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卷71 志四十六 地理十八 臺湾

Volume 71 Treatises 46: Geography 18, Tai Wan

Chapter 71 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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Chapter 71
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1
Treatise 46.
2
Geography 17.
3
Taiwan.
4
西 沿 沿西 鹿 西 西 西 鹿
Taiwan was anciently a remote borderland, cut off from China, and known as the Eastern Barbarians. During the Kaihuang reign of Sui, the Huben officer Chen Ling was dispatched to subdue the thirty-six islands of Penghu. In the Wanli reign of the Ming, the pirate Lin Daoqian raided coastal prefectures and counties; Regional Commander Yu Dayou campaigned against him, pursued him as far as Penghu, and Lin escaped into Taiwan. Later the Fujianese Yan Siqi brought Japanese settlers to take the island. In time the Dutch seized it. Later the pirate Zheng Chenggong expelled the Dutch and held the island; he set up a rebel Chengtian Prefecture, styled it the Eastern Capital, and created two counties, Tianxing and Wannian. His son Zheng Jing renamed the Eastern Capital Dongning Province and elevated the two counties to prefecture rank. In Kangxi 22 the island was pacified; Taiwan Prefecture was established under Fujian Province, with three counties under its jurisdiction. In Yongzheng 1 Zhanghua County was added, bringing the prefecture to four counties. In Guangxu 13 it was reorganized as a province. On the gengwu day of the ninth month of Guangxu 13, Yang Changjun, governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang, and Liu Mingchuan, governor of Taiwan, submitted a joint memorial in summary as follows: "Taiwan stretches more than seven hundred li from north to south; east to west it is about two hundred li in places and three or four hundred in others, with great mountains and rivers rising and falling in succession. Former administration reached only the strip south of the central ranges, so three counties were once enough. As the wilderness has steadily been opened, subprefectures have been added again and again, yet still fall short. In Guangxu 1 Shen Baozhen proposed Taipei Prefecture and county to secure the north, and moved a subprefect's seat to Beinan to oversee the eastern ranges; Taiwan's administrative framework then took rough shape. But under conditions then prevailing, no comprehensive reforms were undertaken; that was no lasting settlement. We have deliberated together and hold that administrative design should exploit terrain and strategic advantage, while divided rule must keep jurisdictions in balance. Taiwan is harder to govern than the mainland, yet its counties are larger than most inland ones. Counties such as Zhanghua, Jiayi, Fengshan, Xinzhu, and Danshui span two to three hundred li; in a sudden crisis officials cannot reach the scene in time. Defense is the heart of governing Taiwan: too broad a jurisdiction leaves officials blind, while too loose control blocks timely communication. The central and northern routes behind the mountains stretch three or four hundred li, with only scattered blockhouses and no dedicated administrators; left effectively ungoverned, they could not be controlled from afar. With reorganization just beginning and every institution to be revived, without measured reform how can duties be fixed for the long term? Last ninth month your minister Liu Mingchuan personally led the campaign on the central route against rebel tribes, inspected the terrain, and had local officials map strategic points, roads, farmland, and waterways with explanatory notes, which were submitted. Reports from officers pacifying tribes and registering reclaimed land have also been received; considering the whole island, we propose additions, changes, and abolitions of offices as needed. At Qiaozitu in Zhanghua, ringed by mountains and water, a broad plain opens at the island's geographic center; following former Governor Cen Yuying's proposal, we would place the provincial capital there, carve northeastern Zhanghua into a new Taiwan Prefecture with seat-attached Taiwan County, and rename the old Taiwan Prefecture and county as Tainan Prefecture and Anping County. Between Jiayi to the east and Zhanghua to the south, from the Zhuoshui River to the Gushigui River—a district of roughly four hundred li—we propose a new Yunlin County. The Miaoli area in Xinzhu commands the inner mountain passes, links east to Dahu, and has extensive new reclamation along the slopes; we propose Miaoli County in southwestern Xinzhu. With Zhanghua and the Puli subprefect, one subprefecture and four counties would fall under Taiwan Prefecture. The Lukang subprefect post should be abolished. North of Danshui, east toward Sandiao Ridge, aboriginal settlements branch off too far from the county seat for effective rule. Keelung is Taipei's principal gateway: a treaty port with constant foreign dealings, now coal mining and railways drawing dense settlement, all requiring firm administration. We propose transferring four districts northeast of Danshui to Keelung subprefecture and elevating the subprefect to a pacification-and-aborigine-affairs post with broader authority. Such is the outline of reforms for the western districts. Behind the mountains, Suxi guards the northern pass and Beinan the southern key; Shuiwei holds the strategic center. It lies due east of the proposed Yunlin County; a road of more than one hundred ninety li now runs from Danshe Ridge and Jiji to Zhanghua and the future provincial capital, linking east and west—the strategic key to eastern Taiwan. We propose Taitung Directly Subordinate Prefecture, bounded by Yilan on the west and Hengchun on the east—over five hundred li long and ten to forty li wide—still under the Taiwan military intendant. The former Beinan subprefecture seat would become a directly subordinate prefectural subprefect. South of Shuiwei would become Hualian Harbor subprefecture. Several thousand mu of land there are already under cultivation. The outer harbor is several zhang deep; to inspect shipping and keep settlers and tribes in order, we propose a permanently stationed directly subordinate prefectural judge under Taitung Prefecture. Such is the outline of reforms for the eastern districts. Taiwan's territory and tax base have grown steadily, far beyond the old era of nominal control; local adaptation can hardly be postponed. Moreover, as raw tribes have lately submitted and their wild ways are first being brought under discipline, separate routes of pacification are needed to secure lasting results. Bringing distant peoples near requires officials everywhere; we dare neither change institutions recklessly nor settle for makeshift rule that would forfeit prosperity—we seek a balanced and workable settlement." In the twenty-first year [of Guangxu] it was ceded to Japan. The province lies five hundred forty li southeast of Fujian. It lies seven thousand two hundred fifty li northwest of the capital. East: the sea; west: Penghu Island; south: Jitou Sea; north: the sea off Keelung. It measures five hundred li across and one thousand eight hundred li from north to south. The Comprehensive Gazetteer records an original quota of 18,827 adult males, with registered growth bringing the total population to 1,786,883 persons in 224,646 households. It comprised three prefectures, one department, three subprefectures, and eleven counties. Taiwan rises from the sea as the southeastern rampart of the empire, ringed by water, with lofty ranges running through its center, highlands at its back, and archipelagos at its flanks. Langjiao screens the south and Jilong guards the north; Penghu is its gateway and Luer its throat. The Seven Kun islets form a protective chain, and Sanmao Harbor gathers clear, deep waters. Its livestock are as abundant as on the mainland. It is truly a great metropolis of the southeast.
5
使使 西 西 鹿 調 西 西 西 西 西西 西 鹿西 西西西 西西西 西 西西 西 西西 西西
Taiwan Prefecture: designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It served as the provincial capital of Taiwan. The governor, provincial administration commissioner, and the military-defense circuit intendant (also holding surveillance commissioner rank) were all stationed there. East and southeast: Taitung Department; west and north: the sea; south and southwest: Tainan Prefecture; northeast: Taipei Prefecture. Its dimensions in li are not recorded. Its latitude is 24°33′ north. It lies 4°20′ east of the capital meridian. It administered four counties and one subprefecture. Taiwan County: designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. Its seat adjoined that of the prefecture. Its seat was carved out from Zhanghua County. At Huludun a patrol station was posted. Zhanghua: designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. One hundred li north of the prefectural seat. At Lukang a county assistant magistrate was posted. Yunlin: designated as geographically difficult. At Linpipo a county assistant magistrate was posted. Miaoli: designated as strategically critical. At Dajia a patrol station was posted. Puli subprefecture: transferred [to this prefecture]. Southeast of the prefectural seat. Mountains within the prefecture: in the northwest, Wuhe and Niukun Mountains. West: Laolao Mountain. South: Luzhi, Qionggen, Junkeng, Songbai, and Tushan Mountains. East: the inner mountain range. The Zhuoshui rose in the southeastern mountains of Puli subprefecture and flowed southwest, receiving two streams on the left; passing northeast of Yunlin County, it was joined by a stream from the south. It turned north, received a stream on the right, and passed north of the county seat. Farther northwest, a stream from Jiayi County flowed north to join it. Farther west it passed Niupucuo and split into three branches: one, the Shigui Stream, became the Niuchou Stream to the west; one, the Huwei Stream, passed Shantoucuo as Mailiao Harbor, and both entered the sea west of the county; one was the Dongluo Stream, which split again into three mouths—Citong (Fanwa) Harbor, Lukang Harbor, and Erlin Harbor—all entering the sea west of Zhanghua County. The Dadu River's upper course, the Heshui Stream, rose at Yuchizi southeast of Puli subprefecture and flowed northwest, merging with the Nankeng Stream; passing northwest of the subprefecture, it received the Beigang and Beikeng streams from the west. Farther west, two streams from Zhuzi Mountain merged and flowed northwest to join it; passing south of the prefectural seat and receiving streams on both sides, it became the Dadu River at Dadu Street and entered the sea to the northwest. The Dajia River rose southeast of Miaoli County, gathered several tributaries, and flowed southwest; a branch on the right fed the Tunxiao Stream. The main channel flowed south, received a stream on the left, turned northwest past Tiezhen Mountain, and entered the sea. The Tunxiao Stream rose southeast of Miaoli County, received the Dajia River's branch, passed south of the county seat, and flowed northwest into the sea. The Houlong Stream rose in the southeastern hills of Miaoli County, gathered a tributary, and flowed northwest past Wuhe Mountain to Gangluo Bay, where two sandbars flanked its course; turning northwest past the county seat, it linked on the right with the Zhonggang Stream, received a stream on the left, and entered the sea. The Zhonggang Stream rose in the county's eastern hills, followed the border northwest past the county seat; a branch on the left joined the Houlong Harbor branch to form the Wumei Stream, and both entered the sea with the main channel.
6
西 西 西 西西 西西 西西西 西西 西西 西 西西西西 西 西 西 西 西
Tainan Prefecture: designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It was reorganized from the former Taiwan Prefecture. It lay two hundred li northeast of the provincial capital. East and southeast: Taitung Department; west and south: the sea; north and northeast: Taiwan Prefecture. Its dimensions in li are not recorded. Its latitude is 23° north. It lies 3°31′ east of the capital meridian. It administered four counties and one subprefecture. At Gamlan Touwei a patrol station was posted. Anping: designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. Its seat adjoined that of the prefecture. It had patrol stations at Dawulao and Douliumen. Fengshan: designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. Eighty li south of the prefectural seat. At Xiadanshui a county assistant magistrate was posted. At Fangliao a patrol station was posted. Jiayi: designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. One hundred seventeen li north of the prefectural seat. At Bengang a county assistant magistrate was posted. At Jialixing a patrol station was posted. Hengchun: designated as fiscally strained and geographically difficult. Penghu subprefecture: designated as administratively simple. The sea route west of the prefecture measured two hundred forty li. At Penghu a regional commander was posted. It had the Penghu Bazhao patrol station. Mountains within the prefecture: in the north, Taihu, Baishui, and Mugang Mountains. Northeast: Dafuxing and Dali Mountains. East: Guanyin and Zhentou Mountains. North: Huashan. Southeast: Wuji and Caoshan. South: Hutou and Guishan. West: Fengshan, from which Fengshan County took its name. North of Fengshan lie Dagang Gunshui, Dawulao, and Damugang Mountains. East of the county stands Kuilei Mountain, commonly known as Jiali Mountain. Penghu subprefecture lay isolated in the sea. The Niuchou Stream rose east of Jiayi County, flowed northwest past the county seat, and with Buduizui Harbor entered the sea to the west. The Bazhang Stream rose on the Yunlin border, flowed northwest past Pingbi and Banyue mountains, gathered Fenji Lake and a tributary from the south, and entered the sea at Yanshui Harbor. The Jishui Stream rose in two branches on Yunlin's western border, merged southeast of Jiayi County, flowed west past Jishui Post, received the Shibazhong Stream on the left, passed north of Tiexianqiao Street, and entered the sea. The Zengwen Stream rose northeast of the prefectural seat, flowed northwest past Dawulao, received the Qieba Stream on the right and a tributary on the left, passed north of the seat, and entered the sea at Daofeng Harbor. Chaitou Harbor rose in the hills northeast of the prefectural seat, flowed northwest past the seat, merged with Deqing Harbor to form Anping Harbor, and entered the sea. The Ercengxing Stream rose east of the prefectural seat; Qieding Harbor from Yanmenguan Ridge; and the Agongdian Stream from northeastern Fengshan County—all entered the sea to the west. The Danshui Stream rose at Liuzhangli east of the prefectural seat and flowed southwest, receiving one stream on the right and two on the left; passing west of Xiadanshui and east of Fengshan, it reached north of Chaozhoucuo garrison, where the Xilengshuigou Stream from Yupao Mountain joined with two tributaries and entered from the southwest. Farther southwest it formed Donggang and entered the coastal waters. Qieteng Harbor lay south of Fengshan County and flowed west into the sea. The Shuaimang Stream rose at Wuji Mountain north of Hengchun County, gathered a tributary, and flowed west into the sea. Citong Harbor, Feng Harbor, the Wuzhong Stream, Sanzhong Harbor, and the Sheliao Stream—all north of Hengchun County—flowed west into the sea. Longluantan lay south of Hengchun County and drained northwest into the sea. Zhulaoshu Harbor lay east of Hengchun County and flowed east into the sea.
7
西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Taipei Prefecture: designated as strategically critical and administratively busy. It lay three hundred fifty li southwest of the provincial capital. East, north, and west: the sea; south: Taitung Department; southwest: Taiwan Prefecture. Its dimensions in li are not recorded. Its latitude is 25°17′ north. It lies 5°15′ east of the capital meridian. It administered three counties and one subprefecture. Danshui: designated as strategically critical. Its seat adjoined that of the prefecture. Xinzhu: designated as fiscally strained and geographically difficult. Southwest of the prefectural seat. Yilan: designated as fiscally strained and geographically difficult. Southeast of the prefectural seat. At Touwei a county assistant magistrate was posted. Keelung subprefecture: designated as strategically critical and administratively busy. Two hundred seventy-five li northeast of the prefectural seat. Mountains within the prefecture: in the north, Datun, Shamao, and Dawulao Mountains. Northeast: Jilong Mountain, east of Keelung subprefecture. East of the prefectural city: Panshan. South: Wayao, Dajijian, and Wuzhi Mountains. Southwest: Hengshan, Jinmian, and Hutou Mountains. Southwest: Qianshan. The sea ringed the prefecture on the east, north, and west. Keelung Harbor lay northeast of Keelung subprefecture. Huwei Harbor lay northwest of the prefectural seat. The Huangxi rose in the hills south of the prefectural seat, merged with the Shitou Stream, and flowed northeast, receiving tributaries on both sides; at Fangqiao Street the Hongxian Stream and the Bajie River joined it from the west. Farther north it passed west of the prefectural seat, where the Mengjia and Shibazhong streams flowed north, turned east, and joined it. It reached Dadaocheng. The Dalongdong Stream rose at Jilong Mountain east of Keelung subprefecture, gathered a tributary, and joined from the west. Farther northwest it divided and rejoined, then entered the sea at Huwei Harbor. Nankan Harbor's upper course, the Daguo Stream, lay northwest of the prefectural seat. The Zhongli Stream, Tuniugou, Hongmao Harbor, Fengshanqi Stream, Jiugang, Youche Harbor, and Xiangshan Harbor all entered the sea northwest of Xinzhu County. Sandiao Stream lay southeast of Keelung subprefecture; Caoling Daxi, Jialiyuan Harbor, and Suao Gate—all south of Yilan County—entered the sea.
8
西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 -{}-鹿
Taitung Directly Subordinate Prefecture: designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It was reorganized from Beinan subprefecture. It lay five hundred li northwest of the provincial capital. East and south: the sea; west and northwest: Taiwan Prefecture; north: Taipei Prefecture; southwest: Tainan Prefecture. Its dimensions in li are not recorded. Its latitude is 22°25′ north. It lies 4° east of the capital meridian. At Beinan a department subprefect was posted. At Hualian Harbor a department judge was posted. Mountains within the department: in the north, Qilai and Nenggao Mountains. West: Xiuguluan Mountain. East: Dingxiang Mountain. West of Batong Pass stretch aboriginal settlements along Xiuguluan Mountain, home to the Luan tribes. The highland aboriginal villages of the southwest were home to the Kun tribes. Dagang's upper course, the Dama Stream, rose on Xiuguluan Mountain and flowed east past the departmental seat; it received the Wangwang Stream on the right and a tributary on the left, passed north of Qimi village, and entered the sea. The Beinan Daxi rose at Xinwuluo village in the department's southwest, gathered three tributaries, and flowed southeast into the sea. Hualian Harbor rose in two branches from the department's northwest, gathered several tributaries, passed south of Taiping station, and entered the sea. Dongao, Nanao, the Dazhuoshui, Daqingshui, and Xiaoqingshui streams, the Dedeli and Sanzhan streams, the Youdan Stream, and Milun Harbor—all in the department's northeast—entered the sea. Hongxia Harbor, the Lizaihang, Langalang, Mawuku, Balimang, Lujiawang, Zhiben, Damiaoli, Haizilun, Dazugao, Ganzi, Dawuwan, Balangwei, and Lumulu streams, and Mudan and Babian bays—all in the department's southeast—entered the sea.
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