor. Later the lake dried and the watercourse shifted south. Farther east Shikong Stream and Xianshan Stream both entered from Jiangshan to discharge into it. Farther east it joined Hongqiao Stream and Fangzhi Stream and entered Xi'an. The Caoping Market Town Inspection Office was stationed here. Qiuchuan Market Town was located here. Garrison posts were stationed at Mache Cao and Huiguan. Zhenping and Ganlu market towns were located here. Kaihua: administratively simple. It lay one hundred sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east lay Yajin Ridge, bordering Changshan. To the north stood Kuang Mountain and also Majin and Jinzhu ridges. Majin Stream had two sources: one rose at Wanggong Ridge, a subsidiary peak of Majin; One rose at Northwest Jiling and met at Xintian Ford; flowing southeast it joined Jinzhu Ridge water; southeast of the city it received Wangbian Stream on the left, rising at North Ouge Ridge, passing through the city moat and issuing from the south gate to join; west it met Baisha Stream reaching Huabu. On the left it received Chi Huai Stream, passing below Teng Cliff as Chi Huai Slope. It passed Xingkou Market as Xingkou Stream, joined, and flowed into Changshan. This formed Changshan Harbor. To the northwest Hongyuan Stream entered Dexing in Jiangxi. There were two market towns: Majin and Huabu. The Jinzhu Ridge Inspection Office was stationed here. Yanzhou Prefecture. Yanzhou Prefecture: administratively simple. It was subordinate to the Jin-Qu-Yan Circuit. A brigade-general was stationed here. In Qianlong 25 the guard was abolished and merged into Hangzhou. It lay two hundred ninety li northeast from the provincial capital. It measured three hundred seventy li in width and one hundred seventy-five li in length. Its north pole height was twenty-nine degrees thirty-seven minutes. From the capital it lay three degrees three minutes east. It administered six counties. Jiande: administratively simple. Attached to the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Gaofeng. To the west stood Mount Tongguan. To the north stood Mount Wulong. Xin'an River entered from Chun'an on the west, received Ai Stream on the right, flowed northeast, and joined Yang Stream, Xiaye Stream, and West Stream south of the city. Lan Harbor entered from Lanxi on the southeast, joined Sanhe Stream and large and small Yang waters to meet, forming the south source of the Zhe River, also called Dingzi water. Farther northeast it joined Shepu and Tai streams, passed Qili Rapids, joined Xu Stream on the left, and farther northeast joined Chabai Stream. Qingzhu Harbor entered from Tonglu on the northeast in error, met Duxi Stream, and all entered Tonglu to discharge into it. East Lake rose at Mount Wulong, joined Jian'an mountain waters, and exited through Shepu. In Kangxi 11 a dam was built; when the water rose it circled Jiangjia Pond to discharge into West Lake and enter the river. There were five market towns: Anren, Qiancheng, Sandu, Yang Stream, and Da Stream. To the east lay Wushi Pass; to the southeast Sanhe Pass. Fuchun Post was stationed here. Chun'an: administratively simple. It lay sixty-five li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Guihe. To the south stood Mount Yunmeng. To the southwest stood Mount Zhi. Qian Stream rose at Northwest Tangwu Mountain. Xin'an River entered from She County, also called Hui Harbor; it received Shukou Stream on the left, flowed southeast, joined Fuzhi source and Yun source streams, farther east joined Tongzi Stream, turned south, and joined Jing Stream. It passed the eastern foothills of South Mountain; on the left it received the upper reach of East Stream, Jinxian Stream, gathering various mountain waters to discharge into it; it passed south of the city and joined Yunmeng Stream. Farther southeast it received Wuqiang Stream on the right. Farther southeast it joined Shangjia source, Yang Stream, and Jin Stream and entered Jiande. Luowu Stream rose at Northeast Baikeng Ridge; Luo Stream at East Wushan; and Long Stream at Northwest Guanshan Peak. There were four market towns: Weiping, Chayuan, Jiekou, and Gangkou; garrison posts were stationed there. Tonglu: administratively simple. It lay ninety-five li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the northeast stood Mount Tonglu, for which the county was named. To the northwest stood Mount Jilong. To the west stood Mount Fuchun. Xin'an River entered from Jiande on the west as Qili Rapids, also called Fuchun Shoal; it joined Luci Stream, passed the foothills of Mache Mountain, received Qingshui Harbor on the left entering from Fenshui on the northwest and joining Qin Stream, diverged and re-entered, passed below Tongjun Mountain, met Fenshui Harbor on the west, and formed Tong River. Farther east it was called Xiahuai, a critical point on the river course. Farther northeast it joined Zhai Stream and East Zixi. Huyuan Stream entered from Pujiang on the southeast and re-entered. There were five market towns: Zhixia, Jiuxian, Chaibu, Zhai Stream, and Huigang. Tongjiang Post was stationed here. Suian: administratively simple. It lay one hundred eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Hongdong. To the west stood Mount Baishi and also Baiji Ridge, bordering Xiuning in Anhui. Wuqiang Stream issued forth, joined Shuang Stream, Xian Stream, and Hua Stream, flowed southeast, joined Dalianling water on the left and front and rear streams on the right, and south of the city joined Lian Stream and Lingyan Stream. It turned east and received Long Stream on the right, entering from Chun'an on the north to discharge into it. It passed Siqian Village, where Fenglin Harbor joined East and West harbors to discharge into it. Farther northeast it joined Gunwang and Dongting streams and entered Chun'an. There were five market towns: Fenglin, Hengyan, Guocun, Anyang, and Dongting. Shouchang: administratively simple. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south Mount Yan extended across Jin and Qu prefectures. To the west stood Mount Wansong. Shouchang Stream rose at Mount Elong, joined large and small source and Songkeng streams, flowed northeast, joined Jiao Stream, and formed Datong Stream. Farther northeast it joined Mei Stream and Cao Stream; from west of the city eastward it was called Ai Stream; northeast it passed south of the city to Yue, forming Yue Stream. Farther northeast to Hucen Slope it was Hucen Stream; north it reached Luotong Ford and entered Jiande. There were two market towns: Datong and Xin Market. Fenshui: administratively simple. It lay one hundred twenty-three li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Lion and Elephant mountains. To the south lay Xu Ridge and She Peak. To the southwest lay Yunti Ridge and Tongqiao Mountain, the most strategically critical points. Tianmu Stream, also called Fenshui Harbor, had as its upper reach Yu Stream, entering from Yuyu on the northeast and passing Yindu Ford as Yindu Stream. On the right it received Qian Stream, entering from Chun'an on the southwest, joining Luowu Stream and Luo Stream, and pooling at Chuxi. It flowed southeast, joined Tangyuan water and Xiatang Stream, reached Bipu, joined Wenling and Liangmei mountain waters on the left and Xiejian mountain water on the right. South of it Gewu Stream rose at Gewu Ridge, met Zhiwu and Haigaowu waters, and its lower reach entered Jiande as Qingzhu Harbor. There were two market towns: Bipu and Baijiang. Wen-Chu Circuit. Wenzhou Prefecture. Wenzhou Prefecture: strategically important and difficult to govern. It was the seat of the Wen-Chu Circuit. A regional commander was stationed here. Under the Ming it administered five counties. In Yongzheng 6 Yuhuan Subprefecture was added. It lay eight hundred ninety li northwest from the provincial capital. It measured one hundred sixty li in width and five hundred li in length. Its north pole height was twenty-eight degrees. From the capital it lay four degrees twenty-one minutes east. It administered one subprefecture and five counties. Yongjia: strategically important and populous. Attached to the prefectural seat. The city had Mount Jiudou; within stood Huagai; a Daoist text calls it "the Eighteenth Grotto-Heaven." To the northwest stood Mount Daruoyan, also called Mount Chishui; "the Twelfth Blessed Land." To the southeast stood Mount Daluo. To the south stood Mount Chuitai. To the west stood Mount Oupu. To the north Solitary Isle Mountain stretched across the river; the British consulate was located there. The sea entered from Yueqing on the east as the Oujiang mouth; south it passed Longwan Doumen and farther south passed Ningcun Station. In Kangxi 9 the stockade was changed to station a mobile detachment commander. The harbor mouth was called Wenzhou Bay; Lingkun Isle guarded it. The upper reach of the Oujiang was Da Stream, entering from Qingtian on the southwest; it flowed east and joined Gu Stream and Hanbu and Shangshu harbors. It passed northwest of the city. On the right it received Huichang Lake, divided into Guo, Qu, and Xiong streams, and joining they passed outside Wangjiang Gate. In Guangxu 2 the Yantai Treaty established a concession. It passed north of Doumen Bridge, joined Tang River on the right, and reached the Yongle border as Guantou River. To its right it joined Shuangjing and Chashan rivers; farther southeast it joined Yaoxi and Baishui streams and entered the sea. At Zhaxi Market Town an assistant magistrate was stationed. The Xixi Inspection Office, Yongjia Salt Field Office, and Yaoxiao Market Town post were stationed here. Garrison posts were stationed at Shatou, Bilian, Hanbu, Fenglin, and Shuangxi. Longwan Mountain, Maozhu Ridge, and Zhuangyuan Bridge batteries were located here. Ruian: strategically important and populous. It lay eighty li south of the prefectural seat. A naval deputy commander was stationed here. To the east stood Mount Long. To the north stood Mount Jiyun and large and small Yang mountains. The sea entered from Yongjia on the northeast, passed Meitou City, farther south passed Hai'an Station, and farther south passed Feiyun River mouth, where there was a pass. Offshore Fenghuang Mountain faced Xijiang Heng Mountain; this was called Fenghuang Gate. Northward lay large and small Ding mountains. Southeastward stood Chitou Mountain. To the east stood Mount Changdai. Northward stood Mount Nance, facing East Ce and North Ce. West of North Ce and east of Yongjia Daqu was called Jia'ao. The upper reach of Feiyun River was Da Stream, entering from Taishun on the west; it joined Gui Stream, passed Kou Village, and joined Hui Stream on the right. Farther east it joined Jiu Stream and Fangkeng Stream. Farther northeast it received Jimen Stream on the left, gathering various streams; it turned southeast, joined Ban Stream, and left received South Bank Pond River entering the sea. The large and Jiang'an inspection offices and Shuangsui Salt Field were located here. Garrison posts were stationed at Heicheng and Songbu. Yueqing: strategically important, populous, and difficult to govern. It lay eighty li northeast of the prefectural seat. A naval deputy commander was stationed here. To the north stood Mount Yandang. To the east stood Mount Yaoxiao. To the west stood Mount Zhang'ao; with Shajiao and Huanghua stockades were placed. Huanghua had a pass overlooking the harbor mouth; it was the first gateway. The sea entered from Taiping on the northeast, passed Dajing City, where a mobile detachment commander was stationed. It turned southwest past Huajiao Ford; north it connected with the Dasong garrison post. Farther southwest it passed Puqi to south of the city as the Oujiang mouth. From Mushao Mountain to here was called Yueqing Bay. To the northeast lay Xin Market River; the east source rose at Mount Bailong and the west source at Daiqiu, Chiyan, and Dongping mountains; joining they flowed as Huangshuang Pond Stream. To the north Mei Stream rose at Zuoyuan mountains, flowed as Shidai River, and all entered Wanqiao Harbor to reach the sea. To the east lay Furong River, dividing from Changshe Ridge and West Zhong'ao Forty-Nine Pan Ridge and joining as Qing River; north it connected with the Cai'ao garrison post and south with the Guangyan garrison post. Farther northeast Bai Stream rose at the eastern foothills of Yandang, passed Lingyan, and flowed as Jingming Stream. To the northeast Pu Stream had two sources; one rose at Shimen Pool and joined South and North Ge waters; one rose at Jing Pool and joined Tongyang Pass and Menling waters; pooling at Shuizhang, all entered the sea. The city river was East Stream, rising from mountains northeast of the county seat. On the left branch rivers issued, all connecting with West City River. The river was West Stream, passing Xiamaqiao, meeting East Stream to form the Grand Canal, and southwest entering Guantou River. East it passed Panshi, where the brigade commander and inspection office were stationed. South it connected with the Tianfei garrison post; facing Longwan it was the second gateway. Farther east to Baisha Ridge it entered the sea. From here it passed the Caotian garrison post to Qitou Mountain, which was the harbor mouth. Guantou Market Town and Lingdian Post were located here. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Dajing City. The Changlin Salt Field was located here. East Gate, Xishan Ridge, Zhen'ou, and Qitou batteries were located here. Pingyang: strategically important and populous. It lay one hundred thirty li south of the prefectural seat. A naval deputy commander was stationed here. To the west stood Mount Yandang; facing Yueqing it was called South Yandang. To its east lay Jiaoxi, Tianjingyang, and Chiyan mountains. To the southwest lay Fenshui Ridge; springs rose at Longshang, dividing east and west to mark the boundary between Fujian and Zhe. The sea entered from Ruian on the northeast, passed Shayuan City, south passed Aojiang mouth, farther south passed Jinxiang Camp, and northeast connected with the Pachao garrison post. Farther south lay Dahu Harbor mouth; Guanshan Isle guarded it, dividing north and south water channels. To the southwest lay Aojiang, anciently called Shiyang River. South Harbor had two sources: one Ping water and one Zao Stream; they divided into East and West streams. North Harbor had two sources: one Shun Stream and one Mei Stream; the two harbors met west of Xiaojiadu, joined, and passed below Luoyuan Mountain as Hengyang River. It passed Qianchang Market Town as Qianchang River. Farther east it joined East Pond River and reached the Mocheng garrison post to enter the sea. The city river divided from Piyan Ridge and other mountains southwest of the city, entered the city as Belt Water, pooled at Kangyun Bridge; one issued from East Gate to enter the sea and one from North Gate as North City Grand Canal. Its Jiayu Bridge River lay below South Jiayu; below it pooled south city waters and divided in two: one West Pond River and one East Pond River, each tending to enter the sea. South Grand Canal rose at Southeast Jinshi Mountain and joined Zhijie River; Chixi rose at Southwest Fanshan and all entered it. There were two market towns: Xiankou and Qianchang. The Pumen Inspection Office was stationed here. The Tianfu Salt Field was located here. The Xiayang batteries were located here. Taishun: administratively simple. It lay one hundred thirty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Feilong. To the south stood Mount Shiling. To the west lay Shuanggang Ridge. Xianju Stream rose from northwest mountains and passed Hongkou Ford; Hong Stream met Ge Stream to discharge into it; anciently it was called Yu Stream. It flowed northeast and received Sancha Stream on the left, entering from Jingning on the northeast and meeting Zuo Stream. Farther northeast it joined Jugang Stream on the right and received Qingtian Lower Zhaikou Stream on the left; anciently it was called Long Stream. North of it Taiping Stream rose at Shangzhuang, passed through the city moat, issued from the south gate, joined Bai Stream, diverged and re-entered, followed the border to Chishuikeng mouth, and met Shuanggang Stream. The stream entered from Shouning, passed Wubu, joined Tangping water, passed Shizhu Isle, joined surrounding waters, reached Jiaoxi Village, met four streams and Shiyang and Guifu streams, and with Xiapu and Fu'an in Fujian formed a boundary river. There were the Ouxi First, Fenshui, Guifeng, and Wulingtou south of the market town passes, and Pailing, Niutou upper and lower Pai, Longyan Ridge, and Fenshui Pai passes. There were two market towns: Chicun and Sankui. An inspection office was stationed here. Garrison posts were stationed at Duntou Pass, Wujiadun, Yanggang, and Houjie. Yuhuan Subprefecture: administratively simple. It lay two hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. A deputy commander and subprefect were stationed here. Kanmen and Diaocao inlets were strategically critical. East of Diaocao lay Yingbu Inlet. North Cheshoutou and northeast Mushao Mountain faced each other obliquely; between them lay Zhanoutou Harbor; east it connected with Lingmen Harbor; outside lay Hucha, Jiguan, and Yang isles. Southeast to Lumen. East of offshore Hucha lay Pishan. North of the outer sea was Baima Mouth; east of the mouth lay Shajiao, Dengtai, and Maocao mountains. To the west lay Huayan Harbor. Northwest it connected with the Hou [text damaged]jiao garrison post. Beyond this lay Xuanmen, where two mountains pressed close and a single stream flowed between; the route was most perilous. To its west stood Fenshui Mountain; to the north Taisan. East of Fenshui lay Chumen Harbor; south Wuyang Harbor; west it connected with Puqi Harbor. Farther south lay West Qing Isle and Wuyan. To the north lay Da Qing and Xiao Qing. Westward lay Maoxian Mountain. Also West River [text damaged]ting Mountain. To its south lay Da Wu and Xiao Wu. Farther south lay Lian Isle. To the southwest lay Da Gate and Xiao Door. Southeastward lay Huangda'ao; within were layered mountains. West of Huangda'ao and north of the layered mountains, in the middle lay Tianmen. Farther southeast lay Zhuangyuan Inlet, forming Sanpan Mountain. To the northeast stood Luqi Mountain. Northwest to Dayantou. Farther north it connected with the Liangwan garrison post; southeast lay Huangmen. East of the gate stood Nanpai Mountain. North lay Jiaochang Inlet and Li Inlet. Jin'ao Stockade Market Town, the Yuhuan Inspection Office, and Sheyu Battery were located here. Chuzhou Prefecture. Chuzhou Prefecture: administratively simple. It was subordinate to the Wen-Chu Circuit. A regional commander and guard garrison commander were stationed here. It lay one thousand ninety-eight li north from the provincial capital. It measured four hundred ninety li in width and four hundred ten li in length. Its north pole height was twenty-eight degrees twenty-five minutes. From the capital it lay three degrees twenty-five minutes east. It administered ten counties. Lishui: administratively simple. Attached to the prefectural seat. A brigade commander was stationed here. In Daoguang 28 it was changed to a garrison commander. To the east stood Yinchang Mountain and Yangmei Hill. To the north stood Mount Liyang, for which the county was named. Da Stream entered from Yunhe on the southwest; on the left it received Songyin Stream, entering from Songyang on the west to meet, forming Dagangtou. Farther east it joined Songruan water, forming Guo Stream. Farther east it joined Tongji Canal, turned north, and left received Quan Stream. Entering from Xuanping on the northwest, it joined Xi'an Stream to meet. Northwest Jigou Stream received Xuanping Xiao Stream; this formed Sangan Harbor. It passed Xikou, joined Liyang water, and circled south of the city as Huixi. Farther east it received Hao Stream on the left, entering from Jinyun on the northeast and joining Yan Stream to discharge into it. There were two market towns: Baoding; at Bihu an assistant magistrate was stationed. Garrison posts were stationed at Shiba Du, Penghao Ridge, Zaoruan, Kutou, Quejinguan, and Shaxi. Baoding Market Town was located here. Kuocang Post was stationed here. Qingtian: administratively simple. It lay one hundred fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north stood Mount Qingtian, for which the county was named, also called Mount Dahe; a Daoist text calls it "the Thirty-Sixth Grotto-Heaven." To the west stood Mount Shimen; "the Thirty-Seventh Grotto-Heaven." To the south stood Mount Fang. Da Stream rose at southwest Mount Longxu; upstream it received Huixi; entering from Lishui on the northwest it joined Hai Stream, Zhi Stream, Zhongkeng, and Shiteng waters. Farther southeast it received Xiao Stream on the right; its upper reach was Shan Stream, entering from Jingning, flowing as Huansha Stream, then flowing as Shuang Stream to meet. On the left it joined Shi Stream, southwest of the city. It turned east, joined Gu Stream, and entered Yongjia as the Oujiang. To the southwest Wuxi Stream rose at Puxie Ridge; its lower reach was Lower Zhaikou Stream. Farther south Nantian Pit water rose at Mount Tianma, entered Ruian, and its lower reach was Sixi. Da Stream had seventy-two rapids; of these thirty-three were in Qingtian. At Huang [text damaged]dan Market Town an assistant magistrate was stationed. Zhitian Post was stationed here; Huang [text damaged]dan and Danyang had defunct inspection offices. Jinyun: administratively simple. It lay ninety li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Kuocang. To the southwest lay Fenggong Ridge, anciently Taozhi Ridge; on it was Taohua Pass. Hao Stream rose at East Dapan Mountain, passed Damin as Jiuqu Stream, joined Huangtan and Chuanchuan waters, passed Lengshui Sangan Harbor, joined Qiuli Stream, and on the right received Ling Stream entering from Yongkang on the north to join. Farther southwest it joined Tang and Chi streams, issued from Xianmu Bridge, joined Guan Stream, passed Daishi, met Fang Stream, and passed south of the city. On the left it joined Jingkeng water and on the right Zhen Stream, forming South Harbor Stream. Farther west it entered Lishui and downstream reached Wenzhou to enter the sea. North of it South Harbor Stream rose at Mount Xuefeng, joined Jianyang Stream, passed north of the county, and gathered Mei and Gui streams. Farther north was Huangbi Stream, entering Yongkang; downstream it met Lanxi to enter Zhejiang. To the southwest Yan Stream rose at Shamou Ridge, joined Fang Stream, and also entered Lishui. Also Long Stream rose at Fenshui, upstream receiving Xianju Anxian Stream; its lower reach was Jinkeng water. Danfeng Post was stationed here. Songyang: administratively simple. It lay one hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Ruo. To the south stood Mount Baifeng and Mount Jianshan. To the north lay Zhu [text damaged]ke Ridge, steep and narrow. Songyin Stream entered from Suichang on the northwest, joined East Lake mountain waters, passed below Maoyou Mountain, joined Fei Stream and Lun Stream, passed Qinglong Weir, received Dazhu Stream on the right, divided southwest from Xiangru and Yuyan mountains meeting as Xiachuan, joined Nandai and Yadai waters as Zhong'ao River, also joined Xiaozhu Stream, and three streams came to meet. Farther southeast it received Zhu [text damaged]ke Stream on the right; the north branch entered Xuanping and the south branch joined Songyin, passed west of the city, and joined Xunju Stream. Farther southeast it joined Gehu and Shicang sources, met Yu Stream and Xiao Cha Stream, and entered Lishui. East Baian Stream rose at Mount Tongxiang. Old Seat Market Town was located here. In Qianlong 28 the garrison post was moved here. Suichang: administratively simple. It lay one hundred eighty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Mount Junzi. To the east stood Mount Yingong. To the west stood Mount Yi and Mount Hushan. To the north stood Mount Duigu and Jinshi Cliff. To the south lay Guiyi Ridge; Qian Stream issued forth; the south branch entered Longquan and the north branch passed south of the city, issued from East Gate Bridge, met the upper reach of Hou Stream, Zhe Stream, flowed east gathering Meishan two waters, and formed Shuang Stream. Farther east it was Hang River. West of it Cai Stream's upper reach was Zhu Stream; entering from Longquan on the southwest it joined Bilong source, issued from Hongji Bridge, joined Guanchuan forming Zhong Stream. It passed Zhougong Village; on the left it received East River, upstream receiving Pucheng Gunwang water from Fujian to discharge into it. It reached Longbitou Pass; on the right it issued a branch channel as Suo Stream, the upper reach of Zhe Stream. The main channel entered Xi'an as Wuxi Harbor. North Guan Stream rose at Qinyun Ridge; on the right it received Mawu source, issuing from Tangxi border Yin Ridge, entering as Tao Stream, joining Bai water source; its lower reach was Lingshan Harbor. There were Gaoping and Guantang passes. Longquan: fiscally strained and difficult to govern. It lay two hundred forty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Mount Yuzhang. Also Mount Liuhua; below lay Liutian; the soil suited pottery; there were Wuxi and Qingxi kilns; today it is called Longquan Kiln. To the north lay Huanghe Ridge. Da Stream entered from Qingyuan on the southwest as Qin Stream, joined Xiaomei Stream, diverged into Qingyuan and re-entered, and met Shan Stream. It passed Chatian Market; farther northeast to Dutian Shoal Jiang Stream joined Sang Stream to meet. It joined Yuzhang River, passed South Dayang Village, and was dammed as Sword Pool Lake. It issued from Piyun Bridge and joined Jin River. It passed south of the city; midstream it was blocked by Chazhou, divided, and rejoined. On the right it joined Dagui Stream and on the left Tie Shao Stream and flowed northeast. On the right it received Baiyan Stream; its upper reach was Qian Stream, entering from Suichang on the northwest to join. Farther northeast it joined Daotai and Anren streams, diverging and re-entering twice. To its southwest Zhu Stream entered from Pucheng in Fujian and northeast entered Suichang. Its lower reach was Cai Stream; Bilong source also entered from that county. One stream rose at South Jiuji Mountain and southeast entered Jingning. At Anren Village an assistant magistrate was stationed. The Chatian office was defunct. Garrison posts were stationed at Wudu and Yangcun. Qingyuan: administratively simple. It lay four hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south lay Chituan Ridge. To the east stood Mount Jiutai. To the northwest stood Mantou Mountain; Qin Stream rose there; its lower reach was Da Stream. Shan Stream rose at East Yuantou Mountain; Xiaomei Stream at North Da'ao Ridge; all entered Longquan. To the northeast stood Qian'gao Mountain; Nanyang Stream rose there. To the southeast stood Jiguan Mountain; Yutou Stream rose there; all entered Jingning. To its east stood Guangshi Mountain; Gaizhu Stream rose there, joined Mengzhou Stream and Jiaojian water, and passed north of the city as Da Stream. On the left it joined Zhukeng Stream and on the right Jiaokeng Stream and passed Badu Market Town. On the right it received Yunzhou Stream, entering from Zhenghe in Fujian on the southwest to join; this was Cha Stream, following Jilan west into Songxi in Fujian. To its northwest Zhukou Stream rose at Leifeng Mountain, joined Xiaji and Xinyao streams, and all entered it. Juxi Stream rose at southeast Tangyin Mountain and entered Zhenghe. A garrison post was stationed here. Fushi and Daze passes were located here. Yunhe: administratively simple. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Mount Bailong. To the north stood Mount Niutou. To the south stood Mount Qianxi; two mountains rose steeply and the terrain was strategically critical. To the west stood Mount Yan. To the north stood Stone Mirror Cliff; Da Stream passed south of it, entering from Longquan, diverging and re-entering; on the right it joined Wushen source and on the left Ma and Mei pools; it diverged again, entering from Qiechuan mouth, joining Qiechuan and Zhukeng and Wulong pit waters, turned southeast, and met Fuyun Stream. The stream rose at southwest Huangzhan Pit, joined Zhuyuan water, issued from Liji Bridge; Wuxi Stream joined Xin Stream to discharge into it. It circled the city east; on the right it joined Huang Stream and on the left Shuang Stream, forming Ge Stream. It also joined various pit waters, forming Gui Stream, and entered Lishui. Fengyuan water rose at southwest Fengyuan Mountain and entered Jingning. Xuanping: administratively simple. It lay one hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Daishi. To the south stood Mount Yugao. To the west lay Zhukha Ridge. Shuang Stream had two sources: the east source divided from Longfan Ridge, above Tan and Xiaofei meeting below Gang Mountain as East Stream, also called Wu Stream; The west source rose at Longkeng Mountain, joined Xinjin Stream, and was called West Stream, also called Shen Stream. The two sources pooled at Green Rock Pool. It flowed southeast, received Songyang Zhu [text damaged]ke Stream, and farther southeast on the right received Oujian water; its upper reach was Ri Stream, entering from Wuyi on the east to join. On the left it joined Shipu water; farther southeast on the right it received Songyang Baishi Stream and entered Lishui as Quan Stream. To the north Mei Stream rose at Huangtang Mountain and flowed east into Wuyi. Five garrison posts were stationed at Zhu [text damaged]ke, Yuyan Mountain, Taocun, Heshangtian, and Shihetou. Jingning: administratively simple. It lay one hundred forty li south of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Mount Luodai. To the southwest stood Mount Zhi. To the north lay Xintian Ridge. The upper reach of Shan Stream was Nanyang Stream, entering from Qingyuan on the west; on the left it received Yingchuan, also called Dingdu Stream; its upper reach one stream entered from Longquan on the west to meet; it flowed southeast, joined Biao Stream, passed Xinting Village, received Fengyuan water on the right entering from Yunhe on the northwest to meet, turned northeast, received Hemuy Stream on the right, and met Chen Stream entering it. Farther on it joined large and small Shunkeng waters and entered Qingtian as Xiao Stream. To the south Baihe Stream rose at Lishu Ridge; its lower reach was Sancha Stream. Longshou, Longhui, and Bailu passes were located here.
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