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卷72 志四十七 地理十九 广东

Volume 72 Treatises 47: Geography 19, Guang Dong

Chapter 72 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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使 西西 西 西 西西 西 西 滿 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 簿 西西 西 鹿 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 簿 廿 西 西 西 西 西 西西西 西 西 西 西西西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 宿 西 西 西 西 西西西 西 沿 西 西 西西 西 祿 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 宿西 西 西 西西 西 西宿 西 西西 西西西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 沿 西 西 西西西西 西 西 西西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 巿 西 西 西西 西 西西 西 沿 西 西 漿 西 西西西 西 西 西西 西西 沿 西 西 西 西 西西西 西 谿 西 西 西 西西西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西西 西 西 西 西 西西鹿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 𨻧 西西 西 𨻧西 𨻧 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 祿 西 西 西西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 使 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西西西西 西西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西西西 西 西西 西西 西 西西 西 西 𥒚西 西 西 西 西 西西西西西 西西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 調 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西西 西西 西 西 西西西西 西西 西 西 西 沿 西 潿 西西西西西 西西 西西西 潿 西 西 西 西 西西 西西 西 沿 西 西西 西西 西 西 沿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 綿 西西西 便 西 西 西 西 西西西 𧮞𧮞 西綿 西 西西 西 西西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西西西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西
In the Yu Gong, it lay on the southern fringe of the Yangzhou region. Under the Ming, a Provincial Administration Commission was established, with its seat at Guangzhou. In the early Qing, the Ming arrangement was retained and the territory was formally constituted as a province. During the Yongzheng reign, Lianzhou and Chengxiang were combined and promoted to Jiaying Prefecture, which was placed under direct provincial authority. During the Jiaqing reign, Nanxiong was downgraded to a directly subordinate prefecture, then shortly merged and restored to its former status. Fogang was added; Nanxiong was again reduced to prefecture rank; and Lianshan was added. During the Tongzhi reign, Yangjiang was raised to subprefecture status, and Chixi was added. During the Guangxu reign, Qinzhou and Yazhou were promoted in rank, while Wanzhou was downgraded. The province comprised six circuit intendancies, nine prefectures, seven directly subordinate prefectures, three directly subordinate subprefectures, four ordinary prefectures, one ordinary subprefecture, and seventy-nine counties. Its eastern boundary reached Zhao'an in Fujian; a distance of one thousand li. Its western boundary reached Xuanhua in Guangxi; a distance of one thousand five hundred li. Its southern boundary reached the sea; a distance of three hundred li. Its northern boundary reached Guiyang in Hunan; a distance of seven hundred eighty li. Its southeastern boundary reached the sea; a distance of two hundred eighty li. Its southwestern boundary reached the sea at Yazhou; a distance of two thousand four hundred li. Its northeastern boundary reached Changning in Jiangxi; a distance of eight hundred li. Its northwestern boundary reached He in Guangxi. A distance of seven hundred thirty li. It measured two thousand five hundred li from east to west and one thousand eight hundred li from north to south. The distance from its northeastern corner to the capital was seven thousand five hundred seventy li. In the third year of the Xuantong reign, there were 5,041,780 registered households and a population of 28,010,564. Its notable mountains were Lingzhou, Huangling, and Luofu. Its major rivers were the Xi River, the Bei River, and the Dong River. Railway: the southern section of the Canton-Hankou line ran west from Guangzhou through Sanshui, then north through Qingyuan, Yingde, and Qujiang to Lechang, where it connected with Xingning Circuit in Hunan. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Guang-Zhao-Luo Circuit intendancy. The Governor-General of the Two Guang Provinces had formerly been stationed at Zhaoqing; in the eleventh year of the Qianlong reign the seat was moved here. In the twenty-fourth year of the Guangxu reign the provincial governorship was abolished, but was soon restored. In the thirty-first year, it was again abolished along with the Superintendent of the Canton Customs and the Grain Intendant. The commissioners of civil affairs, education, judicial affairs, and salt transport, the intendants of police and industry promotion, the General of Guangzhou, the Manchu and Han Brigade deputy commanders, and the Admiral of the Guangdong Navy were all stationed here. Under the Ming it administered thirteen counties. During the Kangxi reign Huaxian was added. It measured four hundred twenty li from east to west and five hundred twenty-two li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-three degrees eleven minutes north. It lay three degrees thirty-three minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered fourteen counties. It had three subprefectures: Foshan, established in the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign; Qianshan, established in the eighth year of the Qianlong reign; and Humen, established in the twenty-fifth year of the Daoguang reign. The Canton Customs was established here in the twenty-fourth year of the Kangxi reign. The Guangzhou treaty port was opened under the British Treaty of Nanjing in the twenty-second year of the Daoguang reign. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. It lay to the west of the prefectural seat. Of Guangdong's mountains, three of the Five Ridges lay within this county. To the north was Yuexiu Mountain. To the northwest was Lingzhou. To the southwest was Xiqiao Mountain. The Bei River entered from Sanshui and flowed southeast; an eastern branch became the Zidong River, which reached Panyu, joined the Pearl River, and entered Shunde. The Xi River entered from Sanshui, passed southeast through Jiujiang, and likewise flowed into Shunde. In the northwest the Majing River first received the Lubao River, then flowed south to meet the Sanjiang River. It turned northeast, received the Huangdong River on the left, and was fed from the south by the Nanliu River from southwest Panyu. Emerging south from Shimen Mountain as the Shimen River, it passed southwest of the prefectural seat, turned east to become the Pearl River, and entered Panyu. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Jiujiangpu. It had six patrol stations: Sanjiang, Jinli, Shen'an, Huangding, Jiangpu, and Wudoukou. The Canton-Hankou line ran to the west, and the Sanfo Railway to the southwest. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. Within the city stood Fan and Yu mountains, from which the county took its name. To the north was Baiyun Mountain. To the southeast was Fulian, also known as Fulian Hill. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. To the south ran the Pearl River, which received the Shimen River from Nanhai upstream, flowed southeast, split into two channels, and reunited at Changzhou. Farther southeast it became the Boluo River; the Dong River joined on the left at Sanjiangkou. Still farther southeast, the Shizi Sea received the Shawan River and emptied into the ocean. A garrison was stationed at Shizi. To the west was the Yongjing garrison. It had four patrol stations: Mude, Lubu, Shawan, and Jiaotang. The Torpedo Battalion maintained a shipyard at Huangpu. It had two courier stations: Panyu and Wuyang. The Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway ran to the east, and the Canton-Hankou line to the northwest. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred li south of the prefectural seat. To the north was Dunning. To the west was Tianhu. To the northwest was Xilin Mountain. The Bei River entered from Nanhai as the Hepenghai, flowed southeast, turned north to become the Fuluhai, then east to Dieshihai; an eastern branch became the Shawan River and joined the Pearl River. At Banjiang it became the Banshahai and entered Xiangshan. The Xi River entered from Nanhai; an eastern branch became the Ganzhutan River, joined the Banshahai, passed Yangchuanggang, branched off as the Yangchuanhai, and reached the sea at Xinhui. One assistant magistrate was stationed at Rongqi. It had four patrol stations: Zini, Jiangcun, Maining, and Dunning to the north. The Ganzhu commercial port was opened under the Sino-British Burma Treaty in the twenty-third year of the Guangxu reign. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south was Huangling. To the southeast was Baoshan. Its southwestern border lay along the coast. In the sea, Xiushan stood east and west like a gate, known as Hutoumen; the Pearl River flowed out through it, also called the Pearl River Estuary. It had five forts: Weiyuan, Shanghengdang, Xiahengdang, Dajiao, and Shajiao. The Dong River entered from Boluo, joined the Lilin and Jiujiang rivers, passed west of Huangjia Mountain, branched south as the Daoyong River, met the Pearl River, and all flowed into the sea. One assistant magistrate was stationed at Shilong Town. It had three patrol stations: Jingshan, Quekou, and Zhongtang. It had one courier station at Tiegang. The Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway passed through. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred thirty li north of the prefectural seat. To the northeast was Wuzhi Mountain. Farther on stood Shiba Mountain, source of the Liuxi River; flowing south it joined the Chendong and Yuxi rivers; the combined stream passed southeast of the county seat, took in the Qu River on the left and the Litang River on the right, and at Panyu entered Shimen. It had a Liuxi patrol station. It had a courier station at Shiqi. Designated a simple post. It lay two hundred ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the west was Lanfen Mountain. To the northwest was Fenshui'ao Mountain. Waters west of the mountain gathered as the Liuxi River and entered the Bei River; waters east of the mountain gathered as the Xilin River and entered the Dong River. The Xilin River, also known as the Jiulin River, rose at Sanjiao Mountain in the northwest, joined Gaoming and Baisha, bent southwest, received the Qunxi and Yongqing rivers, and at Zengcheng became the Zeng River. A Hot Water Lake lay in the northwest. It had a Miaozijiao patrol station, later relocated to Yongqing Market. Designated as fiscally strained and geographically difficult. It lay three hundred sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north was Santai. To the east was Baifeng Mountain. To the southwest was Dalong Mountain. Its southern border lay along the coast. In the sea lay Shangchuan and Xiachuan islets. To the north ran the Changsha River, also called the Enping River, which entered from Kaiping, flowed southeast, joined the Nanmen River, turned northwest to join the Zixia River, and entered Xinhui. To the southeast ran the Niyong River, which flowed south to join the Niujiao River and reached Fenghuojiao before entering the sea. To the west ran the Nafu River, which likewise flowed south to Shizizhou and entered the sea. There was also the Tanjiao River, excavated in the twenty-sixth year of the Kangxi reign by Governor Wu Zainan, which drew the Niyong River westward and reached Xinhui's Yamen to the northeast to open the waterway to shipping. Hot springs and sweet springs lay in the southwest. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Guanghai Stockade. It had a Shangchuan Salt patrol station. It had the Gongyi commercial port. The Ningyang Railway passed through. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred sixty-two li east of the prefectural seat. To the west was Yunmu. To the southwest was Nanqiao. To the northeast was Luofu Mountain. The Dong River entered from Boluo, flowed west and bent south, and at Panyu joined the Pearl River. The upper Zeng River was the Longmen River; flowing south it joined the Paitan River, then farther south reached Sanjiangkou, took in the Chengxi River on the right and the Jiuqu River on the left, passed southeast of the county seat, and divided to enter the Dong River. The Suifu River rose at Qingyou Mountain in the northwest and likewise entered the Dong River to the southeast. It had a Maotian patrol station, and an assistant magistrate was stationed at Xintang Market. Designated as fiscally strained, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred twenty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Fuxu. To the southeast was Wugui. Farther on stood Haojing'ao Mountain, which thrust into the sea in the form of a peninsula, known as Macau. In the thirteenth year of the Guangxu reign it passed to Portugal. North of it stood the Haojing'ao Pass. Farther west, at Gongbei Bay, there was a pass. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. In the sea lay Dong'ao Mountain and Jiuxing Mountain; the waters below were called the Jiuxing Sea. There were also Laowan, Jiu'ao, Hengqin, Sanzao, Langbai, and other islands in the sea. To the northwest lay the Bansha Sea, which entered from Shunde and flowed southeast to Tanzhou. The Mutou Sea first received the Yangchuan River and divided southeast to enter the sea. The Guzhen Sea first received the Xi River, likewise entering from Shunde, flowing southeast to Luozhou, joining the Shiqi River, and issuing south through Modaomen into the sea. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Qianshan Stockade. A brigade commander and patrol inspector were stationed at Huangliangdu City. It had three patrol stations: Qi'ao, Xiangshan, and Huangpu. The Xiangzhou commercial port was opened on petition in the first year of the Xuantong reign. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred thirty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north were Huangyun and Guifeng. To the southeast stood Yamen Mountain, facing Tangpingzui Mountain to the southwest; the Xionghai issued from between them, known as Yamen. Its southern border lay along the coast. The Xi River entered from Nanhai as the Tianhe Sea, bent east and south, passed Zhutou Mountain, and split in two: the branch issuing southeast was called the Hetang River, which joined the Guzhen Sea and flowed southeast into Xiangshan; farther west it branched again as the Waihai Sea, flowing southwest to Hutiaomen and into the sea; The branch issuing southwest was called the Fenshui River, which joined the Pan River, flowed south past Jiangmen, and emptied into the Xionghai. Farther west, the Enping River entered from Kaiping, joined the Tan River, flowed northeast as the Qingdanyang, took in the Qiaoting River on the left, turned southeast to join the Fenshui River, and issued through Yamen into the sea. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Jiangmen. It had three patrol stations: Chaolian, Niuduwang, and Shacun. The Dawa patrol station had been abolished. It had two courier stations: Xiangang and Dongting. The Jiangmen commercial port was opened under the Sino-British Commercial Treaty in the twenty-eighth year of the Guangxu reign. The Ningyang Railway passed through. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred seventy li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south was Kundu. To the north was Longpo Mountain. The Bei River flowed southwest; at Xujiangkou an eastern branch issued as the Lubao River, then flowed southwest to Sihui, joined the Sui River, branched as the Sixianjiao River, and met the Xi River. Flowing east it passed south of the county seat as the Yijiang River, reaching Xinan Pool and entering Nanhai. The Bei River branched from Xinan Pool as the Sanjiang River, joined the Lubao River, reached Nanhai, issued through Shimen, and its lower course was the Pearl River. To the west ran the Xi River, entering from Gaoyao. The Qingqi River first received the Sui River, passed southeast by Jinzhou Mountain, and likewise entered Nanhai. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Xinan Town. It had the Xujiang and Sanshui patrol stations. Sanshuikou, also known as Hekou, had a commercial port opened under the Sino-British Burma Treaty in the twenty-third year of the Guangxu reign. It had two courier stations: Sanshui and Xinan. The Sanfo Railway passed through. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay three hundred forty li north of the prefectural seat. To the west was Qinwang. To the east was Zhongsu Gorge, also known as Feilai Gorge. The Bei River entered from Yingde and flowed southwest; the Pan River came from the east to join it at what was called the Pan-Wujiang Mouth. At the southwest of the county seat it joined the Zhengbin River. Bending south, it received the Shantang River on the right and the Dayan River on the left, passed Huiqi Mountain, and entered Sanshui. It had three patrol stations: Huiqi, Panjiang, and Binjiang. It had the Qingyuan courier station; the Anyuan courier station had been abolished. The Canton-Hankou Railway passed through. Designated as fiscally strained and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the sixth year of the Kangxi reign it was merged into Dongguan; in the eighth year it was restored. To the south was Beidu, also known as Sheng Mountain, anciently called Tunmen Mountain. To the southeast was Guanfu. To the northeast was Dapeng Mountain. To its south stood Old Dapeng Mountain, where the Dongchong garrison fort was located. Its eastern, western, and southern borders all lay along the coast. In the sea stood Lingding Mountain; the waters below it were known as Lingding Bay. Farther south lay the anchorages of Toutuoning, Fotangmen, Jishuimen, Lantau Island, Rongshu Bay, and others. To the northwest, the Yongping River first received the Jiujiang River from Dongguan, then flowed southeast to Bitou Station and entered the sea. The assistant magistrate was stationed at the Dapeng garrison. It had two patrol stations: Fuyong and Kowloon. To its south lay Hong Kong Island, ceded to Britain in the twenty-second year of the Daoguang reign. In the tenth year of the Xianfeng reign, Kowloon Walled City was likewise ceded and annexed to it. In the twenty-fourth year of the Guangxu reign, an additional two hundred square miles of territory under the Kowloon patrol station was leased on a ninety-nine-year term, and the Kowloon Customs was established to collect duties. The Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway ran through the county. Designated as simple. It lay ninety li north of the prefectural seat. In the twenty-fourth year of the Kangxi reign, it was established at Pingling in Panyu County, with territory taken from Nanhai County to enlarge it, and placed under this prefecture's jurisdiction. To the northeast was Huashan, from which the county took its name. To the northwest was Pangu Cave, whence the Huangdong River flowed southwest, receiving the Hengtan and Luodong rivers on the right; bending south it became the Ni River; a stream from Qingyuan entered from the northwest to join it, then the combined waters flowed southeast into Nanhai. It had two patrol stations: Shiling and Shuixi. The Canton-Hankou Railway passed through the county. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It was the seat of the Guang-Zhao-Luo Circuit intendancy. It initially followed the Ming arrangement, administering one prefecture and eleven counties. In the ninth year of the Yongzheng reign, Heshan was added. In the ninth year of the Tongzhi reign, Yangjiang was raised to a directly subordinate subprefecture. In the thirty-second year of the Guangxu reign, it was restored as a directly subordinate prefecture, with Yangchun and Enping detached and placed under its authority. It lay two hundred ninety li east of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred nineteen li in width and three hundred ninety-five li in length. Its north polar altitude was twenty-three degrees five minutes. It lay four degrees eight minutes west of the capital. It administered one prefecture and nine counties. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. To the north was Dingshan. To the northeast was Dinghu, where Gaoxia Gorge lay. To the northwest was Tengchai Mountain. The Xi River entered the county's northwest from Deqing as the Duan Creek; bending north and then east, it received the Duyan and Sundong rivers flowing in from the south. Flowing east it joined the Da Xiang River, turned south and merged with the Xiao Xiang River; passing south of the prefectural seat, it received the Xinxing River from the southwest at what was called Xinkou. Farther northeast it merged with the Songchong River. Passing through Antelope Gorge, it received the Changli River on the left and the Cangwu River on the right, then entered Sanshui. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Jinli Market. It had two patrol stations: Hengchao and Lubu. It had two courier stations: Gaoyao and Xincun. Designated as simple. It lay one hundred thirty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Golden Rooster Mountain. To the south was Zhen Mountain. To the southeast, the Bei River entered from Sanshui. To the northwest, the Sui River—also called the Suijian River—entered from Guangning and flowed southeast; at the southeast of the county seat, the Longjiang River joined it from the northwest. Passing Xiaoxi Ridge, a southern branch became the Qingqi River; at Sanshui it merged with the Xi River, then eastward at Nanjinkou joined the Bei River and entered Sanshui. It had the Nanjin patrol station. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred thirty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north were Jufu and Yunhe. To the south was Long Mountain. To the northeast was Li Mountain. To the north, the Xinxing River rose at Liukengding Mountain in the county's south, flowed northwest, and entered Dong'an. Winding through the county's southwest it became the Jin River; northeast at Dongkou the Luan River flowed north to join it. Farther north it merged with the Tongli River to form the Xinxing River. Still farther northwest it entered Dong'an. To the southwest, the Lijiang patrol station had its seat at Tiantang Market. It had the defunct Yaogu courier station. Designated as fiscally strained. It lay seventy li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the northwest was Old Xiangshan. To the northeast was Lingyun. To the southwest was Biao Mountain. The Xi River entered from Sanshui. The Nancang River, also known as the Cangbu River, rose in Gaoyao and flowed southeast, merging with the Yunxiu and Pingshan rivers; passing southeast of the county seat, it received the Beigang River on the left and the Qingtai River on the right, then flowed farther southeast to join the Xi River and enter Nanhai. It had the Sanzhou patrol station. Designated as fiscally strained. It lay two hundred ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northeast was Daluo Mountain. To the southwest was Gaowang Mountain. To the west, the Sui River entered from Huaiji in Guangxi and flowed south out of Xianshan Gorge, where the Nanxiang River joined it flowing from the northeast. Farther south it merged with the Gu River and turned southeast, receiving the Jinchang and Xinzhao rivers on the right and the Dongxiang and Fulu rivers on the left before entering Sihui. The Longjiang River also rose at Shima Mountain in the northeast and likewise reached Sihui to merge with the Sui River. Designated as fiscally strained and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the sixth year of the Shunzhi reign, it was established at the Kaiping garrison of Xinxing County, with territory taken from Xinhui and Enping counties to enlarge it, and placed under this prefecture's jurisdiction. To the northeast was Liangjin Mountain. To the southwest were Beilie Mountain and Luohan Mountain. The Xianjiang River received the Enping River upstream, flowed southeast and took in the Changtang River on the right; at Chikan to the southeast it became the Chikan River. The Shuangqiao River from the north flowed south to join it; south of the county seat it merged with the Duhe River to form the Jianshi River. Farther southeast it became the Changsha River, passed Chishuikou, and entered Xinhui. It had two patrol stations: Songbai and Shagang. Designated as fiscally strained and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the ninth year of the Yongzheng reign, it was established at Daguan Field in Xinhui County of Guangzhou Prefecture, with territory taken from Kaiping County to enlarge it, and placed under this prefecture's jurisdiction. Within the county seat stood Heshan, from which the county took its name. To the northeast was Kunlun. To the northwest was Yunxiu. The Xi River entered from Nanhai and crossed the county's northeast as the Gulao River, also known as the Suhai; joining the lesser Gulao River, it passed east of Dayan Mountain and entered Xinhui. The Tan River rose at Ma'er Mountain in the county's west, flowed southeast to Luogu Pool, turned west into Kaiping, and at Xinhui joined the Enping River. The Guantian River rose at Zhangbei Mountain in the northeast, flowed southeast to merge with the Landong River, and entered Xinhui as the Qiaoting River. The Shuangqiao River rose at Yungai Village in the northwest and flowed southwest; at Shuiping Market it became the Shuiping River and passed southwest through Hulu Mountain into Kaiping. It had two patrol stations: Shuangqiao and Yaojing. Designated as strategically critical. It lay one hundred eighty li west of the prefectural seat. To the northwest was Xiangshan, also known as Liren Mountain. To the northeast was Xiyuan Mountain. To the south, the Xi River entered from Fengchuan and flowed east past Jinshi Mountain, where it was called the Jin River; farther east it met the Lu River, passed the zhou seat, and received the Duanxi River from the south. Farther east it passed Nanjiangkou and joined the Maxu and Yuecheng rivers. The Yuecheng River's upper course was known as Lingxi, also called the Lingling River, and flowed northeast into Gaoyao. A Yuecheng patrol station was maintained. There was a Deqing post station. The former Shoukang post station had been abolished. Designated as strategically critical. It lay three hundred thirty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east was Fengmen Mountain. To the northeast stood Baima and Liulian mountains. The Xi River—the ancient Yu River—gathered the Qian and Gui rivers as it entered from Cangwu in Guangxi and flowed southeast to Lingzhou. The He River entered from Kaijian, taking in the Ningdong and Wende rivers on the left and the Dong'an River on the right; continuing southeast, it received Panlong on the right and the Shiyang River on the left, passed Yuanzhu Mountain, turned southwest, and entered Deqing. The Lu River rose from Fengshou Mountain in the northeast and likewise flowed south to Deqing, where it entered the Xi River. A Wende patrol station was maintained. There was a Fengchuan post station. The former Linshan post station had been abolished. Designated as simple. It lay four hundred ten li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest was Yuanzhu Mountain. To the northeast was Zhongdang Mountain. The Kai River lay to the west. It was the He River, anciently called the Fengxi River; entering from Hexian in Guangxi, it flowed southeast to Tanshuang Mountain, where the Tanshuang River met the Jinzhuang River coming in from the south. Farther south it joined the Liantang River, passed southwest of the county seat, took in the Jinlu and Li rivers on the left and the great and small Yu rivers on the right, turned southeast, and entered Fengchuan. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Guang-Zhao-Luo Circuit intendancy. It lay six hundred eighty-nine li northeast of the provincial capital. It measured one hundred eighty-four li from east to west and two hundred li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-three degrees forty-two minutes north. It lay five degrees thirteen minutes west of the capital meridian. Following the Ming arrangement, it administered two counties. To the west was Yunzhi Mountain. To the southwest was Yunji Mountain, also known as Yunsha Mountain. The Shuang River rose at Tanmian Village in Xining County and flowed northeast to Fenjiexu in the zhou's southwest; passing southeast through Luojing garrison city, it turned north to meet the Shiyin River, then southwest to join the Sandu River, passed the zhou seat, entered Xining, and became the Nanjiang River. The Dong River rose at Shamanxu in the zhou's south and likewise flowed northeast into Xining to join the Nanjiang River. The zhou sub-prefect had his seat at Luojingxu. The Jinkang patrol station was posted at Liantanxu. The abolished Jinkang post station was noted. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay one hundred sixty li northeast of the zhou seat. To the southwest was Yunwu Mountain. The Xi River entered from Xining and flowed southeast to Jiangshuikou, where the Dajiang River came in from the southwest; it then continued northeast into Gaoyao. To the southeast, the Xinxing River issued from Xinxing and flowed northeast, taking in the Kelang River on the left; passing Yaogu garrison, it entered Gaoyao and joined the Xi River. A Xishan patrol station was maintained. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay one hundred twenty li north of the zhou seat. To the north was Yuzhen Mountain. The Xi River entered from Fengchuan and reached Luopangkou, where the Wenchang River met the Baozhu and Guihe rivers coming in from the north. Farther south, the upper Nanjiang—the Shuang River—rose at Tanmian Village in the southwest, flowed northeast into Luoding, passed Liantanxu to join the Xi River, and entered Dong'an. To the southwest, the Daosha River rose from Luoyun Mountain, flowed southeast to Luoding, and entered the Shuang River. Still farther west, the Panlong River rose from Dasun Ridge and flowed northeast into Fengchuan. A Yehu patrol station was maintained. The Ducheng patrol station had been abolished. Designated as geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Guang-Zhao-Luo Circuit intendancy. Under the Ming, the Dabu Ping territory had been divided between Qingyuan and Yingde. In the ninth year of the Yongzheng reign a sub-prefect was appointed there, subordinate to Guangzhou Prefecture. It was abolished in the seventh year of the Qianlong reign. It was restored in the sixteenth year of the Jiaqing reign and given a new name. It lay four hundred forty li south of the provincial capital. It measured fifty-seven li from east to west and forty-eight li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-three degrees fifty minutes north. It lay two degrees fifty-nine minutes west of the capital meridian. To the north was Guanyin Mountain. To the northeast stood Duhuang Mountain, whence the Shuitouxun River issued; flowing north it met the Gaojiang River and, at Yanlingxu, became the Yanling River. Farther northwest to Yingde it joined the Luowen River and entered the Weng River. The Jihe River also rose from Duhuang Mountain and wound westward; the Shenjing River came in from the north, while a southern branch broke away as the Daxi and pooled into a lake. It passed north of the subprefectural seat, turned south, took in the Huangsha River on the right, issued from Damiao Gorge, and entered Qingyuan. The Huanghua River rose from Yangjiao Mountain in the southeast and likewise flowed southwest into Qingyuan, where it joined the Jihe River. Its lower course was the Pai River. Designated as important. It was subordinate to the Guang-Zhao-Luo Circuit intendancy. In the seventh year of the Tongzhi reign it was created by carving out Chixi, Caochong, and other districts from Xinning County. It lay four hundred fifteen li northeast of the provincial capital. It measured twenty li from east to west and twenty li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-one degrees fifty-four minutes north. It lay three degrees thirty-five minutes west of the capital meridian. Its east, west, and south faces all bordered the sea. To the south was Caochong Mountain. To the southwest was Tonggu Mountain, below which lay Tonggu Sea. Farther out at sea stood Huangmao, Qingzhou, Dajin, and Xiaojin mountains. Designated as strategically critical, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It was the seat of the Shao-Lian Circuit intendancy. It lay eight hundred seventy li south of the provincial capital. It measured one hundred ninety-five li from east to west and three hundred eleven li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-four degrees fifty-five minutes north. It lay three degrees twenty-one minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered six counties. The Taiping Bridge tax barrier was maintained here; formerly at Nanxiong, it was later moved to the southwest of the prefectural seat. A Taiping branch barrier was also kept at Yingde. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. To the north was Fuyue Mountain. To the northeast was Shaoshi. To the west was Furong Mountain. To the southeast was Nanhua Mountain. The Zhen River lay to the east, also called the Xiang River. Entering from Shixing, it flowed southwest, joined the Jin and Ling rivers, and passed southeast of the prefectural seat; the Wu River came down from the north to meet it, forming the Qu River, also known as the Shixing Great River. Farther southwest it passed Hubang Mountain, turned southeast, took in the Shuang River on the right and the Caoxi and Xuanxi rivers on the left, flowed south into Yingde, and became the Bei River. The assistant magistrate had his seat at Lianhualing Village. It had two patrol stations: Mengli and Pingpu. There was a Qujiang County post station. The former Furong post station had been abolished. The Canton-Hankou Railway passed through. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay eighty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east was Chang Mountain, from which the county took its name. To the north was Guishan. To the northeast was Lengjun. To the northwest was Jiufeng Mountain. Wushui lay to the west, also known as Huxi and anciently called the Qin River; it rose in Linwu, Hunan, and ran northeast to Yizhang. Bending south, it entered the county's northwest border, where Wuyang Stream from Ruyuan flowed east to join it. Bending southeast, it passed Lanhao Mountain and became the Sanlong River, joining the Luodu and Jiufeng rivers. Passing southwest of the county seat, the Lianhua River branched off to feed into it. Farther east, bending south, it received the Changtiao River on the left and the Yangxi River on the right, and entered the Qu River. It had two patrol stations: Jiufeng and Luojiadu. The Canton-Hankou Railway passed through. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the northwest was Huangling Mountain. To the southeast was Danxia Mountain. To the east the Jin River rose at Fenshui Pass, ran southwest to Enkou, joined the Enxi River, and formed the Lantian River. Flowing southwest, it received the Fuxi and Kangxi rivers on the left; passing southeast of the county seat, the Sixi River joined the Tongyang River flowing in from the northwest to feed into it. Bending southeast, it entered the Qu River. It had a Fuxi patrol station. It had the Renhua County courier station. Designated a simple post. It lay ninety li west of the prefectural seat. To the north was Yunmen Mountain. To the southwest was Laling. Wuyang Stream entered from Yizhang, Hunan, ran northeast through Wuyang Station, joined the Qigutan River on the right, received Guxi on the left, bent east to Lechang, and entered Wushui. The Yangxi River rose at Shenxianping in the northwest and likewise reached Lechang to enter Wushui. Long River, also called Zhoutou River, rose at Tizi Mountain in the southwest, bent north then east, received the Yuanzishan River on the left and the Tangpan River on the right, passed south of the county seat where the north-flowing Dabu River joined it, and then flowed southeast into the Qu River. To the south was the Wuyang patrol station. It had one hereditary Yao pacification subprefecture, administering Bu Market. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the sixteenth year of the Jiaqing reign it was transferred to Nan'an Prefecture in Jiangxi; in the seventeenth year it was restored to its former subordination. To the north was Jilong. To the east was Yuhua. To the northeast was Poji Mountain, source of the Luojiang River; flowing southwest it passed south of Weng Mountain, where the Pu River from the southeast came to feed into it. Bending south, it received the Furong River on the right and the Longxian River on the left; again flowing southwest it joined the Zhoupi River, wound west past Sanhua Town, and entered Yingde. Farther west, Taiping River, also called Jiangzhen River, rose at Guijue Mountain in the northeast, flowed south to Yingde to join the Luojiang River, forming the Weng River. It had two patrol stations: Guishan and Qixia. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred twenty li south of the prefectural seat. To the north was Yingshan. To the south was Nanshan. Farther south was Gaoshi Mountain, also known as Zhenyang Gorge. The Bei River lay to the north; entering from the Qu River, it passed Zhenshi Mountain and bent west to the southeast of the county seat; to the east was the Weng River, which joined the Qutan River on the right and the Luowen River on the left, flowing southwest to merge with it. Farther south at Guangkou, the Kuang River joined the Boluo River flowing in from the northwest. The Kuang River was Huangshui, also called the Guang River; flowing southeast it entered Qingyuan. It had two patrol stations: Guangkou and Xianggang. It had the Yingde County courier station. The old Zhenyang courier station had been abolished. The Canton-Hankou Railway passed through. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and fiscally strained. It was subordinate to the Nan-Shao-Lian Circuit intendancy. Initially following the Ming system, it was a prefecture administering two counties, with its seat at Baochang. In the eleventh year of the Jiaqing reign it was downgraded to a directly subordinate prefecture and Baochang County was abolished. In the sixteenth year it was again raised to prefecture rank. In the seventeenth year it was again downgraded to a directly subordinate prefecture. It lay one thousand one hundred seventy li southwest of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred seventy li from east to west and one hundred twenty-one li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-five degrees fifteen minutes north. It lay two degrees thirty minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered one county. Dayu Ridge lay in the northeast, also known as Meiling, with Meiguan Pass. To the east was Tianzhu. To the southeast was Qingzhang Mountain. To the south was the Zhen River, rising at Youshan in the northeast, running south through Jiangtian Town to join the Chang River. Flowing southwest, it joined the Pingtian and Furong rivers on the left and the Dongxi River on the right; at Changpu Bridge the Beikeng River joined the south-flowing Heng River to enter it. The river rose at Meiling and was also called the Dayu River. Farther west it joined the Changtan River, passed south of the prefectural seat, received the Louchuan River flowing in from the northwest, and southwest joined the Xiuren River. Again flowing north it received the Banjing River and entered Shixing. Again to the northwest, at Fenshui Pass, the Shixia River issued forth as the Kangxi River and entered Renhua. It had three patrol stations: Pingtian, Hongmei, and Baishun. It had the Baochang courier station. The old Linjiang courier station had been abolished. Designated as strategically critical and administratively busy. To the north was Danfeng Mountain. To the south was Ji Mountain. To the north the Zhen River entered from the prefecture, ran southwest to Yuanling Station, where the north-flowing Yuexi River joined it. Farther south, the Mojian River rose at Shaziling in the southwest, wound east as the Qinghua River, bent northwest as the Liangsan River, joined the Xiang River on the right to form the Shixing River—the ancient Xiejie River. Again flowing northwest it passed south of the county seat, joined the Guanshi River, and again northwest joined the Zhen River to enter the Qu River. It had a Qinghuajing patrol station. It had an in-town courier station. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Nan-Shao-Lian Circuit intendancy. Initially following the Ming system, it was subordinate to Guangzhou Prefecture. In the fifth year of the Yongzheng reign it was promoted to a directly subordinate prefecture; Yangshan and Lianshan were separated off and placed under other jurisdictions. During the Jiaqing reign, Lianshan was placed under direct provincial authority. It lay seven hundred sixty li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured eighty li from east to west and one hundred sixty-eight li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-four degrees forty-eight minutes north. It lay four degrees seventeen minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered one county. To the south was Lengjia, also known as Zhennü Mountain. To the southwest was Kun Lake. To the northwest was Guiyang. Huangshui lay to the west, also known as the Kuang River; the Han Treatise on Geography identified it as the Hui River. Its upper source was the Luxi, rising at Huangye Ridge in the northwest, also called the Ye River; winding south and east it passed Guifeng Mountain, joined the Fenghua, Tanyuan, and Huangjiao rivers from the northeast, reached the southwest of the prefectural seat, received the Gaoliang River flowing in from Lianshan to the west, passed southeast through Tongguan Gorge, and entered Yangshan. The subprefectural judge was stationed at Huangzi Market. It had a Zhugang patrol station. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay two hundred li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the fifteenth year of the Yongzheng reign it was transferred from Guangzhou Prefecture to this jurisdiction. To the north was Qitian Ridge. To the northwest was Yangyan. To the northeast was Baoyuan Mountain. The Huangshui entered from the prefecture, also known as the Yangxi; it joined the Tongguan River to the south, then flowed southeast past the south of the county seat, where the Tongru River from the east of Mading Ridge entered from the east; farther east it merged with the Qinglian River. This river rose at Dabei Market north of the county and was also known as the Dabei River. Continuing southeast, it passed through the Three Gorges and entered Yingde. It had two patrol stations: Qitan and Qigong. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Nan-Shao-Lian Circuit intendancy. It had originally been Lianshan County, subordinate to Guangzhou Prefecture. In the fifth year of the Yongzheng reign it was placed under Lianzhou. In the twenty-first year of the Jiaqing reign it was promoted to the Suibyao Subprefecture. It lay eight hundred seventy li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred li from east to west and one hundred twenty-six li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-four degrees forty-nine minutes north. It lay four degrees thirty-five minutes west of the capital meridian. To the north was Kunhu Mountain. To the northwest were Zhongliu and Dawu. To the south was Huangdiyuan Mountain, also known as Huanglian Mountain, with five large Yao stockades and twenty-four small Yao stockades within it. The Gaoliang River lay to the south, also called the Dahuo River; its upper course was the Hengshui, which rose at Tiantang Ridge in the northwest, flowed southeast past the south of the subprefecture seat, then bent northeast to join the Maogu River. It passed Jiming Pass into Lianzhou and merged with the Huangshui. The Shangji River also rose at Fenshui Pass west of the subprefecture and flowed southwest to Muqiang Market, where the Bapai Yao River entered from the southeast; bending northwest, it passed Zhongshan Mountain, entered Hexian in Guangxi, and formed a separate headwater of the He River. It had a Yishan patrol station. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Hui-Chao-Jia Circuit intendancy. It lay three hundred ninety li west of the provincial seat. It measured four hundred fifty li from east to west and four hundred li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-four degrees eight minutes north. It lay two degrees thirty-seven minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered one sub-prefecture and nine counties. It had one intendant, stationed at Jieshi Guard city, established in the twenty-first year of the Daoguang reign. The Huizhou commercial port was opened under the Sino-British commercial treaty in the twenty-eighth year of the Guangxu reign. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural seat. To the northeast was Guishan Mountain, also known as Jilong Mountain. To the southeast was Pinghai Mountain. The southeast fronted the sea, with harbors including Xiachong, Jitou, and Aotou. The Dong River lay to the north, also known as the Longjiang; it entered from Heyuan and flowed southwest to the northeast of the prefectural seat. The Xi River rose at Longtoushi Mountain east of the county, joined the Changtang and upper and lower Huai rivers to the southwest, and entered Boluo. Xifeng Lake and Tonghu Lake both channeled water into the Dong River. It had five patrol stations: Neiwai Guan, Pingshan, Pingzheng, Pinghai, and Biji. The Xinle office had been abolished. Designated as administratively busy and fiscally strained. It lay thirty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest was Luofu Mountain. To the northeast was Xiangshan. The Dong River entered from Heyuan and served as the boundary with Guishan along its middle course. It joined the Gongzhuang River, passed south of the county seat, received the Rongxi River on the right, passed Gangwazhou, and entered Dongguan. A branch channel ran northwest to Huangjia Mountain, joined the Luoyang River, passed Shiwan Town, and entered Zengcheng. It had three patrol stations: Shiwan, Shanzheng, and Suzhou. The Mocun courier station had been abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay four hundred li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the north were Yunü Peak and Yunji Mountain. To the northeast was Xuedong Mountain. The Xinfeng River lay to the south, rising at Fenshui Pass in the northwest and bending east to join the Shaluoshan River. One branch flowed east past the county seat; continuing east, it received the Qiangkeng River on the left, passed Matou Market, took in the Mixi, Daxi, and Zhongxin rivers on the left and the Xichang River on the right, passed Lixikou, and at Heyuan entered the Dong River. The Luowen River rose at Songdong Mountain west of the county, reached Laishi Crossing to the northwest, then bent southwest into Yingde to join the Weng River. It had a Zhaping patrol station. Designated a simple post. It lay two hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the southwest was Yuewang Mountain. To the southeast was Nanling. To the south was the Qiuxiang River, also known as Lanxi; it rose at Jigong Ridge east of the county, flowed southwest, joined the Nanshan River, and at Heyuan entered the Dong River. Farther west, the Shenjiang and Yirongjiang followed the same course. The South Qin River rose at Gongkeng Peak, flowed south to Mitian, then turned northeast into Changle. The North Qin River also reached Changle and merged with the South Qin River; their lower course formed the Meijiang. It had two patrol stations: Xunzhi District and Kuanren District. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay three hundred li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east was Longshan. To the northwest was Wupo Ridge. The south fronted the sea. There was the Lijiang, also known as Changsha Port; its upper course was the Longjin River, rising at Lianhua Mountain in the northwest; it joined the Huangjiang River to the southeast, bent south and then west to Lujing Mountain, pooled into Qingcao Bay, merged with the Daye River, passed Dajinlong Mountain, and entered the sea. To the northeast was the Reshui, flowing south past Jiulong Mountain, bending east to form Dade Port; at Lufeng it joined the inner river and entered the sea. To the west was the Fenghe River, which joined the Ebu River to the south to form Xiaomo Port and enter the sea. To the east was Shanwei Market Town, where an assistant magistrate was stationed. It had an Ebu patrol station. The Ping'an courier station had been abolished. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay three hundred fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. It was established in the ninth year of the Yongzheng reign by carving territory from Haifeng County, with its seat at Donghaijiao, and placed under this jurisdiction. To the northeast was Neiyang Mountain. To the south was Hutou Mountain. It fronted the sea. To the north was the inner river, also known as the Luojiang; it rose at Qitou Peak in the northeast and joined the Jishixi. Flowing south past Shitou Mountain, it divided; its branches reached Dade Port and Wugan Port and entered the sea. Farther east, the Caoyang River flowed southeast, bent west to form Huaqing Port, and at Jiazi Port entered the sea. The Shangshaxu River rose at Chiling in the northeast and at Puning joined the Nanxi. It had three patrol stations: Jiazi, Huangshakeng, and Hetian. A Faliu relay station stood west of the county on the road to Haifeng; eastward it was one hundred sixty li to Huilai. It had three salt fields: Shiqiao, Haijia, and Xiaojing. Designated a simple post. It lay four hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east was Huoshan. To the northeast was Longxue, also known as Longchuan Mountain. To the northwest was Ao Mountain. The Longchuan River lay to the east, also known as the He River. Its upper course was the Dingnan River, which entered from Heping. Southeast at Hehekou it met the Dutian River, then flowed southwest to join the Luai Stream, passed southeast of the county seat, and received the Leijiang River from the south. Farther southwest it joined the He Stream, entered Heyuan, and became the Dong River. The Lian Stream also rose from Goose Rock Peak in the northeast, flowed southwest, received the Tongqu River on the right, and entered Changle. It had three patrol stations: Laolong, Tongqu, and Shiyidu. The Leixiang courier station had been abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay four hundred li north of the prefectural seat. To the northeast was Jiulian Mountain. To the south were Gelo and Bishan. The Mixi River rose from Fenshui Pass, flowed southeast, and joined the Yangmeiping River. It also passed south of the subprefectural seat, received the Neiguan and Jiuling rivers, and flowed southeast through Changning into the Xinfeng River. The Dongdaxi River accompanied it. The Zhongxin River also flowed southwest into Heyuan. It had three patrol stations: Zhongxin, Shangping, and Changji. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred fifty-five li north of the prefectural seat. To the west was Guishan. To the east was Guyun. To the northeast was Lanxi Mountain. The Dong River, also known as the Cha River, flowed southwest to Lanzhen Market, received the Lanxi River on the left and the Zengtian River on the right, and farther southwest joined the Kanghe River. Passing southeast of the county seat, it received the Xinfeng River from Changning to the east; southwest it joined the Qiuxiang River and entered Guishan. To the northwest, the Zhongxin River rose from Lianping, flowed southwest past Fengmu Town, joined the Erlonggang River, and at Changning entered the Xinfeng River. East of Crocodile Lake stood the old city of Heyuan, now known as the Lower City. It had a Lankou patrol station. Two courier stations, Yihe and Baojiang, were later abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay four hundred twenty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Ziyun Mountain. To the west was Jiulian Mountain. To the northeast, the Dingnan River entered from Dingnan in Jiangxi, flowed southeast, received the Wuhu River on the right, passed northeast through Jiangkou, turned southeast, and entered Longchuan. The Luai River rose from Sheep Horn Mountain in the northwest, flowed southeast to Heshuikou, was fed from the northeast by the Tangfang River, passed Linzhen Market, and joined the Jiulong River. It turned east to Longchuan and entered the Dingnan River. It had a Lutou patrol station, later abolished. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Hui-Chao-Jia Circuit intendancy. It lay one thousand one hundred eighty-five li west of the provincial capital. It measured two hundred fifty-five li from east to west and three hundred li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-three degrees twenty-seven minutes north. It lay twelve minutes east of the capital meridian. It administered one subprefecture and nine counties. A Huanggang subprefectural magistrate was established in the fifty-seventh year of the Kangxi reign. One subprefect was stationed at Yanbu Town. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. To the east was Han Mountain. To the south was Sangpu Mountain. To the west was Hushan. To the northwest was Haiyang Mountain. The Han River lay to the east, also known as the Yixi River. Its upper course received the Chaohuang River from Fengshun. Passing southeast through Pudou Mountain, it divided into three branches: the main channel flowed southeast as the Dong Stream; The branch issuing northeast was called the Hexi River, formerly known as Crocodile Creek. It turned southeast, passed Qiping Mountain, and at Raoping became the Hou Stream; The branch issuing southwest was called the Xi Stream. It passed southeast of the prefectural seat, received the Baimangzhou River on the right, turned south, was fed by the Beixi River from Jieyang, turned east to join the Dong Stream, and flowed south into Chenghai. One assistant magistrate was stationed at Yanbu Town. It had a Fuyang patrol station. The Fengcheng courier station had been abolished. Designated as fiscally strained and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. In the third year of the Qianlong reign it was established from Fengshun Town in Haiyang County, with territory taken from Jiaying Subprefecture and the counties of Jieyang and Dapu added, and placed under this prefecture. To the south was Shouniu Mountain, also known as Yunluo Mountain. To the northeast was Tonggu Peak. To the east, the Chaohuang River entered from Dapu, joined the Fengxi River to the southwest, then farther south joined the Jiuhe River, and at Haiyang became the Han River. Farther south was the Tang Stream, also known as the Tangkeng River; its lower course at Jieyang became the Beixi River. It had two patrol stations: Tangkeng and Chaohuang. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred forty li south of the prefectural seat. To the east was Dongshan. To the southeast was Qian'ao. To the northwest was Zeng Mountain, also known as Twin-Peak Mountain. Its north, east, and south sides all fronted the sea. Dongsha Island lay offshore. The Lian River lay to the west. It first received Jieyang's Nanxi River, entering from Puning; south of the county seat it joined the Hou Stream, then flowed southwest through Haimen to the sea. To the northwest, the Houshui River also rose from Jieyang, flowed southeast past Shijing Mountain as the Puqian River, passed Xunhuai Mountain, branched off as the Hou Stream, was channeled into the Lian River, passed Leikou Mountain as the Zhaosha River, turned south, and at Hedumen entered the sea. It had three patrol stations: Zhaoning, Ji'an, and Menpi. It had a Lingshan courier station. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. It lay eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west was Dushan. To the northwest was Jieyang Mountain. Its southeast fronted the sea. To the south, the Nanxi River rose from Ming Mountain west of the county, flowed southeast into Puning, then turned northeast back into the county. To the southwest, the Guxi River flowed north to join it. Winding east past the south of the county seat, it joined a separate branch of the Beixi River, then flowed southeast through Shuangxikou to the sea. The Beixi River rose south of Fengshun, turned east and split to feed the Nanxi River, then flowed northeast to Haiyang to join the Han River. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Mianhu Stockade. It had two patrol stations: Hepo and Beizhai. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay one hundred fifty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Jiujun. To the west was Fenghuang Mountain. To the southeast was Hongluo Mountain. Its south fronted the sea. Offshore lay the bays of Jingzhou, Xinzhou, Fuxun, and Niuxinshi. To the southeast, the Huanggang Stream rose from the northeastern border mountains, turned west and south to Wanghail Ridge, received the Yaoyuan River from the northwest, joined the Feilongjing River to the south, turned southeast to become the Dashi Stream, and at Huanggang Town split and flowed into the sea. To the southwest, the Han River entered from Haiyang, joined the Houshui River, and flowed east into Chenghai. To the southeast stood Huanggang Town Fortress; beyond it to the southeast was Dacheng Stockade Fortress; farther south was Zhelin, which had a Zhelin patrol station. It had two salt fields: Haishan and Dongjie. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay two hundred seventy li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west was Longxi. To the southwest was Dia'ao Mountain. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. To the south lay Shenquan Harbor. Its upper course was the Longjiang Stream, which rose on Nanyang Mountain in the northwest, flowed southeast to join the Kuitan and Meilin waters, wound east past Longjiang Pass, received the Linzhao Stream from the northwest, and emptied east into Shenquan Harbor. The Dongfu and Luchang streams likewise converged there, then turned south to reach the sea. It had two patrol stations: Shenquan and Kuitan. It had the Beishan courier station. It had the Huilai Stockade Salt Field. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred sixty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the west was Yinna Mountain. The Ting River entered from Shanghang in Fujian, also known as the Shenquan River. It flowed southeast past the northeast of the county seat, turned west, and received the Zhangxi Stream flowing eastward from the north. It then passed west beyond Dahe Mountain, turned south to meet the Xiaohe River, continued south to Sanhe Market, and was joined by the Qingyuan River flowing in from the northwest. The river rose in Pinghe, Fujian; its upper source was the Hetou Stream, and it entered Fengshun from the southeast. It had two patrol stations: Sanhe and Baihou. The Wuchai patrol station, one in number, had been abolished. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. It lay sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the fifth year of the Kangxi reign it was abolished and merged into Haiyang County; in the eighth year it was restored. To the north was Guanlong Mountain. To the southwest was Longquan Mountain. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. Offshore lay Feng Isle; below it were Shilang Shoal, Great Laiwu, and Little Laiwu Mountain. To the northwest, the Henglong Stream first received the Dong Stream from Haiyang, then split southwest as the Xingang River and divided into channels reaching the sea. The main channel wound eastward; a southern branch became the Yudai Stream, which reached the sea southeast of the county seat. Farther east it passed Shizi Mountain, joined the Hou Stream of Raoping, and flowed east to Donglong Pass, where it became Donglong Harbor and entered the sea. It had two patrol stations: Zhanglin and Tuopu. Its commercial port, Shantou, was opened under the British Treaty of Tianjin in the eighth year of the Xianfeng reign. It had the Chaozhou Customs House. The Chaoshan Railway passed through. It had the Xiaojiang Salt Field. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south was Tieshan. To the northwest was Guanrenwang Mountain. The Nan Stream entered from Jieyang and split in two: one branch flowed east past Masiyan Mountain and northeast back into Jieyang; the other flowed southwest past Lihu Market as Lihu Lake, turned southeast to meet the Shangshaxu River, passed Wangfu Stone Mountain as Hanpo Path River, turned northeast to form Baihang Lake, then flowed east into Chaoyang as the Lian River. Farther east lay Puning Harbor, also called Tongchao Harbor, which entered Jieyang from the northeast as the Gu Stream. It had the Yunluo Path patrol station. This was Nan'ao Subprefecture. It lay one hundred fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. Its territory had originally formed Nan'ao Garrison. It was divided into four bays. Yun and Qing Bays belonged to Zhao'an in Fujian, while Long and Shen Bays belonged to Raoping in Guangdong. In the tenth year of the Yongzheng reign a deputy prefect for maritime defense was appointed, with Nan'ao Subprefecture as his seat; Shen Bay was then placed under its jurisdiction. To the south was Jinshan. To the southeast was Yungai Mountain. It was surrounded on all sides by the sea. To the north, offshore, lay Layu and Huyu. To the southwest lay Chiyu and Baiyu, whose fields produced salt. It had the Nan'ao patrol station. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Huizhou-Chaozhou-Jiaying Circuit intendancy. Formerly Chengxiang County, it had been subordinate to Chaozhou Prefecture. In the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign it was promoted to Jiaying Prefecture and placed under direct provincial authority. In the twelfth year of the Jiaqing reign it was raised to Jiaying Prefecture, and Chengxiang County was restored as the seat of the prefecture. In the seventeenth year it was again made a directly subordinate prefecture, and Chengxiang County was abolished. It lay one thousand two hundred eighty-two li southwest of the provincial capital. It measured one hundred fifty-seven li from east to west and one hundred fifty-four li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-four degrees twelve minutes north. It lay nineteen minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered four counties. To the east was Baihua. To the southeast was Youyang, also called Jiufeng Mountain. To the northeast was Wangshou Mountain. To the south, the Mei River—also called the Xingning River—flowed northeast past the south of the prefectural seat, received the Cheng River on the left, turned east to meet the Zhouxi Stream, continued northeast to Bingshi, and was joined from the northwest by the Shiku Stream from Zhenping. Farther northeast it joined the Songyuan Stream, turned southeast, passed Pengla Beach, and entered Dapu—this was the Xiaohe River. The deputy prefect was stationed at Songkou. It had two patrol stations: Fengshun and Taiping. It had the Chengxian and Wuning courier stations, both later abolished. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred ten li southwest of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Huizhou Prefecture. In the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign it was placed under this prefecture. To the north was Wuhua Mountain. To the southeast was Songluo Mountain. To the southwest, the Longcun River entered from Yong'an and flowed northeast to Qinkou Township; the Huayang River first received the North Qin River, flowed east to join it, then continued northeast to the Qidu River mouth and met the Qiling River. The river rose in Longchuan as the Lian Stream; in its lower course it was also called the Qing Stream; it then flowed northeast as the Changle River and entered Xingning. It had the Shierdu patrol station. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay seventy li west of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Huizhou Prefecture. In the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign it was placed under this prefecture. To the east was Jilingshan. To the north was Dawang Mountain. On its western slope the Luogang River joined the Longgui and Yangmeizhai waters and flowed southwest as the Dahe River; passing west of the county seat it became the Xi River, also called the Tonghai River, turned southeast to Shuikou Town, where the Changle River from the southwest joined it to form the Xingning River, which then flowed northeast into Jiaying as the Mei River. To the northwest, the Dutian River rose in Changning, Jiangxi, passed southwest through Dutian Station, and entered Longchuan. It had two patrol stations: Shisandu and Shuikou. Designated a simple post. It lay seventy li northwest of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Chaozhou Prefecture. In the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign it was placed under this prefecture. To the northeast were Dingshan and Wuzishi Mountain. To the west was Fengtouzhang. On its eastern slope lay Fenshui Pass, where the Xianqian River rose, flowed southeast, received the Dingshan River on the left, passed Zhuobi Mountain, reached Wuping in Fujian, and joined the Wuping Stream. There was also the Hetou Stream, which rose at Jiuxiang Stockade in the southwest, passed southeast beyond Shizhen Mountain, received the Datuo River flowing east to join it, continued southeast as the Hengliang Stream, met the Changtian River, and entered Zhenping from the east as the Xu Stream. It had the Batou patrol station. Designated a simple post. It lay sixty li north of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Chaozhou Prefecture. In the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign it was placed under this prefecture. To the west was Tieshan Peak. To the east was Dafeng Peak. To the northwest, the Shiku Stream rose in Pingyuan, entered from Wuping in Fujian, joined the Yangzi Mountain water, passed west of the county seat, met the Dongshan Stream, flowed south to Xiaogao Mountain to take in the Xu Stream, and at Jiaying entered the Mei Stream. Farther northeast, the Songyuan Stream rose on Yuhua Peak and likewise reached Jiaying, where it entered the Mei Stream. It had a Luogang patrol station. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It was the seat of the Gaolei-Yang Circuit intendancy. It lay one thousand sixty li northeast of the provincial capital. It measured three hundred fifteen li from east to west and two hundred thirty li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-one degrees forty-nine minutes north. It lay five degrees forty minutes west of the capital meridian. Its jurisdiction comprised one department and five counties. One vice prefect was stationed at Meilu. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. Gaoliang Mountain stood in the northeast, and the department took its name from it. To the east was Dongshan. Its southern border lay along the coast. To the north, the Dou River entered from Xinyi and flowed southeast. It received the Shuangzhe Stream on the left; northeast of the prefectural seat the Jianjiang River flowing west joined it, and it was also known as the Shigu Stream. It turned southwest, passed Nashe Ridge, and entered Huazhou. To the southeast lay the Fushan Stream, also called the Sanqiao River, which rose in Dianbai, flowed southwest to Chiling as the Chiling Stream, and then continued southwest into Wuchuan. It had two patrol stations: Chishui and Pingshan. The Daling courier station had been abolished. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Fushan. To the south was Liantou Mountain; below it lay Liantou Harbor. Farther southwest lay Chishui Harbor. Its southern border lay along the coast. Bohe Isle lay offshore. To the northeast lay the Rudong River, which rose at Fenshui'ao, flowed southwest past Wangfu Mountain as the Wangfu Stream, turned south to meet the Jietou River, and continued south as the Wulan River to reach the sea. There was also the Sanqiao River, which rose on Muli Ridge in the northeast, flowed southwest to Tanru Mountain as the Tanru River, joined the Longzhu River, and entered Maoming from the southwest; its lower course was the Fushan Stream. It had a Shalang patrol station. It had two salt fields: Bomao and Dianmao. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay eighty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east was Longshan. To the northeast was Yunkai. The Xichuan Stream rose on Daren Mountain, flowed southwest past the old Tan'e county seat as the Tan'e River, and at the southwest of the county seat was joined by the Dongchuan Stream. It turned south, passed Luodou Cave as the Dou River, and continued south into Maoming. To the east, the Shuanglong Stream rose in Changchong Hollow, flowed southwest to Guding Market, turned east into Yangchun, and joined the Shuangjiao Stream. Farther northeast, the Shuangchuang Stream rose on Dashui Ridge, flowed south to meet the Tuzhu Stream, turned northeast as the Shiyin Stream, and at Luoding entered the Long Stream. The Huaixiang Stream also rose on Huangpi Ridge in the northeast, joined the Fulong and Shiren streams, turned northwest to meet the Xiang Stream as the Huanghua River, and entered Cenxi in Guangxi. The Jindong Stream also rose on Leigong Ridge north of the county and, flowing northwest to Rong County in Guangxi, became the Weilong River. It had a Huaixiang patrol station. Designated a simple post. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north was Fuliang Mountain. To the northeast was Longwang, also known as Laian Mountain. The Maoming Stream lay in the northeast, namely the Dou River. Farther northeast was the Ling Stream, which rose in Guangxi and flowed north to enter the county; turning southwest to Hejiang Market, it was joined by the Luo Stream from the Lu Stream, and their combined flow was called the Luo River, also known as the Ling-Luo Stream. It turned southeast, passed north of the department seat to join the Dou River, then flowed southeast as the Pingyuan River and entered Wuchuan. It had a Liangjiasha patrol station. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north was Lishan. To the northwest was Tesi Mountain. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. To the south lay Lijian Pass, reaching Naozhou; farther southwest to Tongming Harbor, known as Guangzhou Bay. In the twenty-fifth year of the Guangxu reign it passed to France on lease. The Wuchuan Stream lay in the northeast, also known as the Wu River; entering from Huazhou, it flowed southeast past Sanjiang Ridge, where the Fushan Stream flowing west joined it. It turned southwest as the Mumian River, joined the Pingcheng River, and divided into branches reaching Xianmen Harbor to enter the sea. Shimen Harbor rose from the Shicheng Dongqiao Stream, flowed southeast, received the Shanjiao Stream from the northeast, and farther southeast entered the sea at Maxie. It had a Tangzhui patrol station. It had one salt field, named Maohui. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north was Xiejian Mountain. To the southwest was Fufu Mountain, along the coast. To the west ran the Nanlian River, also called the Wu River, which entered from Luchuan in Guangxi, flowed southwest to Shijiao Market as the Shijiao Stream, then farther southwest joined the Wuling River as the Hejiang River, with the Qingrong Stream flowing west to join it. Farther southwest it became the Jiuzhou River; the He Stream from the northwest fed it, and at Liyu Pool it entered the sea. Farther west, the Ximi River rose in Bobai, Guangxi, wound south as Yingluo Harbor, and entered the sea. Farther east, the Dongqiao Stream rose on Jitou Ridge, flowed southeast past Liangjiatan, entered Wuchuan, and formed Shimen Harbor. It had a Linglu patrol station. The Xi'an courier station had been abolished. Designated a simple post. It was subordinate to the Gaolei-Yang Circuit intendancy. It lay one thousand five hundred ten li southeast of the provincial capital. It measured ninety-five li from east to west and two hundred twenty-nine li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty degrees forty-nine minutes north. It lay six degrees twenty-eight minutes west of the capital meridian. Its jurisdiction comprised three counties. The prefecture's territory thrust into the sea in the shape of a peninsula. To the east lay Guangzhou Bay, to the west the Gulf of Tonkin, and to the south the Qiongzhou Strait. One subprefect had been stationed at Haian Garrison City, but the post was later abolished. Designated as fiscally strained. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. To the west was Bopao Mountain. To the south was Qinglei Mountain. Its eastern and western borders lay along the coast. Beili Port, Xin Port, and other islets lay in the Eastern Sea. To the northwest, the Nandu Stream rose at Bozheng Village, flowed southeast, turned north, and a western branch became the Dongting Stream and gathered into a lake. It turned east, passed south of the county seat, and another branch became the Dadu River, which flowed north through Suixi to reach the sea. Farther southeast it became Shuangxi Harbor; the Qinglei Stream from the southwest fed it, and it then flowed northeast into the sea. It had a Qingdao patrol station. The Leiyang courier station had been abolished. The Wulang Salt Field had been abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred eighty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east was Shimen Ridge; below it lay Shimen Harbor; its eastern and western borders lay along the coast. Dongshan Island lies in the sea, also known as Zhan River Island; Fenliu Port lies off its north shore, and Tongming Port lies to the west. To the northwest is the Xixi River, which rises at Fenjie Village, flows southeast to join the Dongxi River, bends east past the south of the county seat, and then turns northeast through Shimen Port to reach the sea. The Chengyue River also rises from Luogang Ridge in the southwest, bends south and then east as Kuzu Port, and enters the sea. The Niubi River likewise rises from Luogang Ridge, winds west as Lemin Port, and enters the sea. At Yanggan Market, the assistant magistrate was stationed. There was the abolished Zhan River patrol station. The Chengyue courier station was abolished. Two salt fields, Diaolou and Can Village, were abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west was Guantou Ridge. Its eastern, western, and southern sides all bordered the sea. To the north, the Yuxian River rises from Shiwan Ridge, meets the Qingtong Port River, then turns west to join the Lianbin River, forming Liusha Port before entering the sea. Farther east, the Dashui Stream rises from Longchuang Ridge in the northeast, joins the Huluzi Stream to the southwest, flows southwest as Haian Port, and enters the sea. There were two patrol stations: Ninghai and Dongchang. There was also the Xinxing Salt Field, which was later abolished. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Gaolei-Yang Circuit intendancy. It had formerly been Yangjiang County, subordinate to Zhaoqing Prefecture. In the fifth year of the Tongzhi reign it was promoted to a directly subordinate subprefecture. In the thirty-second year of the Guangxu reign it was changed to a directly subordinate prefecture. It lay seven hundred thirty li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred thirty li across and one hundred fifteen li from north to south. Its latitude was 21°52' north. It stood 4°30' west of the capital in longitude. It administered two counties. To the north was Beigan Mountain. To the southeast was Beijin Mountain. There was also Hailang, also known as Zhenhai Mountain. The south bordered the sea. Hailing Mountain stood in the sea. To the west, the Moyang River entered from Yangchun and took in the Lunshui River on the left; flowing southeast to Hekou Market, it received the Eighth River on the left, then branched right as the West River before turning southeast to the south of the prefectural seat as the E River, also known as the En River. It received the Nalong River on the left, forming Beijin Port; the West River came from the southwest to join it, passed southeast by Hutou Mountain, and entered the sea. The Ziluo River rose from Ziluo Mountain; its lower course formed Sanya Port and entered the sea. The Powei River rose from Luowang Peak and joined the Zhigaang River. Farther southeast it became Fengtou Port, which also entered the sea. To the southwest was also Shuangyu Port. There was also Beie Port, whose upper source was the Wangfu River. There were the Taiping and Nalong patrol stations, both later abolished. There were the Taiping and Liantang courier stations, which were also abolished. There was one salt field, called Shuang'en. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred seventy li northwest of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Zhaoqing Prefecture. In the thirty-second year of the Guangxu reign it came under the prefecture's jurisdiction. To the southeast was Shemu. To the northeast was Tongshi. To the west, the Moyang River rose from Yunfu Mountain north of the county as Yunfu Water, flowed southeast to join Yunlin Water, bent southwest, took in Luofeng Water on the left and Boxue Water on the right, and reached the northwest of the county seat, where Beilong Water flowing west joined it before the stream turned southeast into Yangjiang. Farther west, the Shuangjiao River rose from Dong'an, joined Shuanglong Water to the south, then bent south and east; Machen Water came from the southwest to join it, passed east by Guliang Town, bent northeast, and merged with the Moyang River. There were two patrol stations: Guliang and Huangniwan. The Le'an courier station was abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred fifty-one li northeast of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Zhaoqing Prefecture. In the thirty-second year of the Guangxu reign it came under the prefecture's jurisdiction. Shishen Mountain stood to the north, also known as Ao Mountain. Long'e Mountain stood to the southwest. To the south was the Enping River, also called Jin Water; its upper source was Cendong Water, which rose from Shuangxue in the northwest, ran southeast to Pingcheng Mountain, and there received the Junzi River flowing east. Farther east it joined Hengcha Water, bent northeast, took in Niugang Water on the left and Jinji Water on the right, and then flowed east into Kaiping. Farther southeast, Changtang Water likewise reached Kaiping and joined the Enping River. Also to the southwest was Naji Water, which flowed south to Yangjiang; its lower course was the Nalong River. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Lian-Qin Circuit intendancy. It initially followed the Ming arrangement. It administered one prefecture and two counties. In the fourteenth year of the Guangxu reign, Qinzhou was placed under direct provincial authority. It lay one thousand eight hundred li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred sixty li across and two hundred twenty-six li from north to south. Its latitude was 21°24' north. It stood 7°19' west of the capital in longitude. It administered two counties. Designated as fiscally strained. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. To the northeast stood Dalian Mountain, from which the prefecture took its name. Farther north was Wuhuang Mountain. To the south was Guantou Ridge. The southeast bordered the sea. In the sea lay a pearl pool known as the Pearl Sea. Weizhou and Sheyang Isle also lay in the sea. To the north was the Lian River, also called the Ximen River, which entered from Bobai in Guangxi, wound west, received Xiaojiang Water on the right, then turned west to join the Zhanghuang River and bent southwest as the Luocheng River. The Wuli River came from the northeast to join it; reaching the northwest of the prefectural seat it merged with the Hongchao River, then divided to the southwest and flowed into the sea. Also to the northeast, the Qitong River entered from Xingye in Guangxi, took in the Liuyan River on the left, then turned northwest into Guixian in Guangxi, where it was called the Wusi River. At Yong'an Stockade City, the assistant magistrate was stationed. There were four patrol stations: Zhuchang, Gaoyang, Weizhou, and Yongping. There was the Beihai Commercial Tax Office. A commercial port was opened there under the Chefoo Convention in the second year of the Guangxu reign. The Huanzhu courier station was abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred eighty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the north was Hongya Mountain. To the west was Liufeng Mountain. To the southwest was Linzhi Mountain. To the south was the Luming River, also called the South Bank Great River, which rose from Luoyang Mountain east of the county, flowed southwest to Qinzhou, and there became the Qin River. To the northwest, the Naliang River rose from Naliang Mountain, flowed south past Taiping Market as the Taiping River, then turned northeast into Hengzhou in Guangxi, where it was called the Pingtang River. The Huanggan River also rose from Yingxiong Mountain in the northwest and likewise flowed northeast into Yongchun in Guangxi, where it was called the Qiufeng River. There was the Xixiang patrol station. The Taiping courier station was abolished. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It was the seat of the Lian-Qin Circuit intendancy. It initially followed the Ming arrangement and was subordinate to Lianzhou Prefecture. In the fourteenth year of the Guangxu reign, Qinzhou was raised to a directly subordinate prefecture. The Linxu patrol station was taken from Lingshan County and placed under its jurisdiction, and the Fangcheng and Ruxi patrol stations were split off to form Fangcheng County, which was then made subordinate to it. It lay one thousand nine hundred li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured two hundred twenty-four li from east to west and one hundred ninety-five li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-one degrees fifty-five minutes north. It lay seven degrees fifty minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered one county. To the north was Tongyu Mountain. To the southeast was Wulei Ridge, below which lay Wulei Harbor. Its southern border lay along the coast. Offshore lay Yashan, Longmen, and other islands. To the east, the Qin River entered from Lingshan and wound southwest to the south of the prefectural seat, where it split in two; farther southwest the waters gathered into Maowei Sea, then bent southeast, passed Longmen, and entered the sea. To the north, the Nameng River rose at Gaotang Ridge in Lingshan and flowed southwest, receiving the Changtan River on the right. At Sanmen Shoals the Dasi River entered from the west to join it; farther south it became the Yuhong River, and still farther southeast it merged with the Qin River. The Zhuanling River also rose in Lingshan. Flowing southwest to Pingyin Ford it was called the Pingyin River; bending southeast it joined the Danzhu River, flowed south as Daguan Harbor, and entered the sea. The Nachen River rose at Xixin Ridge in the northwest. Flowing northeast to Nachen Market it was called the Nachen River; flowing northeast again it reentered Xuanhua and became the Bachi River. It had three patrol stations: Yanhai, Linxu, and Changdun. The Nachen patrol station had been abolished. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. The Shiwandashan Mountains lay in the northwest. Bailong Mountain lay in the southwest. The mountain's foot jutted straight into the sea. Formerly under Vietnamese jurisdiction, it came under Qing authority in the thirteenth year of the Guangxu reign. Farther southwest, Fenmao Ridge formed the boundary with Vietnam. Its southern border lay along the coast. The Fangcheng River rose at Renbin Mountain in the northwest and flowed southeast, receiving the Huashi River on the right. It passed south of the county seat, went by the Shiguitou defense post, and entered the sea. To the north, the Dazhi River rose at Hubaopass and flowed south to join the Maizhu River. Farther southeast it passed Shizi Ridge, where the Naliang River, flowing northeast, joined it. Farther east it became the Fenghuang River; farther southeast it merged with the Yuhong River and reached Qinzhou before entering the sea. Farther west, the Tanhong River rose at Damian Mountain, flowed southeast past Tongpi Mountain as Tanhong Harbor, and entered the sea. The Beilun River had its upper source in the Wanyi River, which rose at Kaobang Ridge. Flowing northeast to the Beilun defense post, it bent south as the Jialong River entered from the southwest to join it. Its south bank marked the border with Vietnam. Farther east it joined the Naliang River, ran along the northern border of Vietnam's Haining Prefecture, and entered the sea. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Dongxing. It had two patrol stations: Ruxi and Yongping. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It was the seat of the Qiong-Ya Circuit intendancy. It lay one thousand eight hundred ten li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred fifty-two li from east to west and two hundred ten li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty degrees one minute north. It lay six degrees five minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered one department and seven counties. The prefectural seat and Yazhou lay in the South Sea on what was called Hainan Island, with Wuzhi Mountain running through it across several districts. The area south of the mountain was subordinate to Yazhou, and the area north of the mountain to the prefecture. Around the mountains lived the raw Li; beyond them the naturalized Li; and beyond those again lay the various prefectures and counties. The mountain valleys were deep and hard to traverse, and Li and Qi raiders came and went to plague the region. In the fifteenth year of the Guangxu reign, Governor-General Zhang Zhidong first opened twelve main roads through Wuzhi Mountain: three on the east, three on the west, and one each for the south, north, southeast, northeast, southwest, and northwest. What had been a remote and wild frontier was opened into level roads, and people welcomed the improvement. Qiongzhou was a commercial port opened under the British Treaty of Tientsin in the eighth year of the Xianfeng reign. It had the Qiong Customs. Designated as administratively busy. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. To the south was Qiongshan Mountain, from which the county took its name. Its northern border lay along the coast. Off the southwestern coast, the Baishi River was the Jian River. Entering from Chengmai, it bent north and then east into Ding'an. Farther north it entered the county's southeast as the Nandu River; still farther north it became the Beisha River, bent northwest to Baishamen, and entered the sea. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Haikou Garrison City. It had a Shuiwei patrol station. It had the Gan'en Salt Works. Designated a simple post. It lay sixty li west of the prefectural seat. Maishan Mountain lay to the south. Its northern border lay along the coast. To the southwest, the Jian River, also called the Xin'an River, entered from Lingao, flowed southeast past Limu Ridge, received Xintian Stream on the right, and entered Qiongshan. The Cheng River rose at Duzhu Ridge in the southeast, flowed northwest to the west of the county seat, joined the Jiuqu River, then farther west became Dongshui Harbor and entered the sea. The upper source of the Shaoyang River was the Nangun Spring. Flowing north it joined the Shadi River, passed Shijie Ridge as Shijie Harbor, and entered the sea. It had a Chengmai patrol station. Designated a simple post. It lay eighty li south of the prefectural seat. In the southwest stood Wuzhi Mountain, also called Limu Mountain. Stretching eastward it became Guangluo Ridge. Farther east was Nanlu Ridge, whence the Nanyuan Stream issued. To the north, the Jian River entered from Qiongshan, flowed east and joined the Nanyuan Stream, and passed northeast of the county seat. Tanlan Stream and Xianke Stream entered from the north to join it, then flowed northeast into Qiongshan as the Nandu River. In the southwest was the Wanquan River, rising at Nannao Cave. Flowing southeast, it entered Lehui. It had a Taiping patrol station. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay one hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Yuyang. To the south was Zibei Mountain. Its northeastern border lay along the coast. Offshore lay Fushan Mountain, below which was Fenzhou Sea. To the south, the Wenchang Stream rose at Baiyu Ridge in the west of the county, flowed southeast, received Baishi Stream and Baimang Stream on the right, bent east, and was joined by Pingchang Stream entering from the northwest. Farther south it became Qinglan Harbor and entered the sea. Farther south, the Baiyan Stream rose at Bajiao Mountain, flowed southeast as Changqi Harbor, and entered the sea. Farther north, the Sanjiang River, also called the Luohan Stream, rose at Baohu Ridge, flowed northwest as Puqian Harbor, and entered the sea. It had two patrol stations: Puqian and Qinglan. It had the Lehui Salt Works. Designated a simple post. It lay two hundred ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east was Duoyi Ridge, along the coast. To the west, the Longjiao Stream rose at Xiya Ridge, flowed southeast to Jiaji Market as the Jiaji Stream, where the Lipen Stream flowing west joined it. Farther southeast it became the Wuwan Stream and entered Lehui. Designated a simple post. It lay three hundred thirty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the west was Baishi Ridge. To the southwest was Zongheng Ridge. Its eastern border lay along the coast. To the west, the Wanquan River entered from Ding'an, wound eastward, bent north, and joined Taiping Water. Farther southeast it joined the Wuwan River, passed Longmo Mountain, split to encircle the county seat and then rejoined, flowed east past Lianhua Peak, bent southeast as Bo'ao Harbor, and entered the sea. The Liuma River rose at Longyan Ridge in the southwest, flowed southeast into Wan County, and joined the Longgun River. Farther northeast it reentered the county and became the Jialian River. Farther northeast it became the Jiuqu River and received Liantang Stream. Farther northeast it joined the Wanquan River and entered the sea. Designated as fiscally strained. It lay one hundred eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south was Napen Ridge. To the west was Piye Mountain. Its northern border lay along the coast. To the south, the Great River—also the Jian River—entered from Danzhou and flowed north to Yaobei Ridge; a western branch became the County Front River, turned northeast to Wenlan Village, and was called the Wenlan River. The Toutan River flowed north to merge with it; the combined stream was also known as the Ying'en River. Farther north it became Bopu Harbor and emptied into the sea. Its main channel passed northeast through Baishi Ridge into Chengmai, where a Heshe patrol station was stationed. It had the Maniao salt field. A strategic approach to Danzhou. It lay three hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. Dan'er Mountain stood to the north, also known as Songlin Mountain and as Teng Mountain. Its northwestern border lay along the coast. Lion Mountain stood in the sea. To the southeast ran the Jian River, also called the Limu River; flowing northwest through Longtou Ridge, it split in two—the eastern branch, called the Great River, entered Lingao to the northeast; the western branch was the North Gate River, also known as the Lun River; it flowed northwest to the northeast of the prefectural seat, turned west to form Xinying Harbor, received the Xinchang River from the southeast, and then emptied southwest into the sea. To the northeast was the Rongqiao River and to the southwest the Shagou River; both flowed northwest into the sea. It had a Bosha patrol station. The Zhennan office had been abolished. Its salt field was called Lanxin. Designated as strategically critical and administratively busy. It was subordinate to the Qiong-Ya Circuit intendancy. Yazhou had formerly been subordinate to Qiongzhou Prefecture. In the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign, it was raised to a directly subordinate prefecture. It lay two thousand six hundred eighty li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured two hundred forty-two li in width and one hundred seventy-five li in length. Its latitude was eighteen degrees twenty-seven minutes north. It lay seven degrees thirty-six minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered four counties. To the east was Huifeng Ridge. To the southwest was Chengdao Mountain, also known as Chengya Mountain. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. To the northeast, the Anyuan River entered from Lingshui and flowed southwest to Langyong Ridge, where it split in two—one branch ran southwest to Dadan Village and entered the sea; the other flowed northwest as the Baoyang River, passed north of the prefectural seat, turned south to form Baoping Harbor, and entered the harbor. To the north, the Le'an River passed southwest through Duogang Ridge, turned northwest, and entered Gan'en. To the east, the Duoyin River—also called the Linchuan River—rose in the Li stockades, flowed southeast to merge with the Sanya River, then continued southeast as Yulin Harbor and entered the sea. It had two patrol stations: Le'an and Yongning. Its salt field was called Linchuan. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay one hundred ninety-five li northwest of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Qiongzhou Prefecture. In the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign it was placed under Yazhou's jurisdiction. To the east was Daya Mountain. To the northeast was Jiulong Mountain. Its western border lay along the coast. To the southeast, the Long River rose at Lesser Limu Mountain and flowed southwest; a branch became the Gan'en River, wound west to the north of the county seat as County Gate Harbor, and entered the sea. Its main channel passed northwest through Beili Market to form Beili Harbor, then emptied southwest into the sea. The Le'an River rose within the prefecture, flowed northwest, and entered Changhua. Designated a simple post. It lay three hundred sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Qiongzhou Prefecture. In the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign it was placed under Yazhou's jurisdiction. To the northeast was Junling Mountain. To the southeast was Jiufeng Mountain. Its northwestern border lay along the coast. To the south, the Chang River—also the Le'an River—entered from Gan'en to the southeast of the county seat and split in two: the southwestern branch was the Nanya River and the northern branch the North River; both emptied into the sea. The Anhai River also rose at Gesong Ridge in the northeast, flowed northwest to Danzhou, and entered the sea. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay two hundred ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Qiongzhou Prefecture. In the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign it was placed under Yazhou's jurisdiction. To the west was Duxiu Mountain. To the south was Duoyun Ridge. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. In the sea stood Jiashe Isle and Shuangnv Isle. To the northwest, the Dahe River rose at Qizhi Ridge, passed southeast through Boji Ridge, turned south to form Tongqi Harbor, and then flowed east into the sea. Farther south, the Qingshuitang River rose at Langya Village in the northwest and flowed southeast to the west of the county seat; a branch became the Bijia Mountain River, merged with the Dahe River, and pooled to form Zaozai Harbor. It turned southwest to Xincun Harbor mouth and entered the sea. It had a Baoting patrol station. Designated as strategically critical and administratively busy. It lay three hundred seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. Wanzhou had formerly been subordinate to Qiongzhou Prefecture; in the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign it was downgraded to a county and placed under Yazhou's jurisdiction. To the east was East Mountain. To the north was Liulian Ridge. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. In the sea stood Duzhou Mountain, with the Duzhou Sea below it. To the northwest, the Longgun River rose at Zongheng stockade, turned south and east to merge with the Liuma River, flowed northeast into Lehui, turned southeast, and re-entered the county from the north. An eastern branch became Liantang Creek, turned north to Lehui, and merged with the Wanquan River. Its main channel passed southeast through Lianqi Ridge and emptied into the sea. The Dufeng River also rose at Zongheng stockade, flowed southeast, and split into four branches—Hele Harbor, Gangbei Harbor, Shigou Stream, and the Jinxian River—which reached the northeast of the county seat and entered the sea. Farther south, the Tirong River rose at Zhegu Mountain in the northwest, flowed southeast to Shoutian Village where it divided, merged with the Shigui River, and emptied southeast into the sea. It had a Longgun patrol station. It had one salt field, called Xin'an.
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