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卷67 志四十二 地理十四 湖北

Volume 67 Treatises 42: Geography 14, Hu Bei

Chapter 67 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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Treatise 42
2
Geography 14
3
Hubei
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使 宿 西 西 西 西 巿
Hubei lay within the Jing region described in the Yu's Tribute. The Ming established the Huguang Regional Administration Commission. The Huguang grand coordinator and governor-general were soon added as well. In Qing Kangxi 3 (1664), Hubei was split off with its own provincial administration commission, initially overseeing eight prefectures: Wuchang, Hanyang, Huangzhou, Anlu, De'an, Jingzhou, Xiangyang, and Yunyang. A Hubei grand coordinator was appointed at the same time. In Yongzheng 6 (1728), Gui Department was raised to a directly controlled department. In Yongzheng 13 (1735), Yiling was promoted to Yichang Prefecture, and Gui was demoted from a directly controlled department to a subordinate department under it. Shinan Prefecture was created with its seat at Enshi County. In Qianlong 56 (1791), Jingmen was raised to a directly controlled department. In Guangxu 30 (1904), Hefeng was promoted to a directly controlled sub-prefecture. On the east, to Susong in Anhui; a distance of five hundred and fifty li. On the south, to Linxiang in Hunan; four hundred li. On the west, to Wushan in Sichuan; one thousand eight hundred and ninety li. On the north, to Luoshan in Henan. A distance of two hundred and eighty li. It measured two thousand four hundred and forty li across and six hundred and eighty li from north to south. Its total area was five hundred eighty-nine thousand one hundred sixteen square li. It stood three thousand one hundred fifty-five li north of the capital. In Xuantong 3 (1911), registered households totaled five million five hundred nine thousand ninety-one, with a population of twenty-three million nine hundred seventeen thousand two hundred twenty-eight. In all it comprised ten prefectures, one directly controlled department, one directly controlled sub-prefecture, and sixty counties. Postal routes ran from Wuchang northwest across the Yangzi and Han to Xichuan in Henan; and from Xiangyang west across the river to Lizhou in Hunan. Telegraph lines from Hankou ran east to Jiujiang, west to Chengdu, south to Changsha, and north to Zhengzhou. Railways included the southern Beijing–Hankou section and the northern Guangzhou–Hankou section. River steamers called downstream from Hankou at Huangzhou, Huangkou Port, Qizhou, and Wuxue, and upstream at Jinkou, Baotazhou, Xinji, Chenglingji, Shashi, and Yichang.
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使 使使 西 西 西沿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 鹿 西 西 西西西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Wuchang Prefecture was rated important, pivotal, and difficult. It fell under the Wuchang Salt Administration Circuit. Under the Ming it served as the seat of the Huguang provincial administration commission. From Kangxi 3 (1664) onward it was the seat of the Hubei provincial administration commission. It housed the Huguang governor-general, the Hubei grand coordinator, and the provincial administration, surveillance, and grain-intendant officials. It measured five hundred thirty-two li across and four hundred seventy-two li from north to south. Its latitude was 30°33′ N, and it lay 2°14′ west of the capital meridian. It governed one department and nine counties. Jiangxia County was rated important, pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was the attached seat county. Notable mountains included Jing Mountain, Neifang, and the Dabie range. Within the city stood Huanghe Mountain, also known as Yellow Crane Mountain. Batteries were erected on it and on Fenghuang Mountain at the city's northern corner. Hong Mountain lay to the east, also called East Mountain—a battlefield of countless campaigns. It faced the Great River on the west, commanding the upper southeast: defensible terrain, yet exposed to attack from the water. The Great River entered from Jiayu, sweeping past the northwest of the city into Wuchang; during the Guangxu era, cotton-spinning, weaving, silk-reeling, and hemp-processing mills were built along the waterfront. To the southwest, the Jin River—also called the Tu—flowed from Xianning into Futou Lake and entered the Yangzi at Jinkou. A patrol office was stationed at Jinkou Town. South Lake to the south linked to the Great River and was now a major military colony. To the southwest were patrol offices at Nianyu Tao and Nanshanpo. To the northeast lay the abolished Xuhuangzhou patrol office. To the west was the Yangzi River customs station. Courier stations stood at Jiangtai, East Lake, Shanpo, and Tuqiao. Wuchang County was rated difficult. It lay one hundred eighty li east of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Huanglong Mountain. To the west stood Fan Mountain. To the east stood Shimen. Chang Harbor—also called Fan Harbor—collected the southern lake waters and entered the river at Fankou. The Great River came from Jiangxia, flowed northeast past the county's north, and continued into Daye. To the west lay Luzhou. To the east lay Anleji. To the southwest, Jinniu Town housed the Jinziqi patrol office relocated from the county's east. The Baihu Town patrol office to the west was later moved to Gexian Town. A courier station stood at Huarong. Jiayu County was rated simple yet difficult. It lay one hundred fifty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Yuyue Mountain stood west of the city. To the southeast stood Yin Mountain. To the northeast lay Chibi. To the south stood Baiyun Mountain. The Great River entered from Linxiang in Hunan, passed Lukou on the right bank, and continued into Jiangxia. The Lu River joined from the south at Jiayu Mouth, fed by Taiping, Yuegong, and other lakes. Patrol offices were stationed at the towns of Paizhou and Shitoukou. A courier station served the county. Puqi County was rated pivotal and difficult. It lay three hundred sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Diexiu Mountain rose within the city walls. To the west stood Mao Mountain. To the east stood Huangge. To the northwest stood Zhu Mountain and Ming Mountain. To the southwest lay Yangloudong. Jing Harbor River rose on Bailu Mountain. To the south flowed the Lu River, also known as the Puqi River. Chima Harbor to the east joined Jing Harbor in entering the Lu. To the southwest lay Xindian. The ancient Dapan River linked to Huanggai Lake and descended to Shitou Harbor in Jiayu, where it entered the Yangzi. A patrol office was stationed at Gangkou. The Yangloudong patrol office had been abolished. Courier stations stood at Gangkou and Guantang. The Fengshan courier station had been abolished. A railway line served the county. Xianning County was rated pivotal. It lay two hundred forty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood East High Mountain. To the west stood Gumu Mountain. To the southeast stood Xiang Mountain. To the south rose Taohuajian Mountain. The Tu River rose from Taohua Spring on the west, known as Baixiao Harbor, and joined the Junshui Ridge diversion from the western headwaters; flowing northwest past Jindeng Mountain south of the city, it became the Tu proper, gathered lake and harbor streams, and entered Jiangxia. The Dong River rose on its northern slope and flowed down into Fan Harbor in Wuchang. Farther east, the Yangbuqiao River rose at Shichuan Pan, joined the Dong River, and formed an alternate headwater of the Dong. A courier station stood to the west at Xianning. It was relocated here in Yongzheng 6. Chongyang County was rated busy, exhausted, and difficult. It lay three hundred sixty li south of the prefectural seat. To the west stood Yantou. To the north stood Gexian. To the east stood Yushan. To the southwest rose Longquan Mountain. The Lu River entered from Tongcheng County as the Chongyang River, joined Zimu Harbor on the right and Guikou Harbor on the left, passed Shatang Post, and flowed by Huashan. South of the city it turned east, then northwest past Yanglian Mountain and on to Hutou Mountain, where it spread into the Chongyang flood basin before entering Puqi. A patrol office was stationed at Guikou. Tongcheng County was rated difficult. It lay five hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. Nine Ridges Mountain stood within the county. To the southwest stood Baimian. To the southeast rose Mufu Mountain, source of the Lu River, also known as the Jun River, which took in Xiushui and flowed into Chongyang. To the south rose Huanglong Mountain, source of the Xin'an Harbor River. To the east, Liyu Harbor rose at Suohe Cave, joined the Xin'an Harbor, and entered from the west. Xingguo Department was rated busy. It lay three hundred eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Helü. To the east stood Dapu. To the west stood Huanggu. To the north rose Dayin Mountain. To the southwest stood Long Mountain. To the northeast the Great River entered from Daye and continued east into Ruichang in Jiangxi. The Fu River entered from the west at a place called Fuchi Mouth. A patrol office was stationed at Fuchi Town. To the southwest, Long Harbor joined the Fu River from the north, and the Huangshangkou patrol office from the department's northeast was moved to garrison there. A courier station served the department. Daye County was rated difficult. It lay one hundred fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In Shunzhi 2 it was reassigned from Xingguo Department. To the east stood Weilu. To the north stood Tieshan. To the southwest stood Tonglü. To the north rose Baizhi Mountain. During the Guangxu era mining policy expanded sharply, and the county's iron industry led the province in profit. To the northeast, Cihu Mountain yielded lodestone. To the east stood Xisai Mountain; below it Daoshi Fu, a rocky shoal on the Great River. A patrol office had once been established there but was later moved to the north of the county. The Great River entered from Wuchang in the northwest as Huangshi Harbor and flowed southeast into Xingguo Department. A courier station served the county. Tongshan County was rated difficult. It lay one hundred eighty li south of the prefectural seat. In Shunzhi 2 it was reassigned from Xingguo Department. To the south rose Jiugong Mountain. At the beginning of the Shunzhi reign, Li Zicheng was killed here by local villagers. To the east flowed the Shen River. To the southwest stood Baiyang, the ancient Qingpen Mountain; the Wogou River, also called Tongyang Harbor, rose there, joined Mei Harbor, and entered from the south. To the southeast, Huangli Mountain was the source of the Baoshi River, which joined Tong Harbor and entered from the west; flowing northeast to Xingguo Department it united with other streams to form the Fu River. An old patrol office at Huangnilong to the east was later abolished.
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沿 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西
Hanyang Prefecture was rated pivotal, busy, exhausted, and difficult. It fell under the Han-Huang-De Circuit. At the beginning of the Shunzhi reign, following Ming practice, it belonged to the Huguang provincial administration commission. From Kangxi 3 onward it belonged to the Hubei provincial administration commission. It lay ten li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured two hundred seventy li across and four hundred seventy li from north to south. Its latitude was 30°33′ N. It lay 2°21′ west of the capital meridian. It governed one department, one subprefecture, and four counties. Hanyang County was rated busy, exhausted, and difficult. It was the attached seat county. To the southwest stood Jiuzhen. To the northeast stood Dabie, also called Lushan; during the Guangxu era an ironworks bureau was built at its foot. The Han River entered from Hanchuan and ran along the northern foothills. The Great River came from Jiayu, wrapped around the city, and joined the Han to the east. To the southwest, Taibai Lake bordered Mianyang, collected Yangzi and Han tributaries and other lakes and marshes, and drained east into the Dun River. Its outlet to the river was Dun Mouth. A patrol office at Dankou Town was later moved downstream to Putan. Farther west stood Caidian Town; to the southwest were Xintankou Town and Hankou Town, with four patrol offices named Ren, Yi, Li, and Zhi. In Guangxu 24 the Li and Zhi patrol offices were transferred to Xiakou Subprefecture. Courier stations stood at the county seat and at Caidian. Hanchuan County was rated pivotal and busy. It lay one hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Xiaobie, commonly known as Zeng Mountain. To the southwest stood Yangtai Mountain, renamed Caizhi during the Kangxi reign. The Han River came from Mianyang and Tianmen and entered Hanyang. To the east the Yun River entered from Yunmeng and Yingcheng; the Lun, Xi, and Chashui all fed it, and downstream at Xiakou Subprefecture it entered the Han at Yunkou. Patrol offices were stationed at Liujia Bu and Xiaolitan. Courier stations stood at the county seat and at Tian'erhe. Xiaogan County was rated pivotal, busy, exhausted, and difficult. It lay one hundred forty li north of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 7 it was reassigned from De'an Prefecture. To the north stood Huangmao Ridge. To the northeast stood Dawu, also known as Shangjie Mountain. Farther north the Huan River entered from Xinyang Department in Henan. To the south flowed the Lun River, the lower Huan; upstream it linked with the Yun River, and eastward it joined the Shashui and entered the Great River. The towns of Taiping and Shuangqiao lay within the county. The assistant magistrate was posted at the Maxihe patrol office in the southeast, later moved to the Yangdian courier station in the northeast. Farther north, the Xiaohexi patrol office was moved to Shakou in Jiaqing 11. Jiuli Pass, also called Huangxian Pass, was one of the three Yiyang passes. Courier stations stood at the county seat, Xiaohexi, and Yangdian. A railway line served the county. Huangpi County was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It lay one hundred twenty li north of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 7 it was reassigned from Huangzhou Prefecture. To the northeast rose Dabei Mountain. To the east stood Lutai Mountain. In the Song dynasty, the two Cheng masters built a lookout platform here facing Lu, which gave the place its name. To the southeast, the Yangzi entered from Hanyang, received the Huan River, and flowed east into Huangzhou territory. The county river was the Shashui, which joined the Lun River to the south. Wuhu, also called Wukou water, collected branch flows from the Shashui and all drained into it. The towns of Shakou and Hekou lay within the county. Patrol offices stood at Dachengtan and Shakou Town. Courier stations stood at the county seat, Shuangmiao, and Shakou. Mianyang Department was rated busy, exhausted, and difficult. It lay three hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it belonged to Cheng Prefecture. During the Shunzhi reign it belonged to Anlu Prefecture. In Qianlong 28 it was reassigned here; the department was split and Wenquan County was established. In Qianlong 30 it was abolished and absorbed into the department. To the southeast stood Huangpeng Mountain and Wulin Reef. The Yangzi came from Jianli and entered Jiayu territory. The southern branch of the Han River came from Tianmen and entered Hanchuan territory. Farther south was the Changxia River, also called the Xiasui—a tributary of the Yangzi. The Xiang River, a Han tributary identified with the ancient Tuo and Qian, also flowed here. Branching at Xianghezekou, it passed through Jianli County, joined the Xiasui on the right, and flowed east to feed the Yangming, Taibai, and other lakes. To the southwest flowed the Cao River, also called the Yudai; the Shun, Luojiang, Enjiang, and other streams once entered Mian as branches of the Qianshui from the northwest, but all were now silted up. The department vice-prefect was posted at Xiantao Town. Patrol offices stood at Guodiwang and Shazhen. A courier station served the department. Xiakou Subprefecture was rated pivotal, busy, exhausted, and difficult. It lay north of the prefectural seat. In Guangxu 24 territory north of the Han River was carved from Hanyang County to establish the subprefecture, seated at Hankou Town. From Xianfeng 8 it served as a treaty port, with the Jianghan Customs established there. The Han-Huang-De Circuit moved its seat here from Huangzhou. To the northwest stood Baiquan Mountain. East of the city the Yangzi came from Hanyang, reached Nan'an Mouth, joined the Han River, and flowed into Huangzhou territory. The Han River from Hanchuan followed the border to meet the Yun River at Yunkou. Flowing southeast to join the Yangzi, it formed Hankou. This was ancient Xiakou, also called Mian Mouth; its former channel was the Xianghe Mouth. Flowing northeast into Huangpi it became Shakou. To the north a railway ran from north of Dazhi Gate through Huangpi, Xiaogan, Yingshan, and other counties to link with the line in Xinyang, Henan—the southern section of the Beijing-Hankou Railway. A garrison post stood at Xingoushi market. The Lizhi patrol office was stationed here.
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沿 西 西 西 西 西 西鹿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 宿 西
Huangzhou Prefecture was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It fell under the Han-Huang-De Circuit. At the beginning of the Shunzhi reign, following Ming practice, it belonged to the Huguang provincial administration commission. From Kangxi 3 onward it belonged to the Hubei provincial administration commission. It lay one hundred eighty li northwest of the provincial seat. It measured six hundred sixty-five li across and four hundred eighty li from north to south. Its latitude was 30°26′ N. It lay 1°41′ west of the capital meridian. It governed one department and seven counties. Huanggang County was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was the attached seat county. Northwest of the old city stood Huanggang Mountain. To the northeast of the city rose Daqi. To the north stood Taojin Mountain. To the west lay Wuji Reef. The Yangzi came from Huangpi and entered Qishui territory. The Ba River lay to the east and the Ju River to the west; both entered from Macheng, where the Daoguan and Sha rivers joined from the south to form Jukou, also called Sanjiang Mouth. To the northwest lay Xinsheng Isle, opposite Baimu Reef in Wuchang. Market towns stood at Dandian, Tuanfeng, and Yangluo, with four patrol offices including Cangzipu. A courier station at Qi'an remained active; those at Liping and Yangluo had been abolished. Huang'an County was rated simple. It lay three hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest stood Laoshan. To the northeast stood Zhangjia. To the southeast stood Wuyun. To the southwest stood Sima. To the north stood Jigong. The Zitan River rose at Baisha Pass, gathered the county's streams flowing south, and reached Huanggang to enter the Great River. To the west the Shashui rose on North Xianju Mountain and flowed down into Huangpi. Patrol offices stood at Zhonghe Town and Huangpi Station in the southeast. To the northwest stood Jinju Pass, also called Jinshan Pass; nearby was Dacheng Pass, one of the five passes of Macheng. Qishui County was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It lay one hundred ten li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Doufang. To the north stood Chashan. To the northeast stood Zhangjia. To the southeast stood Xiannü. The southwest adjoined the riverbank. The Yangzi came from Huanggang and entered Qizhou, where the Xishui and Ba River from Luotian joined it. Patrol offices stood at Lanxi Town and Bahe Town. Courier stations stood at Bashui and Xichuan. Luotian County was rated simple. It lay one hundred sixty li east of the prefectural seat. To the south stood Wangjiang. To the north stood Jilong and Guijia. To the northeast, Yandui Mountain was the source of the Ba River, also called the Pinghu Township River. The You River joined the Tang and Beifeng rivers, ran east of the city to the Qishui border, turned northwest, and was met by the Shiyuan River. To the southeast the Xishui rose in Yingshan, Anhui, and along the border joined the Leqiu, Wangjia, Guanyin, and other streams on the right before entering Qishui. A patrol office stood at Duoyun Town in the northeast. Farther north stood Liziguan Pass. To the northeast stood Wengmen Pass. To the northwest stood the passes of Pinghu, Tongluo, Songzi, and others. Macheng County was rated busy and difficult. It lay one hundred eighty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the west stood Da'an. To the northwest stood Lingyang. To the southeast stood Baigao. The Ju River rose on Guifeng, Huangbo, and other peaks within the county, received the Yanjia, Bota, Maxi, Baigao, and Fuqiao streams, and downstream reached Huanggang to enter the Great River. The Muxi Erlhe River and the Dongyizhou River also flowed south to Huanggang and entered the Ba River. To the northeast lay Yinshanfan, with Yinshan Pass above it and the Hutou Pass patrol office nearby. Farther north stood Muling Mountain with Muling Pass above; together with Huangtu, Hutou, Baisha, and Dacheng in Huang'an, these formed the five passes of Macheng. Farther west the Elongshan patrol office, also called Tiebi Pass, was later moved to Songbu in the southwest of the county. The sub-prefect was posted at Qiting Town. A courier station served the county. Qizhou was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It lay one hundred eighty li east of the prefectural seat. To the northeast stood Baijiaye. To the northwest stood Lingshan. To the southwest stood Kongshi. The Yangzi came from Qishui and entered Guangji. The Qishui rose on Dafu Mountain, flowed southwest, gathered thirty-six streams and the Gumutan into Chidong Lake, and at the west of the department entered the Great River at Guakou, also called Qiyang Mouth. Patrol offices stood at Maoshan Town and Datong Town. The Xihe courier station served the department. The Qiyangshui courier station also served there. Guangji County was rated pivotal and busy. It lay two hundred fifty li east of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was an attached dependency of Qizhou. At the beginning of the Shunzhi reign its jurisdiction was changed. To the east stood Dahe. To the southeast stood Taiping. To the southwest stood Jibu, identified with the ancient Gaoshan. The Yangzi entered from Qizhou, flowed southeast, and entered Huangmei. To the east the Meichuan flowed down into Wushan Lake. To the southwest lay Makou Lake. A Makou patrol office at Tongjiang was later moved to Wuxue Town. A patrol office stood at Longping Town in the southeast. At Tianjia Town in the southwest the water-control sub-prefect was posted. The town faced Banbi Mountain at the river's narrowest constriction; batteries were installed there during the Xianfeng reign. Courier stations stood at Guangji and Shuangcheng. Huangmei County was rated pivotal and busy. It lay three hundred fifty li east of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was an attached dependency of Qizhou. At the beginning of the Shunzhi reign its jurisdiction was changed. To the northwest stood Huangmei Mountain, which gave the county its name. To the southeast stood Kuangshan. To the northeast stood Fengmao. To the southwest stood Caishan. The Yangzi lay to the south; it entered from Guangji, flowed southeast past Qingjiang Town, and entered Susong. East of the county the Longdou River, and west of it the Shuangcheng River, collected lake and harbor waters, joined at Huanglian Mouth, and entered the Yangzi through Jishuigou. The county assistant was posted at the defunct Qingjiang Town in the northeast. Patrol offices stood at Xinkaikou, Tingqian, and Konglong, each with a courier station.
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西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西
Anlu Prefecture was rated pivotal and busy. It fell under the An-Xiang-Yun-Jing Circuit. Under the Ming it was Cheng Prefecture, under the Huguang provincial administration commission. In Shunzhi 3 it was renamed. From Kangxi 3 onward it belonged to the Hubei provincial administration commission. It lay five hundred thirty-five li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured five hundred twenty li across and seven hundred forty-five li from north to south. Its latitude was 31°12′ N. It lay 3°59′ west of the capital meridian. It governed four counties. Zhongxiang County was rated busy, exhausted, and difficult. It was the attached seat county. South of the city stood Manmu Mountain. To the northeast stood Chunde. To the north stood Jiuhua. To the northwest stood Ma'an. To the west the Han River came from Yicheng and entered Jingmen territory. Farther east, Liaoju Mountain was the source of the Jiushui, identified with the Chengjia of the Zuo Commentary. To the northeast, Huangxian Cave Mountain was the source of the Aoshui, which downstream was called the Zhihe. The Quanshui to the southwest and the Fengle River to the north all emptied into the Han. Fengle had a courier station and a patrol office. The Liyang courier station was detached from Jingmen Department in Qianlong 32; the Xianjuju patrol office was moved there. Courier stations also stood at Shicheng and Yingdong. The county assistant was posted at Shipai Town. Jingshan County was rated busy and difficult. It lay one hundred fifty li east of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Jingshan. To the northwest stood Dahong. To the south stood Ziling. To the southwest stood Baoxiang. To the west the Han River entered from Zhongxiang, passed Dingkoutan, and southeast along the Qianjiang border flowed into the county. The Aishui, commonly called the Huihe, ran south of the city and collected the county's streams. Its central source, the county river, flowed south into Tianmen territory. The Fushui, also called the Zhuanghe, rose on Dahong Mountain, joined the Xiaofushui at Shuanghekou to the southeast, merged with the Shiban River, and entered Yingcheng. Liaoju Mountain was also the source of the Jiushui—the ancient Chengjia; joining a branch of the Xiaosi River as the Nanhe, it flowed southeast into Tianmen. East of it the Yangshui and Jinshui both followed its course. A patrol office at Songhe Town was moved here from Xincheng in Jingmen Department in Qianlong 29. A courier station served the county. Qianjiang County was rated difficult. It lay two hundred twenty li south of the prefectural seat. The Han River came from Jingshan, passed north of the county, and divided into branches toward Tianmen and Mianyang. To the east the Qianshui, also called the Lufu River, branched from the Han; the Tuoshui from Jiangling joined it at Tuobuyuan west of the county—the old Yangzi–Han link, later silted up. The county river, Banwan River, and Shakou River to the southeast were all lower courses of the Qianshui and were also silted up. To the west the Yeha River received the Han; formerly it split at Dazekou, also called Cekou. During the Xianfeng reign its break shifted to Wutan Kuikou, also called Wujia Gai Mouth. A patrol office at Gaojiachang in the southwest served the county, with a courier station. Tianmen County was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It lay two hundred twenty li southeast of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was Jingling County, under Mianyang Department within Cheng Prefecture. In Shunzhi 3 it came directly under the present prefecture. In Yongzheng 4 it was renamed. To the northwest stood Tianmen Mountain; the northern Han branch from southwest of Qianjiang passed south of the county, joined the southern branch downstream, and entered Hanchuan territory. The Xiaosi River from Jingshan joined the Yangshui and Jinshui as the Sanhe River, also called the Chashui. The Yu's Tribute phrase "passing the three Xiaosi" referred to this place. At the west of the city it split into two branches that reunited east of the city; northward it linked Yangsang Lake and eastward Santai Lake, then in Hanchuan emptied into Song Lake before branching into the Han. The county assistant was posted at Nanyuekou market. A patrol office stood at Qiantan Town. A courier station served the county.
9
沿 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西
De'an Prefecture was rated pivotal. It fell under the Han-Huang-De Circuit. At the beginning of the Shunzhi reign, following Ming practice, it belonged to the Huguang provincial administration commission. From Kangxi 3 onward it belonged to the Hubei provincial administration commission. It lay three hundred twenty li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured three hundred eighty li across and three hundred eighty li from north to south. Its latitude was 31°18′ N. It lay 2°55′ west of the capital meridian. It governed one department and four counties. Anlu Department was rated pivotal. It was the attached seat department. To the east stood Zhang Mountain, also known as Yuzhang Mountain. To the west stood Taiping. To the northwest stood Shou Mountain. The Yun River, also called the prefectural river, was the Qingfa River—the place named in the Zuo Commentary: "Wu defeated Chu at Boju and pursued them as far as Qingfa." It entered from Yingshan in Suizhou Department, gathered the Fushui, Huoshui, and Shihe River, and at Lianghekou joined the Yangjia River. Gaoqiao Town lay to the south, where a defunct patrol office remained. Chongyang Town stood to the northwest. A courier station served the department. Yunmeng County was rated pivotal and difficult. It lay sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. The Yun River came from Anlu, flowed southeast, and entered Hanchuan territory. The Yun River embankment on the north bank was rebuilt in Kangxi 5; a branch south of Baihekou flowed east as the county river, joined the Zhengjia River, entered Xiaogan territory, and linked the Huan River. The towns of Xing'an to the east, Geputan to the south, and Litang to the north lay within the county. A defunct patrol office remained at Xing'an. A courier station served the county. Yingcheng County was rated difficult. It lay eighty li south of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Gaolou Mountain. Its eastern border lay along the Yun River. To the northwest lay the Xihe, which was the Fushui. The Fushui entered from Jingshan and flowed south, taking Shenggang on the left; at Guikou a lesser branch to the right fed Santai and Wudang and received the Wulong River. Farther southeast, Jinliang Lake formed a golden basin and flowed into Hanchuan. The Tongshui rose on Tong Mountain in the northwest of the county, ran south of the county and then east through Anlu into the Yun River, and has since silted up. Changjiangbu lay to the east; the patrol office was moved there from Qishan Town. A courier station served the county. Suizhou Department was rated exhausted and difficult. It lay one hundred thirty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the north stood Li Mountain, also called Lie Mountain. To the southwest, Dahong Mountain was the source of the Yun River. To the northwest, the Zhashui rose on Kaolao Mountain and flowed south to join the Yun River. It also took the Guishui and Lishui on the left and the Zhishui and Langshui on the right, then downstream reached Xiakou Subprefecture and entered the Han. The Zhangshui to the southwest flowed southeast along the Anlu and Yingcheng borders into the Yun River, also known as the Yangjia River. The department sub-prefect was posted at Zhulin Town. The department judge was posted at Tangxian Town. The Meiqiu patrol office was posted at Huantan. The chief patrol office was posted at Gaocheng Town. The Hehedian and Tangxian Town patrol offices were abolished in Jiaqing 15. Yingshan County was rated pivotal and busy. It lay ninety li north of the prefectural seat. To the west stood Kong Mountain. To the west stood Dongting. To the northeast stood Huangmao. To the northwest, Manjian Mountain was the source of the Liaoshui, which flowed southwest through Suizhou into the Yun River. The two rivers then flowed southeast along the border, joined the Xujia River, and entered Anlu. To the east, the Huangsha River, also called the Huan River, rose on Jitou Mountain in the northeast of the county; the Donghe joined the Boqigang stream and the combined flow entered Xiaogan to the south. The Sanlidian patrol office stood to the northwest; moved from Pinglishi Town in Yongzheng 10, it was later relocated to Pingjing Pass, popularly known as Henzhe Pass—the ancient Ming'e Pass. Lishan Pass was Wusheng Pass, also called Wuyang Pass—the second of the three Yiyang passes on the Beijing–Hankou Railway. The towns of Guangshui, Mapinggang, Longquan, and Taiping lay within the county. Courier stations stood at the county seat, Pingjing Pass, Guanyin Shop, and Guangshui Town.
10
沿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 調 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Jingzhou Prefecture was rated pivotal, busy, exhausted, and difficult. It fell under the Jing-Yi Circuit. The general and the left and right wing lieutenant generals were all posted there. At the beginning of the Shunzhi reign, following Ming practice, it belonged to the Huguang provincial administration commission. From Kangxi 3 onward it belonged to the Hubei provincial administration commission. It lay eight hundred li east of the provincial seat. It measured seven hundred twenty-five li across and two hundred ten li from north to south. Its latitude was 30°26′ N. It lay 4°28′ west of the capital meridian. It governed seven counties. Jiangling County was rated pivotal, busy, exhausted, and difficult. It was the attached seat county. To the northwest stood Long Mountain. To the north stood Ji Mountain. The Yangzi came from west of Songzi, passed south of the city, and entered Gong'an territory. The Jushui from Dangyang County joined the Zhangshui and flowed south to enter the Great River. To the southwest, the Hudu River branched from the Yangzi, descended to the Li River, and entered Dongting Lake—the route described in the Yu's Tribute as "leading the Jiang east as far as Li." To the southeast, the Xiashui—the Tuojiang—formed a branch channel of the Yangzi. The Yongshui, a tributary of the Xiashui, joined the main stream at a point called Yongkou. The Cao River northeast of the city was called the Caoshi River and, passing through Shashi, the Shashi River. Farther east, Wazi Lake—also called Chang Lake—collected the region's lake waters, which downstream all reached the Mian. Wancheng Embankment in the southwest of the county was built under Yongzheng, repaired in Qianlong 53, and garrisoned each year by a dispatched grand minister. The vice-prefect was posted at Shashi, which also had a patrol office. In Guangxu 21 it was opened as a treaty port. Together with Longwan Market and Hudukou, there were three patrol offices. A defunct patrol office remained at Haoxuekou. Courier stations stood at Jingnan and Yajiaomiao. Gong'an County was rated pivotal and busy. It lay one hundred forty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In Shunzhi 8 the county seat was moved from Douhudi to Zhujiagang. In Tongzhi 12 it was moved again to Tangjiagang. To the east stood Taisui. To the southeast stood Huang Mountain. The Yangzi lay to the north; east of Jiangling it entered Shishou territory. To the west, the Youshui once entered the Yangzi at Youhekou but is now silted up. The Hudu River entered from south of Jiangling County; at Huangjinkou it split into the Donghe, which joined the Wuda River and other streams to reach Jianzu Creek. The main stream flowed south past Gangkou, joined the Sunhuang River, and southeast to Sishuikou; both courses entered Hunan and emptied into the Li River. A patrol office stood at Chanling Town to the northeast. Tuguoshi lay to the east and Mengjiaxi Market to the southeast. A Sunhuang courier station once served the county but was later abolished. Shishou County was rated simple. It lay one hundred eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Shishou Mountain. To the southeast stood Shimen. To the west stood Yangqi Mountain. The Yangzi entered from Gong'an, passed north of the county, and entered Jianli territory. Branch channels split at Ouchi into several courses that reached Dongting Lake to the south. Farther east, the Jiaoshan River—another Yangzi tributary—flowed from Tiaoxiankou past Jiaoshan and likewise reached Dongting. Huangjindi Market lay to the south. Yanglin Market lay to the west. Jianli County was rated busy, exhausted, and difficult. It lay two hundred forty li east-southeast of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Shizi Mountain. To the west, the Yangzi came from Shishou, passed southwest of the county, and entered Huarong in Hunan. To the east, the Lufu River—the Xiashui—flowed in from Jiangling. To the east, the Dama Changchuan—a channel more than two hundred li around—joined the Linchang, Fenyang, Longtan, and Sancha rivers in reaching Mianyang Department, where all merged with the Mian. Patrol offices stood at Bailuoji, Fenyansuo, and Yaoqizhen. A defunct patrol office remained at Zhujiahe. Songzi County was rated simple. It lay one hundred twenty li west of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Zhuyuan. To the south stood Jinyang. To the west stood Jiugang. To the southwest stood Ba Mountain. The Yangzi entered from Zhijiang, passed north of the county, and was also called the Chuan River. Here the Min River split into three branches that downstream reunited into a single stream reaching Jiangling. The Weishui rose on Qilong Mountain in the southwest—the ancient Wei Mountain—passed Zhangmu Mountain, took in the Gesha River on the right and the Tianmu River on the left, flowed past Wengong Mountain, and farther east as the Zhichang River entered Gong'an and reached Dongting Lake. Patrol offices at Mopanzhou and Hongyazizhai in the southeast were later abolished. Courier stations stood at the county seat and Wanshi. Zhijiang County was rated simple. It lay one hundred eighty li west of the prefectural seat. Zi Mountain stood to the south. To the west stood Jinzi. To the southwest stood Guanmu. The Yangzi came from Yidu, passed north of the county, and entered Songzi. Baili Isle lay midstream. The outer channel lay to the south and the inner to the north—the Jiang and the Tuo. The Jushui lay to the northeast; Baishuigang to the northwest collected local creeks and joined it. A patrol office stood at Jiangkou. Dongshi Town lay within the county. Yidu County was rated simple. It lay one hundred eighty li northwest of the prefectural seat. At the beginning of the Shunzhi reign it belonged to Yiling Department. In Yongzheng 13 its jurisdiction was transferred. To the south stood Yangchang. To the southwest stood Daliang. To the northeast stood Shiyang. To the northwest stood Jingmen Mountain, facing Huya Mountain on the opposite bank. The Yangzi came from Donghu, threaded this perilous gorge, and flowed southeast into Zhijiang. To the northwest, the Qing River—the Yi River—flowed in from Changyang, turned southeast, joined the Hanyang River, and at Qingjiangkou entered the Yangzi. To the northeast, Cangmang Creek—also called the Man'ao River—likewise entered the Yangzi. Baiyang on the north bank briefly served as the county seat at the beginning of Shunzhi before the government returned to its former location. A defunct patrol office remained at Putong Pass to the northeast. Niejiahe Market lay to the southwest. Anfu Market lay to the north. Hunaobei Market was the ancient site of Xiaoting.
11
沿 西 鹿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 鹿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Xiangyang Prefecture was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It fell under the An-Xiang-Yun-Jing Circuit. At the beginning of the Shunzhi reign, following Ming practice, it belonged to the Huguang provincial administration commission. From Kangxi 3 onward it belonged to the Hubei provincial administration commission. It lay six hundred eighty li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured six hundred seventy li across and two hundred seventy li from north to south. Its latitude was 32°05′ N. It lay 4°20′ west of the capital meridian. It governed one department and six counties. Xiangyang Department was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was the attached seat department. To the southeast stood Lumen. To the southwest stood Hutou. To the south stood Xian Mountain. To the west stood Longzhong Mountain. The Han River came from Gucheng, passed north of the city, and entered Yicheng. An embankment encircled the city, known as the Xiangyang City Embankment. Fancheng on the opposite bank was an ancient strategic stronghold. The Yu River in the northeast entered from Tang County in Henan and was called the Tang River. Joining the Zhuo River, it became the Tang-Bai River. Within the county the Baishui flowed in from the east to join it. The Qingni River to the northwest and the Chun River to the east both emptied into the Han. The sub-prefect and assistant prefect were posted at Fancheng. Patrol offices stood at Luyan and Shuanggou. A defunct patrol office remained at Youfang. Courier stations stood at Hanjiang and Luyan. The Hanjiang station had since been moved into the city. Yicheng County was rated pivotal. It lay one hundred twenty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the west stood Shiliang. To the southeast stood Chi Mountain. To the south stood Tai Mountain. The Han River came from Xiangyang, took in the Tong River, passed east of the county, and entered Zhongxiang. To the southwest, the Manshui—also called the Yanshui or Yishui—joined the Mishui; with its branch channels the Muligou and Changqu, all emptied into the Han. The Yishui from Hanzhong joined the Manshui at a point called Yikou. To the north, the Shushui—also called the Xiangshui and locally known as the Suishui—likewise entered the Han at Suikou. Louzicha to the southeast, Nankangpocha, and Beiyanghucha were all side channels of the Han. A patrol office stood at Tianjiaji to the west. A courier station stood at Yancheng to the south. Nanzhang County was rated simple. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Biedie Mountain in the southwest—also called Zhashan or Ju Mountain—was the route by which Wu's Zhu Ran and Zhuge Jin marched north out of Juzhong. To the west stood Jing Mountain—the "peril of the Nine Provinces" named in the Zuo Tradition. The Zhang River rose there; downstream at Dangyang it joined the Jushui and entered the Yangzi. North of it, the Shenxi River took in the Manshui as the Zhala River, passed Dahong Mountain, reached south of the city, and entered Yicheng territory. A patrol office at Fangjiayan was later relocated to Bao'an Town. Jitou Pass lay to the south and Shihe Post to the northeast. Zaoyang County was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It lay one hundred forty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Bashan. To the southeast stood Zishan. To the south rose Yuanyuan Mountain, source of the Ying River. To the east rose Dafu Mountain, source of the Baishui. The Kun River to the southeast and the Jin River to the southwest joined the Baishui downstream, flowed into the Yu River, and at Xiangyang entered the Han. The Cai River in the southwest flowed west and likewise emptied into the Yu. Towns stood at Huhe, Lutou, Shuanghe, and Taiping. Gucheng County was rated simple. It lay one hundred forty li northwest of the prefectural seat. The Hubei provincial military governor was posted here. To the northwest stood Gucheng Mountain, for which the county was named. To the southwest stood Xie Mountain. To the south stood Jindou. To the northeast, the Han River entered from Guanghua and was also known as the Gushui. To the south, the Zhu River—also called the Nanhe—flowed east into the Mian at a point called Zhukou. To the north, the Fan River—also called the Guyang River or the Beihe—reached the east of the city and joined the Zhu River. Patrol offices stood at Huashijie and Zhangjiaji. The Zhangjiaji patrol office was later relocated to Taipingdian. Guanghua County was rated simple. It lay one hundred eighty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest stood Sanfu Mountain. The Han River entered from Junzhou, passed west of the city, took in the Juan River, and passing the upper, middle, and lower Juan outlets entered Gucheng. The lower reaches of the Heishui, Paizi, Zhuzhai, and other rivers likewise emptied into it. Ci Lake once lay to the southeast but had since silted up. A patrol office at Zuoqiying was later relocated to Laohekou south of the county. Junzhou was rated simple. It lay three hundred ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south rose Wudang—also called Taihe or Shenshang Mountain, honored in Ming times as the "Grand Peak"—source of both the Lang and Zeng rivers. The Han River entered from the Yuanhe mouth at Yun and farther east was the Canglang River named in the Yu Gong. Tributaries joining via the Lang included the Yinjia and Xiao rivers; those via the Zeng included the Huangsha, Xiaozhi, Shuimo, and Du rivers. The Jun River flowed south of the department to Xiaojiangkou in Guanghua and likewise joined it. Towns stood at Caodian, Langhe, and elsewhere. A patrol office at Sunjiawan was established in the fourth year of Guangxu.
12
沿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西谿 谿 西 西 西谿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Yunyang Prefecture was rated busy, exhausted, and difficult. It was subordinate to the An-Xiang-Yun-Jing Circuit. The regional commander was posted here. At the beginning of Shunzhi, following Ming practice, it fell under the Huguang provincial administration commission, with a concurrently assigned pacification commissioner and censor-in-chief. In the third year of Kangxi it came under the Hubei provincial administration commission. In the sixth year the pacification commissionership was abolished. It lay one thousand two hundred fifty li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured seven hundred ten li across and four hundred li from north to south. Its latitude was thirty-two degrees forty-nine minutes north. It stood five degrees forty-two minutes west of the capital. It governed six counties. Yun County was rated difficult. It was the attached seat county. To the north stood Doumou. To the west stood Xixue. To the northwest stood Laozhai. To the southwest stood Baima. The Han River entered Junzhou from west of Yun County. The Du River flowed in from south of the county at a point called Dukou. The Jiangjun, Quyuan, Shending, Longmen, and Yuan rivers likewise joined it. The Tao River entered from Shangzhou in Shaanxi, passed northeast of the county, joined the Dan River, and entered Xichuan in Henan. A patrol office stood at Huanglong Town to the west. Patrol offices at Leifenge Town and Qingtong Pass were abolished. A courier station stood there. Fang County was rated simple. It lay three hundred ten li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southwest stood Fang Mountain. To the south rose Jing Mountain—also called Yansai Mountain—source of the Ju River. Farther east, the Xun River—now called the Badu River—flowed onward. To the north, the Zhu River rose on Yangzi Mountain. The Fen River to the northeast and the others all passed Baokang, entered Gucheng, and emptied into the Han. Patrol offices stood at Sanchakou and Jiudaoliang. Zhushan County was rated difficult. It lay three hundred sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the southeast stood Fangcheng, also known as Wangchu Mountain. To the southwest stood Baimasai Mountain. To the west stood Yajiao Mountain. To the south, the Du River—also called the Dou River—rose in Pingli, Shaanxi, and entered from east of Zhuxi. On its right it took in the Guandu, Zhangluo, and Huo rivers; on its left the Kutao, Shangyuanshui, Qinyu, and Duizhi rivers; then flowing northeast past north of Fang, it reached Yun and entered the Han. The sub-prefect was posted at Baihe Fort. A patrol office stood at Guanduhe Fort. Defunct patrol offices remained at Huangmao Pass and Jiyang Pass. Zhuxi County was rated simple. It lay five hundred ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Gaozhou. To the southwest rose Tongqi Mountain, where a fort guarded the most perilous pass. To the northwest, the Zhuxi River joined the county river to form the upper Du River. The Qinping River to the south and the Baisha River to the southeast joined the Shi River and emptied into the Du. Defunct patrol offices remained at Yindianshe and Baitu Pass. Xianhe Town lay to the east. Baokang County was rated simple. It lay three hundred forty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east stood Tuoyu Mountain. To the west flowed the Tangqia River—also called the Tangyang River—whose warm waters were said to cure illness. To the northwest, the Fen River flowed east, joined the Zhu River, and was called the Nanhe. From the southwest, the Bancang River flowed north to join it. A defunct patrol office remained at Changping Fort to the southeast. Yunxi County was rated simple. It lay one hundred thirty li northwest of the prefectural seat. In the sixteenth year of Shunzhi, Shangjin County in the northwest was abolished and absorbed. To the west stood Kuang Mountain. To the northwest stood Shibapan Mountain. To the south, the Han River ran along the border, took in the Xian and Bai rivers, passed east by Jinlan Mountain, received the Jia River from the mountain's southern slope, and entered Yunxi. The Tian River rose on Niutou Mountain northwest of the county; the Jilang and Maiyu rivers flowed into it. A defunct patrol office remained at Shangjin Fort to the northwest. Jiangkou Town lay to the west.
13
沿 西 西 西 西 使鹿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 D1 西 西 西 西宿 西西 西 西 西 西
Yichang Prefecture was rated pivotal. It was subordinate to the Jing-Yi Circuit. The regional commander was posted here. At the beginning of Shunzhi, following Ming practice, it served as Yiling Department under Jingzhou Prefecture. In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng it was raised to a prefecture and renamed, placed under the Hubei provincial administration commission, with Donghu as the seat. Hefeng and Changle were attached, and Gui—demoted from department status—along with its subordinate counties Changyang, Xingshan, and Badong, were placed under its jurisdiction. In the thirtieth year of Guangxu the Jing-Yi-Shi Circuit was divided into the Shi-He Circuit, and Hefeng was promoted to a subprefecture under it. It lay one thousand eighty li east of the provincial seat. It measured five hundred ninety li across and four hundred ten li from north to south. Its latitude was 30°49′ N. It lay 5°15′ west of the capital meridian. It governed one department and five counties. Donghu County was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was the attached seat county. It had formerly been Yiling County. Under the Ming it was abolished and absorbed into Yiling Department. In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng it was re-established and renamed. In the second year of Guangxu the area south of the city was opened as the Yichang trading port. To the east stood Duima. To the north stood Fengbao. To the south stood Gaoji. To the northeast stood Fang Mountain. To the northwest stood Huangniu Gorge, also known as Huangniu Mountain. To the north lay Xiling Gorge—also called Yi Mountain—the second of the ancient "Three Gorges." The Yangzi came from Gui Department, passed through the county, and at its western edge finally left the gorges for level ground before entering Yidu to the east. To the southeast stood Huya Mountain; on the opposite bank rose Yidu's Jingmen Mountain, overlooking Huya Rapid. Farther along lay the Liutou, Shijun, Lujiao, Langwei, and other rapids—all exceptionally perilous. To the north, the Huangbo River flowed downstream as the Changqiao Stream and entered the Yangzi at Changqiao. A patrol office stood at Nantuo to the northwest. The Nanjin, Xijin, and Baihu passes also stood there. A courier station served the county. Gui Department was rated simple. It lay three hundred five li northwest of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it belonged to Jingzhou Prefecture. In the sixth year of Yongzheng it was raised to a directly controlled department. In the thirteenth year it was demoted again to department status and placed under Yichang Prefecture. The Yangzi entered from Badong and flowed east into Donghu territory. The Xiangxi, rising south of Xingshan County, entered there at what was called Xiangxi Mouth. The river held the Xin, Chi, Shijie, Dadong, and Dushi rapids, along with the three gorges of Magan, Baigou, and Kongling—all treacherous stretches. Patrol offices stood at Nanluokou and Niukou. Courier stations served the department seat and Jianping. Changyang County was rated simple. It lay seventy-six li southwest of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was subordinate to Yiling Department within Jingzhou Prefecture. In the sixth year of Yongzheng it fell under the directly controlled Gui Department; in the thirteenth year it was placed under Yichang Prefecture. To the north stood Yiyang. To the northwest stood Hen Mountain. To the west stood Ziqiu. The Qing River entered from Badong, passed Wuluo Zhongli Mountain—also called Nanliu Fort Mountain—origin of the Five-Surname Man. The Qing River—popularly called the Changyang River—joined the Zhaolai River, passed east by Jinzi Mountain, took in the Pingle River and Danshui, flowed past the city to the south, and entered Yidu farther east. Two defunct patrol offices remained at Jiuguan Fort and Jianjiayuan to the west. Ziqiu Town stood there. It marked the site of the ancient Han Pass. Xingshan County was rated simple. It lay three hundred ten li north of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was subordinate to Gui Department within Jingzhou Prefecture. During the Kangxi reign it came directly under Jingzhou Prefecture. In the sixth year of Yongzheng it fell under the directly controlled Gui Department. In the thirteenth year it was placed under Yichang Prefecture. To the northwest stood Shenlong and Maolu. To the north stood Luojing. To the east stood Xianlü. To the west stood Wanchao. South of the city, the Xiangxi—also called the County Front River—received the Jianyang and Nanyang rivers, joined the Baisha and Jiuchong rivers, and only south of the city took the name Xiangxi. Farther south it joined the Dali Stream; at Xiamenkou it met the Daxia River. It then entered Gui Department to the southwest. Defiles included Guankou'e, Qinglin'e, and Maor Pass. Ruoye Fort also offered a back route between Yun and Xiang. A defunct patrol office remained at Gaoji Fort to the northwest. Badong County was rated pivotal and difficult. It lay four hundred twenty-five li west of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was subordinate to Gui Department within Jingzhou Prefecture. During the Kangxi reign it came directly under Jingzhou Prefecture. In the sixth year of Yongzheng it fell under the directly controlled Gui Department; in the thirteenth year it was placed under Yichang Prefecture. To the east stood Tiefeng. To the north stood Qingtong. To the south stood Ba Mountain, also known as Jinzi Mountain. To the southwest stood Anju. The Yangzi entered from Wushan in Sichuan through the Wu Gorge, passed north of the city, exited via Donghu's Xiling Gorge, flowed downstream to Huangmei, and entered Suzong County in Anhui. The Sanba River rose at Jiufuping northwest of the county and split into three branches; one fed the Xixiang Stream, while the eastern branch—the Dongxiang Stream—passed north of the city and continued east by Niukou Mountain. To the southwest, the Qing River entered from Jianshi and flowed downstream into Gui Department. The Yeshan Pass patrol office was later relocated to Quannong Pavilion south of the county. Courier stations served the county seat and Huofengkou. Changle County was rated simple. It lay one hundred ninety-one li south of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was Wufeng Subprefecture, subordinate to the Rongmei Pacification Commission within Shizhou Guard. In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng it was established as a county, expanded with the subprefectures of Shiliang, Shuijin, and Changmao and borderlands from Changyang, Songzi, Zhijiang, Yidu, and Shimen in Hunan, among others, and placed under Yichang Prefecture. To the northwest stood Jinji. To the south stood Huping. To the west stood Wufeng Mountain. The Changmao River passed north of the county, joined the county river, and entered the Qing River. To the east, the Hanyang River rose in the northeastern mountains, flowed east past Bainian Pass to the north and Yuyang Pass to the south, and downstream at Yidu also entered the Qing River. To the south, the Baixi River formed the upper reaches of the Xie River. Nanwantan lay to the west, where an assistant magistrate was posted.
14
西 西 谿 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西西祿
Shinan Prefecture was rated simple yet difficult. It was subordinate to the Shi-He Circuit. Under the Ming it was Shizhou Guard, subordinate to the Huguang Regional Military Commission. During the Kangxi reign, following Ming practice, it served as Shizhou Guard under Jingzhou Prefecture. In the sixth year of Yongzheng it was reorganized as Enshi County under the directly controlled Gui Department. In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng it was raised to a prefecture and renamed, placed under the Hubei provincial administration commission, with Xuan'en, Laifeng, Xianfeng, and Lichuan added to its jurisdiction. In the first year of Qianlong, Jianzhi was detached from Kuizhou in Sichuan and placed under its jurisdiction. It lay one thousand nine hundred eighty li east of the provincial seat. It measured four hundred twenty-eight li across and four hundred ninety-four li from north to south. Its latitude was 30°16′ N. It stood 7°02′ west of the capital. It had six subordinate counties. Enshi County was rated busy and difficult. It was the attached seat county. Under the Ming it was Shizhou Guard. In the sixth year of Yongzheng it was established as a county and renamed. In the thirteenth year the prefectural seat was established, and it then fell under the prefecture. Territories formerly under its jurisdiction, such as Ziluo, were divided and assigned to other counties. To the northwest stood Duting. To the northeast stood Hanshan. To the east stood Lianzhu, also called Wufeng Mountain, with Wufeng Pass below. To the north, the Qing River rose in the mountains east of Shilong Pass in Sichuan; it was also known as the Yi River and the Salt River. The Hou Hanshu passage "Lord Lin rode an earthen boat from the Yi River to Yanyang" refers to this river. It passed east of the county, where the Zhongjian River and the Qilin, Jinyin, and other streams joined it; downstream it entered the Great River. There was a patrol office at Cuijiaba. At Mugong an assistant magistrate was posted. Xuan'en County was rated simple. It lay eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was the Shinan Pacification Commission, subordinate to Shizhou Guard. During the Kangxi reign it was the Shinan native chieftain. In the sixth year of Yongzheng it was placed under Enshi County. In the thirteenth year it was established as a county under the prefecture. It was expanded with the territories of the Zhongdong, Gaoluo, Muce, Dongxiang, Zhongjian, and Shihu commissions, among others. To the north stood Moda Mountain. To the south stood General Mountain, where the Baishui River rose; it was also called Che Creek and You Creek, and after entering Laifeng its lower course was known as Manshui. The Li River rose at Yingzuihuang in the northeast of the county; it was also called the Jiuxi River and formed the northern source of the Li. The Zhongjian River lay east of the city, known as Yudai Creek; it rose in Xianfeng and entered the Qing River to the north. There were Lion and East Gate passes and a patrol office at Ganba. To the east was a patrol office at Dongxiang Town, later abolished. Laifeng County was rated simple. It lay two hundred seventy li south of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was the Sanmao Pacification Commission, subordinate to Shizhou Guard. During the Kangxi reign it was the Sanmao native chieftain. In the sixth year of Yongzheng it was placed under Enshi County. In the thirteenth year it was established as a county at Tongziyuan, formerly under the commission, expanded with the territories of the Labi, Dawang, Dongliu, Maodong, and Manshui commissions, and placed under the prefecture. To the southeast stood Xiangfeng. To the northwest stood Sanjian. To the west stood Foshan, facing Qiao'er Peak, where the Gaodong River rose. To the east stood Fotang Cliff, below which the Fotang River—the Baishui River of Xuan'en—merged with many streams, passed through the gorge, and flowed east into the Chen River. There was a patrol office at Maodong and the Dishui and Laoya passes. Xianfeng County was rated simple. It lay two hundred twenty-five li southwest of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was the Datian Military-Civilian Company of a Thousand Households, subordinate to Shizhou Guard. During the Kangxi reign it was reorganized as a patrol office. In the sixth year of Yongzheng it was placed under Enshi County. In the thirteenth year it was established as a county, expanded with the territories of the Tangya, Longtan, and Jindong commissions. Within the city stood Jiaolou Mountain. To the east stood Xiaoguan. To the northwest, the Longtan River—also called the Tangya River—entered from Lichuan, flowed southwest into Qianjiang in Sichuan, and was known there as the Qian River. To the west, the Longzui River also entered from Lichuan, passed south of Wanqing Lake, and entered Pengshui. To the southwest was a patrol office at Zhangjiaping. Lichuan County was rated simple. It lay one hundred seventy-eight li west of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it comprised the Guandu, Ba, and Cushi territories of the Shinan Commission. In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng it was established as a county, expanded with the Zhonglu, Zhongxiao, and Shaxi commissions and areas such as Ziluo and Nanpingbao formerly under Enshi. To the east stood Jinzi. To the west stood Guizi and Qiyao mountains, where the Front River rose; flowing south it merged with the Rear River to form the Longzui River—the upper source of the Zhongqing River. To the north lay the Qing River. Within its territory many streams ran underground. There were patrol offices at Nanping and Jiannan. Jianzhi County was rated simple. It lay one hundred twenty li northeast of the prefectural seat. Initially, following Ming practice, it was subordinate to Kuizhou Prefecture in Sichuan. In the first year of Qianlong its affiliation was changed. To the south stood Wenshan. To the west stood Shiru. To the east stood Zhouji Mountain. To the west stood Shiru Mountain, with a pass on its heights; the Mashui River rose there, flowed southwest, joined on the right the Tongmu Creek and Mugua River, passed Lushan, joined on the right the Guangrun River, and at Samo entered Enshi. To the south lay the Qing River, which passed Magen Ta Pass and the Jingyang River before flowing east into Badong. There was the Longju River. At Dayanling Town an assistant magistrate was posted.
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沿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Jingmen Directly Controlled Department was rated pivotal, busy, exhausted, and difficult. It was subordinate to the An-Xiang-Yun-Jing Circuit. Under the Ming it belonged to Chengde Prefecture. At the beginning of Shunzhi, following Ming practice, it served as a department under Anlu Prefecture. In the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong it was raised to a directly controlled department under the Hubei provincial administration commission. It lay six hundred li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured two hundred sixty li across and three hundred twenty-five li from north to south. Its latitude was 31°04′ N. It stood 4°16′ west of the capital. It had two subordinate counties. Thirty li to the south stood Jingmen Mountain. To the northwest stood Wuling. To the east stood Boyi. To the west stood Xiangshan. To the southeast stood Zhang Mountain, also known as Neifang Mountain. The Han River passed east of the city, also known as the Mian River, and flowed southeast into Qianjiang. A dike along the Han, extending from Neifang Mountain to Qianjiang, served as protection for five districts. To the west was the Quan River, to the north the Xiang River, and to the southeast the Zhi River—all entering the Han downstream. The Jian River, also called the Jianyang River, anciently connected with the Han in its upper course but was now silted; its lower course reached Jiangling and gathered into a lake. There were patrol offices at Jianyang Town and Shiqiao Town, both with courier stations. The city also had the Jingshan courier station. Formerly there were patrol offices at Xincheng Town and Xianjukou, and guard posts at Jingmen and Yimen—all later abolished. To the southeast stood Shayang Town. Dangyang County was rated simple. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the department seat. Under the Ming it belonged to the department, subordinate to Chengde Prefecture. At the beginning of Shunzhi it was placed under Anlu Prefecture. In the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong it was restored to the department's jurisdiction. To the southeast stood Zigai. To the northeast stood Lülin. Yuchuan Mountain stood here, where the Yuchuan Spring rose. To the north, the Jushui came from Yuan'an and flowed southeast, joining the Gong River and Yuchuan Spring; reaching south of Maicheng it met the Zhangshui and downstream entered the Great River. There was a patrol office at Herong Town. To the north stood Baibao Stockade. To the east stood Yuxi Town. A courier station served the town. Yuan'an County was rated simple. It lay one hundred forty li west of the department seat. Under the Ming it belonged to Yiling Department under Jingzhou Prefecture. In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng it was placed directly under Yichang Prefecture. In the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong it was placed under the department. To the northwest stood Mingfeng. To the north stood Shenma. The Jushui came from Nanzhang, passed southeast of the county, joined the Fuhe Creek, Tongtianlou River, Shiyang River, Bailong Creek, Nishui Creek, Qing Creek, and other streams, and entered Dangyang territory. To the northwest flowed the Huangbai River. To the north stood Nanxiang Fort; to the northwest was a garrison post at Zhaiyangping.
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Hefeng Directly Controlled Sub-prefecture was rated pivotal, busy, exhausted, and difficult. In the thirtieth year of Guangxu the Jing-Yi-Shi Circuit was divided into the Shi-He Circuit, and the sub-prefecture was placed under it. At the beginning of Shunzhi, following Ming practice, it was the Rongmei native chieftain under Shizhou Guard. In the sixth year of Yongzheng it was placed under Enshi County. In the thirteenth year it was established as a department, expanded with Wuxingping and Beijiaping, and placed under Yichang Prefecture. In the thirtieth year of Guangxu it was raised to a directly controlled sub-prefecture under the Hubei provincial administration commission. It lay one thousand five hundred fifty li east of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred ninety-five li across and three hundred forty-five li from north to south. Its latitude was 30° N. It stood 6°30′ west of the capital. To the southeast stood Zheji. To the east stood Pingshan. To the north stood Yinshan. To the south stood Tianxing. To the northwest stood Bazi Mountain. To the south stood Bafeng Mountain. The Shan River formed the upper source of the Li; flowing southeast, it received the Dadian River. To the northeast, the Xianying River passed through Badong and entered the Qing River. There were Qifeng, Wuyang, Daya, and other passes. Shanyang Pass had formerly belonged to Cili in Hunan; during the Yongzheng reign it was placed under Hefeng, a patrol office was established and posted there, and later moved to Baiguoping.
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