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卷68 志四十三 地理十五 湖南

Volume 68 Treatises 43: Geography 15, Hu Nan

Chapter 68 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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1
Treatise 43
2
Geography 15
3
使 使 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西
Hunan lay within the Jing region described in the Yu's Tribute. Under the Ming it fell under the Huguang provincial administration commission, with a Pianyuan grand coordinator stationed there. The early Qing kept the same arrangement. In Kangxi 3 (1664), a separate Hunan provincial administration commission was established, creating Hunan Province, and the Pianyuan grand coordinator was relocated to Changsha. In Yongzheng 2 (1724), the post was retitled Hunan grand coordinator and brought under the Huguang governor-general's concurrent jurisdiction. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), Yongshun Prefecture was created and Li under Yuezhou was promoted. In the tenth year (1732), Guiyang under Hengzhou was promoted. In Qianlong 1 (1736), Yuan under Chenzhou was raised to prefectural status. In Jiaqing 2 (1797), Qian, Fenghuang, and Yongshui under Chenzhou were all promoted to departments. In the twenty-second year of Jiaqing (1817), Huangzhou Department was established. In Guangxu 18 (1892), Nanzhou Department was established. In all it comprised nine prefectures, five directly controlled departments, four directly controlled sub-prefectures, three subordinate sub-prefectures, and sixty-four counties. On the east, to Yining in Jiangxi; a distance of three hundred and fifty li. On the west, to Tongren in Guizhou; one thousand seven hundred and thirty-five li. On the south, to Lianzhou in Guangdong; eight hundred and twenty li. On the north, to Jianli in Hubei. A distance of three hundred and fifty li. It measured one thousand four hundred and twenty li across and one thousand one hundred and fifty li from north to south. Its north polar altitude ranged from 24°49′ to 29°37′. It lay from 2°14′ to 7°43′ west of the capital. In Xuantong 3 (1911), registered households totaled 4,288,164, with a population of 22,052,159. Notable mountains included Mount Heng, Jiuyi, Dupang, Qitian, Mengzhu, and Mufu. Its major rivers were the Xiang, Yuan, Zi, and Li. Its great lake was Dongting. Postal routes ran from Changsha north to Puqi in Hubei; southeast through Chaling Pass to Pingxiang in Jiangxi; south to Quanzhou in Guangxi; and west to Yuping in Guizhou. The main railway was the middle section of the Guangzhou–Hankou line. A branch line ran from Pingxiang to Zhuzhou. Shipping routes ran south from Changsha to Xiangtan and north to Hankou. Telegraph lines from Changsha ran north to Hankou, south to Guilin, west to Hongjiang, and east to Pingxiang and Anyuan in Jiangxi.
4
使 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西西 西滿 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西 西西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西西
Changsha Prefecture was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was the seat of the grand coordinator; together with the provincial civil administration, education, and judicial administration commissions and the patrol police, industrial promotion, salt administration, and Changbao circuits. The prefecture fell under the province. Under the Ming it belonged to the Huguang provincial administration commission. During the Kangxi reign the Pianyuan grand coordinator relocated from Yuanzhou, making it the provincial capital. In Yongzheng 2 (1724) the post was retitled Hunan grand coordinator. It stood three thousand five hundred and eighty-five li northeast of the capital. It measured one thousand li across and five hundred and ninety li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 28°13′. It lay 3°40′ west of the capital. It governed one sub-prefecture and eleven counties. Changsha was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was attached to the prefectural seat. To the east: Tianjing. To the west: Gushan. To the north: Luoyang, Shibao, Matan, Zhidu, and Tongshan. Its great river was the Yangzi; Dongting Lake received the Xiang, Yuan, Zi, and Li. The Xiang entered from Xiangtan and Shanhua, taking in the Liaoxi and Baisha rivers. Farther northwest it took the Xiani Harbor on the right and the Tongshu Harbor on the left, received the Baqu River, passed Tongguan Mountain to Jinggang—the ancient mouth of the Xinkang River. Still farther northwest it met the Qiaokou River and entered Xiangyin. The Liuyang River lay south of the county, rising on Mount Dawei, flowing northwest through the county into the Xiang. Taoguan Pass lay southwest of the county. It had a Qiaotou garrison patrol office. Courier stations at Qiaotou and Changsha. The Changsha–Zhuzhou railway passed through. Shanhua was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was attached to the prefectural seat. To the south: Zhaoshan. To the west: Yuelu. To the northwest: Jinpan. Southeast lay Xishan; to the west the Xiang entered from Xiangtan, flowed northwest taking Guanyin Harbor on the left, and at Waguan Mouth the Jin River joined from the southwest. It passed Shuilu Isle to the north and entered Changsha. To the east the Liuwei River entered from Liuyang, joined the Jintang Harbor northward, and at Changsha entered the Xiang. Farther west the Maojiang, also called the Manguan River, rose on Jijia Mountain in Ningxiang, joined the Luopi River northeastward, and entered Changsha as the Baqu River. To the south stood the abolished Muyun market patrol office. It had a courier station. The Changsha–Zhuzhou railway passed through. Xiangtan was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It lay one hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west: Wutai. To the east: Shitan. To the south: Xiaoxia. To the northeast: Zhaoshan, with Zhaotan at its foot. To the northwest: Shaoshan. To the southwest: Yinshan. To the southeast: Fenghuang Mountain. The Xiang entered from Hengshan, flowed southeast past Wan Isle, turned north, and received the Zhuting Harbor stream. Farther northeast it passed Gantian market and bordered Liling County on the east. It continued north through Kongleng Gorge and northeast to Zaoshi Ford. It bent west where the Juan River joined from the southwest. The stream passed Yisu Township west of the county and was also known as the Yisu River. Farther north at Xianghe Mouth it took the Lian River on the left. It passed south of the county seat northeastward, then formed E Isle northwestward and entered Shanhua. To the west the Jin River entered from Ningxiang, wound east through Shanhua into the Xiang. Two market towns: Zhuting, where the assistant magistrate was stationed; and Xiawan, whose former patrol office had been abolished. The Yongning patrol office had also been abolished. The Huangmao patrol office was established in Qianlong 26 (1761), later moved to Zhuzhou market east of the county and renamed. It had a Nan'an courier station. A commercial port was opened by memorial in Guangxu 31 (1905). The Changsha–Zhuzhou and Zhuzhou–Pingxiang railways passed through. Xiangyin was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It lay 120 li north of the prefectural seat. To the north: Huangling. To the east: Shending. To the southeast: Yuchi. To the northeast: Mount Miluo and Mount Yujian. To the northwest: Xishan. To the west the Xiang entered from Changsha, joined the Menjing River northward, and flowed north; a western branch became the Haoshui River, which northwestward split from the Zi at Linzikou. The main channel continued north to southwest of the county seat, where the Baishui River joined it. Farther north it passed Lulin Pool, where the Xishui and Haoshui rivers met from the west. Farther north it took the Mi River, which westward received the Mei River. Still farther northwest it met the Luo River to form the Miluo River, which flowed northwest, divided in two, and reunited at Qutan. It passed south of Quiluo Garrison northwestward and split into branches entering the Xiang. The Xiang flowed northwest to Leishi Mountain and entered Dongting Lake. Three market towns: Yingtian; Xiaopo and Dajing. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Linzikou. To the northwest stood a Yingtian patrol office, later abolished. Patrol offices at Xinshi and Dajing market towns. Courier stations at Xiangyin and Guiyi. Ningxiang was rated pivotal. It lay 100 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south: Shigu. To the north: Xianglin. To the east: Tianma. To the southeast: Jishan. To the west rose Mount Dawei, source of the Wei River, which flowed southeast taking the Huangjuan on the right and Xiaxi on the left; at Shuangjiang Mouth the Shahe joined from the southwest. Farther northeast it took the Yutang River on the left and the Wujiang on the right, then northeast to south of the county seat bent east, met the Ping River, and entered Changsha northeastward as the Xinkang River. The Jin River also lay south of the county, rising in Xiangxiang, winding east through Xiangtan into the Xiang. It had Tangshi market town. It had a courier station. Liuyang was rated busy, fiscally strained, and difficult. It lay 150 li east of the prefectural seat. To the west: Mount Dongyang. To the north: Daowu. To the northeast: Mount Daguang. Also Mount Dawei, source of the Liu River, which southwest to Shuangjiang Mouth met the Xiaoxi coming from the east. It passed southwest of the county seat, where the Liuwei River joined from the north. Farther west it met the Xiao River and entered Changsha northwestward. To the north stood Shizhu Peak, source of the Liaoxi River, which flowed southwest, bent northwest to Changsha as the Laotang River. The Nanchuan River, also called the Chengtang, entered from Wanzai in Jiangxi, passed Jiangkou southwest into Liling; its lower course was the Lu River. Market towns at Yongxing and Juren. A Meiziyuan patrol office at Chengtang River was later moved to Yong'an market west of the county. Liling was rated for simple administration. It lay 180 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north: Little Dawei Mountain. To the east: Wangqiao. To the southeast: Daping. To the southwest: Mount Junzi. A distributary of the Xiang entered from Xiangtan. Farther south the Lu River had two sources: the northern, the Nanchuan River, entered from Liuyang southwest to Shuangjiang Mouth, where the Ping River joined from the south; that river rose in Pingxiang County, Jiangxi—the southern source. It passed south of the county seat westward, took the Jiangwan on the right, and farther west met the Tie River. The other stream, also called the North River, entered from You County, joined the Qingshui northward, and flowing north became the Sifen River. It flowed north into the Lu River and at Lukou entered the Xiang. It had Chaling Pass. A Lukou market-town patrol office and courier station, two stations in all counting Liling. The Zhuzhou–Pingxiang railway passed through. Yiyang was rated pivotal and difficult. It lay 200 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the north: Mount Wuxi. To the south: Xiaolu. To the west: Xiushan. To the northwest: Ziyun. To the southwest: Mount Fuqiu. The Yiyang River lay south, also called the Zhuyu River—the Zi River—which entered from Anhua, eastward took the Nixi, Zhanxi, Taohua, and Zhixi rivers, passed south of the county seat, and branched out as the Lanxi. It joined the Qiao River and flowed northeast, branching north as the Ganxi into the Yuan. To the east the Qiao River first received the Zi and entered from the Yuan. To the west Xilin Harbor split in two, one branch northeast into Xiangyin and one southeast into Changsha, both entering the Xiang. To the north the Yi River rose on Mount Wuxi, joined the Ganxi eastward, and at the Yuan entered the Zi. It had Wahui market town. It had a courier station. Xiangxiang was rated pivotal, fiscally strained, and difficult. It lay 210 li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north: Mount Xiannü. To the east: Dongtai. To the west: Shifo. To the northwest: Lingyang. To the southwest stood Mount Dayu. The Lian River, also called the Xiangxiang River, entered from Shaoyang, joined the Jinzhu northward, and farther north met the Lantian River. It flowed northeast, took the Xiyang on the left, bent southeast to Dajiang Mouth, where the Ceshui and Yayuan rivers joined from the southwest. Farther northeast it passed east of Shiyu Mountain, where the Qingbei joined flowing south, then entered the Xiang at Xiangtan. Market towns at Yutang and Dingsheng. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Yongfeng market. A Loudi patrol office. Established as Wuzhang in the Ming, it was moved and renamed in Qianlong 3 (1738). You County was rated busy, fiscally strained, and difficult. It lay 280 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east: Sikong. To the northeast: Luofu. To the northwest: Mount Mingyue. The You River lay to the east, rising west of Pingxiang County in Jiangxi, joining the Yangsheng River, and entering the Mi southwest of the county seat. The Mi entered from Chaling and was also called the Chaling River. The Mi flowed west, joined the Yinshan River, and entered Hengshan. To the northeast stood a Fengling patrol office, established in Yongzheng 11 (1733). Anhua was rated for simple administration. It lay 260 li west of the prefectural seat. To the east: Yifeng. To the south: Fuqing. To the north: Dafeng. To the northwest: Xiaochen. To the southwest: Mount Daxiong. The mountain bordered Xinhua. The Zi River lay west, also called the Shao River, entering from Xinhua. Northwest it joined the Qu River, bent northeast past the county seat, turned east, and the Fuxi joined from the south. Farther east it took the Shanxi and entered Yiyang. Southeast the Lantian River also entered from Xinhua and northeast through Xiangxiang joined the Lian. The Guixi rose on Situ Ridge west of the county, flowed southwest, and met the Meijiang. It bent southeast to Xiangxiang and joined the Lantian. Chaling Prefecture was rated busy and difficult. It lay 480 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the west: Yunyang. To the east: Huangyu. To the northeast: Mount Jingyang, also called Tea Mountain. The Mi entered from Ling, also called the Chaling River, flowed northwest taking the Tao on the right, passed north of the seat eastward, received the Chashui from the northeast, and entered You northwestward. A Shidukou patrol office administered Shidukou Pass south of the prefecture, later moved to Gaogang South Pass.
5
使 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西𦰡 西 西 西 西西西西
Baojing Prefecture was rated difficult. It was subordinate to the Changbao circuit. Formerly under the Huguang provincial administration commission; in Kangxi 3 (1664) it came under Hunan. It lay 500 li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured 660 li across and 630 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 27°4′. It lay 5°6′ west of the capital meridian. It governed one prefecture and four counties. Shaoyang was rated busy and difficult. It was attached to the prefectural seat. To the south: Siwang. To the east: Dayun. To the northeast stood Longshan. To the northwest: Shouwang. The Zi entered from Wugang, took the Chenxi on the east, and passed northeast of the prefectural seat. The Shao rose on Longshan, joined the Tong and Tan southward, bent northwest into the Zi, and northward met the Yuxi. Northwest it met the Gaoping and entered Xinhua. The Lian also rose on Longshan and entered Xiangxiang northeastward. The Zheng rose on Mount Xiejiang, joined the Dayun, and at Hengyang entered the Xiang. The Xiyang rose in northwest Longhui Township, flowed south to Wugang, and joined the Dongkou River. It had a Longhui patrol office. Its Heitianpu patrol office was established in Qianlong 25 (1760) and later abolished. The subprefect was stationed at Taohuaping. Xinhua was rated busy and difficult. It lay 180 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the north: Mount Daxiong. Northeast stood Mount Huangbaijie, all bordering Anhua. To the south: Meishan and Changlong. To the southwest: Wenxian. To the northwest: Qingxu, also called Mount Daxishan. The Zi lay east, entering from Shaoyang, passing northwest of the county seat where the Yunxi and Yangxi joined from the southwest. Farther north it met the Youxi and entered Anhua. West the Qujiang rose on Mount Lengxi and north through Anhua entered the Zi. East the Lantian River, whose upper stream was the Moxi from Shaoyang, also entered Anhua. The Gaoping rose on Shouwang southwest, flowed southeast through Shaoyang into the Zi. To the northwest stood a Suxi market-town patrol office, abolished in Qianlong 40 (1775). Chengbu was rated difficult. It lay 420 li southwest of the prefectural seat. In Qianlong 3 (1738) it was reassigned to Jing Prefecture; in Qianlong 7 (1742) it reverted. To the east: Mount Luohan. To the southeast: Mount Jinzi, bordering Quanzhou in Guangxi. To the southwest: Jintong; also Mount Lanshan. To the northwest: Mount Fengmen. To the northeast: Mount Qingjiao, also called Mount Gulu, source of the Zi, also known as the Duliang and Ji rivers. It flowed north, bent east taking the Kuanxi on the left, and entered Wugang. The Wu rose on Mount Wushan northeast, bent south and west as the Yudu River, and all streams southeast of the county drained into it. At southwest of the seat it took the Jiebei on the left, joined the Qingxi northwestward, and entered Suining. Southwest the Changping River, also called the Lanshan, entered Suining as the Linchuan. The Changtan rose south of the county, flowed south to Longsheng in Guangxi as the Beizi Stream, and downstream became the Xun River. The Tongguan also entered Longsheng southward as the Taiping Stream and joined the Beizi. A Henglingdong patrol office, originally at Zhaaitou, was established in Qianlong 1 (1736), later moved to Hengling and renamed. The Jiangtouxun patrol office administered Moyidong; in Qianlong 60 (1795) Chang'an Garrison was established with the subprefect stationed there. It governed five Yao dong: Pengdong, Niulan, Moyi, Fucheng, and Hengling. It comprised forty-eight stockades. Wugang Prefecture was rated busy, fiscally strained, and difficult. It lay 280 li southwest of the prefectural seat. Northwest stood Mount Wugang, for which the prefecture was named. Farther northwest Mount Tianzun bordered Suining. To the south: Mount Yun. To the southeast: Baofang, also called Mount Zisheng. The Zi lay south, entering from Chengbu and joining the Weixi eastward. It passed south of the seat eastward, took the Qu on the left and the Shimen on the right, flowed northeast, and the Liaoxi joined from the west. The Liaoxi, also called the Gaoshashi River, rose in Suining. Farther north it met the Dongkou River, whose upper stream, the Pingxi, rose in Qianyang. Flowing southeast it took the Yuexi on the right, joined the Xiyang eastward, and at Pingxikou entered the Zi. The Zi turned north, bent east past Ziyang Mountain as the Ziyang River, and the Longjiang joined from the north. Farther southeast it met the Fuyi and entered Shaoyang. To the northwest the Nai Creek entered from Suining and at Qianyang joined the Yuan. The prefectural subprefect was stationed at Gaoshashi. Patrol offices at Xiakou and Shimensi. The abolished Ziyang and Liaoxi offices. Xinning was rated busy and difficult. It lay 300 li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west: Huaxi. To the south: Jincheng. To the southwest: Mount Gan. To the southeast: Dayun. To the northeast: Gaogui. Also Mount Ziyun bordered Wugang and Dong'an. The Fuyi lay south, also called the Luojiang; its upper stream, the Xiyan, entered from Quanzhou in Guangxi, flowed northeast taking the Shenchong on the left, and at southwest of the seat the Xinzhai joined from the west. It bent east past Bijia Mountain, joined the Shuitou, northeastward took the Dongjiang and Xiaoxi, entered Wugang, and formed a separate headstream of the Zi. To the east stood a Jingwei market-town patrol office, abolished in Kangxi 23 (1684).
6
使 沿 西 西 西西 西 西西 西 鹿簿 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西西西 西西西 西西
Yuezhou Prefecture was rated pivotal, busy, fiscally strained, and difficult. It was subordinate to the Yuechangli circuit. Formerly under the Huguang provincial administration commission. In Kangxi 3 (1664) it came under Hunan. At first under the Ming system it governed one prefecture and seven counties. In Yongzheng 7 (1729), Li was promoted to a directly administered prefecture and Shimen, Anxiang, and Cili were detached to it. It lay 300 li southwest of the provincial seat. It measured 380 li across and 340 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 29°24′. It lay 3°34′ west of the capital meridian. It governed four counties. It had one subprefect. In Daoguang 1 (1821) the seat was moved to Junshan, later abolished. A Yuezhou commercial port was opened by memorial in Guangxu 24 (1898). Baling was rated pivotal, busy, fiscally strained, and difficult. It was attached to the prefectural seat. Within the city stood Mount Baqiu. To the east: Dayun and Tonggu, all bordering Linxiang County. To the southeast: Lingwu and Wulong. The Yangzi lay northwest and Dongting Lake southwest. Junshan, Bianshan, and Shicheng Mountain all stood in the lake. The lake measured over 800 li around, linked south to Qingcao and west to Chisha as the Three Lakes, where the Xiang, Yuan, Zi, and Li all converged. Northeast at Sanjiang Mouth it joined the Yangzi—the ancient Five Islets. The Yangzi continued northeast into Linxiang. Chenglingji formed a natural fortress. South the Xinqiang River, also the Wei, entered from Linxiang, flowed southwest taking Shagang Harbor on the left, and wound west to Guankou into Dongting Lake. It rose on Qingshui Ridge southeast and southwest through Xiangyin joined the Mi. Huanghu Lake lay southeast, also called Weng Lake; farther east was Jiaozi Lake. Yanglin Street, where the assistant magistrate was stationed. Lujiao market town, where the registrar was stationed. To the east: the Yueyang courier station. The former Qinggang station, established in Shunzhi 16 (1659) with an assistant, was abolished in Qianlong 16 (1751). Linxiang was rated pivotal and busy. It lay 90 li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east: Huanggao. To the southwest: Weiluo. To the southeast: Dayun. Mount Longjiao crossed Tongcheng, Puqi, and other Hubei counties; the Wei rose there, wound west past Tucheng taking Magang Harbor on the left, and entered Baling southwestward. The Yangzi lay west of the county, entering from Baling, passing Pengcheng Mountain northeastward as Songyang Lake water joined from the southeast. Farther northeast it met Baimi Lake water, passed Yalanji, and entered Jiayu in Hubei. Huanggai Lake lay northeast; eastern county waters gathered there and north at Qingjiang Mouth entered the Yangzi. Southeast stood the Taolin and Chang'an patrol offices; at Chenglingji in Qianlong 26 (1761) Chang'an was moved to market and renamed, then restored. Courier stations at Yunxi and Chang'an. Market towns at Yalanji and Chang'an. Huarong was rated fiscally strained and difficult. It lay 180 li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the north: Huanghu. To the east: Shimen and Moshan. To the northeast: Dongshan. To the southeast: Mount Gulou. A right distributary of the Yangzi entered from Jianli in Hubei, bent east and south into Baling. North the Huarong and Xiyong rivers both first received Yangzi water from Shishou in Hubei and flowed southeast into Dongting Lake. The Li lay south, entering from Anxiang, joining Chisha Lake, and also entered Dongting. Northeast Dajing and Tuan lakes joined and entered the Yangzi. A Huangjiaxue patrol office. Market towns at Huangjia and Gulou. Pingjiang was rated fiscally strained and difficult. It lay 240 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north: Yongning. To the west: Huyuan. To the east: Daoyan. To the southeast: Lianyun. To the northeast: Mount Mufu, also called Mount Tianyue, with Tianyue Pass below. The Mi entered from Yining in Jiangxi, flowed southwest taking Hongqiao on the right and baiqian streams on the left, at Baihu Mouth bent north as the Zhongdong joined flowing south and west. Farther west it met the Lu and Xian rivers, bent southwest past the county seat taking Jinkeng on the left. Still northwest at Jiangjun Mountain the Changshan joined from the northeast and wound west into Xiangyin. To the east stood a Changshou patrol office.
7
使 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西西 西 西西西 西
Changde Prefecture was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was subordinate to the Yuechangli circuit. Formerly under the Huguang provincial administration commission; in Kangxi 3 (1664) it came under Hunan. It lay 415 li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured 420 li across and 620 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 29°1′. It lay 5°10′ west of the capital meridian. It governed four counties. A commercial port was opened by memorial in Guangxu 32 (1906). Wuling was rated pivotal, busy, fiscally strained, and difficult. It was attached to the prefectural seat. West stood Mount Ping, also Mount Wuling, also called Hefu. To the north stood Mount Yang. To the northeast: Mount Yao. To the southeast: Mount Shande. The Yuan entered from Taoyuan, passed south by Hefu Isle, bent east to southeast of the seat, and branched as the Majiaji River. Farther southeast the Wang River joined from the southwest. Farther east it passed Niubi Beach, branched north as the Xiaoxi, gathered Lianshan Lake northeastward, and joined the Jian. The Yuan continued southeast into Longyang. The Jian lay north, also called the Dan, rose in Anfu, flowed south and east taking the Majiaji on the right; at Majia Isle it split—one branch east to the Xiaoxi, one northeast to the Mahe—both entering the Yuan at Shajia. Northeast Chongtian, Zhishan, and Guantang lakes all fed the Jian. One assistant magistrate was stationed at Niubi Beach. North stood a Dalong patrol office, established in Qianlong 41 (1776) and later abolished. It had a Mahe courier station. Taoyuan was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It lay 80 li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north: Daoji. To the south: Luluo. To the southwest: Taoyuan. The Yuan lay south, entering from Yuanling, passed Gaodu market eastward taking Dafu Creek on the left and joining Xiaofu Creek northeastward. It bent east as Yiwang Creek flowed east and bent north to join it. Farther east it met the Shuixi, passed southeast of the seat, bent north, and the Yanxi joined from the west. Farther northeast it met the Baiyang River. Rising in Cili as the Longtan, it entered southeast, joined the Lan and Tang creeks, flowed south as the Qijia into the Yuan, and southeast into Wuling. Patrol offices at Xindian and Zhengjiadian. The abolished Gaodu and Zhengjiadian patrol offices. Courier stations at Xindian, Zhengjiadian, and Taoyuan. Market towns at Suxi, Maxi, and Gaodu. Longyang was rated pivotal. It lay 80 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south: Mount Heng, also called Mount Longyang, for which the county was named. To the north: Baotai. To the southeast: Mount Jun. To the northeast: Dongting Lake. The Yuan entered from Wuling, passed Xiaohukou eastward, bent south, and the Canglang joined from the southwest. It passed northeast of the seat eastward, branched south as a side channel through Houjiang Lake to Yuanjiang County to meet the Zi. The main channel continued northeast to Dinggang Mouth, where the Xiaoxi branched in to join it. Farther northeast it became the Xi River; the Jian and Xiaoxi met it from the west and entered Dongting. Its entry into the lake was called Xihekou. To the southeast stood a Longtanqiao patrol office. It had a Longyang courier station. Market towns at Xiaojiang and Dingkou. Yuanjiang was rated for simple administration. It lay 271 li southeast of the prefectural seat. Southwest Mount Yanbo, northwest Mount Chi, and northeast Mount Ming all bordered Dongting Lake. Lake water westward from Longyang received the Zi. The Zi entered from Yiyang, wound east to Maojiaozikou, branched south as the Qiao into the Xiang at Xiangyin. The main channel bent north and west past the seat eastward; Baimi Lake water, first fed by the Zi, joined from the southwest. Farther north at Xiaohukou it split—one branch northeast to Yiyang River mouth into Dongting, one northwest joining the Yuan in Dongting Lake.
8
西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西谿 西 谿 西 谿 西 西 西 西 西 西
Li Directly Administered Prefecture was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was the seat of the Yuechangli circuit. Formerly a Yuezhou dependency; in Yongzheng 7 (1729) it was promoted, with Shimen, Anxiang, and Cili detached to it and Anfu established. In the thirteenth year Yongding was added. It lay 605 li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured 435 li across and 205 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 29°37′. It lay 4°44′ west of the capital meridian. It governed five counties. To the northwest: Tiangong and Daqing. To the southeast: Guanshan, Pengshan, Tongshan, and Dafu. The Li lay south, entering from Anfu, flowing northeast, branching east as the inner river bent southeast to Daokou where the Dao joined from the southwest. Farther east at Liuzhong Mouth it joined the Dan River. That water rose east of Shimen, passed north of the seat, bent south and east to Wugong Mouth where the Cen joined from the northwest. Farther south it joined the Li and at Huikou entered Anxiang. East the Hudu River, also the Houxiaojiang, first received Yangzi water from Gong'an in Hubei, flowed south as the Yijian River along the Anxiang boundary on its left bank. Farther south at Huikou it entered the Li. The prefectural judge was stationed at Jinshi market town. Patrol offices at Qinghua and Shunlin. Courier stations at Lansongshui and Ma. Market towns at Huikou, Sanxiaohe, Jinshi, and Jiashan. The Shunlin office. It was later abolished. Shimen was rated difficult. It lay 90 li southwest of the prefecture. In Yongzheng 7 (1729) it came from Yuezhou. To the west: Shimen. To the north: Yanzi. To the northwest: Cengbu, also called Mount Ceng. Farther northwest stood Mount Luhuang. The Li lay south, also the Lingyang River, entering from Cili, bending north and east to join the Xie. It rose at Longmendong northwest, flowed southeast taking Huang on the right and Wen on the left, and at Xiekou entered the Li. The Li again passed south of the seat as the Shuangxi joined from the north. Farther northeast it met the Chaoyang Creek and entered Anfu. The Dao also entered from Cili and flowed northeast into Anfu. To the northwest stood a Shuinandu patrol office. Anxiang was rated for simple administration. It lay 120 li southeast of the prefecture. In Yongzheng 7 (1729) it came from Yuezhou. To the north: Mount Huang. To the east: Shijia. To the west: Shigui. To the northwest: Gutian. The Li lay west, entering from the prefecture, south to Huikou, branching west as the Qiangkou River. Farther southwest it became the Ma River and at Wuling entered the Jian. Its main channel gathered southeast in Dajing Lake. Farther east past the seat southward, the Chang River first received the Yangzi and joined from Gong'an northward. Farther southeast it entered Nanzhou. Farther east the Houjiang also received the Yangzi from Shishou in Hubei, flowed south as the Jinggang to Nanzhou into the Li. Darong Lake north received the Li and entered the Yuan. In Kangxi 18 (1679) Jiaoqi and Nanping stations were established, later abolished. It had Qiangkou market town. Cili was rated for simple administration. It lay 160 li southwest of the prefecture. In Yongzheng 7 (1729) it came from Yuezhou. To the north: Daoren. To the northeast: Xingzi. To the southwest: Lingyang. Also Mount Yunchao. The Li lay west, entering from Yongding, east to Chuxikou taking Jiudu on the right and joining the Jiuxi northeastward. It rose in Hefeng Prefecture, Hubei—the ancient Lai River. Farther east past the seat northward it took the Lingxi on the right. It entered Shimen. The Dao also entered Shimen northeastward. The Longtan also rose southwest and south through Taoyuan entered the Yuan. Within its bounds the Li formed eight islets, two pools, and 132 rapids and shoals. It had the Maliao garrison and Jiuxiwei city patrol office. Anfu was rated difficult. It lay 60 li southwest of the prefecture. In Yongzheng 7 (1729) it was established on Jiuxiwei land in Cili, with territory from Li Prefecture; the seat was at Peijia River under the prefecture. To the north: Datong. To the east: Yingzhu. Southwest Mount Dafu crossed Shimen, Taoyuan, Wuling, and other counties. The Li lay north. Entering from Shimen it wound east, took Hexi on the left and Eshe on the right, and entered Li Prefecture eastward. The Dao also lay south, entering from Shimen northeast to Li Prefecture into the Li. The Tianping garrison and Xin'an market patrol office were abolished in Qianlong 32 (1767). Yongding was rated fiscally strained and difficult. It lay 340 li southwest of the prefecture. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) it was established from Yongdingwei in Cili, with territory from Anfu added; the seat was at the old wei city under the prefecture. To the south: Tianmen. To the southwest: Mount Chong. To the northwest: Ma'er. To the northeast: Xianglu. The Li lay south, entering from Sangzhi, bending south and east as the Wuxi joined from the south and the Dayong eastward. Flowing east it took Wushi on the left and Xianren on the right, passed southeast of the seat as the Xixi joined northward and the She eastward into Cili. The Jiudu also rose south of the county and northeast through Cili entered the Li. The Dayong garrison city lay west of the county.
9
西 西 西西西
Nazhou Directly Administered Department was rated busy, fiscally strained, and difficult. It was subordinate to the Yuechangli circuit. Originally Huarong County land; in Xianfeng 4 (1854) the Ouchi breach in Shishou, Hubei, overflowed into Dongting and silted into isles. In Guangxu 17 (1891) the department was established at Jiudu market, with territory from Huarong, Baling, Anxiang, Wuling, Longyang, and Yuanjiang. It lay 540 li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured 110 li across and 90 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 29°21′. It lay 4°13′ west of the capital meridian. To the north: Mount Taiyang. To the east: Mount Ming. To the southwest: Qingjie. To the southeast: Dongting Lake. Jishan and Tuanshan both stood in the lake. West the Li entered from Anxiang, passed Baibankou southeast, split—one branch southwest to Tianxin Lake into the Yuan, one east to the Houjiang, southwest to Lengfan Isle into Dongting. The Youqiao also first received the Houjiang and south at Mahao Mouth entered Dongting. The Yong entered from Huarong, flowed southeast to northeast of the seat, branched south as Shentong Harbor to meet the Youqiao. It wound east past Mount Ming along the Huarong boundary northward, then east to Juzikou into Dongting Lake.
10
使 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西
Hengzhou Prefecture was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was subordinate to the Hengyongchengui circuit. Formerly under the Huguang provincial administration commission. In Kangxi 3 (1664) it came under Hunan. During the Qianlong period Qingquan was added. It lay 380 li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured 460 li across and 295 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 26°56′. It lay 4°5′ west of the capital meridian. It governed seven counties. Hengyang was rated pivotal, busy, fiscally strained, and difficult. It was attached to the prefectural seat. Within the city stood Mount Jin'ao. To the north: Mount Goulu. To the northwest: Jiufeng and Huanglong. To the southwest: Mount Dayun. Southeast a left distributary of the Xiang entered from Qingquan, passed north of the seat eastward, and received the Zheng northward. It rose east of Shaoyang, joined the Dengjiang, and at Doujiang Mouth the Yueshan joined from the south. It took Yanbei on the right, flowed south as the Wu joined from the southwest and received the Qinghua; its right bank was Qingquan County. Northeast it passed Mount Shigu into the Xiang. Farther north it entered Hengshan to the east. It had Hanxi market town. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Zhajiang market. It had a Hengyang courier station. Qingquan was rated fiscally strained and difficult. It was attached to the prefectural seat. In Qianlong 21 (1756) the southeastern township of Hengyang County was split off to establish it under the prefecture. To the east: Mount Qingquan, for which the county was named. To the south: Huiyan Peak, the foremost peak of Mount Heng. To the south: Yumü. To the southwest: Qibao and Tanshan. The Xiang entered from Qiyang, wound east with Changning on the right bank as the Lijiang joined from the northwest. Farther east it passed Jiaohe Mouth and northwest past east of the prefectural seat. It joined the Lei River. It bent north and east into Hengshan. Southwest the Shijiang and Qinghua rivers both flowed northeast through Hengyang into the Zheng. To the southeast stood a Xincheng market patrol office. The Liaotian courier station. Hengshan was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It lay 100 li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the northwest: Mount Heng—the Southern Marchmount. To the east: Mount Ling. To the northeast: Fenghuang. To the southeast: Mount Yang, also called Mount Wuyang. The Xiang entered from Hengyang, northeast took Longyin Harbor water, and at Chaling River mouth the Mi joined with the Yongle from the southeast. North it passed east of the seat as Guanxiang Isle. It took Shiwang Harbor on the right and Fantian on the left, then entered Xiangtan eastward. The Juan also rose in Xiangxiang, joined the Xingle eastward, and northeast through Xiangtan entered the Xiang. Patrol offices at Caoshi and Yongshou. Leijia market town had a courier station. Leiyang was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It lay 150 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the west: Shijiu. To the east: Mount Houji, crossing Anren and Yongxing counties. To the southeast: Tianmen. To the northeast: Mingyue. The Lei entered from Yongxing, flowed northeast taking Feijiang on the right, northwest to south of the city bent northeast as the Xun joined from the east and entered Qingquan northwestward. East of it the Ma River followed, also reaching Qingquan into the Lei. Luodu market town had an abolished patrol office. It had a courier station. Changning was rated difficult. It lay 120 li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north: Mount Qi. To the southwest: Mount Tashan and Mount Yema. To the southeast stood Xiaoyao. To the northeast: Mount Meng. To the northwest a right distributary of the Xiang entered from Qiyang and joined the Wu River. Farther northeast it shared the left bank with Qingquan. Farther east it met the Yi River. It rose on Mount Xijiang south of the county, passed west of the seat northward with the Lan on the left and the Tan on the right, and northeast at Jiangkou market entered the Xiang. The Xiang flowed northeast taking Yanyan Lake on the right as the Chun bent north and west from Guiyang Prefecture to join it. It entered from Guiyang Prefecture, also called the Jiaoyuan River, along the Leiyang boundary on its east bank. The Xiang again flowed north into Qingquan. It had a Shanshu fort. To the southwest its territory bordered Yao cave settlements. Anren was rated for simple administration. It lay 150 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south: Mount Dahu. To the west: Jinzi. To the north: Mount Jun. To the northeast: Mount Pai. To the southeast: Mount Dasong. To the northwest the Yongle entered from Yongxing and north joined Puyang Harbor. Farther north it took Youbei Harbor on the left and Lianhua on the right, and at Anping market Daping Harbor joined from the west. It passed northwest of the seat as Yiyang Harbor joined from the south, then northwest through Hengshan into the Mi. Tanhu and Anping market towns had abolished patrol offices. Ling was rated for simple administration. It lay 300 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north: Qingtai. To the south: Taihe. To the southeast: Wanyang. To the southwest: Mount Pingshui. The mountain bordered Guidong, and the Mi rose there. It wound north to Shuangjiang Mouth as the Modu bent north and west to join it. Farther west it met the Chun—the Yunqiu—and northeast with the Mi entered Chaling as the Chaling River. East of it the Miandu formed the Tao northward, whose lower course joined the Mi.
11
使 西 西西 西 西西 西 西 𣲭西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西西 西西西 西 西 西西 西 西西 西 西西西 西 西 西西
Yongzhou Prefecture was rated pivotal and busy. It was subordinate to the Chenyuan Yongjing circuit. A regional commander was stationed there. Formerly under the Huguang provincial administration commission. In Kangxi 3 (1664) it came under Hunan. It lay 670 li north of the provincial seat. It measured 340 li across. It measured 590 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 26°09′. It lay 4°53′ west of the capital meridian. It governed one prefecture and seven counties. It had one Jiang-Lan subprefect; in Jiaqing 19 (1814) the seat moved to Taoxu market in Jianghua, later to the Jintian garrison city. It had one prefectural judge; in Daoguang 12 (1832) the seat moved to Yangjia market in Xintian. Lingling was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was attached to the prefectural seat. Within the city stood Mount Wanshi. To the west: Mount Xi. To the north: Wanshi. To the northeast: Mount Kui. To the southeast: Mount Yangming. To the southwest: Mount Shicheng and Mount Yong. The Xiang entered from Dong'an with the Shitou from the southwest to northwest of the seat; the Xiao from Daozhou with the Majiang from the southeast met the Yong north via Yuanjia Ford at the south wall, joined by the Yuxi and Cobalt Mound Pool as the Xiaoxiang. The Xiang north took the Luhong, then north and east into Qiyang. The Huangxi rose southeast and the Mazi southwest, merging into the Xiang. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Lingshui Beach. To the north stood a Huangyang fort patrol office, later abolished. It had a courier station. Qiyang was rated pivotal and busy. It lay 100 li northeast of the prefectural seat. Mount Qi to the north gave the county its name. To the south: Baishui. To the southeast: Mount Le. To the northeast: Qixing, that is Mount Dayun. To the northwest: Mount Siwang. The Xiang entered from Lingling, took the Wuxi on the east, passed south of the seat, and joined the Qi. Also called the Little East River, anciently Lukou, it rose on Tengyun Ridge northwest, flowed southeast as the Yanjiang joined from the north, and entered the Xiang. The Xiang wound east past Baishui market as the Baishui and Huangxi joined from the southwest. It bent northeast and met the Qingjiang. It rose on Zhentan Mountain north of the county—the ancient Yuxi. To the east stood a Guiyang market patrol office; in Qianlong 21 (1756) the seat moved to Paishan courier station, soon restored. Wenming market had an abolished Yonglong patrol office. It had a courier station. Five market towns: Baishui, Leshan, Wenming, Shazhen, and Daying. Dong'an was rated for simple administration. It lay 90 li west of the prefectural seat. To the north: Mount Dong. To the northwest: Shunfeng. To the northeast: Gaoxia. To the southeast: Fuhu. The Xiang entered from Quanzhou in Guangxi, bent north and east as the Qingxi with the Youjiang joined from the northwest, met the Shiqi eastward, and northeast entered Lingling. The Luhong rose on Mount Bashisidu northeast, flowed southeast taking the Longhe on the left, and southeast through Lingling into the Xiang. A Luhong market patrol office; Shiqi market had an abolished office. Market towns at Lubu, Shiqi, and Jingtang. Daozhou was rated difficult. It lay 150 li south of the prefectural seat. Within the city stood Mount Yuan. To the north: Mount Yi. To the northwest: Mount Xiao and Mount Yingdao. To the southwest: Mount Ying. The Dupang Ridge boundary also met Yongming—the third of the Five Ridges. The Xiao lay to the east. The ancient Ying, also called the Ni, entered from Ningyuan, northwest to Qingkou to join the southern-source Tuo. It entered from Jianghua, bent north and west, joined the Yan, and northeast to south of the seat the Yingdao joined from the southwest—now the Little Ying. Farther northeast it took the Yi on the left and met the Xiao. Their confluence was called Sanjiang Mouth. The Xiao again took the Majiang northward and entered Lingling. It had a Baitan garrison. Yong'an Pass bordered Guanyang in Guangxi. Mount Yao lay to the southeast. Ningyuan was rated for simple administration. It lay 180 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south: Mount Jiuyi, spanning Daozhou, Jianghua, Lanshan, and other counties. To the north: Mount Yangming and Mount Huangxi. To the northeast: Chunling, also called Mount Yang. The Xiao lay south, rising at Jiuyi's Sanfenshi, northwest to Jiangkou to meet the Pu. It rose at Shunyuan Peak southeast—the ancient Leng—flowed north and joined the Mang. Farther northwest it passed the seat as the Duxi joined from the northeast into the Xiao. To the northeast the Baishui flowed north into Qiyang. West of it the Dazhuyuan—also Yangliu Stream—likewise flowed northeast into Qiyang. It had a Meigang market town. A Jiuyi Luguan patrol office. Yongming was rated difficult. It lay 220 li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north: Yongming Ridge. That is the Dupang Ridge. To the southeast: Mount Ma. To the southwest: Mount Jingxia Town, below which Jingxia Pass bordered Gongcheng County in Guangxi. The Yan rose on Great Yan Peak northwest, passed west of the seat taking the Guze on the right, bent east as the Jiaoma joined from the southeast, and northeast at Daozhou met the Tuo. Southwest the Mu joined the Ao southward, west to Taochuan garrison taking Gaozhe on the right and Fuling on the left, entered Gongcheng southwest, and its lower course was the Pingle. To the southwest stood a Zhoutang stockade patrol office. Also a Baimian market sub-inspector, later moved southeast to Pipasuo garrison, was renamed, and soon abolished. Taochuan had an abolished office. Baixiang market town. Mount Yao lay west of the county. Jianghua was rated busy. It lay 220 li south of the prefectural seat. To the east: Mount Zhi. To the south: Wuwang. To the southwest: Cangwu Ridge—the Linhe, also Mengzhu—spanning Fuchuan and He in Guangxi, the fourth of the Five Ridges. The Tuo lay east; its upper stream, the Middle River, entered from Lanshan, bent south and east as the Front and Rear rivers joined, and southwest passed Jintian garrison. The Yiqian rose in Lianshan, Guangdong, flowed northwest to join it, and west met the Ling. Farther northwest it met the Feng—now the Lian—forming the East River east of the seat. The West River—the Mengzhu—joined from the southwest and northwest entered Daozhou. To the southwest stood a Jingang patrol office and an abolished Jintian office. Mount Yao lay east of the county. Xintian was rated for simple administration. It lay 280 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south: Qixian and Lanshan. To the northwest: Mount Chunling, bordering Ningyuan in Guiyang Prefecture. The Chun rose there—commonly the Wujiang—southeast past Mount Furen, south to southwest of the seat as the West River as the East joined from the northeast, then bent east and north into Guiyang. Southeast at Baimian market stood an abolished office. Mount Yao lay to the east.
12
西 鹿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Guiyang Directly Administered Prefecture was rated busy, fiscally strained, and difficult. It was subordinate to the Hengyong Chengui circuit. Formerly Guiyang Prefecture was under Hengzhou Prefecture. In Yongzheng 10 it was raised to a directly administered prefecture with the same jurisdictions. It lay 630 li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured 227 li across and 250 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 25°49′. It lay 4°05′ west of the capital meridian. It governed three counties. To the east: Lufeng. To the west: Dacou, also Mount Baoshan. To the northwest: Mount Tan. To the southwest: Shimen. To the southeast: Shendu. The Chun entered from Xintian, north past Elephant Trunk Point as the Cui with the Shuxia joined from the northwest—the Gui River. It bent east to meet the Zhong, took Pan Stream, north joined the Feng, and at Changning entered the Xiang. To the southeast: Yangtian Lake; Tundu Lake water issued northwest, took the Malun on the left, and north joined the Quantian. It bent northeast as Lianpeng Stream joined flowing north, then northeast into Chenzhou. Abolished patrol offices at Nanniuqiao market town and Beisizhou stockade. Linwu was rated for simple administration. It lay 140 li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north: Bayuan, also Mount Dong. To the west: Shunfeng. To the southwest: Huayin. Also Mount Xi—the ancient Mount Tongbai—where the Qin rose, flowed northeast taking the Bei on the left, and joined the Xiuxi. It bent north as the Wuxi with the Shijiang joined from the west. Farther east the Chitu joined flowing south, then southeast into Yizhang. It had a Chitu market town. Mount Yao lay south of the county. Lanshan was rated for simple administration. It lay 150 li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north: Mount Lan. To the west: Jiuyi. To the south: Nanfeng Pass bordering Lianzhou in Guangdong, where the Zhong rose, flowed west, bent north, and met the Kui. It rose on Jiuyi as the Jiuyi or Shun River, northeast past south of the seat taking Meng Stream on the left, bent east as the Maojun with Huajingjin joined from the southeast, north met the Lanxi, and northeast entered Jiahe. Southwest the Middle River entered Jianghua as the Tuo, whose lower course joined the Xiao. It had a Maojun market town. A Daqiao market-town patrol office, later moved to Linwu garrison and renamed. Mount Yao lay south of the county. Jiahe was rated for simple administration. It lay 110 li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west: Jin Ridge—that is Mount Lan. To the north: Shimen. To the northwest: Mount Shiyan. The Zhong lay south, entered from Lanshan, flowed northeast to northeast of the seat as the Han joined from the west, and north at Guiyang entered the Chun. Southeast the Pan, rising in Linwu, north joined the Qin and likewise at Guiyang entered the Chun. It had an abolished Lianglukou patrol office.
13
使 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西西 西 西
Chenzhou Directly Administered Prefecture was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was subordinate to the Hengyong Chengui circuit. Formerly under the Huguang provincial administration commission. In Kangxi 3 it came under Hunan. It lay 680 li north of the provincial seat. It measured 340 li across and 230 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 25°48′. It lay 3°49′30″ west of the capital meridian. It governed five counties. To the east: Mount Maling. To the southeast: Wugai. To the southwest: Mount Lingshou. Also Mount Huangcen was Qitian Ridge—also La Ridge—the second of the Five Ridges. A left distributary of the Lei entered from Xingning, flowed northwest as the Zitang joined from the southeast, and northeast met the Chen. It rose on Mount Huangcen—also the Huang—and northeast joined the Sha. Farther north it took the Qianqiu, passed east of the seat, north joined the Luo Stream, and north at Chenjiang Mouth entered the Lei. The Lei northeast entered Yongxing; west Tundu Lake water passed Mount Qifeng north as the Qifeng River and northeast through Yongxing into the Lei. To the south stood a Liangtian market patrol office. It had a courier station. Yongxing was rated pivotal and busy. It lay 80 li north of the prefectural seat. Within the city stood Mount Santa. To the west: Gaoting. To the south: Tufu. To the north: Jine. To the northeast: Taoyuan. To the southwest: Mount Baibao. The Lei entered from the prefecture, north took the Zhujiang, bent west past southwest of the seat taking the Ling on the left, northwest at Senkou as Tundu Lake water with Gaoting joined from the southwest, and northeast into Leiyang. East the Dabu, rising in Xingning, joined the Liaoxi and northeast at Anren became the Yongle. Abolished patrol offices at Beianfu and southwest Gaoting. It had a courier station. Yizhang was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It lay 90 li south of the prefectural seat. To the north: Huangcen. To the northeast: Loutian. To the south: Mount Xi. To the southwest: Mount Mang. The Qin lay south—also the Wu—entered from Linwu, flowed southeast as the Cen with the Wuxi joined from the northwest, and southeast into Lechang in Guangdong. North of the county the Zhang flowed south to Lechang as the Luodu and into the Wu. South of the county the Changle flowed northeast, bent west, then northeast to Ruyuan in Guangdong as the Wuyang Stream and into the Wu. Patrol offices at Chishi to the east and Baisha to the southwest. It had a courier station. Mount Yao lay south of the county. Xingning was rated fiscally strained and difficult. It lay 80 li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east: Shiniu. To the west: Jiufeng. To the north: Qibao. To the south: Mount Puxi. Southeast the Lei entered from Guiyang, wound west to Fengxi Mouth as the Ou joined from the northeast, and northwest met the Zixing. It rose east of the county—the ancient Qing Stream, also the Yipi—northwest joined the Leixi, and entered Chenzhou. North of the county the Cheng flowed southwest through Yongxing into the Lei. Northeast the Xiaojiang—also the Dabu—likewise northwest into Yongxing. Farther east the Chun at Ling joined the Mi. A Dikou patrol office; Zhoumen market town had an abolished patrol office. Guiyang was rated for simple administration. It lay 160 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south: Wuling. To the east: Dongling. To the west: Yitong. To the southwest: Daguan. To the southeast: Dongling Ridge. The Lei lay south, rose on Mount Lei, northwest took the Lu as the Xiuxi joined from the southwest. Farther northwest it met the Shoujiang and entered Xingning. North the Ou entered from Guidong, took the Qi on the right as the Beishui, and northwest through Xingning into the Lei. South of the county the Wuling joined the Lantian southward and south into Renhua as the En Stream. Also the Yijiang rose on Dongling Ridge, took the Gushan on the left, northeast to Chongyi as the Jilong, whose lower course joined the Zhang. Patrol offices at Yijiang and Wenming market. Abolished patrol offices at Shankou and Haocun market towns. Mount Yao lay south of the county. Guidong was rated for simple administration. It lay 270 li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the west: Mount Zitai. To the south: Wuchun. To the east: Xiongtang. To the northeast: Mount Duliao. Also Mount Pingshui, where the Ou—the Cheng—rose and south joined the Luochuan. West past south of the seat the Gui joined from the northwest, south as the Yan with Dong Stream left and Baizhu right, west took Shuangkeng, met the Dajiang, and south flowed into Guiyang. To the southeast: Mount Nihu, where the Daping issued, entered Longquan in Jiangxi as the Sui and into the Gan. The Zuoxi also reached Longquan to join the Sui. Southwest stood an abolished Gaofen market-town patrol office.
14
使 沿 西 西 西西 西 西 西 谿西 西西 西 谿 西 西 西 西西西 西 西 西 西西西谿
Chenzhou Prefecture was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was subordinate to the Chenyuan Yongjing circuit. Formerly under the Huguang provincial administration commission. In Kangxi 3 it came under Hunan. At first under the Ming system it governed one prefecture and six counties. In Qianlong 1 Yuan was raised to prefectural status and Qianyang and Mayang were detached to it. It lay 805 li east of the provincial seat. It measured 350 li across and 650 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 28°23′. It lay 6°22′ west of the capital meridian. It governed four counties. Yuanling was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. To the south: Mount Nan, also Mount Ke. To the northwest: Xiaoyou. To the northeast: Hutou and Mingyue. To the southeast: Mount Shengren. The Yuan lay south, entered from Luxi, northeast took the Lan, and at southwest of the seat the You with the Ming and Xiaoyou joined from the northwest. Northeast it took the Shen, bent north and east with Zhuhong and Dongting on the left and the Yi on the right, and wound east into Taoyuan. Also the Leng issued southeast, north met the Sandu, and northeast through Taoyuan as the Yiwang entered the Yuan. The prefectural judge was stationed at Pushi. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Lixi market. Patrol offices at Madi and Chuanxi. Abolished patrol offices at Chipeng, Mingxi, and Huixi. Courier stations at Chenyang and Madi. Luxi was rated for simple administration. It lay 70 li southwest of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it was Luxi; renamed in the early Qing. To the east: Mount Quan. To the west: Tianqiao, also Yangqiao. To the north: Hutou. To the southwest: Mount Tahu. The Yuan lay east, entered from Chenxi with the Puxi, north to south of the seat as the Wu with the Tuojiang joined from the west. It rose in Qianzhou Department as the Wuxi—also the Lu. The Yuan again flowed northeast into Yuanling. Northwest the Tanxi and southwest the Daneng all joined the Wu. Also the Taiping issued southwest and southeast through Mayang into the Yuan. To the south stood an abolished Xidong patrol office. Chenxi was rated pivotal. It lay 110 li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south: Wuxian. To the west: Dayou. To the north: Xiongtou. To the southwest: Fanglian and Mount Longyang. To the southeast the Yuan entered from Qianyang, north past Mount Chalong, took the Maxi, and north into Xupu. Again northwest it re-entered east of the county, took the Shixi on the right, wound west past south of the seat as the Chen joined from the west, and northeast into Luxi. South of the county the Longmen flowed north into the Chen. It had a Huangxikou patrol office. Shantang courier station. Market towns at Dukou and Pushi. Xupu was rated busy, fiscally strained, and difficult. It lay 270 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east: Hongqi. To the southeast: Dunjia. To the northwest: Lufeng. To the southwest: Mount Daxu. The Yuan lay west, taking the Xu on the right—also the Shuanglong—rising on Mount Jinzi south of the county via Longtan as the Jinma joined from the southeast. It bent north taking the Mao'er on the left and the Shixi on the right, then north met the Longwan. Farther northwest the Xuanyang joined from Mount Shengren northeast, west to southeast of the seat the Datan joined flowing south, west met the Yuan, and northeast entered Chenxi. To the south stood a Longtan patrol office. Mount Yao lay south of the county.
15
西 西 西 西 便 便 西西 西 𦰡谿 西 西 西谿
Yuanzhou Prefecture was rated pivotal. It was subordinate to the Chenyuan Yongjing circuit. Originally Ming Yuan Prefecture under Chenzhou Prefecture. In Qianlong 1 it was raised to prefectural status. It lay 1,135 li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured 280 li across and 255 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 27°23′. It lay 7°03′30″ west of the capital meridian. It governed three counties. Zhijiang was rated pivotal, busy, and difficult. It was attached to the prefectural seat. In Qianlong 1 it was established on the former prefectural territory. To the north: Mount Ming. To the northeast: Wuyang. To the east: Mount Hua. To the southeast: Gaoming. To the southwest: Mount Luo. To the northwest: Mount Migong. The Wu—the ancient Wu-less—entered from Huangzhou, flowed northeast taking Liulin and Sumi on the left, bent southeast past south of the seat as the Yang bent north to join and met the Wulang. It bent east and south as the Fengxi joined from the northeast and southeast entered Qianyang. To the southwest: the Zhonghe, rising southeast of Huangzhou, at Qianyang entered the Yuan. The assistant magistrate administered Yushu Bay; patrol offices at Huaihua and Bianshui. Courier stations at Huangzhou, Bianshui, Luojiu, and Huaihua. Qianyang was rated pivotal. It lay 90 li southeast of the prefectural seat. Originally under Chenzhou Prefecture. In Qianlong 1 it came under this prefecture. To the south: Chibao. To the north: Zixiao. To the east: Longbiao. To the northeast: Gouya. To the southeast: Mount Luogong. The Yuan lay west, entered from Huitong, east to Tuokou Stockade taking the Zhonghe on the left and the Qu on the right, bent northeast to west of the seat, and met the Wu. Their confluence was Qingjiang Mouth—the ancient Wukou. Farther southeast it flowed, briefly entered Huitong, wound northeast back east of the county as the Gongxi bent north and west to join it. It rose in Suining; its upper course, the Nai Stream, northeast entered Chenxi. Patrol offices at Shiqiao and Anjiang to the east, abolished in Daoguang 12. Mount Yao lay to the southeast. Mayang was rated difficult. It lay 120 li northwest of the prefectural seat. Originally under Chenzhou Prefecture. In Qianlong 1 it came under this prefecture. To the north: Shamao. To the south: Xihuang. To the east: Baomao. To the southeast stood Qitian. To the northeast: Mount Xiong, below which stood Xiong Pass. The Chen lay south—also the Mayang—entered from Tongren in Guizhou and east joined the Misu. It took the Tongxin on the left and the Shiqiao on the right, passed southeast of the seat, bent north as the Lehong joined from the northwest, east met the Taiping, and at Chenxi entered the Yuan. The assistant magistrate administered Yanmen Stockade; a Gaocun patrol office. Yanmen courier station.
16
使 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Yongshun Prefecture was rated difficult. It was subordinate to the Chenyuan Yongjing circuit. Under the Ming it was the Yongshun Military-Civilian Pacification Commission. It governed three native prefectures: Nanwei, Shirong, and Shangxi; six native district chieftaincies: Laredong, Maizhuhuangdong, Lvchidong, Shirongdong, Baiyadong, and Tianjiadong. It was subordinate to the Huguang regional military commission. In Yongzheng 4 it was converted to regular administration as a department under Chenzhou Prefecture. In the seventh year it was raised to prefectural status. It lay 1,080 li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured 500 li across and 550 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 29°02′; it lay 6°40′ west of the capital meridian. It governed four counties. Yongshun was rated difficult. It was attached to the prefectural seat. Originally the territory of the Yongshun Pacification Commission. Established in Yongzheng 7 with its seat at Mengdong. It lay 30 li southeast of the old commission seat. To the east: Mount Feixia and Hehu. To the northeast: Panlong. To the southeast: Yangfeng. To the northwest: Wanhu. The You's source stream from Baojing joined the Shixi, and east met the Laji. The stream rose on Mount Long as the Ruchi, southeast past southwest of the seat as the Xiaoxi joined from the north, south met the Niulu, and entered the You. The You again bent south and east, took the Shirong on the left, and entered Yuanling. To the southeast: the Ming Stream, also south through Yuanling into the You. To the northeast: the Shangdong, rising north of the county, via Shiwanping into Sangzhi as the southern source of the Li. The prefectural registrar was stationed at Liujia Stockade. Wangcun patrol office. Tianjiadong had an abolished office. Three courier stations: Wangcun, Maoping, and Gaowangjie. Longshan was rated for simple administration. It lay 220 li northwest of the prefectural seat. In Yongzheng 7 territory was split from the Yongshun Pacification Commission to establish it, with its seat at Jipi Dam. In Qianlong 1 the Dala native chieftaincy was also annexed. To the south: Luota. To the southeast: Tielu. To the southwest: Mount Bamian. The You lay south—the North River, also the Gengshi. It had three sources; the northern, the Baishui, entered along the border from Xuan'en in Hubei, south past northwest of the seat bordering Laifeng in Hubei midway, again south as the Guoli joined from the northeast. Farther south it met the Pidu as the Maodong and southwest briefly entered Youyang Prefecture. Its middle source, the Yimei, rose on Xiushan, flowed north and bent east to join, then east re-entered the southwest of the county. Its right bank was the Baojing county boundary. East it met the Xiche and entered Baojing. To the southeast: the Ruchi, at Yongshun entering the You. It had a Longtou patrol office. Baojing was rated difficult. It lay 140 li southwest of the prefectural seat. Originally the territory of the Baojing Pacification Commission. It governed the native district chieftaincies of Wuzhai and Ganziping. In Yongzheng 4 it was converted to regular administration as a department under Chenzhou Prefecture. In the seventh year it became a county under this prefecture, seat at Maoping, half a li southwest of the old commission seat. To the west: Yanxia and Luopu. To the north: Yuntai. To the south: Mount Ludong. The You entered from Youyang in Sichuan, wound east along the Longshan boundary on the left, then bent east and south. Its southern source, the Niujiao, rose in Songtao, Guizhou, flowed east, bent north, and joined it. Farther east it passed north of the seat, taking Mengchong Stream on the left. Farther east it met the Baixi and entered Yongshun. Zhangjiazhai patrol office. Relay stations at Baojing and Baiqi Pass. Sangzhi was rated for simple administration. It lay 120 li northeast of the prefectural seat. Originally the territory of the Sangzhi Pacification Commission. It governed eighteen Miao cave settlements including Meiping. In Yongzheng 4 it was converted to regular administration as a department under Yuezhou Prefecture. In the seventh year it became a county, with Anfu garrison territory from Cili added. Its seat was at Anfu garrison city. In Qianlong 1 the Shangdong, Xiadong, and Maogang native chieftaincies were again annexed. To the north: Tianxing. To the east: Yangqi. To the southeast: Mount Bozhi. The Li had three sources: the northwest, the Jiashi, rose on Mount Lishan, southeast became the Lüshui, and east to Lianghekou; the southern Shangdong from Yongshun flowed north to join, then east met the Liangshuikou; the river issued from the Seven-Eye Springs northwest—the northern source of the Li. It bent east and south to northwest of the seat as the Changyou joined from the northeast. Farther south it entered Yongding. Also the Shengzi, rising on Honghua Ridge northeast, southeast through Cili into the Lou. It had an abolished Xiadong patrol office.
17
使 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西西西
Jingzhou Directly Administered Prefecture was rated busy and difficult. It was subordinate to the Chenyuan Yongjing circuit. Formerly under the Huguang provincial administration commission. In Kangxi 3 it came under Hunan. In Yongzheng 5 Tianzhu was detached to Liping in Guizhou. It lay 1,060 li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured 370 li across. It measured 360 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 20°35′. It lay 7° west of the capital meridian. It governed three counties. To the south: Shilang. To the east: Hongling. To the west: Mount Fei. To the northwest: Mount Gen. To the southwest: Qingluo. The Qu lay east—the ancient Xu—entered from Tongdao, north to southeast of the seat taking Laoya on the right and the Yi on the left, and northwest into Huitong. To the southwest the Sixiang, rising in Kaitai, Guizhou, northeast through Tongdao into the Qu. It had a Lingxi patrol office. Huitong was rated difficult. It lay 90 li north of the prefectural seat. To the north: Yanwu. To the northwest: Baxian. To the northeast: Jinlong. The Yuan lay northwest, entered from Tianzhu in Guizhou, and northeast briefly entered Qianyang. Again east past northeast of the seat the Wu with the Ruoshui joined from the southeast and entered Qianyang. West the Qu entered from Jingzhou, north past northwest of the seat taking Pingchuan on the right and joining the Jilang. It rose in Kaitai, Guizhou—also the Lang—and northwest at Qianyang entered the Yuan. Southwest Baozi patrol office. The Hongjiang office was abolished. Tongdao was rated difficult. It lay 90 li south of the prefectural seat. To the east: Yuzhu. To the southeast: Fuhu. Also Mount Fozi, where the Qu rose, northwest past Mount Lizui as the Boyang joined from the southwest. It rose in Kaitai as the Liuchong—also the Hongzhou. North it met the Sixiang, north to southwest of the seat as the Linchuan joined, then northeast into Jingzhou. Southwest stood an abolished Boyang patrol office. Suining was rated busy and difficult. It lay 120 li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north: Baoding. To the northeast: Lanxi. Also Mount Fengmen; the Wu lay west—Hongjiang, anciently the Yun, also the Xiong—entered from Chengbu, northwest to Jiexikou as the Shizhu joined from the south. Farther north it became the Zhuzhou and northwest through Huitong into the Yuan. Also the Liaoxi, rising on Mount Jilong northeast, east became the Wuyang, northeast into Wugang as the Gaoshashi. South the Changping entered from Chengbu, flowed west taking the Jiama on the right, west met the Shuangjiang, and northwest at Tongdao joined the Qu. Patrol offices at Qingpi and Shuangjiang.
18
西 西西
Qianzhou Directly Administered Department was rated busy and difficult. It was subordinate to the Chenyuan Yongjing circuit. Under the Ming it was the Zhenxi Military-Civilian Guard under Luxi County in Chenzhou Prefecture. In Kangxi 39 it was renamed Qianzhou. In the forty-seventh year a department was established at the Zhenxi garrison city, still under Chenzhou Prefecture. In Jiaqing 1 it was raised to a directly administered department. It governed 115 Miao stockades. It lay 965 li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured 120 li across and 90 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 28°12′. It lay 6°59′ west of the capital meridian. To the east: Zhenxi. To the west: Mount Wu, where the Wu—also the Wu Stream or Lu Stream—rose, wound east past west of the seat, bent south as the Wanrong from Fenghuang flowed north and bent east to join it. Farther east it met the Zhenxi and southeast entered Luxi. Abolished patrol offices at Hexi and Qianzhou. The Zhenxi and Xique garrisons, both established in Jiaqing 2.
19
使 西 西 西 西西 西
Fenghuang Directly Administered Department was rated busy and difficult. The Zhen'gan regional commander and the Chenyuan Yongjing circuit were stationed there. Under the Ming it comprised the Wuzhai and Ganziping native district chieftaincies under the Baojing Pacification Commission. In Kangxi 43 it was converted to regular administration with a subprefect, and the Chenyuan Jing investigating commissioner relocated there. In Yongzheng 4 it became Fenghuang Garrison. In Qianlong 52 it became a department and the subprefect was promoted to subprefect-rank magistrate. In Jiaqing 1 it was raised to a directly administered department. It governed 105 Red Miao stockades. It lay 1,050 li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured 184 li across and 120 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 27°53′. It lay 7°03′ west of the capital meridian. To the south: Mount Nanhua. To the west: Mount Fenghuang, with Fenghuang Garrison on its heights; a Fenghuang garrison sub-inspector later abolished. To the southeast: Guanjing. To the south: Erhua. To the southwest: Dudu. The Tuo entered from Tongren in Guizhou, wound northeast as the Wuchao joined from the north. East past north of the seat, then northeast into Luxi as the southernmost source of the Wu. Also the Wanrong rose on Mount Tianxingzhai northwest, bent east and north taking Longzhao on the left, and northwest at Qianzhou joined the Wu. To the southwest: the Lehong, southeast through Mayang into the Chen. At You Garrison the registrar was stationed. Patrol offices at Desheng Garrison and Wuzhai Station.
20
西 西 西 西 西
Yongshui Directly Administered Department was rated busy and difficult. It was subordinate to the Chenyuan Yongjing circuit. The Suijing regional commander was stationed there. Under the Ming it was Zhenxi Guard and Chongshan garrison territory under Luxi County in Chenzhou Prefecture. In Yongzheng 1 the Jiduo garrison department was established, still under Chenzhou Prefecture. In Jiaqing 1 it was raised to a directly administered department. In the seventh year the seat moved to Huayuan Fort. It governed 228 Red Miao stockades. It lay 1,159 li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured 90 li across and 155 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 28°43′. It lay 7° west of the capital meridian. To the south: Mount Dapaiwu. To the west: Baomao. To the southwest: La'er. The Niujiao was the southern source of the You, entering along the border from Songtao, Guizhou, north to Chadong city along the Youyang, Sichuan boundary on its left bank. It bent northeast along the Baojing county boundary. East past north of the seat the La'erbao joined from the southwest and northeast entered Baojing. To the southwest: the Gaoyan, rising at Xiniutan, at Qianzhou becoming the Zhenxi and entering the Wu. At Chadong an abolished registrar; abolished offices at Longtuan and Paibu stockades. It had Huayuan Stockade.
21
西 西 西 駿
Huangzhou Directly Administered Department was rated pivotal. It was subordinate to the Chenyuan Yongjing circuit. Originally Huangzhou Fort territory in Zhijiang under Yuanzhou Prefecture. In Jiaqing 22 it was split off as a directly administered department and the Liangsan subprefect was relocated there. It lay 1,245 li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured 52 li across and 145 li from north to south. Its north polar altitude was 27°02′. It lay 7°22′ west of the capital meridian. To the west: Longxi. To the southwest: Jianpo. To the southeast: Mount Baojun. The Wu lay south—also the Wu-less, also the Bi. Its upper course, the Zhenyang, entered from Yuping in Guizhou and northeast met Longxi. It passed south of the seat taking the Moduo on the left, flowed east to meet Pingxi, and northeast entered Zhijiang. To the southeast: the Zhonghe—also the Luoyan—likewise flowed northeast into Zhijiang. Patrol offices at Huangzhou and Liangsan. It had a courier station.
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