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:禹貢揚州之南裔。 明置布政使司,治廣州。 清初因明制,定為省。 雍正中,升連州及程鄉為嘉應州,並直隸。 嘉慶中,南雄降直隸州,尋並復故,增佛岡,南雄仍降州,增連山。 同治中,陽江升廳,增赤溪。 光緒中,升欽州、崖州,降萬州。 為道六,為府九,直隸州七,直隸廳三,散州四,散廳一,縣七十九。 東至福建詔南; 千里。 西至廣西宣化; 千五百里。 南至海; 三百里。 北至湖南桂陽; 七百八十里。 東南至海; 二百八十里。 西南至崖州海; 二千四百里。 東北至江西長寧; 八百里。 西北至廣西賀。 七百三十里。 廣二千五百里,袤一千八百里。 東北距京師七千五百七十里。 宣統三年,編戶五百四萬一千七百八十,口二千八百一萬五百六十四。 其名山:靈洲、黃嶺、羅浮。 其巨川:西江、北江、東江。 鐵路:粵漢南段,自廣州西逕三水,又北清遠、英德、曲江至樂昌,與湖南興寧路接。 :衝,繁,疲,難。 隸廣肇羅道。 兩廣總督舊駐肇慶,乾隆十一年徙。 光緒二十四年裁巡撫,尋復。 三十一年,仍與粵海關監督、糧道同裁。 布政、提學、提法、鹽運四司,巡警、勸業二道,廣州將軍,滿洲、漢軍副都統,廣東水師提督駐。 明領縣十三。 康熙中增置花縣。 廣四百二十里,袤五百二十二里。 北極高二十三度十一分。 京師偏西三度三十三分。 領縣十四。 有廳三:曰佛山,雍正十一年置; 曰前山,乾隆八年置; 曰虎門,道光二十五年置。 有粵海關,康熙二十四年置。 廣州商埠,道光二十二年英南京條約訂開。 :衝,繁,疲,難。 倚。 府西偏。 粵之山,五嶺據其三。 北:越秀。 西北:靈洲。 西南:西樵山。 北江自三水入,東南流,東別出為紫洞水,至番禺,合珠江入順德。 西江自三水入,東南過九江,亦入順德。 西北馬逕水,首受蘆包水,南與三江水會。 屈東北流,左合黃洞水,南流溪水自番禺西南注之。 南出石門山為石門水,過府治西南,屈東為珠江,入番禺。 有九江浦主簿。 三江、金利、神安、黃鼎、江浦、五斗口六巡司。 西粵漢,西南三佛鐵路。 :衝,繁,難。 倚。 在城有番、禺二山,縣以是名。 北:白雲。 東南:浮練,一名浮蓮岡。 東南濱海。 南有珠江,上承南海石門水,東南流,歧為二,至長洲復合。 又東南為波羅江,左合東江,為三江口。 又東南,獅子洋合沙灣水入于海。 有獅子營。 西:永靖營。 有慕德、鹿步、沙灣、茭塘四巡司。 魚雷營有船塢在黃埔。 番禺、五羊二驛。 東廣九,西北粵漢鐵路。 :繁,疲,難。 府南百里。 北:都寧。 西:天湖。 西北:西淋山。 北江自南海入,為河澎海,東南流,屈北為扶閭海,又東疊石海,東別為沙灣水,合珠江。 至半江為板沙海,入香山。 西江自南海入,東別出為甘竹灘水,與板沙海合,過仰船岡,別出為仰船海,至新會入海。 縣丞一,治容奇。 有紫泥、江村、馬寧,又北都寧四巡司。 有甘竹商埠,光緒二十三年中英緬甸條約開。 :衝,繁,疲,難。 府東南百八十里。 南:黃嶺。 東南:寶山。 西南濱海。 海中秀山,東西峙若門然,曰虎頭門,珠江出其中,又謂之珠江口。 有砲臺五:曰威遠、上橫檔、下橫檔、大角、沙角。 東江自博羅入,合瀝林水、九江水,西過黃家山,南別出為到涌水,會珠江,皆入海。 石龍鎮,縣丞一。 京山、缺口、中堂巡司三。 鐵岡驛一。 廣九鐵路。 :簡。 府北百三十里。 東北:五指山。 又十八山,流溪水出焉,南合陳峒水、玉溪,合過縣治東南,左納曲江,右納黎塘,至番禺入石門。 有流溪巡司。 石岐驛。 :簡。 府東北二百一十里。 西:藍糞山。 西北:分水凹山。 山西之水匯流溪入北江,山東之水匯西林水入東江。 西林水一名九淋水,出西北三角山,合高明、白沙,屈西南,納群溪水、永清水,入增城為增江。 有熱水湖在西北。 有廟子角巡司,後遷永清墟。 :疲,難。 府西南三百六十里。 北:三臺。 東:百峰山。 西南:大隆山。 南濱海。 海中有上川洲、下川洲。 北:長沙河,即恩平江,自開平入,東南流,合南門河,西北合紫霞河,入新會。 東南:泥涌河,南合牛角水,至烽火角入海。 西:那扶水,亦南至獅子洲入海。 又有潭滘河,康熙二十六年總督吳在南鑿,西引泥涌河,東北達新會崖門,以通舟楫。 溫泉、醴泉在西南。 廣海寨,縣丞駐。 有上川鹽巡司。 有公益商埠。 寧陽鐵路。 :簡。 府東百六十二里。 西:雲母。 西南:南樵。 東北:羅浮山。 東江自博羅入,西流屈南,至番禺合珠江。 增江上流為龍門水,南與派潭水合,又南至三江口,右納澄溪水,左納九曲水,過縣治東南,分流入東江。 綏福水出西北青幽山,亦東南入於東江。 有茅田巡司,新塘墟主簿。 :疲,繁,難。 府東南二百廿里。 北:浮虛。 東南:五桂。 又濠鏡澳山,山突出海中成半島形,曰澳門。 光緒十三年入於葡萄牙。 其北濠鏡澳關。 又西,拱北灣有關。 東南濱海。 海中有東澳山、九星山,下曰九星洋。 又有老萬、九澳、橫琴、三灶、浪白諸山在海中。 西北:板沙海,自順德入,東南至潭洲。 木頭海首受仰船水,東南分流入海。 古鎮海首受西江,亦自順德入,東南至螺洲,與石岐水合,南出磨刀門入海。 前山寨城,縣丞駐。 黃梁都城,都司、巡檢駐。 又淇澳、香山、黃圃三巡司。 有香洲商埠,宣統元年奏開。 :繁,疲,難。 府西南二百三十里。 北:黃雲、圭峰。 東南:崖山,與西南湯瓶嘴山對峙,熊海出其中,曰崖門。 南濱海。 西江自南海入,為天河海,東屈而南,過豬頭山,歧為二:東南出者曰荷塘水,合古鎮海東南入香山,又西別為外海水,西南至虎跳門入海; 西南出者曰分水江,合潖水,南過江門,注熊海。 又西,恩平江自開平入,與潭江合,東北流,為青膽洋,左納橋亭水,東南合分水江,出崖門入海。 江門,縣丞駐。 潮連、牛肚灣、沙村三巡司。 大瓦司,廢。 蜆岡、東亭二驛。 江門商埠,光緒二十八年中英商約訂開。 有寧陽鐵路。 :衝,難。 府西北二百七十里。 南:昆都。 北:龍坡山。 北江西南流,至胥江口東別出為蘆包水,又西南至四會,合綏江,別為思賢滘水,會西江。 東過縣治南,為肄江,至於西南潭入南海。 北江自西南潭別出為三江水,與蘆包水合,至南海,出石門,其下流為珠江。 西有西江,自高要入。 青岐水首受綏江,東南過金洲山,亦入南海。 西南鎮,縣丞駐。 有胥江、三水二巡司。 三水口亦名河口,有商埠,光緒二十三年中英緬甸條約訂開。 有三水、西南二驛。 三佛鐵路。 :衝,難。 府北三百四十里。 西:秦王。 東:中宿峽,一名飛來峽。 北江自英德入,西南流,潖江水東來注之,曰潖五江口。 至縣治西南,合政賓江。 屈南,右納山塘水,左納大燕水,過回岐山,入三水。 有回岐、潖江、濱江三巡司。 有清遠驛,安遠廢驛。 有粵漢鐵路。 :疲,難。 府東南二百六十里。 康熙六年省入東莞,八年復置。 南:杯渡,一名聖山,古謂之屯門山。 東南:官富。 東北:大鵬山。 其南曰老大鵬山,有東涌所城。 東、西、南三面濱海。 海中有零丁山,其下曰零丁洋。 又南,頭沱濘、佛堂門、急水門、大嶼山、榕樹灣等澳。 西北:永平河,首受東莞九江水,東南至碧頭汛入海。 大鵬所,縣丞駐。 有福永、九龍二巡司。 其南:香港島,道光二十二年割於英。 咸豐十年,又割九龍寨屬焉。 光緒二十四年,又拓租九龍司屬地二百方英里,訂九十九年之約,置九龍關榷稅。 有廣九鐵路。 :簡。 府北九十里。 康熙二十四年,以番禺縣平嶺置,析南海縣地益之,來屬。 東北:花山,縣以是名。 西北:盤古洞,黃洞水出焉,西南流,右納橫潭水、羅洞水,屈南曰泥水,出清遠,自西北來注之,又東南入南海。 有獅嶺、水西二巡司。 有粵漢鐵路。 :衝,繁,疲,難。 廣肇羅道治所。 初沿明制,領州一,縣十一。 雍正九年增鶴山。 同治九年,陽江升直隸廳。 光緒三十二年,復改直隸州,陽春、恩平割隸。 東距省治二百九十里。 廣一百一十九里,袤三百九十五里。 北極高二十三度五分。 京師偏西四度八分。 領州一,縣九。 :衝,繁,疲,難。 倚。 北:定山。 東北:頂湖,有高峽。 西北:騰豺山。 西江自德慶入縣西北境曰端溪,北屈而東,都偃水、筍洞水南流入焉。 東合大湘水,屈南,合小湘水,過府治南,新興江自西南來注之,謂之新江口。 又東北,與宋崇水合。 過羚羊峽,左納長利水,右納蒼梧水,入三水。 縣丞駐金利墟。 有橫槎、祿步二巡司。 高要、新村二驛。 :簡。 府東北百三十里。 北:金雞山。 南:貞山。 東南:北江自三水入。 西北:綏江,一名綏建水,自廣寧入,東南流,至縣治東南,龍江水西北來注之。 過消息嶺,南別出為青岐水,至三水合西江,東至南津口合北江,入三水。 有南津巡司。 :衝,難。 府西南百三十里。 北:巨福、雲斛。 南:龍山。 東北:利山。 北:新興江,源出縣南六阬頂山,屈西北流,入東安。 逕縣西南為錦水,東北至洞口,盧溪水北流合焉。 又北與通利水合,是為新興江也。 又西北,入東安。 西南:立將巡司治天堂墟。 有腰古廢驛。 :疲。 府東南七十里。 西北:老香山。 東北:凌雲。 西南:表山。 西江自三水入。 南滄江一名倉步水,出高要,東南流,合雲宿水、屏山水,逕縣治東南,左納北港水,右納清泰水,又東南合西江水入南海。 有三洲巡司。 :疲。 府西北二百九十里。 東北:大羅山。 西南:高望山。 西:綏江自廣西懷集入,南流出峽山,南鄉水東北流合焉。 又南,與顧水合,屈東南,右納金場水、新招水,左納東鄉水、扶羅水,東南入四會。 又龍江水出東北石馬山,亦至四會合綏江。 :疲,難。 府東南二百六十里。 順治六年,以新興縣開平屯置,析新會、恩平二縣地益之,來屬。 東北:梁金山。 西南:北獵山、羅漢山。 蜆江水上承恩平江,東南流,右納長塘水,東南至赤磡為赤磡水。 北雙橋水,南流入焉,至縣治南,與獨鶴水合,是為尖石水也。 又東南流為長沙河,過赤水口,入新會。 有松柏、沙岡二巡司。 :疲,難。 府東南二百六十里。 雍正九年,以廣州府新會縣大官田置,析開平縣地益之,來屬。 在城有鶴山,縣以是名。 東北:崑崙。 西北:雲宿。 西江自南海入,過縣東北境曰古勞河,又曰蘇海,合古勞小河,東過大雁山入新會。 潭江出縣西馬耳山,東南至鑼鼓潭,屈西錯入開平,至新會合恩平江。 官田水出東北嶂背山,東南與嵐洞水合,入新會為橋亭水也。 雙橋水出西北雲蓋村,西南流,至水坪墟曰水坪江,西南過胡盧山入開平。 有雙橋、藥徑二巡司。 :衝。 府西百八十里。 西北:香山,一名利人山。 東北:西源山。 南:西江自封川入,東流過錦石山曰錦水,又東與淥水合,過州治,端溪水南流入焉。 又東過南江口,合馬墟水、悅城水。 悅城水上源曰靈溪,又曰靈陵水也,東北入高要。 有悅城巡司。 德慶驛。 舊壽康驛,廢。 :衝。 府西北三百三十里。 東:封門山。 東北:白馬、留連大山。 西江,古郁水,合黔水、桂水自廣西蒼梧入,東南至靈州。 賀江自開建入,左合寧洞、文德水,右合東安江,又東南,右納蟠龍,左世陽水,逕圓珠山,屈西南入德慶。 淥水出東北豐壽山,亦南至德慶入西江。 有文德巡司。 封川驛。 舊麟山驛,廢。 :簡。 府西北四百一十里。 西北:圓珠山。 東北:忠讜山。 開江在西,即賀江,古謂之封溪水,自廣西賀縣入,東南至潭霜山,潭霜水合金裝水南流入焉。 又南,與蓮塘水合,過縣治西南,左納金縷水、黎水,右納大小玉水,屈東南入封川。 :繁,疲,難。 隸廣肇羅道。 東北距省治六百八十九里。 廣一百八十四里,袤二百里。 北極高二十三度四十二分。 京師偏西五度十三分。 沿明制,領縣二。 西:雲致山。 西南:雲際山,一名雲沙山。 瀧水源出西寧縣榃棉村,東北流,入州西南分界墟,東南過羅鏡所城,屈北與石印水合,又西南合三都水,過州治,入西寧為南江。 東水出州南沙㒼墟,亦東北入西寧合南江。 州判治羅鏡墟。 晉康巡司治連灘墟。 有晉康廢驛。 :難。 州東北百六十里。 西南:雲霧山。 西江自西寧入,東南至絳水口,大絳水自西南來注之,又東北入高要。 東南:新興江出新興,東北流,左納客朗水,過腰古汛,入高要合西江。 有西山巡司。 :難。 州北百二十里。 北:玉枕山。 西江自封川入,至羅旁口,文昌水合寶珠水、桂河水北流入焉。 又南,南江上源瀧水出西南榃棉村,東北入羅定,過連灘墟合西江,入於東安。 西南:到沙水,出羅雲山,東南至羅定入瀧水。 又西,蟠龍水,出大筍嶺,東北入封川。 有夜護巡司。 都城巡司,廢。 :難。 隸廣肇羅道。 明大埔坪地,分屬清遠、英德。 雍正九年置同知,隸廣州府。 乾隆七年廢。 嘉慶十六年復置,更名。 南距省治四百四十里。 廣五十七里,袤四十八里。 北極高二十三度五十分。 京師偏西二度五十九分。 北:觀音山。 東北:獨凰山,水頭汛河出焉,北合高江水,至燕嶺墟為燕嶺水。 又西北至英德,合羅紋水,入翁江。 吉河水亦出獨凰山,迤西流,神逕水自北來注之,南別出為達溪,瀦為潭。 過廳治北,屈南,右納黃沙河,出大廟峽入清遠。 黃華水出東南羊角山,亦西南入清遠,合于吉河水。 其下流是為潖江也。 :要。 隸廣肇羅道。 同治七年,析新寧縣赤溪、曹衝等地置。 東北距省治四百一十五里。 廣二十里,袤二十里。 北極高二十一度五十四分。 京師偏西三度三十五分。 廳東、西、南三面濱海。 南:曹衝山。 西南:銅鼓山,其下曰銅鼓海。 又有黃茅、青洲、大金、小金諸山,在海中。 :衝,疲,難。 韶連道治所。 南距省治八百七十里。 廣一百九十五里,袤三百一十一里。 北極高二十四度五十五分。 京師偏西三度二十一分。 領縣六。 有太平橋鈔關,舊在南雄,後遷府治西南。 又有太平分關,在英德。 :繁,難。 倚。 北:浮岳。 東北:韶石。 西:芙蓉山。 東南:南華山。 湞水在東,一名湘江,自始興入,西南流,合錦江、零溪,逕府治東南,武水自北來會,曰曲江,又謂之始興大江也。 又西南,過虎榜山,屈東南,右納瀧水,左納曹溪水、宣溪水,南入英德為北江。 縣丞治蓮花嶺村。 有濛浬、平圃二巡司。 曲江縣驛。 舊芙蓉驛,廢。 有粵漢鐵路。 :衝,難。 府西北八十里。 東:昌山,縣以是名。 北:桂山。 東北:冷君。 西北:九峰山。 武水在西,一名虎溪,古謂之溱水,出湖南臨武,東北至宜章。 屈而南,入縣西北境,武陽溪自乳源東流合焉。 屈東南,歷藍毫山,為三瀧水,與羅渡水、九峰水合。 過縣治西南,蓮花江分流注之。 又東,屈而南,左納長垑水,右納楊溪水,入曲江。 有九峰、羅家渡二巡司。 有粵漢鐵路。 :簡。 府東北百里。 西北:黃嶺山。 東南:丹霞山。 東:錦江出分水坳,西南至恩口,與恩溪水合,即藍田水也。 西南流,左納扶溪水、康溪水,過縣治東南,澌溪水合潼陽水自西北來注之。 屈東南入曲江。 有扶溪巡司。 仁化縣驛。 :簡。 府西九十里。 北:雲門山。 西南:臘嶺。 武陽溪自湖南宜章入,東北逕武陽司,右合七姑灘水,左納瀔溪,屈東至樂昌入武水。 楊溪水出西北神仙坪,亦至樂昌入武水。 瀧水一名洲頭水,出西南梯子山,北屈而東,左納員子山水,右納湯盤水,過縣治南,大布水北流合焉,又東南入於曲江。 南有武陽巡司。 世襲撫瑤廳一,管埠巿。 :衝,難。 府東南百八十里。 嘉慶十六年改隸江西南安府,十七年仍來屬。 北:雞籠。 東:玉華。 東北:婆髻山,羅江水所出,西南逕翁山南,浦水自東南來注之。 屈南,右納芙蓉水,左納龍仙水,又西南與周陂水合,迤西過三華鎮入英德。 又西,太平水,一名江鎮水,出東北桂袨山,南流至英德合羅江水,是為翁江也。 桂山、磜下二巡司。 :衝,難。 府南二百二十里。 北:英山。 南:南山。 又南:皋石山,一名湞陽峽。 北江在北,自曲江入,過湞石山,屈西至縣治東南,東有翁江,右合曲潭水,左合羅紋水,西南流合焉。 南至洸口,洭水合波羅水自西北來會。 洭水者,湟水也,亦曰洸水,東南流入清遠。 有洸口、象岡二巡司。 英德縣驛。 舊湞陽驛,廢。 有粵漢鐵路。 :衝,繁,疲。 隸南韶連道。 初沿明制為府,領縣二,治保昌。 嘉慶十一年,降為直隸州,省保昌縣。 十六年,復升為府。 十七年,又降為直隸州。 西南距省治千一百七十里。 廣一百七十里,袤一百二十一里。 北極高二十五度十五分。 京師偏西二度三十分。 領縣一。 大庾嶺在東北,一名梅嶺,有梅關。 東:天柱。 東南:青嶂山。 南有湞水,出東北油山,南逕漿田鎮,與昌水合。 西南流,左合平田水、芙蓉水,右合東溪水,至長浦橋,北坑水合橫水南流入焉。 水出梅嶺,又謂之大庾河水也。 又西合長潭水,過州治南,樓船水自西北來注之,西南與修仁水合。 又北納半徑水,入始興。 又西北,分水坳,石峽水出,為康溪水,入仁化。 有平田、紅梅、百順三巡司。 有保昌驛。 舊臨江驛,廢。 :衝,繁。 北:丹鳳山。 南:機山。 北:湞水自州入,西南至圓嶺鋪,躍溪水北流合焉。 又南,墨江,出西南沙子嶺,迤東為清化水,屈西北為涼傘水,右合翔水為始興水,即古斜階水也。 又西北過縣治南,與官石水合,又西北合湞水入曲江。 有清化徑巡司。 在城驛。 :衝,難。 隸南韶連道。 初沿明制,隸廣州府。 雍正五年,升為直隸州,其陽山、連山割隸。 嘉慶中,連山直隸。 東南距省治七百六十里。 廣八十里,袤一百六十八里。 北極高二十四度四十八分。 京師偏西四度十七分。 領縣一。 南:楞枷,一名貞女山。 西南:昆湖。 西北:桂陽。 湟水在西,一名洭水,漢志以為匯水。 上源為盧溪,出西北黃櫱嶺,又曰櫱水,南迤東過圭峰山,東北合奉化、潭源、黃嬌諸水,至州治西南,高良水自連山西來注之,東南過同冠峽,入陽山。 州判治皇子墟。 有硃岡巡司。 :難。 州東南二百里。 雍正十五年自廣州府來屬。 北:騎田嶺。 西北:陽巖。 東北:寶源山。 湟水自州入,一名陽谿,南合同冠水,又東南過縣治南,通儒水自馬丁嶺東流注之,又東與青蓮水合。 水出縣北大陂墟,又謂之大陂水也。 又東南,過三峽入英德。 有淇潭、七鞏二巡司。 :繁,難。 隸南韶連道。 本連山縣,隸廣州府。 雍正五年,改隸連州。 嘉慶二十一年,升為綏瑤廳。 東南距省治八百七十里。 廣一百里,袤一百二十六里。 北極高二十四度四十九分。 京師偏西四度三十五分。 北:昆湖山。 西北:鍾留、大霧。 南:黃帝源山,一名黃連山,中有大排瑤五,小排瑤二十四。 高良水在南,一名大獲水,上源為橫水,出西北天堂嶺,東南流,逕廳治南,屈東北,與茂古水合。 過雞鳴關入連州,合於湟水。 又,上吉水出廳西分水坳,西南流,至木羌墟,八排瑤水自東南來注之,屈西北,過鐘山,入廣西賀縣,又為賀江別源也。 有宜善巡司。 :衝,繁,難。 隸惠潮嘉道。 西距省治三百九十里。 廣四百五十里,袤四百里。 北極高二十四度八分。 京師偏西二度三十七分。 領州一,縣九。 有通判一,治碣石衛城,道光二十一年置。 有惠州商埠,光緒二十八年中英商約訂開。 :衝,繁,難。 倚。 東北:歸化山,一名雞籠山。 東南:平海山。 東南濱海,中有霞涌、吉頭、澳頭諸港。 東江在北,一名龍江,自河源入,西南流,至府治東北。 西江出縣東龍頭石山,西南合長塘水、上下淮水,入博羅。 西豐湖、潼湖,皆引流入於東江。 內外管、平山、平政、平海、碧甲五巡司。 欣樂司,廢。 :繁,疲。 府西北三十里。 西北:羅浮山。 東北:象山。 東江自河源入,中與歸善分界。 合公庄水,逕縣治南,右納榕溪水,過缸瓦洲入東莞。 其支渠,西北至黃家山,與羅陽水合,過石灣鎮入增城。 有石灣、善政、蘇州三巡司。 莫村廢驛。 :簡。 府西北四百里。 北:玉女峰、雲髻山。 東北:雪洞山。 新豐水在南,出西北分水凹,屈東與沙羅山水合。 一東逕縣治,又東,左合羌阬水,逕馬頭墟,左納密溪、大席、忠信水,右納錫場水,過立溪口,至河源入東江。 羅紋水出縣西宋洞山,西北至來石汛,屈西南入英德合翁江。 有乍坪巡司。 :簡。 府東北二百里。 西南:越王山。 東南:南嶺。 南:秋香江,一名欖溪,出縣東雞公嶺,西南流,與南山水合,至河源入東江。 又西,神江、義容江從之。 南琴江,源出公阬嶂,南流至米潭,又東北入長樂。 北琴江亦至長樂,合於南琴江,其下流是為梅江也。 有馴雉里、寬仁里二巡司。 :難。 府東南三百里。 東:龍山。 西北:五坡嶺。 南濱海。 有麗江,一名長沙港,上流曰龍津水,出西北蓮花山,東南會黃姜水,南屈而西,至鹿鏡山,匯為青草澳,合大液水,逕大金籠山入海。 東北有熱水,南流過九龍山,屈東為大德港,至陸豐,合內河水入海。 西:鳳河水,南與鵝埠水合為小漠港入海。 東:汕尾鎮,縣丞駐。 有鵝埠巡司。 平安廢驛。 :難。 府東南三百五十里。 雍正九年析海豐縣地置,治東海滘,來屬。 東北:內洋山。 南:虎頭山。 濱海。 北:內河水,一名羅江,源出東北旗頭嶂,與吉石溪合。 南過石頭山,分流,至大德港、烏敢港入海。 又東:草洋水,東南流,屈西為華清港,至甲子港入海。 上沙墟水出東北赤嶺,至普寧合南溪。 有甲子、黃沙阬、河田三巡司。 有法留鋪在縣西,道接海豐,又東至惠來百六十里。 有鹽場三:曰石橋、海甲、小靖。 :簡。 府東北四百里。 東:霍山。 東北:龍穴,一名龍川山。 西北:嶅山。 龍川水在東,又名合河,上源為定南水,自和平入,東南合河口會杜田河,西南流,與浰溪合,逕縣治東南,雷江水南流入焉。 又西南,合合溪入河源為東江。 又練溪出東北鵝石嶂,西南流,右納通衢水,入長樂。 有老隆、通衢、十一都三巡司。 雷鄉廢驛。 :簡。 府北四百里。 東北:九連山。 南:戈羅、筆山。 有密溪水,出分水坳,東南流,與楊梅坪水合。 又過州治南,納內管水、九嶺水,東南至長寧入新豐水。 東大席水從之。 又忠信水,西南入河源。 有忠信、上坪、長吉三巡司。 :衝,難。 府北百五十五里。 西:桂山。 東:古雲。 東北:藍溪山。 東江一名槎江,西南至藍鎮墟,左納藍溪水,右納曾田水,又西南與康禾水合。 過縣治東南,新豐江自長寧東來注之,西南合秋香江入歸善。 西北:忠信水,出連平,西南過楓木鎮,合二龍岡水,至長寧入新豐水。 鳄湖東為河源舊城,今謂之下城也。 有藍口巡司。 義合、寶江二驛,後廢。 :簡。 府東北四百二十里。 北:紫雲山。 西:九連山。 東北:定南水,自江西定南入,東南流,右納烏虎水,又東北過江口,屈東南入龍川。 浰水出西北羊角山,東南至合水口,湯坊水自東北來注之,過林鎮墟,與九龍水合。 屈東至龍川,入於定南水。 有浰頭巡司,後廢。 :衝,繁,難。 隸惠潮嘉道。 西距省治千一百八十五里。 廣二百五十五里,袤三百里。 北極高二十三度二十七分。 京師偏東十二分。 領廳一,縣九。 有黃岡同知,康熙五十七年置。 有通判一,治菴埠鎮。 :衝,繁,難。 倚。 東:韓山。 南:桑浦山。 西:湖山。 西北:海陽山。 韓江在東,一名意溪,上承𨻧隍河,自豐順入,東南過蒲都山,分流為三:正渠東南流為東溪; 東北出者曰涸溪,舊名鳄溪,屈東南,過七屏山至饒平為後溪; 西南出者曰西溪,過府治東南,右納白茫洲水,屈南,北溪水自揭陽來注之,屈東,與東溪合,南流入于澄海。 縣丞一,治菴埠鎮。 有浮洋巡司。 鳳城廢驛。 :疲,難。 府西北百九十里。 乾隆三年以海陽縣豐順鎮置,析嘉應州及揭陽、大埔二縣地益之,來屬。 南:瘦牛山,一名雲落山。 東北:銅鼓嶂。 東:𨻧隍河自大埔入,西南合豐溪水,又南合九河水,入海陽為韓江。 又南湯溪,一名湯阬水,下流至揭陽為北溪。 有湯阬、𨻧隍二巡司。 :繁,疲,難。 府南百四十里。 東:東山。 東南:錢澳。 西北:曾山,一名雙髻山。 北、東、南三面濱海。 海中有東沙島。 練江在西,首受揭陽南溪,自普寧入,至縣治南合後溪,西南出海門入海。 西北:後溪水亦出揭陽,東南過石井山為鋪前水,過潯洄山,別出為後溪,引流入練江,過磊口山為招沙水,屈南,至河渡門入海。 有招寧、吉安、門辟三巡司。 有靈山驛。 :繁,難。 府西南八十里。 西:獨山。 西北:揭陽山。 東南濱海。 南:南溪,出縣西明山,東南流入普寧,又東北入縣。 西南:古溪水北流合焉。 迤東逕縣治南,與北溪別派合,東南過雙溪口入海。 北溪出豐順南,屈東分流注南溪,又東北至海陽合韓江。 縣丞駐棉湖寨。 有河婆、北寨二巡司。 :難。 府東北百五十里。 北:九峻。 西:鳳凰山。 東南:紅螺山。 南濱海。 海中有井洲、信洲、浮潯、牛心石諸澳。 東南:黃岡溪,出東北界山,西屈而南至望海嶺,姚源水自西北來注之,南與飛龍徑水合,屈東南為大石溪,至黃岡鎮分流入海。 西南:韓江,自海陽入,合後溪水,東入澄海。 東南有黃岡鎮城,其東南為大城所城,又南為柘林,有柘林巡司。 海山、東界二鹽場。 :難。 府西南二百七十里。 西:龍溪。 西南:釣鼇山。 東南濱海。 南:神泉港,上流為龍江溪,出西北南陽山,東南合葵潭水、梅林水,迤東過龍江關,林招溪自西北來注之,東注神泉港。 東福溪、祿昌溪皆流合焉,又南入海。 有神泉、葵潭二巡司。 北山驛。 惠來柵鹽場。 :簡。 府東北百六十里。 西:陰那山。 汀水自福建上杭入,一名神泉河,東南流,逕縣治東北,屈西,漳溪水東流北屈注之。 又西過大河山,屈南與小河水合,又南至三河市,清遠河西北流合焉。 河出福建平和,其上源曰河頭溪也,東南入豐順。 有三河、白堠二巡司。 烏槎司一,廢。 :繁,難。 府東南六十里。 康熙五年省入海陽縣,八年復置。 北:管隴山。 西南:龍泉山。 東南濱海。 海中有鳳嶼,其下曰侍郎洲、大萊蕪、小萊蕪山。 西北:橫隴溪,首受東溪,自海陽入,西南別出為新港水,分流入海。 正渠迤東流,南別出為玉帶溪,至縣治東南入海。 又東逕獅子山,與饒平後溪合,東至東隴關為東隴港入海。 有漳林、鮀浦二巡司。 商埠曰沙汕頭,咸豐八年英天津條約訂開。 有潮海關。 潮汕鐵路。 小江鹽場。 :繁,疲,難。 府西南百二十里。 南:鐵山。 西北:官人望山。 南溪自揭陽入,歧為二:一東逕馬嘶巖山,東北入揭陽; 一西南逕鯉湖埠為鯉湖水,屈東南,與上沙墟水合,過望夫石山,為寒婆徑水,東北為白阬湖,又東入潮陽為練江。 又東:普寧港,一名通潮港,東北入揭陽為古溪。 有雲落徑巡司。 南澳廳中。 府東南百五十里。 本南澳鎮地。 分四澳。 雲、青二澳隸閩之詔安,隆、深二澳隸粵之饒平。 雍正十年置海防同知,為南澳廳治,深澳來屬。 南:金山。 東南:雲蓋山。 四面濱海。 北臘嶼、虎嶼,在海中。 西南有赤嶼、白嶼,其田產鹽。 有南澳巡司。 :衝,繁,難。 隸惠潮嘉道。 舊程鄉縣,隸潮州府。 雍正十一年,升為嘉應州,直隸廣東布政使司。 嘉慶十二年,升為嘉應府,復置程鄉縣為府治。 十七年,仍改為直隸州,省程鄉縣。 西南距省治千二百八十二里。 廣百五十七里,袤百五十四里。 北極高二十四度十二分。 京師偏西十九分。 領縣四。 東:百花。 東南:酉陽,一名九峰山。 東北:王壽山。 南:梅江即興寧江,東北流,逕州治南,左納程江水,屈東與周溪水合,東北至丙市,石窟溪西北自鎮平來注之。 東北合松源溪,屈東南,過蓬辣灘入大埔,是為小河水也。 州同駐鬆口。 有豐順、太平二巡司。 程鄉、武寧二驛,後廢。 :衝,難。 州西南百一十里。 舊隸惠州府。 雍正十一年來隸。 北:五華山。 東南:嵩螺山。 西南:龍村河自永安入,東北至琴口鄉,華陽水首受北琴江,東流合焉,東北至七都河口會岐嶺河。 河出龍川曰練溪,其下流又謂之清溪也; 又東北流為長樂河,入興寧。 有十二都巡司。 :難。 州西七十里。 舊隸惠州府。 雍正十一年來屬。 東:雞靈山。 北:大望山。 其西麓羅岡水,合龍歸水、楊梅砦水,西南流為大河水,又逕縣治西為西河,亦名通海河,屈東南至水口鎮,長樂河自西南來會,是為興寧江也,東北入嘉應為梅江。 西北:杜田河,出江西長寧,西南過杜田汛入龍川。 有十三都、水口二巡司。 :簡。 州西北七十里。 舊隸潮州府。 雍正十一年來屬。 東北:頂山、五子石山。 西:鳳頭嶂。 其東麓曰分水坳,縣前水出焉,東南流,左納頂山水,過卓筆山,至福建武平,合於武平溪。 又河頭溪,源出西南九鄉堡,東南過石鎮山,大拓水東流合焉,東南流為橫樑溪,與長田水合,東入鎮平為徐溪。 有壩頭巡司。 :簡。 州北六十里。 舊隸潮州府。 雍正十一年來屬。 西:鐵山嶂。 東:大峰嶂。 西北:石窟溪出平遠,自福建武平入,合楊子山水,過縣治西,與東山水合,南至小誥山納徐溪,至嘉應入於梅溪。 又東北:松源溪,源出玉華峰,亦至嘉應入梅溪。 有羅岡巡司。 :衝,繁,難。 高雷陽道治所。 東北距省治千六十里。 廣三百一十五里,袤二百三十里。 北極高二十一度四十九分。 京師偏西五度四十分。 領州一,縣五。 有通判一,治梅菉。 :繁,難。 倚。 高涼山在東北,州以是名。 東山在東。 南濱海。 北:竇江自信宜入,東南流。 左納雙柘水,至府治東北,鑒江水西流合焉,今又謂之石骨水也。 屈西南,過那射嶺入化州。 東南有浮山水,即三橋河,出電白,西南至赤嶺為赤嶺水,又西南入吳川。 有赤水、平山二巡司。 大陵廢驛。 :繁,疲,難。 府東南百六十里。 北:浮山。 南:蓮頭山,其下曰蓮頭港。 又西南,有赤水港。 南濱海。 有博賀島在海中。 東北有儒垌河,源出分水凹,西南流,過望夫山曰望夫水,屈南與界頭河合,又南為五藍河,入于海。 又三橋河,出東北木力嶺,西南至潭儒山為潭儒河,合龍珠河,西南入於茂名,其下流是為浮山水也。 有沙琅巡司。 鹽場二,曰博茂、電茂。 :難。 府東北八十里。 東:龍山。 東北:雲開。 西川水出大人山,西南過舊潭峨縣曰潭峨江,至縣治西南,東川水來會。 屈南,過羅竇洞為竇江,又南入茂名。 東:雙龍水出長充坑,西南至古丁墟,屈東入陽春,合雙滘水。 又東北,雙床水出大水嶺,南合吐珠水,屈東北流為石印水,至羅定入瀧水。 又懷鄉水出東北黃陂嶺,會扶龍水、石人水,西北與響水合,為黃華江,入廣西岑溪。 又金洞水出縣北雷公嶺,水西北至廣西容縣為渭龍江也。 有懷鄉巡司。 :簡。 府西南九十里。 北:浮梁山。 東北:龍王,一名來安山。 茂名水在東北,即竇江,又東北有陵水,源出廣西北流,入,屈西南至合江墟,羅水亦自陸水入,其合流曰羅江,又謂之陵羅水也。 屈東南,逕州治北合竇江,又東南流為平源江,入吳川。 有梁家沙巡司。 :簡。 府西南百二十里。 北:麗山。 西北:特思山。 東南濱海。 南為利劍門,至𥒚州,又西南至於通明港,謂之廣州灣。 光緒二十五年租於法。 吳川水在東北,一名吳江,自化州入,東南過三江嶺,浮山水西流合焉。 屈西南為木棉江,與平城江合,分流至限門港入海。 石門港源出石城東橋水,東南流,山角水自東北來注之,又東南至麻斜入海。 有塘綴巡司。 鹽場一,曰茂暉。 :簡。 府西南百九十里。 北:謝建山。 西南:敷復山,濱海。 西有南廉江,即烏江,自廣西陸川入,西南流,至石角墟曰石角水,又西南與武陵江合,為合江,青榕水西流合焉。 又西南為九洲江,賀江水自西北來注之,至鯉魚潭入海。 又西:洗米河,出廣西博白,迤南流,為英羅港,入海。 又東,東橋水,出雞頭嶺,東南過兩家灘,入吳川,是為石門港也。 有凌綠巡司。 息安廢驛。 :簡。 隸高雷陽道。 東南距省治千五百一十里。 廣九十五里,袤二百二十九里。 北極高二十度四十九分。 京師偏西六度二十八分。 領縣三。 府境突出海中作半島形。 東為廣州灣,西為東京灣,其南則瓊州海峽也。 同知一,治海安所城,後廢。 :疲。 倚。 西:博袍山。 南:擎雷山。 東、西濱海。 有北莉埠、新埠諸島,在東海中。 西北:南渡水,出博政村,東南流,屈北,西別出為東亭水,瀦為湖。 屈東,過縣治南,又別出為大肚河,北至遂溪入海。 又東南流為雙溪港,擎雷水自西南來注之,又東北入海。 有清道巡司。 雷陽廢驛。 武郎廢鹽場。 :簡。 府東北百八十里。 東:石門嶺,其下曰石門港,東、西濱海。 海中有東山島,一名湛川島,島北為分流港,其西則通明港也。 西北有西溪水,出分界村,東南流,與東溪水合,屈東過縣治南,東北合石門港入海。 又城月水,出西南螺岡嶺,南屈而東為庫竹港,入海。 又牛鼻水亦出螺岡嶺,迤西流為樂民港,入海。 縣丞治楊柑墟。 有湛川廢司。 城月廢驛。 調樓、蠶村二廢鹽場。 :簡。 府西南百六十里。 西:冠頭嶺。 東、西、南三面濱海。 北:遇賢水出石灣嶺,會青桐港水,又西合濂濱水,為流沙港,入海。 又東,大水溪,出東北龍床嶺,西南與葫蘆溪合,西南流為海安港,入海。 有寧海、東場二巡司。 又有新興鹽場,後廢。 :繁,難。 隸高雷陽道。 舊陽江縣,隸肇慶府。 同治五年,升為直隸廳。 光緒三十二年,改為直隸州。 東北距省治七百三十里。 廣一百三十里,袤一百一十五里。 北極高二十一度五十二分。 京師偏西四度三十分。 領縣二。 北:北甘山。 東南:北津山。 又海朗,一名鎮海山。 南濱海。 海陵山在海中。 西:漠陽江自陽春入,左合輪水河,東南至河口市,左合第八河,右歧為西河,又東南至州治南為鼉江,亦謂之恩江也。 左納那龍河,為北津港,西河水自西南來注之,東南過虎頭山入海。 紫蘿水源出紫蘿山,下流為三鴉港,入海。 坡尾河出羅王嶂,與織篢河合。 又東南為豐頭港,亦入海。 又西南有雙魚港。 又有北額港,上源即望夫水也。 有太平巡司、那龍巡司,後廢。 有太平驛、蓮塘驛,亦廢。 鹽場一,曰雙恩。 :衝,難。 州西北百七十里。 舊隸肇慶府。 光緒三十二年來屬。 東南:射木。 東北:銅石。 西:漠陽江,源出縣北雲浮山,曰云浮水,東南流,合雲霖水,屈西南,左納羅鳳水,右納博學水,至縣治西北,北瀧水西流合焉,東南入陽江。 又西,雙滘水,出東安,南合雙龍水,又南屈而東,麻陳水自西南來注之,又東過古良鎮,屈東北,合於漠陽江。 有古良、黃泥灣二巡司。 樂安廢驛。 :簡。 州東北百五十一里。 舊隸肇慶府。 光緒三十二年來屬。 石神山在北,一名鼇山。 龍鼉山在西南。 南有恩平江,亦曰錦水,上源為岑洞水,出西北雙穴,逕東南至平城山,君子河東流合焉。 又東與橫槎水合,屈東北,左納牛岡水,右納金雞水,又東入開平。 又東南,長塘水,亦至開平合於恩平江。 又西南:那吉水,南至陽江,其下流為那龍水也。 :繁,難。 隸廉欽道。 初沿明制。 領州一,縣二。 光緒十四年,欽州直隸。 東北距省治千八百里。 廣一百六十里,袤二百二十六里。 北極高二十一度二十四分。 京師偏西七度十九分。 領縣二。 :疲。 倚。 東北:大廉山,州以是名。 又北:五黃山。 南:冠頭嶺。 東南濱海。 海中有珠池,曰珠海。 又有潿洲、蛇洋洲,在海中。 廉江在北,一名西門江,自廣西博白入,迤西流,右納小江水,又西合張黃江,屈西南為羅成江。 武利江自東北來注之,至府治西北合洪潮江,又西南分流入海。 又東北,漆桐江自廣西興業入,左合六硍江,又西北入廣西貴縣,是為武思江也。 縣丞駐永安所城。 珠場、高仰、潿洲、永平四巡司。 北海市稅關。 商埠,光緒二年英煙臺會議條約訂開。 有還珠廢驛。 :簡。 府西北百八十里。 北:洪崖山。 西:六峰山。 西南:林冶山。 南:陸屋江,一名南岸大江,源出縣東羅陽山,西南至欽州為欽江。 西北:那良江,出那良山,南流過太平墟曰太平江,又東北入廣西橫州為平塘江也。 又黃橄江出西北英雄山,亦東北入廣西永淳為秋風江。 有西鄉巡司。 太平廢驛。 :衝,繁,難。 廉欽道治所。 初沿明制,屬廉州府。 光緒十四年,升為直隸州,析靈山縣林墟司隸之,又析州屬防城、如昔二司置防城縣來屬。 東北距省治千九百里。 廣二百二十四里,袤一百九十五里。 北極高二十一度五十五分。 京師偏西七度五十分。 領縣一。 北:銅魚山。 東南:烏雷嶺,其下曰烏雷港。 南濱海。 海中有牙山、龍門諸島。 東:欽江,自靈山入,迤西南至州治南,歧為二,又西南匯為貓尾海,屈東南,過龍門入海。 北:那蒙江,源出靈山高塘嶺,西南流,右合長潭水,至三門灘,大寺江自西來注之,又南為漁洪江,又東南合於欽江。 又篆嶺江亦出靈山,西南至平銀渡曰平銀江,屈東南與丹竹江合,南流為大觀港,入海。 又那陳江出西北心嶺,東北至那陳墟為那陳江,又東北復入宣化為八尺江也。 有沿海、林墟、長墩三巡司。 那陳司廢。 :衝,繁,難。 州西南百里。 十萬大山在西北。 白龍山在西南。 山麓斗入海,向隸越南,光緒十三年來屬。 又西南,分茅嶺,與越南界。 南濱海。 防城江出西北稔賓山,東南流,右納滑石江,逕縣治南,過石龜頭汛入海。 北:大直江,出虎豹隘,南與賣竹江合。 又東南過獅子嶺,那良江東北流合焉。 又東為鳳凰江,又東南合於漁洪江,至欽州入海。 又西潭洪江,出大勉山,東南過銅皮山為潭洪港,入海。 北崙河,其上源曰文義河,出拷邦嶺,東北至北崙汛,屈而南,嘉隆江自西南來注之。 其南岸則越南界也。 又東與那良江合,逕越南海寧府北境入海。 東興,縣丞駐。 有如昔、永坪二巡司。 :繁,疲,難。 瓊崖道治所。 東北距省治千八百一十里。 廣一百五十二里,袤二百一十里。 北極高二十度一分。 京師偏西六度五分。 領州一,縣七。 府及崖州在南海中,曰海南島,中有五指山,綿亙數邑。 山南隸崖州,山北隸府。 環山中生黎,其外熟黎,又外各州縣。 山峒深阻,黎、岐出沒為患,光緒十五年,總督張之洞始開五指山道為大路十二:東路三,西路三,南路、北路、東南路、東北路、西南路、西北路各一。 奧區荒徼,闢為坦途,人以為便。 瓊州,商埠,咸豐八年英天津條約訂開。 有瓊海關。 :繁。 倚。 南:瓊山,縣以是名。 北濱海。 海西南白石河即建江,自澄邁入,北屈而東,入定安。 又北入縣東南,為南渡江,又北為北沙河,屈西北至白沙門入海。 縣丞駐海口所城。 有水尾巡司。 感恩鹽場。 :簡。 府西六十里。 邁山在南。 北濱海。 西南:建江,一名新安江,自臨高入,東南過黎母嶺,右納新田溪,入於瓊山。 又澄江出東南獨珠嶺,西北流,至縣治西,合九曲水,又西為東水港,入海。 稍陽水上源為南滾泉,北合沙地水,過石𧮞嶺為石𧮞港,入海。 有澄邁巡司。 :簡。 府南八十里。 西南有五指山,一名黎母山,綿亙而東,為光螺嶺。 又東為南閭嶺,南遠溪出焉。 北:建江自瓊山入,東合南遠溪,過縣治東北,潭覽溪、仙客溪北流入焉,東北入於瓊山為南渡江。 西南有萬全河,出喃嘮峒,東南流,入樂會。 有太平巡司。 :難。 府東南百六十里。 北:玉陽。 南:紫貝山。 東北濱海。 海中有浮山,其下曰分洲洋。 南:文昌溪,出縣西白玉嶺,東南流,右納白石溪、白芒溪,屈東,平昌溪自西北來注之。 又南為清瀾港,入海。 又南,白延溪,出八角山,東南為長岐港,入海。 又北,三江水,即羅漢溪,出抱虎嶺,西北流,為鋪前港,入海。 有鋪前、青藍二巡司。 有樂會鹽場。 :簡。 府東南二百九十里。 東:多異嶺,濱海。 西:龍角溪,源出西崖嶺,東南至嘉積市為嘉積溪,黎盆溪西流合焉。 又東南為五灣溪水,入樂會。 :簡。 府東南三百三十里。 西:白石嶺。 西南:縱橫嶺。 東濱海。 西:萬全河自定安入,迤東流,屈而北,會太平水。 又東南,會五灣水,逕龍磨山,分流環縣治,復合,又東過蓮花峰,屈東南為博鼇港,入海。 又流馬河,源出西南龍巖嶺,東南入萬縣,與龍滾河合。 又東北復入縣境,為嘉濂河。 又東北為九曲河,納蓮塘溪。 又東北會萬全河入海。 :疲。 府西南百八十里。 南:那盆嶺。 西:毗耶山。 北濱海。 南:大江即建江,自儋州入,北至腰背嶺,西別出為縣前江,屈東北流,至文瀾村,為文瀾水。 透灘水北流合焉,亦謂之迎恩水也。 又北為博鋪港,入海。 其正渠,東北過白石嶺入澄邁,有和舍巡司。 馬裊鹽場。 儋州要。 府西南三百里。 儋耳山在北,一名松林山,又名藤山。 西北濱海。 獅子山在海中。 東南建江,亦曰黎母江,西北過龍頭嶺,歧為二:東出曰大江,東北入臨高; 西出曰北門江,一名倫江,西北流,至州治東北,屈而西,為新英港,新昌江自東南來注之,又西南入海。 東北有榕橋江,西南有沙溝江,皆西北流入海。 有薄沙巡司。 鎮南司,廢。 鹽場曰蘭馨。 :衝,繁。 隸瓊崖道。 崖州舊隸瓊州府。 光緒三十一年,升為直隸州。 東北距省治二千六百八十里。 廣二百四十二里,袤一百七十五里。 北極高十八度二十七分。 京師偏西七度三十六分。 領縣四。 東:迴風嶺。 西南:澄島山,一名澄崖山。 東南濱海。 東北:安遠水自陵水入,西南流,至郎勇嶺,歧為二:一西南至大疍村入海; 一西北流為抱漾水,過州治北,屈南為保平港,入港。 北:樂安河,西南過多港嶺,屈西北入感恩。 東:多銀水,一名臨川水,出黎峒,東南與三亞水合,又東南為榆林港,入海。 有樂安、永寧二巡司。 鹽場曰臨川。 :難。 州西北百九十五里。 舊隸瓊州府。 光緒三十一年來屬。 東:大雅山。 東北:九龍山。 西濱海。 東南:龍江,出小黎母山,西南流,別出為感恩水,迤西至縣治北為縣門港,入海。 其正渠西北過北黎市為北黎港,又西南入海。 樂安河出州,西北流,入昌化。 :簡。 州西北三百六十里。 舊隸瓊州府。 光緒三十一年來屬。 東北:峻靈山。 東南:九峰山。 西北濱海。 南:昌江即樂安河,自感恩入,至縣治東南,歧為二,西南出曰南崖江,北出曰北江,皆入海。 又安海江出東北歌謗嶺,西北至儋州入海。 :難。 州東北二百一十里。 舊隸瓊州府。 光緒三十一年來屬。 西:獨秀山。 南:多雲嶺。 東南濱海。 有加攝嶼、雙女嶼,在海中。 西北:大河水,出七指嶺,東南過博吉嶺,屈南為桐棲港,又東入海。 又南,青水塘水出西北狼牙村,東南流,至縣治西,別出為筆架山水,與大河水合,瀦為灶仔港。 屈西南,至新村港口入海。 有寶停巡司。 :衝,繁。 州東北三百七十里。 萬州舊隸瓊州府,光緒三十一年降為縣,來屬。 東:東山。 北:六連嶺。 東南濱海。 海中有獨洲山,其下曰獨洲洋。 西北:龍滾河,出縱橫峒,南屈而東,與流馬河合,又東北入樂會,屈東南復入縣北。 東別出為蓮塘溪,屈北至樂會,合萬全河。 其正渠,東南過連岐嶺入海。 又都封水亦出縱橫峒,東南流,歧為四派:曰和樂港,曰港北港,曰石狗澗,曰金仙河,至縣治東北入海。 又南,踢容河,出西北鷓鴣山,東南至瘦田村分流,與石龜河合,又東南流入海。 有龍滾巡司。 鹽場一,曰新安。
In the Yu Gong, it lay on the southern fringe of the Yangzhou region. Under the Ming, a Provincial Administration Commission was established, with its seat at Guangzhou. In the early Qing, the Ming arrangement was retained and the territory was formally constituted as a province. During the Yongzheng reign, Lianzhou and Chengxiang were combined and promoted to Jiaying Prefecture, which was placed under direct provincial authority. During the Jiaqing reign, Nanxiong was downgraded to a directly subordinate prefecture, then shortly merged and restored to its former status. Fogang was added; Nanxiong was again reduced to prefecture rank; and Lianshan was added. During the Tongzhi reign, Yangjiang was raised to subprefecture status, and Chixi was added. During the Guangxu reign, Qinzhou and Yazhou were promoted in rank, while Wanzhou was downgraded. The province comprised six circuit intendancies, nine prefectures, seven directly subordinate prefectures, three directly subordinate subprefectures, four ordinary prefectures, one ordinary subprefecture, and seventy-nine counties. Its eastern boundary reached Zhao'an in Fujian; a distance of one thousand li. Its western boundary reached Xuanhua in Guangxi; a distance of one thousand five hundred li. Its southern boundary reached the sea; a distance of three hundred li. Its northern boundary reached Guiyang in Hunan; a distance of seven hundred eighty li. Its southeastern boundary reached the sea; a distance of two hundred eighty li. Its southwestern boundary reached the sea at Yazhou; a distance of two thousand four hundred li. Its northeastern boundary reached Changning in Jiangxi; a distance of eight hundred li. Its northwestern boundary reached He in Guangxi. A distance of seven hundred thirty li. It measured two thousand five hundred li from east to west and one thousand eight hundred li from north to south. The distance from its northeastern corner to the capital was seven thousand five hundred seventy li. In the third year of the Xuantong reign, there were 5,041,780 registered households and a population of 28,010,564. Its notable mountains were Lingzhou, Huangling, and Luofu. Its major rivers were the Xi River, the Bei River, and the Dong River. Railway: the southern section of the Canton-Hankou line ran west from Guangzhou through Sanshui, then north through Qingyuan, Yingde, and Qujiang to Lechang, where it connected with Xingning Circuit in Hunan. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Guang-Zhao-Luo Circuit intendancy. The Governor-General of the Two Guang Provinces had formerly been stationed at Zhaoqing; in the eleventh year of the Qianlong reign the seat was moved here. In the twenty-fourth year of the Guangxu reign the provincial governorship was abolished, but was soon restored. In the thirty-first year, it was again abolished along with the Superintendent of the Canton Customs and the Grain Intendant. The commissioners of civil affairs, education, judicial affairs, and salt transport, the intendants of police and industry promotion, the General of Guangzhou, the Manchu and Han Brigade deputy commanders, and the Admiral of the Guangdong Navy were all stationed here. Under the Ming it administered thirteen counties. During the Kangxi reign Huaxian was added. It measured four hundred twenty li from east to west and five hundred twenty-two li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-three degrees eleven minutes north. It lay three degrees thirty-three minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered fourteen counties. It had three subprefectures: Foshan, established in the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign; Qianshan, established in the eighth year of the Qianlong reign; and Humen, established in the twenty-fifth year of the Daoguang reign. The Canton Customs was established here in the twenty-fourth year of the Kangxi reign. The Guangzhou treaty port was opened under the British Treaty of Nanjing in the twenty-second year of the Daoguang reign. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. It lay to the west of the prefectural seat. Of Guangdong's mountains, three of the Five Ridges lay within this county. To the north was Yuexiu Mountain. To the northwest was Lingzhou. To the southwest was Xiqiao Mountain. The Bei River entered from Sanshui and flowed southeast; an eastern branch became the Zidong River, which reached Panyu, joined the Pearl River, and entered Shunde. The Xi River entered from Sanshui, passed southeast through Jiujiang, and likewise flowed into Shunde. In the northwest the Majing River first received the Lubao River, then flowed south to meet the Sanjiang River. It turned northeast, received the Huangdong River on the left, and was fed from the south by the Nanliu River from southwest Panyu. Emerging south from Shimen Mountain as the Shimen River, it passed southwest of the prefectural seat, turned east to become the Pearl River, and entered Panyu. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Jiujiangpu. It had six patrol stations: Sanjiang, Jinli, Shen'an, Huangding, Jiangpu, and Wudoukou. The Canton-Hankou line ran to the west, and the Sanfo Railway to the southwest. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. Within the city stood Fan and Yu mountains, from which the county took its name. To the north was Baiyun Mountain. To the southeast was Fulian, also known as Fulian Hill. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. To the south ran the Pearl River, which received the Shimen River from Nanhai upstream, flowed southeast, split into two channels, and reunited at Changzhou. Farther southeast it became the Boluo River; the Dong River joined on the left at Sanjiangkou. Still farther southeast, the Shizi Sea received the Shawan River and emptied into the ocean. A garrison was stationed at Shizi. To the west was the Yongjing garrison. It had four patrol stations: Mude, Lubu, Shawan, and Jiaotang. The Torpedo Battalion maintained a shipyard at Huangpu. It had two courier stations: Panyu and Wuyang. The Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway ran to the east, and the Canton-Hankou line to the northwest. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred li south of the prefectural seat. To the north was Dunning. To the west was Tianhu. To the northwest was Xilin Mountain. The Bei River entered from Nanhai as the Hepenghai, flowed southeast, turned north to become the Fuluhai, then east to Dieshihai; an eastern branch became the Shawan River and joined the Pearl River. At Banjiang it became the Banshahai and entered Xiangshan. The Xi River entered from Nanhai; an eastern branch became the Ganzhutan River, joined the Banshahai, passed Yangchuanggang, branched off as the Yangchuanhai, and reached the sea at Xinhui. One assistant magistrate was stationed at Rongqi. It had four patrol stations: Zini, Jiangcun, Maining, and Dunning to the north. The Ganzhu commercial port was opened under the Sino-British Burma Treaty in the twenty-third year of the Guangxu reign. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the south was Huangling. To the southeast was Baoshan. Its southwestern border lay along the coast. In the sea, Xiushan stood east and west like a gate, known as Hutoumen; the Pearl River flowed out through it, also called the Pearl River Estuary. It had five forts: Weiyuan, Shanghengdang, Xiahengdang, Dajiao, and Shajiao. The Dong River entered from Boluo, joined the Lilin and Jiujiang rivers, passed west of Huangjia Mountain, branched south as the Daoyong River, met the Pearl River, and all flowed into the sea. One assistant magistrate was stationed at Shilong Town. It had three patrol stations: Jingshan, Quekou, and Zhongtang. It had one courier station at Tiegang. The Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway passed through. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred thirty li north of the prefectural seat. To the northeast was Wuzhi Mountain. Farther on stood Shiba Mountain, source of the Liuxi River; flowing south it joined the Chendong and Yuxi rivers; the combined stream passed southeast of the county seat, took in the Qu River on the left and the Litang River on the right, and at Panyu entered Shimen. It had a Liuxi patrol station. It had a courier station at Shiqi. Designated a simple post. It lay two hundred ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the west was Lanfen Mountain. To the northwest was Fenshui'ao Mountain. Waters west of the mountain gathered as the Liuxi River and entered the Bei River; waters east of the mountain gathered as the Xilin River and entered the Dong River. The Xilin River, also known as the Jiulin River, rose at Sanjiao Mountain in the northwest, joined Gaoming and Baisha, bent southwest, received the Qunxi and Yongqing rivers, and at Zengcheng became the Zeng River. A Hot Water Lake lay in the northwest. It had a Miaozijiao patrol station, later relocated to Yongqing Market. Designated as fiscally strained and geographically difficult. It lay three hundred sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north was Santai. To the east was Baifeng Mountain. To the southwest was Dalong Mountain. Its southern border lay along the coast. In the sea lay Shangchuan and Xiachuan islets. To the north ran the Changsha River, also called the Enping River, which entered from Kaiping, flowed southeast, joined the Nanmen River, turned northwest to join the Zixia River, and entered Xinhui. To the southeast ran the Niyong River, which flowed south to join the Niujiao River and reached Fenghuojiao before entering the sea. To the west ran the Nafu River, which likewise flowed south to Shizizhou and entered the sea. There was also the Tanjiao River, excavated in the twenty-sixth year of the Kangxi reign by Governor Wu Zainan, which drew the Niyong River westward and reached Xinhui's Yamen to the northeast to open the waterway to shipping. Hot springs and sweet springs lay in the southwest. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Guanghai Stockade. It had a Shangchuan Salt patrol station. It had the Gongyi commercial port. The Ningyang Railway passed through. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred sixty-two li east of the prefectural seat. To the west was Yunmu. To the southwest was Nanqiao. To the northeast was Luofu Mountain. The Dong River entered from Boluo, flowed west and bent south, and at Panyu joined the Pearl River. The upper Zeng River was the Longmen River; flowing south it joined the Paitan River, then farther south reached Sanjiangkou, took in the Chengxi River on the right and the Jiuqu River on the left, passed southeast of the county seat, and divided to enter the Dong River. The Suifu River rose at Qingyou Mountain in the northwest and likewise entered the Dong River to the southeast. It had a Maotian patrol station, and an assistant magistrate was stationed at Xintang Market. Designated as fiscally strained, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred twenty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Fuxu. To the southeast was Wugui. Farther on stood Haojing'ao Mountain, which thrust into the sea in the form of a peninsula, known as Macau. In the thirteenth year of the Guangxu reign it passed to Portugal. North of it stood the Haojing'ao Pass. Farther west, at Gongbei Bay, there was a pass. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. In the sea lay Dong'ao Mountain and Jiuxing Mountain; the waters below were called the Jiuxing Sea. There were also Laowan, Jiu'ao, Hengqin, Sanzao, Langbai, and other islands in the sea. To the northwest lay the Bansha Sea, which entered from Shunde and flowed southeast to Tanzhou. The Mutou Sea first received the Yangchuan River and divided southeast to enter the sea. The Guzhen Sea first received the Xi River, likewise entering from Shunde, flowing southeast to Luozhou, joining the Shiqi River, and issuing south through Modaomen into the sea. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Qianshan Stockade. A brigade commander and patrol inspector were stationed at Huangliangdu City. It had three patrol stations: Qi'ao, Xiangshan, and Huangpu. The Xiangzhou commercial port was opened on petition in the first year of the Xuantong reign. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred thirty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north were Huangyun and Guifeng. To the southeast stood Yamen Mountain, facing Tangpingzui Mountain to the southwest; the Xionghai issued from between them, known as Yamen. Its southern border lay along the coast. The Xi River entered from Nanhai as the Tianhe Sea, bent east and south, passed Zhutou Mountain, and split in two: the branch issuing southeast was called the Hetang River, which joined the Guzhen Sea and flowed southeast into Xiangshan; farther west it branched again as the Waihai Sea, flowing southwest to Hutiaomen and into the sea; The branch issuing southwest was called the Fenshui River, which joined the Pan River, flowed south past Jiangmen, and emptied into the Xionghai. Farther west, the Enping River entered from Kaiping, joined the Tan River, flowed northeast as the Qingdanyang, took in the Qiaoting River on the left, turned southeast to join the Fenshui River, and issued through Yamen into the sea. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Jiangmen. It had three patrol stations: Chaolian, Niuduwang, and Shacun. The Dawa patrol station had been abolished. It had two courier stations: Xiangang and Dongting. The Jiangmen commercial port was opened under the Sino-British Commercial Treaty in the twenty-eighth year of the Guangxu reign. The Ningyang Railway passed through. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred seventy li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south was Kundu. To the north was Longpo Mountain. The Bei River flowed southwest; at Xujiangkou an eastern branch issued as the Lubao River, then flowed southwest to Sihui, joined the Sui River, branched as the Sixianjiao River, and met the Xi River. Flowing east it passed south of the county seat as the Yijiang River, reaching Xinan Pool and entering Nanhai. The Bei River branched from Xinan Pool as the Sanjiang River, joined the Lubao River, reached Nanhai, issued through Shimen, and its lower course was the Pearl River. To the west ran the Xi River, entering from Gaoyao. The Qingqi River first received the Sui River, passed southeast by Jinzhou Mountain, and likewise entered Nanhai. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Xinan Town. It had the Xujiang and Sanshui patrol stations. Sanshuikou, also known as Hekou, had a commercial port opened under the Sino-British Burma Treaty in the twenty-third year of the Guangxu reign. It had two courier stations: Sanshui and Xinan. The Sanfo Railway passed through. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay three hundred forty li north of the prefectural seat. To the west was Qinwang. To the east was Zhongsu Gorge, also known as Feilai Gorge. The Bei River entered from Yingde and flowed southwest; the Pan River came from the east to join it at what was called the Pan-Wujiang Mouth. At the southwest of the county seat it joined the Zhengbin River. Bending south, it received the Shantang River on the right and the Dayan River on the left, passed Huiqi Mountain, and entered Sanshui. It had three patrol stations: Huiqi, Panjiang, and Binjiang. It had the Qingyuan courier station; the Anyuan courier station had been abolished. The Canton-Hankou Railway passed through. Designated as fiscally strained and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the sixth year of the Kangxi reign it was merged into Dongguan; in the eighth year it was restored. To the south was Beidu, also known as Sheng Mountain, anciently called Tunmen Mountain. To the southeast was Guanfu. To the northeast was Dapeng Mountain. To its south stood Old Dapeng Mountain, where the Dongchong garrison fort was located. Its eastern, western, and southern borders all lay along the coast. In the sea stood Lingding Mountain; the waters below it were known as Lingding Bay. Farther south lay the anchorages of Toutuoning, Fotangmen, Jishuimen, Lantau Island, Rongshu Bay, and others. To the northwest, the Yongping River first received the Jiujiang River from Dongguan, then flowed southeast to Bitou Station and entered the sea. The assistant magistrate was stationed at the Dapeng garrison. It had two patrol stations: Fuyong and Kowloon. To its south lay Hong Kong Island, ceded to Britain in the twenty-second year of the Daoguang reign. In the tenth year of the Xianfeng reign, Kowloon Walled City was likewise ceded and annexed to it. In the twenty-fourth year of the Guangxu reign, an additional two hundred square miles of territory under the Kowloon patrol station was leased on a ninety-nine-year term, and the Kowloon Customs was established to collect duties. The Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway ran through the county. Designated as simple. It lay ninety li north of the prefectural seat. In the twenty-fourth year of the Kangxi reign, it was established at Pingling in Panyu County, with territory taken from Nanhai County to enlarge it, and placed under this prefecture's jurisdiction. To the northeast was Huashan, from which the county took its name. To the northwest was Pangu Cave, whence the Huangdong River flowed southwest, receiving the Hengtan and Luodong rivers on the right; bending south it became the Ni River; a stream from Qingyuan entered from the northwest to join it, then the combined waters flowed southeast into Nanhai. It had two patrol stations: Shiling and Shuixi. The Canton-Hankou Railway passed through the county. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It was the seat of the Guang-Zhao-Luo Circuit intendancy. It initially followed the Ming arrangement, administering one prefecture and eleven counties. In the ninth year of the Yongzheng reign, Heshan was added. In the ninth year of the Tongzhi reign, Yangjiang was raised to a directly subordinate subprefecture. In the thirty-second year of the Guangxu reign, it was restored as a directly subordinate prefecture, with Yangchun and Enping detached and placed under its authority. It lay two hundred ninety li east of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred nineteen li in width and three hundred ninety-five li in length. Its north polar altitude was twenty-three degrees five minutes. It lay four degrees eight minutes west of the capital. It administered one prefecture and nine counties. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. To the north was Dingshan. To the northeast was Dinghu, where Gaoxia Gorge lay. To the northwest was Tengchai Mountain. The Xi River entered the county's northwest from Deqing as the Duan Creek; bending north and then east, it received the Duyan and Sundong rivers flowing in from the south. Flowing east it joined the Da Xiang River, turned south and merged with the Xiao Xiang River; passing south of the prefectural seat, it received the Xinxing River from the southwest at what was called Xinkou. Farther northeast it merged with the Songchong River. Passing through Antelope Gorge, it received the Changli River on the left and the Cangwu River on the right, then entered Sanshui. The assistant magistrate was stationed at Jinli Market. It had two patrol stations: Hengchao and Lubu. It had two courier stations: Gaoyao and Xincun. Designated as simple. It lay one hundred thirty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Golden Rooster Mountain. To the south was Zhen Mountain. To the southeast, the Bei River entered from Sanshui. To the northwest, the Sui River—also called the Suijian River—entered from Guangning and flowed southeast; at the southeast of the county seat, the Longjiang River joined it from the northwest. Passing Xiaoxi Ridge, a southern branch became the Qingqi River; at Sanshui it merged with the Xi River, then eastward at Nanjinkou joined the Bei River and entered Sanshui. It had the Nanjin patrol station. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred thirty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north were Jufu and Yunhe. To the south was Long Mountain. To the northeast was Li Mountain. To the north, the Xinxing River rose at Liukengding Mountain in the county's south, flowed northwest, and entered Dong'an. Winding through the county's southwest it became the Jin River; northeast at Dongkou the Luan River flowed north to join it. Farther north it merged with the Tongli River to form the Xinxing River. Still farther northwest it entered Dong'an. To the southwest, the Lijiang patrol station had its seat at Tiantang Market. It had the defunct Yaogu courier station. Designated as fiscally strained. It lay seventy li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the northwest was Old Xiangshan. To the northeast was Lingyun. To the southwest was Biao Mountain. The Xi River entered from Sanshui. The Nancang River, also known as the Cangbu River, rose in Gaoyao and flowed southeast, merging with the Yunxiu and Pingshan rivers; passing southeast of the county seat, it received the Beigang River on the left and the Qingtai River on the right, then flowed farther southeast to join the Xi River and enter Nanhai. It had the Sanzhou patrol station. Designated as fiscally strained. It lay two hundred ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northeast was Daluo Mountain. To the southwest was Gaowang Mountain. To the west, the Sui River entered from Huaiji in Guangxi and flowed south out of Xianshan Gorge, where the Nanxiang River joined it flowing from the northeast. Farther south it merged with the Gu River and turned southeast, receiving the Jinchang and Xinzhao rivers on the right and the Dongxiang and Fulu rivers on the left before entering Sihui. The Longjiang River also rose at Shima Mountain in the northeast and likewise reached Sihui to merge with the Sui River. Designated as fiscally strained and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the sixth year of the Shunzhi reign, it was established at the Kaiping garrison of Xinxing County, with territory taken from Xinhui and Enping counties to enlarge it, and placed under this prefecture's jurisdiction. To the northeast was Liangjin Mountain. To the southwest were Beilie Mountain and Luohan Mountain. The Xianjiang River received the Enping River upstream, flowed southeast and took in the Changtang River on the right; at Chikan to the southeast it became the Chikan River. The Shuangqiao River from the north flowed south to join it; south of the county seat it merged with the Duhe River to form the Jianshi River. Farther southeast it became the Changsha River, passed Chishuikou, and entered Xinhui. It had two patrol stations: Songbai and Shagang. Designated as fiscally strained and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the ninth year of the Yongzheng reign, it was established at Daguan Field in Xinhui County of Guangzhou Prefecture, with territory taken from Kaiping County to enlarge it, and placed under this prefecture's jurisdiction. Within the county seat stood Heshan, from which the county took its name. To the northeast was Kunlun. To the northwest was Yunxiu. The Xi River entered from Nanhai and crossed the county's northeast as the Gulao River, also known as the Suhai; joining the lesser Gulao River, it passed east of Dayan Mountain and entered Xinhui. The Tan River rose at Ma'er Mountain in the county's west, flowed southeast to Luogu Pool, turned west into Kaiping, and at Xinhui joined the Enping River. The Guantian River rose at Zhangbei Mountain in the northeast, flowed southeast to merge with the Landong River, and entered Xinhui as the Qiaoting River. The Shuangqiao River rose at Yungai Village in the northwest and flowed southwest; at Shuiping Market it became the Shuiping River and passed southwest through Hulu Mountain into Kaiping. It had two patrol stations: Shuangqiao and Yaojing. Designated as strategically critical. It lay one hundred eighty li west of the prefectural seat. To the northwest was Xiangshan, also known as Liren Mountain. To the northeast was Xiyuan Mountain. To the south, the Xi River entered from Fengchuan and flowed east past Jinshi Mountain, where it was called the Jin River; farther east it met the Lu River, passed the zhou seat, and received the Duanxi River from the south. Farther east it passed Nanjiangkou and joined the Maxu and Yuecheng rivers. The Yuecheng River's upper course was known as Lingxi, also called the Lingling River, and flowed northeast into Gaoyao. A Yuecheng patrol station was maintained. There was a Deqing post station. The former Shoukang post station had been abolished. Designated as strategically critical. It lay three hundred thirty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east was Fengmen Mountain. To the northeast stood Baima and Liulian mountains. The Xi River—the ancient Yu River—gathered the Qian and Gui rivers as it entered from Cangwu in Guangxi and flowed southeast to Lingzhou. The He River entered from Kaijian, taking in the Ningdong and Wende rivers on the left and the Dong'an River on the right; continuing southeast, it received Panlong on the right and the Shiyang River on the left, passed Yuanzhu Mountain, turned southwest, and entered Deqing. The Lu River rose from Fengshou Mountain in the northeast and likewise flowed south to Deqing, where it entered the Xi River. A Wende patrol station was maintained. There was a Fengchuan post station. The former Linshan post station had been abolished. Designated as simple. It lay four hundred ten li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest was Yuanzhu Mountain. To the northeast was Zhongdang Mountain. The Kai River lay to the west. It was the He River, anciently called the Fengxi River; entering from Hexian in Guangxi, it flowed southeast to Tanshuang Mountain, where the Tanshuang River met the Jinzhuang River coming in from the south. Farther south it joined the Liantang River, passed southwest of the county seat, took in the Jinlu and Li rivers on the left and the great and small Yu rivers on the right, turned southeast, and entered Fengchuan. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Guang-Zhao-Luo Circuit intendancy. It lay six hundred eighty-nine li northeast of the provincial capital. It measured one hundred eighty-four li from east to west and two hundred li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-three degrees forty-two minutes north. It lay five degrees thirteen minutes west of the capital meridian. Following the Ming arrangement, it administered two counties. To the west was Yunzhi Mountain. To the southwest was Yunji Mountain, also known as Yunsha Mountain. The Shuang River rose at Tanmian Village in Xining County and flowed northeast to Fenjiexu in the zhou's southwest; passing southeast through Luojing garrison city, it turned north to meet the Shiyin River, then southwest to join the Sandu River, passed the zhou seat, entered Xining, and became the Nanjiang River. The Dong River rose at Shamanxu in the zhou's south and likewise flowed northeast into Xining to join the Nanjiang River. The zhou sub-prefect had his seat at Luojingxu. The Jinkang patrol station was posted at Liantanxu. The abolished Jinkang post station was noted. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay one hundred sixty li northeast of the zhou seat. To the southwest was Yunwu Mountain. The Xi River entered from Xining and flowed southeast to Jiangshuikou, where the Dajiang River came in from the southwest; it then continued northeast into Gaoyao. To the southeast, the Xinxing River issued from Xinxing and flowed northeast, taking in the Kelang River on the left; passing Yaogu garrison, it entered Gaoyao and joined the Xi River. A Xishan patrol station was maintained. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay one hundred twenty li north of the zhou seat. To the north was Yuzhen Mountain. The Xi River entered from Fengchuan and reached Luopangkou, where the Wenchang River met the Baozhu and Guihe rivers coming in from the north. Farther south, the upper Nanjiang—the Shuang River—rose at Tanmian Village in the southwest, flowed northeast into Luoding, passed Liantanxu to join the Xi River, and entered Dong'an. To the southwest, the Daosha River rose from Luoyun Mountain, flowed southeast to Luoding, and entered the Shuang River. Still farther west, the Panlong River rose from Dasun Ridge and flowed northeast into Fengchuan. A Yehu patrol station was maintained. The Ducheng patrol station had been abolished. Designated as geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Guang-Zhao-Luo Circuit intendancy. Under the Ming, the Dabu Ping territory had been divided between Qingyuan and Yingde. In the ninth year of the Yongzheng reign a sub-prefect was appointed there, subordinate to Guangzhou Prefecture. It was abolished in the seventh year of the Qianlong reign. It was restored in the sixteenth year of the Jiaqing reign and given a new name. It lay four hundred forty li south of the provincial capital. It measured fifty-seven li from east to west and forty-eight li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-three degrees fifty minutes north. It lay two degrees fifty-nine minutes west of the capital meridian. To the north was Guanyin Mountain. To the northeast stood Duhuang Mountain, whence the Shuitouxun River issued; flowing north it met the Gaojiang River and, at Yanlingxu, became the Yanling River. Farther northwest to Yingde it joined the Luowen River and entered the Weng River. The Jihe River also rose from Duhuang Mountain and wound westward; the Shenjing River came in from the north, while a southern branch broke away as the Daxi and pooled into a lake. It passed north of the subprefectural seat, turned south, took in the Huangsha River on the right, issued from Damiao Gorge, and entered Qingyuan. The Huanghua River rose from Yangjiao Mountain in the southeast and likewise flowed southwest into Qingyuan, where it joined the Jihe River. Its lower course was the Pai River. Designated as important. It was subordinate to the Guang-Zhao-Luo Circuit intendancy. In the seventh year of the Tongzhi reign it was created by carving out Chixi, Caochong, and other districts from Xinning County. It lay four hundred fifteen li northeast of the provincial capital. It measured twenty li from east to west and twenty li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-one degrees fifty-four minutes north. It lay three degrees thirty-five minutes west of the capital meridian. Its east, west, and south faces all bordered the sea. To the south was Caochong Mountain. To the southwest was Tonggu Mountain, below which lay Tonggu Sea. Farther out at sea stood Huangmao, Qingzhou, Dajin, and Xiaojin mountains. Designated as strategically critical, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It was the seat of the Shao-Lian Circuit intendancy. It lay eight hundred seventy li south of the provincial capital. It measured one hundred ninety-five li from east to west and three hundred eleven li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-four degrees fifty-five minutes north. It lay three degrees twenty-one minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered six counties. The Taiping Bridge tax barrier was maintained here; formerly at Nanxiong, it was later moved to the southwest of the prefectural seat. A Taiping branch barrier was also kept at Yingde. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. To the north was Fuyue Mountain. To the northeast was Shaoshi. To the west was Furong Mountain. To the southeast was Nanhua Mountain. The Zhen River lay to the east, also called the Xiang River. Entering from Shixing, it flowed southwest, joined the Jin and Ling rivers, and passed southeast of the prefectural seat; the Wu River came down from the north to meet it, forming the Qu River, also known as the Shixing Great River. Farther southwest it passed Hubang Mountain, turned southeast, took in the Shuang River on the right and the Caoxi and Xuanxi rivers on the left, flowed south into Yingde, and became the Bei River. The assistant magistrate had his seat at Lianhualing Village. It had two patrol stations: Mengli and Pingpu. There was a Qujiang County post station. The former Furong post station had been abolished. The Canton-Hankou Railway passed through. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay eighty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the east was Chang Mountain, from which the county took its name. To the north was Guishan. To the northeast was Lengjun. To the northwest was Jiufeng Mountain. Wushui lay to the west, also known as Huxi and anciently called the Qin River; it rose in Linwu, Hunan, and ran northeast to Yizhang. Bending south, it entered the county's northwest border, where Wuyang Stream from Ruyuan flowed east to join it. Bending southeast, it passed Lanhao Mountain and became the Sanlong River, joining the Luodu and Jiufeng rivers. Passing southwest of the county seat, the Lianhua River branched off to feed into it. Farther east, bending south, it received the Changtiao River on the left and the Yangxi River on the right, and entered the Qu River. It had two patrol stations: Jiufeng and Luojiadu. The Canton-Hankou Railway passed through. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the northwest was Huangling Mountain. To the southeast was Danxia Mountain. To the east the Jin River rose at Fenshui Pass, ran southwest to Enkou, joined the Enxi River, and formed the Lantian River. Flowing southwest, it received the Fuxi and Kangxi rivers on the left; passing southeast of the county seat, the Sixi River joined the Tongyang River flowing in from the northwest to feed into it. Bending southeast, it entered the Qu River. It had a Fuxi patrol station. It had the Renhua County courier station. Designated a simple post. It lay ninety li west of the prefectural seat. To the north was Yunmen Mountain. To the southwest was Laling. Wuyang Stream entered from Yizhang, Hunan, ran northeast through Wuyang Station, joined the Qigutan River on the right, received Guxi on the left, bent east to Lechang, and entered Wushui. The Yangxi River rose at Shenxianping in the northwest and likewise reached Lechang to enter Wushui. Long River, also called Zhoutou River, rose at Tizi Mountain in the southwest, bent north then east, received the Yuanzishan River on the left and the Tangpan River on the right, passed south of the county seat where the north-flowing Dabu River joined it, and then flowed southeast into the Qu River. To the south was the Wuyang patrol station. It had one hereditary Yao pacification subprefecture, administering Bu Market. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred eighty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the sixteenth year of the Jiaqing reign it was transferred to Nan'an Prefecture in Jiangxi; in the seventeenth year it was restored to its former subordination. To the north was Jilong. To the east was Yuhua. To the northeast was Poji Mountain, source of the Luojiang River; flowing southwest it passed south of Weng Mountain, where the Pu River from the southeast came to feed into it. Bending south, it received the Furong River on the right and the Longxian River on the left; again flowing southwest it joined the Zhoupi River, wound west past Sanhua Town, and entered Yingde. Farther west, Taiping River, also called Jiangzhen River, rose at Guijue Mountain in the northeast, flowed south to Yingde to join the Luojiang River, forming the Weng River. It had two patrol stations: Guishan and Qixia. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay two hundred twenty li south of the prefectural seat. To the north was Yingshan. To the south was Nanshan. Farther south was Gaoshi Mountain, also known as Zhenyang Gorge. The Bei River lay to the north; entering from the Qu River, it passed Zhenshi Mountain and bent west to the southeast of the county seat; to the east was the Weng River, which joined the Qutan River on the right and the Luowen River on the left, flowing southwest to merge with it. Farther south at Guangkou, the Kuang River joined the Boluo River flowing in from the northwest. The Kuang River was Huangshui, also called the Guang River; flowing southeast it entered Qingyuan. It had two patrol stations: Guangkou and Xianggang. It had the Yingde County courier station. The old Zhenyang courier station had been abolished. The Canton-Hankou Railway passed through. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and fiscally strained. It was subordinate to the Nan-Shao-Lian Circuit intendancy. Initially following the Ming system, it was a prefecture administering two counties, with its seat at Baochang. In the eleventh year of the Jiaqing reign it was downgraded to a directly subordinate prefecture and Baochang County was abolished. In the sixteenth year it was again raised to prefecture rank. In the seventeenth year it was again downgraded to a directly subordinate prefecture. It lay one thousand one hundred seventy li southwest of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred seventy li from east to west and one hundred twenty-one li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-five degrees fifteen minutes north. It lay two degrees thirty minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered one county. Dayu Ridge lay in the northeast, also known as Meiling, with Meiguan Pass. To the east was Tianzhu. To the southeast was Qingzhang Mountain. To the south was the Zhen River, rising at Youshan in the northeast, running south through Jiangtian Town to join the Chang River. Flowing southwest, it joined the Pingtian and Furong rivers on the left and the Dongxi River on the right; at Changpu Bridge the Beikeng River joined the south-flowing Heng River to enter it. The river rose at Meiling and was also called the Dayu River. Farther west it joined the Changtan River, passed south of the prefectural seat, received the Louchuan River flowing in from the northwest, and southwest joined the Xiuren River. Again flowing north it received the Banjing River and entered Shixing. Again to the northwest, at Fenshui Pass, the Shixia River issued forth as the Kangxi River and entered Renhua. It had three patrol stations: Pingtian, Hongmei, and Baishun. It had the Baochang courier station. The old Linjiang courier station had been abolished. Designated as strategically critical and administratively busy. To the north was Danfeng Mountain. To the south was Ji Mountain. To the north the Zhen River entered from the prefecture, ran southwest to Yuanling Station, where the north-flowing Yuexi River joined it. Farther south, the Mojian River rose at Shaziling in the southwest, wound east as the Qinghua River, bent northwest as the Liangsan River, joined the Xiang River on the right to form the Shixing River—the ancient Xiejie River. Again flowing northwest it passed south of the county seat, joined the Guanshi River, and again northwest joined the Zhen River to enter the Qu River. It had a Qinghuajing patrol station. It had an in-town courier station. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Nan-Shao-Lian Circuit intendancy. Initially following the Ming system, it was subordinate to Guangzhou Prefecture. In the fifth year of the Yongzheng reign it was promoted to a directly subordinate prefecture; Yangshan and Lianshan were separated off and placed under other jurisdictions. During the Jiaqing reign, Lianshan was placed under direct provincial authority. It lay seven hundred sixty li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured eighty li from east to west and one hundred sixty-eight li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-four degrees forty-eight minutes north. It lay four degrees seventeen minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered one county. To the south was Lengjia, also known as Zhennü Mountain. To the southwest was Kun Lake. To the northwest was Guiyang. Huangshui lay to the west, also known as the Kuang River; the Han Treatise on Geography identified it as the Hui River. Its upper source was the Luxi, rising at Huangye Ridge in the northwest, also called the Ye River; winding south and east it passed Guifeng Mountain, joined the Fenghua, Tanyuan, and Huangjiao rivers from the northeast, reached the southwest of the prefectural seat, received the Gaoliang River flowing in from Lianshan to the west, passed southeast through Tongguan Gorge, and entered Yangshan. The subprefectural judge was stationed at Huangzi Market. It had a Zhugang patrol station. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay two hundred li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the fifteenth year of the Yongzheng reign it was transferred from Guangzhou Prefecture to this jurisdiction. To the north was Qitian Ridge. To the northwest was Yangyan. To the northeast was Baoyuan Mountain. The Huangshui entered from the prefecture, also known as the Yangxi; it joined the Tongguan River to the south, then flowed southeast past the south of the county seat, where the Tongru River from the east of Mading Ridge entered from the east; farther east it merged with the Qinglian River. This river rose at Dabei Market north of the county and was also known as the Dabei River. Continuing southeast, it passed through the Three Gorges and entered Yingde. It had two patrol stations: Qitan and Qigong. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Nan-Shao-Lian Circuit intendancy. It had originally been Lianshan County, subordinate to Guangzhou Prefecture. In the fifth year of the Yongzheng reign it was placed under Lianzhou. In the twenty-first year of the Jiaqing reign it was promoted to the Suibyao Subprefecture. It lay eight hundred seventy li southeast of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred li from east to west and one hundred twenty-six li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-four degrees forty-nine minutes north. It lay four degrees thirty-five minutes west of the capital meridian. To the north was Kunhu Mountain. To the northwest were Zhongliu and Dawu. To the south was Huangdiyuan Mountain, also known as Huanglian Mountain, with five large Yao stockades and twenty-four small Yao stockades within it. The Gaoliang River lay to the south, also called the Dahuo River; its upper course was the Hengshui, which rose at Tiantang Ridge in the northwest, flowed southeast past the south of the subprefecture seat, then bent northeast to join the Maogu River. It passed Jiming Pass into Lianzhou and merged with the Huangshui. The Shangji River also rose at Fenshui Pass west of the subprefecture and flowed southwest to Muqiang Market, where the Bapai Yao River entered from the southeast; bending northwest, it passed Zhongshan Mountain, entered Hexian in Guangxi, and formed a separate headwater of the He River. It had a Yishan patrol station. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Hui-Chao-Jia Circuit intendancy. It lay three hundred ninety li west of the provincial seat. It measured four hundred fifty li from east to west and four hundred li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-four degrees eight minutes north. It lay two degrees thirty-seven minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered one sub-prefecture and nine counties. It had one intendant, stationed at Jieshi Guard city, established in the twenty-first year of the Daoguang reign. The Huizhou commercial port was opened under the Sino-British commercial treaty in the twenty-eighth year of the Guangxu reign. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural seat. To the northeast was Guishan Mountain, also known as Jilong Mountain. To the southeast was Pinghai Mountain. The southeast fronted the sea, with harbors including Xiachong, Jitou, and Aotou. The Dong River lay to the north, also known as the Longjiang; it entered from Heyuan and flowed southwest to the northeast of the prefectural seat. The Xi River rose at Longtoushi Mountain east of the county, joined the Changtang and upper and lower Huai rivers to the southwest, and entered Boluo. Xifeng Lake and Tonghu Lake both channeled water into the Dong River. It had five patrol stations: Neiwai Guan, Pingshan, Pingzheng, Pinghai, and Biji. The Xinle office had been abolished. Designated as administratively busy and fiscally strained. It lay thirty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest was Luofu Mountain. To the northeast was Xiangshan. The Dong River entered from Heyuan and served as the boundary with Guishan along its middle course. It joined the Gongzhuang River, passed south of the county seat, received the Rongxi River on the right, passed Gangwazhou, and entered Dongguan. A branch channel ran northwest to Huangjia Mountain, joined the Luoyang River, passed Shiwan Town, and entered Zengcheng. It had three patrol stations: Shiwan, Shanzheng, and Suzhou. The Mocun courier station had been abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay four hundred li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the north were Yunü Peak and Yunji Mountain. To the northeast was Xuedong Mountain. The Xinfeng River lay to the south, rising at Fenshui Pass in the northwest and bending east to join the Shaluoshan River. One branch flowed east past the county seat; continuing east, it received the Qiangkeng River on the left, passed Matou Market, took in the Mixi, Daxi, and Zhongxin rivers on the left and the Xichang River on the right, passed Lixikou, and at Heyuan entered the Dong River. The Luowen River rose at Songdong Mountain west of the county, reached Laishi Crossing to the northwest, then bent southwest into Yingde to join the Weng River. It had a Zhaping patrol station. Designated a simple post. It lay two hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the southwest was Yuewang Mountain. To the southeast was Nanling. To the south was the Qiuxiang River, also known as Lanxi; it rose at Jigong Ridge east of the county, flowed southwest, joined the Nanshan River, and at Heyuan entered the Dong River. Farther west, the Shenjiang and Yirongjiang followed the same course. The South Qin River rose at Gongkeng Peak, flowed south to Mitian, then turned northeast into Changle. The North Qin River also reached Changle and merged with the South Qin River; their lower course formed the Meijiang. It had two patrol stations: Xunzhi District and Kuanren District. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay three hundred li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east was Longshan. To the northwest was Wupo Ridge. The south fronted the sea. There was the Lijiang, also known as Changsha Port; its upper course was the Longjin River, rising at Lianhua Mountain in the northwest; it joined the Huangjiang River to the southeast, bent south and then west to Lujing Mountain, pooled into Qingcao Bay, merged with the Daye River, passed Dajinlong Mountain, and entered the sea. To the northeast was the Reshui, flowing south past Jiulong Mountain, bending east to form Dade Port; at Lufeng it joined the inner river and entered the sea. To the west was the Fenghe River, which joined the Ebu River to the south to form Xiaomo Port and enter the sea. To the east was Shanwei Market Town, where an assistant magistrate was stationed. It had an Ebu patrol station. The Ping'an courier station had been abolished. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay three hundred fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. It was established in the ninth year of the Yongzheng reign by carving territory from Haifeng County, with its seat at Donghaijiao, and placed under this jurisdiction. To the northeast was Neiyang Mountain. To the south was Hutou Mountain. It fronted the sea. To the north was the inner river, also known as the Luojiang; it rose at Qitou Peak in the northeast and joined the Jishixi. Flowing south past Shitou Mountain, it divided; its branches reached Dade Port and Wugan Port and entered the sea. Farther east, the Caoyang River flowed southeast, bent west to form Huaqing Port, and at Jiazi Port entered the sea. The Shangshaxu River rose at Chiling in the northeast and at Puning joined the Nanxi. It had three patrol stations: Jiazi, Huangshakeng, and Hetian. A Faliu relay station stood west of the county on the road to Haifeng; eastward it was one hundred sixty li to Huilai. It had three salt fields: Shiqiao, Haijia, and Xiaojing. Designated a simple post. It lay four hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east was Huoshan. To the northeast was Longxue, also known as Longchuan Mountain. To the northwest was Ao Mountain. The Longchuan River lay to the east, also known as the He River. Its upper course was the Dingnan River, which entered from Heping. Southeast at Hehekou it met the Dutian River, then flowed southwest to join the Luai Stream, passed southeast of the county seat, and received the Leijiang River from the south. Farther southwest it joined the He Stream, entered Heyuan, and became the Dong River. The Lian Stream also rose from Goose Rock Peak in the northeast, flowed southwest, received the Tongqu River on the right, and entered Changle. It had three patrol stations: Laolong, Tongqu, and Shiyidu. The Leixiang courier station had been abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay four hundred li north of the prefectural seat. To the northeast was Jiulian Mountain. To the south were Gelo and Bishan. The Mixi River rose from Fenshui Pass, flowed southeast, and joined the Yangmeiping River. It also passed south of the subprefectural seat, received the Neiguan and Jiuling rivers, and flowed southeast through Changning into the Xinfeng River. The Dongdaxi River accompanied it. The Zhongxin River also flowed southwest into Heyuan. It had three patrol stations: Zhongxin, Shangping, and Changji. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred fifty-five li north of the prefectural seat. To the west was Guishan. To the east was Guyun. To the northeast was Lanxi Mountain. The Dong River, also known as the Cha River, flowed southwest to Lanzhen Market, received the Lanxi River on the left and the Zengtian River on the right, and farther southwest joined the Kanghe River. Passing southeast of the county seat, it received the Xinfeng River from Changning to the east; southwest it joined the Qiuxiang River and entered Guishan. To the northwest, the Zhongxin River rose from Lianping, flowed southwest past Fengmu Town, joined the Erlonggang River, and at Changning entered the Xinfeng River. East of Crocodile Lake stood the old city of Heyuan, now known as the Lower City. It had a Lankou patrol station. Two courier stations, Yihe and Baojiang, were later abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay four hundred twenty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Ziyun Mountain. To the west was Jiulian Mountain. To the northeast, the Dingnan River entered from Dingnan in Jiangxi, flowed southeast, received the Wuhu River on the right, passed northeast through Jiangkou, turned southeast, and entered Longchuan. The Luai River rose from Sheep Horn Mountain in the northwest, flowed southeast to Heshuikou, was fed from the northeast by the Tangfang River, passed Linzhen Market, and joined the Jiulong River. It turned east to Longchuan and entered the Dingnan River. It had a Lutou patrol station, later abolished. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Hui-Chao-Jia Circuit intendancy. It lay one thousand one hundred eighty-five li west of the provincial capital. It measured two hundred fifty-five li from east to west and three hundred li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-three degrees twenty-seven minutes north. It lay twelve minutes east of the capital meridian. It administered one subprefecture and nine counties. A Huanggang subprefectural magistrate was established in the fifty-seventh year of the Kangxi reign. One subprefect was stationed at Yanbu Town. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. To the east was Han Mountain. To the south was Sangpu Mountain. To the west was Hushan. To the northwest was Haiyang Mountain. The Han River lay to the east, also known as the Yixi River. Its upper course received the Chaohuang River from Fengshun. Passing southeast through Pudou Mountain, it divided into three branches: the main channel flowed southeast as the Dong Stream; The branch issuing northeast was called the Hexi River, formerly known as Crocodile Creek. It turned southeast, passed Qiping Mountain, and at Raoping became the Hou Stream; The branch issuing southwest was called the Xi Stream. It passed southeast of the prefectural seat, received the Baimangzhou River on the right, turned south, was fed by the Beixi River from Jieyang, turned east to join the Dong Stream, and flowed south into Chenghai. One assistant magistrate was stationed at Yanbu Town. It had a Fuyang patrol station. The Fengcheng courier station had been abolished. Designated as fiscally strained and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred ninety li northwest of the prefectural seat. In the third year of the Qianlong reign it was established from Fengshun Town in Haiyang County, with territory taken from Jiaying Subprefecture and the counties of Jieyang and Dapu added, and placed under this prefecture. To the south was Shouniu Mountain, also known as Yunluo Mountain. To the northeast was Tonggu Peak. To the east, the Chaohuang River entered from Dapu, joined the Fengxi River to the southwest, then farther south joined the Jiuhe River, and at Haiyang became the Han River. Farther south was the Tang Stream, also known as the Tangkeng River; its lower course at Jieyang became the Beixi River. It had two patrol stations: Tangkeng and Chaohuang. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred forty li south of the prefectural seat. To the east was Dongshan. To the southeast was Qian'ao. To the northwest was Zeng Mountain, also known as Twin-Peak Mountain. Its north, east, and south sides all fronted the sea. Dongsha Island lay offshore. The Lian River lay to the west. It first received Jieyang's Nanxi River, entering from Puning; south of the county seat it joined the Hou Stream, then flowed southwest through Haimen to the sea. To the northwest, the Houshui River also rose from Jieyang, flowed southeast past Shijing Mountain as the Puqian River, passed Xunhuai Mountain, branched off as the Hou Stream, was channeled into the Lian River, passed Leikou Mountain as the Zhaosha River, turned south, and at Hedumen entered the sea. It had three patrol stations: Zhaoning, Ji'an, and Menpi. It had a Lingshan courier station. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. It lay eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west was Dushan. To the northwest was Jieyang Mountain. Its southeast fronted the sea. To the south, the Nanxi River rose from Ming Mountain west of the county, flowed southeast into Puning, then turned northeast back into the county. To the southwest, the Guxi River flowed north to join it. Winding east past the south of the county seat, it joined a separate branch of the Beixi River, then flowed southeast through Shuangxikou to the sea. The Beixi River rose south of Fengshun, turned east and split to feed the Nanxi River, then flowed northeast to Haiyang to join the Han River. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Mianhu Stockade. It had two patrol stations: Hepo and Beizhai. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay one hundred fifty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Jiujun. To the west was Fenghuang Mountain. To the southeast was Hongluo Mountain. Its south fronted the sea. Offshore lay the bays of Jingzhou, Xinzhou, Fuxun, and Niuxinshi. To the southeast, the Huanggang Stream rose from the northeastern border mountains, turned west and south to Wanghail Ridge, received the Yaoyuan River from the northwest, joined the Feilongjing River to the south, turned southeast to become the Dashi Stream, and at Huanggang Town split and flowed into the sea. To the southwest, the Han River entered from Haiyang, joined the Houshui River, and flowed east into Chenghai. To the southeast stood Huanggang Town Fortress; beyond it to the southeast was Dacheng Stockade Fortress; farther south was Zhelin, which had a Zhelin patrol station. It had two salt fields: Haishan and Dongjie. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay two hundred seventy li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west was Longxi. To the southwest was Dia'ao Mountain. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. To the south lay Shenquan Harbor. Its upper course was the Longjiang Stream, which rose on Nanyang Mountain in the northwest, flowed southeast to join the Kuitan and Meilin waters, wound east past Longjiang Pass, received the Linzhao Stream from the northwest, and emptied east into Shenquan Harbor. The Dongfu and Luchang streams likewise converged there, then turned south to reach the sea. It had two patrol stations: Shenquan and Kuitan. It had the Beishan courier station. It had the Huilai Stockade Salt Field. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred sixty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the west was Yinna Mountain. The Ting River entered from Shanghang in Fujian, also known as the Shenquan River. It flowed southeast past the northeast of the county seat, turned west, and received the Zhangxi Stream flowing eastward from the north. It then passed west beyond Dahe Mountain, turned south to meet the Xiaohe River, continued south to Sanhe Market, and was joined by the Qingyuan River flowing in from the northwest. The river rose in Pinghe, Fujian; its upper source was the Hetou Stream, and it entered Fengshun from the southeast. It had two patrol stations: Sanhe and Baihou. The Wuchai patrol station, one in number, had been abolished. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. It lay sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the fifth year of the Kangxi reign it was abolished and merged into Haiyang County; in the eighth year it was restored. To the north was Guanlong Mountain. To the southwest was Longquan Mountain. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. Offshore lay Feng Isle; below it were Shilang Shoal, Great Laiwu, and Little Laiwu Mountain. To the northwest, the Henglong Stream first received the Dong Stream from Haiyang, then split southwest as the Xingang River and divided into channels reaching the sea. The main channel wound eastward; a southern branch became the Yudai Stream, which reached the sea southeast of the county seat. Farther east it passed Shizi Mountain, joined the Hou Stream of Raoping, and flowed east to Donglong Pass, where it became Donglong Harbor and entered the sea. It had two patrol stations: Zhanglin and Tuopu. Its commercial port, Shantou, was opened under the British Treaty of Tianjin in the eighth year of the Xianfeng reign. It had the Chaozhou Customs House. The Chaoshan Railway passed through. It had the Xiaojiang Salt Field. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south was Tieshan. To the northwest was Guanrenwang Mountain. The Nan Stream entered from Jieyang and split in two: one branch flowed east past Masiyan Mountain and northeast back into Jieyang; the other flowed southwest past Lihu Market as Lihu Lake, turned southeast to meet the Shangshaxu River, passed Wangfu Stone Mountain as Hanpo Path River, turned northeast to form Baihang Lake, then flowed east into Chaoyang as the Lian River. Farther east lay Puning Harbor, also called Tongchao Harbor, which entered Jieyang from the northeast as the Gu Stream. It had the Yunluo Path patrol station. This was Nan'ao Subprefecture. It lay one hundred fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. Its territory had originally formed Nan'ao Garrison. It was divided into four bays. Yun and Qing Bays belonged to Zhao'an in Fujian, while Long and Shen Bays belonged to Raoping in Guangdong. In the tenth year of the Yongzheng reign a deputy prefect for maritime defense was appointed, with Nan'ao Subprefecture as his seat; Shen Bay was then placed under its jurisdiction. To the south was Jinshan. To the southeast was Yungai Mountain. It was surrounded on all sides by the sea. To the north, offshore, lay Layu and Huyu. To the southwest lay Chiyu and Baiyu, whose fields produced salt. It had the Nan'ao patrol station. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Huizhou-Chaozhou-Jiaying Circuit intendancy. Formerly Chengxiang County, it had been subordinate to Chaozhou Prefecture. In the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign it was promoted to Jiaying Prefecture and placed under direct provincial authority. In the twelfth year of the Jiaqing reign it was raised to Jiaying Prefecture, and Chengxiang County was restored as the seat of the prefecture. In the seventeenth year it was again made a directly subordinate prefecture, and Chengxiang County was abolished. It lay one thousand two hundred eighty-two li southwest of the provincial capital. It measured one hundred fifty-seven li from east to west and one hundred fifty-four li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-four degrees twelve minutes north. It lay nineteen minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered four counties. To the east was Baihua. To the southeast was Youyang, also called Jiufeng Mountain. To the northeast was Wangshou Mountain. To the south, the Mei River—also called the Xingning River—flowed northeast past the south of the prefectural seat, received the Cheng River on the left, turned east to meet the Zhouxi Stream, continued northeast to Bingshi, and was joined from the northwest by the Shiku Stream from Zhenping. Farther northeast it joined the Songyuan Stream, turned southeast, passed Pengla Beach, and entered Dapu—this was the Xiaohe River. The deputy prefect was stationed at Songkou. It had two patrol stations: Fengshun and Taiping. It had the Chengxian and Wuning courier stations, both later abolished. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred ten li southwest of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Huizhou Prefecture. In the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign it was placed under this prefecture. To the north was Wuhua Mountain. To the southeast was Songluo Mountain. To the southwest, the Longcun River entered from Yong'an and flowed northeast to Qinkou Township; the Huayang River first received the North Qin River, flowed east to join it, then continued northeast to the Qidu River mouth and met the Qiling River. The river rose in Longchuan as the Lian Stream; in its lower course it was also called the Qing Stream; it then flowed northeast as the Changle River and entered Xingning. It had the Shierdu patrol station. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay seventy li west of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Huizhou Prefecture. In the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign it was placed under this prefecture. To the east was Jilingshan. To the north was Dawang Mountain. On its western slope the Luogang River joined the Longgui and Yangmeizhai waters and flowed southwest as the Dahe River; passing west of the county seat it became the Xi River, also called the Tonghai River, turned southeast to Shuikou Town, where the Changle River from the southwest joined it to form the Xingning River, which then flowed northeast into Jiaying as the Mei River. To the northwest, the Dutian River rose in Changning, Jiangxi, passed southwest through Dutian Station, and entered Longchuan. It had two patrol stations: Shisandu and Shuikou. Designated a simple post. It lay seventy li northwest of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Chaozhou Prefecture. In the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign it was placed under this prefecture. To the northeast were Dingshan and Wuzishi Mountain. To the west was Fengtouzhang. On its eastern slope lay Fenshui Pass, where the Xianqian River rose, flowed southeast, received the Dingshan River on the left, passed Zhuobi Mountain, reached Wuping in Fujian, and joined the Wuping Stream. There was also the Hetou Stream, which rose at Jiuxiang Stockade in the southwest, passed southeast beyond Shizhen Mountain, received the Datuo River flowing east to join it, continued southeast as the Hengliang Stream, met the Changtian River, and entered Zhenping from the east as the Xu Stream. It had the Batou patrol station. Designated a simple post. It lay sixty li north of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Chaozhou Prefecture. In the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign it was placed under this prefecture. To the west was Tieshan Peak. To the east was Dafeng Peak. To the northwest, the Shiku Stream rose in Pingyuan, entered from Wuping in Fujian, joined the Yangzi Mountain water, passed west of the county seat, met the Dongshan Stream, flowed south to Xiaogao Mountain to take in the Xu Stream, and at Jiaying entered the Mei Stream. Farther northeast, the Songyuan Stream rose on Yuhua Peak and likewise reached Jiaying, where it entered the Mei Stream. It had a Luogang patrol station. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It was the seat of the Gaolei-Yang Circuit intendancy. It lay one thousand sixty li northeast of the provincial capital. It measured three hundred fifteen li from east to west and two hundred thirty li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-one degrees forty-nine minutes north. It lay five degrees forty minutes west of the capital meridian. Its jurisdiction comprised one department and five counties. One vice prefect was stationed at Meilu. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. Gaoliang Mountain stood in the northeast, and the department took its name from it. To the east was Dongshan. Its southern border lay along the coast. To the north, the Dou River entered from Xinyi and flowed southeast. It received the Shuangzhe Stream on the left; northeast of the prefectural seat the Jianjiang River flowing west joined it, and it was also known as the Shigu Stream. It turned southwest, passed Nashe Ridge, and entered Huazhou. To the southeast lay the Fushan Stream, also called the Sanqiao River, which rose in Dianbai, flowed southwest to Chiling as the Chiling Stream, and then continued southwest into Wuchuan. It had two patrol stations: Chishui and Pingshan. The Daling courier station had been abolished. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Fushan. To the south was Liantou Mountain; below it lay Liantou Harbor. Farther southwest lay Chishui Harbor. Its southern border lay along the coast. Bohe Isle lay offshore. To the northeast lay the Rudong River, which rose at Fenshui'ao, flowed southwest past Wangfu Mountain as the Wangfu Stream, turned south to meet the Jietou River, and continued south as the Wulan River to reach the sea. There was also the Sanqiao River, which rose on Muli Ridge in the northeast, flowed southwest to Tanru Mountain as the Tanru River, joined the Longzhu River, and entered Maoming from the southwest; its lower course was the Fushan Stream. It had a Shalang patrol station. It had two salt fields: Bomao and Dianmao. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay eighty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east was Longshan. To the northeast was Yunkai. The Xichuan Stream rose on Daren Mountain, flowed southwest past the old Tan'e county seat as the Tan'e River, and at the southwest of the county seat was joined by the Dongchuan Stream. It turned south, passed Luodou Cave as the Dou River, and continued south into Maoming. To the east, the Shuanglong Stream rose in Changchong Hollow, flowed southwest to Guding Market, turned east into Yangchun, and joined the Shuangjiao Stream. Farther northeast, the Shuangchuang Stream rose on Dashui Ridge, flowed south to meet the Tuzhu Stream, turned northeast as the Shiyin Stream, and at Luoding entered the Long Stream. The Huaixiang Stream also rose on Huangpi Ridge in the northeast, joined the Fulong and Shiren streams, turned northwest to meet the Xiang Stream as the Huanghua River, and entered Cenxi in Guangxi. The Jindong Stream also rose on Leigong Ridge north of the county and, flowing northwest to Rong County in Guangxi, became the Weilong River. It had a Huaixiang patrol station. Designated a simple post. It lay ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north was Fuliang Mountain. To the northeast was Longwang, also known as Laian Mountain. The Maoming Stream lay in the northeast, namely the Dou River. Farther northeast was the Ling Stream, which rose in Guangxi and flowed north to enter the county; turning southwest to Hejiang Market, it was joined by the Luo Stream from the Lu Stream, and their combined flow was called the Luo River, also known as the Ling-Luo Stream. It turned southeast, passed north of the department seat to join the Dou River, then flowed southeast as the Pingyuan River and entered Wuchuan. It had a Liangjiasha patrol station. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north was Lishan. To the northwest was Tesi Mountain. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. To the south lay Lijian Pass, reaching Naozhou; farther southwest to Tongming Harbor, known as Guangzhou Bay. In the twenty-fifth year of the Guangxu reign it passed to France on lease. The Wuchuan Stream lay in the northeast, also known as the Wu River; entering from Huazhou, it flowed southeast past Sanjiang Ridge, where the Fushan Stream flowing west joined it. It turned southwest as the Mumian River, joined the Pingcheng River, and divided into branches reaching Xianmen Harbor to enter the sea. Shimen Harbor rose from the Shicheng Dongqiao Stream, flowed southeast, received the Shanjiao Stream from the northeast, and farther southeast entered the sea at Maxie. It had a Tangzhui patrol station. It had one salt field, named Maohui. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the north was Xiejian Mountain. To the southwest was Fufu Mountain, along the coast. To the west ran the Nanlian River, also called the Wu River, which entered from Luchuan in Guangxi, flowed southwest to Shijiao Market as the Shijiao Stream, then farther southwest joined the Wuling River as the Hejiang River, with the Qingrong Stream flowing west to join it. Farther southwest it became the Jiuzhou River; the He Stream from the northwest fed it, and at Liyu Pool it entered the sea. Farther west, the Ximi River rose in Bobai, Guangxi, wound south as Yingluo Harbor, and entered the sea. Farther east, the Dongqiao Stream rose on Jitou Ridge, flowed southeast past Liangjiatan, entered Wuchuan, and formed Shimen Harbor. It had a Linglu patrol station. The Xi'an courier station had been abolished. Designated a simple post. It was subordinate to the Gaolei-Yang Circuit intendancy. It lay one thousand five hundred ten li southeast of the provincial capital. It measured ninety-five li from east to west and two hundred twenty-nine li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty degrees forty-nine minutes north. It lay six degrees twenty-eight minutes west of the capital meridian. Its jurisdiction comprised three counties. The prefecture's territory thrust into the sea in the shape of a peninsula. To the east lay Guangzhou Bay, to the west the Gulf of Tonkin, and to the south the Qiongzhou Strait. One subprefect had been stationed at Haian Garrison City, but the post was later abolished. Designated as fiscally strained. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. To the west was Bopao Mountain. To the south was Qinglei Mountain. Its eastern and western borders lay along the coast. Beili Port, Xin Port, and other islets lay in the Eastern Sea. To the northwest, the Nandu Stream rose at Bozheng Village, flowed southeast, turned north, and a western branch became the Dongting Stream and gathered into a lake. It turned east, passed south of the county seat, and another branch became the Dadu River, which flowed north through Suixi to reach the sea. Farther southeast it became Shuangxi Harbor; the Qinglei Stream from the southwest fed it, and it then flowed northeast into the sea. It had a Qingdao patrol station. The Leiyang courier station had been abolished. The Wulang Salt Field had been abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred eighty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east was Shimen Ridge; below it lay Shimen Harbor; its eastern and western borders lay along the coast. Dongshan Island lies in the sea, also known as Zhan River Island; Fenliu Port lies off its north shore, and Tongming Port lies to the west. To the northwest is the Xixi River, which rises at Fenjie Village, flows southeast to join the Dongxi River, bends east past the south of the county seat, and then turns northeast through Shimen Port to reach the sea. The Chengyue River also rises from Luogang Ridge in the southwest, bends south and then east as Kuzu Port, and enters the sea. The Niubi River likewise rises from Luogang Ridge, winds west as Lemin Port, and enters the sea. At Yanggan Market, the assistant magistrate was stationed. There was the abolished Zhan River patrol station. The Chengyue courier station was abolished. Two salt fields, Diaolou and Can Village, were abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the west was Guantou Ridge. Its eastern, western, and southern sides all bordered the sea. To the north, the Yuxian River rises from Shiwan Ridge, meets the Qingtong Port River, then turns west to join the Lianbin River, forming Liusha Port before entering the sea. Farther east, the Dashui Stream rises from Longchuang Ridge in the northeast, joins the Huluzi Stream to the southwest, flows southwest as Haian Port, and enters the sea. There were two patrol stations: Ninghai and Dongchang. There was also the Xinxing Salt Field, which was later abolished. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Gaolei-Yang Circuit intendancy. It had formerly been Yangjiang County, subordinate to Zhaoqing Prefecture. In the fifth year of the Tongzhi reign it was promoted to a directly subordinate subprefecture. In the thirty-second year of the Guangxu reign it was changed to a directly subordinate prefecture. It lay seven hundred thirty li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred thirty li across and one hundred fifteen li from north to south. Its latitude was 21°52' north. It stood 4°30' west of the capital in longitude. It administered two counties. To the north was Beigan Mountain. To the southeast was Beijin Mountain. There was also Hailang, also known as Zhenhai Mountain. The south bordered the sea. Hailing Mountain stood in the sea. To the west, the Moyang River entered from Yangchun and took in the Lunshui River on the left; flowing southeast to Hekou Market, it received the Eighth River on the left, then branched right as the West River before turning southeast to the south of the prefectural seat as the E River, also known as the En River. It received the Nalong River on the left, forming Beijin Port; the West River came from the southwest to join it, passed southeast by Hutou Mountain, and entered the sea. The Ziluo River rose from Ziluo Mountain; its lower course formed Sanya Port and entered the sea. The Powei River rose from Luowang Peak and joined the Zhigaang River. Farther southeast it became Fengtou Port, which also entered the sea. To the southwest was also Shuangyu Port. There was also Beie Port, whose upper source was the Wangfu River. There were the Taiping and Nalong patrol stations, both later abolished. There were the Taiping and Liantang courier stations, which were also abolished. There was one salt field, called Shuang'en. Designated as strategically critical and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred seventy li northwest of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Zhaoqing Prefecture. In the thirty-second year of the Guangxu reign it came under the prefecture's jurisdiction. To the southeast was Shemu. To the northeast was Tongshi. To the west, the Moyang River rose from Yunfu Mountain north of the county as Yunfu Water, flowed southeast to join Yunlin Water, bent southwest, took in Luofeng Water on the left and Boxue Water on the right, and reached the northwest of the county seat, where Beilong Water flowing west joined it before the stream turned southeast into Yangjiang. Farther west, the Shuangjiao River rose from Dong'an, joined Shuanglong Water to the south, then bent south and east; Machen Water came from the southwest to join it, passed east by Guliang Town, bent northeast, and merged with the Moyang River. There were two patrol stations: Guliang and Huangniwan. The Le'an courier station was abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred fifty-one li northeast of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Zhaoqing Prefecture. In the thirty-second year of the Guangxu reign it came under the prefecture's jurisdiction. Shishen Mountain stood to the north, also known as Ao Mountain. Long'e Mountain stood to the southwest. To the south was the Enping River, also called Jin Water; its upper source was Cendong Water, which rose from Shuangxue in the northwest, ran southeast to Pingcheng Mountain, and there received the Junzi River flowing east. Farther east it joined Hengcha Water, bent northeast, took in Niugang Water on the left and Jinji Water on the right, and then flowed east into Kaiping. Farther southeast, Changtang Water likewise reached Kaiping and joined the Enping River. Also to the southwest was Naji Water, which flowed south to Yangjiang; its lower course was the Nalong River. Designated as administratively busy and geographically difficult. It was subordinate to the Lian-Qin Circuit intendancy. It initially followed the Ming arrangement. It administered one prefecture and two counties. In the fourteenth year of the Guangxu reign, Qinzhou was placed under direct provincial authority. It lay one thousand eight hundred li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred sixty li across and two hundred twenty-six li from north to south. Its latitude was 21°24' north. It stood 7°19' west of the capital in longitude. It administered two counties. Designated as fiscally strained. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. To the northeast stood Dalian Mountain, from which the prefecture took its name. Farther north was Wuhuang Mountain. To the south was Guantou Ridge. The southeast bordered the sea. In the sea lay a pearl pool known as the Pearl Sea. Weizhou and Sheyang Isle also lay in the sea. To the north was the Lian River, also called the Ximen River, which entered from Bobai in Guangxi, wound west, received Xiaojiang Water on the right, then turned west to join the Zhanghuang River and bent southwest as the Luocheng River. The Wuli River came from the northeast to join it; reaching the northwest of the prefectural seat it merged with the Hongchao River, then divided to the southwest and flowed into the sea. Also to the northeast, the Qitong River entered from Xingye in Guangxi, took in the Liuyan River on the left, then turned northwest into Guixian in Guangxi, where it was called the Wusi River. At Yong'an Stockade City, the assistant magistrate was stationed. There were four patrol stations: Zhuchang, Gaoyang, Weizhou, and Yongping. There was the Beihai Commercial Tax Office. A commercial port was opened there under the Chefoo Convention in the second year of the Guangxu reign. The Huanzhu courier station was abolished. Designated a simple post. It lay one hundred eighty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the north was Hongya Mountain. To the west was Liufeng Mountain. To the southwest was Linzhi Mountain. To the south was the Luming River, also called the South Bank Great River, which rose from Luoyang Mountain east of the county, flowed southwest to Qinzhou, and there became the Qin River. To the northwest, the Naliang River rose from Naliang Mountain, flowed south past Taiping Market as the Taiping River, then turned northeast into Hengzhou in Guangxi, where it was called the Pingtang River. The Huanggan River also rose from Yingxiong Mountain in the northwest and likewise flowed northeast into Yongchun in Guangxi, where it was called the Qiufeng River. There was the Xixiang patrol station. The Taiping courier station was abolished. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It was the seat of the Lian-Qin Circuit intendancy. It initially followed the Ming arrangement and was subordinate to Lianzhou Prefecture. In the fourteenth year of the Guangxu reign, Qinzhou was raised to a directly subordinate prefecture. The Linxu patrol station was taken from Lingshan County and placed under its jurisdiction, and the Fangcheng and Ruxi patrol stations were split off to form Fangcheng County, which was then made subordinate to it. It lay one thousand nine hundred li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured two hundred twenty-four li from east to west and one hundred ninety-five li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty-one degrees fifty-five minutes north. It lay seven degrees fifty minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered one county. To the north was Tongyu Mountain. To the southeast was Wulei Ridge, below which lay Wulei Harbor. Its southern border lay along the coast. Offshore lay Yashan, Longmen, and other islands. To the east, the Qin River entered from Lingshan and wound southwest to the south of the prefectural seat, where it split in two; farther southwest the waters gathered into Maowei Sea, then bent southeast, passed Longmen, and entered the sea. To the north, the Nameng River rose at Gaotang Ridge in Lingshan and flowed southwest, receiving the Changtan River on the right. At Sanmen Shoals the Dasi River entered from the west to join it; farther south it became the Yuhong River, and still farther southeast it merged with the Qin River. The Zhuanling River also rose in Lingshan. Flowing southwest to Pingyin Ford it was called the Pingyin River; bending southeast it joined the Danzhu River, flowed south as Daguan Harbor, and entered the sea. The Nachen River rose at Xixin Ridge in the northwest. Flowing northeast to Nachen Market it was called the Nachen River; flowing northeast again it reentered Xuanhua and became the Bachi River. It had three patrol stations: Yanhai, Linxu, and Changdun. The Nachen patrol station had been abolished. Designated as strategically critical, administratively busy, and geographically difficult. It lay one hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. The Shiwandashan Mountains lay in the northwest. Bailong Mountain lay in the southwest. The mountain's foot jutted straight into the sea. Formerly under Vietnamese jurisdiction, it came under Qing authority in the thirteenth year of the Guangxu reign. Farther southwest, Fenmao Ridge formed the boundary with Vietnam. Its southern border lay along the coast. The Fangcheng River rose at Renbin Mountain in the northwest and flowed southeast, receiving the Huashi River on the right. It passed south of the county seat, went by the Shiguitou defense post, and entered the sea. To the north, the Dazhi River rose at Hubaopass and flowed south to join the Maizhu River. Farther southeast it passed Shizi Ridge, where the Naliang River, flowing northeast, joined it. Farther east it became the Fenghuang River; farther southeast it merged with the Yuhong River and reached Qinzhou before entering the sea. Farther west, the Tanhong River rose at Damian Mountain, flowed southeast past Tongpi Mountain as Tanhong Harbor, and entered the sea. The Beilun River had its upper source in the Wanyi River, which rose at Kaobang Ridge. Flowing northeast to the Beilun defense post, it bent south as the Jialong River entered from the southwest to join it. Its south bank marked the border with Vietnam. Farther east it joined the Naliang River, ran along the northern border of Vietnam's Haining Prefecture, and entered the sea. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Dongxing. It had two patrol stations: Ruxi and Yongping. Designated as administratively busy, fiscally strained, and geographically difficult. It was the seat of the Qiong-Ya Circuit intendancy. It lay one thousand eight hundred ten li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured one hundred fifty-two li from east to west and two hundred ten li from north to south. Its latitude was twenty degrees one minute north. It lay six degrees five minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered one department and seven counties. The prefectural seat and Yazhou lay in the South Sea on what was called Hainan Island, with Wuzhi Mountain running through it across several districts. The area south of the mountain was subordinate to Yazhou, and the area north of the mountain to the prefecture. Around the mountains lived the raw Li; beyond them the naturalized Li; and beyond those again lay the various prefectures and counties. The mountain valleys were deep and hard to traverse, and Li and Qi raiders came and went to plague the region. In the fifteenth year of the Guangxu reign, Governor-General Zhang Zhidong first opened twelve main roads through Wuzhi Mountain: three on the east, three on the west, and one each for the south, north, southeast, northeast, southwest, and northwest. What had been a remote and wild frontier was opened into level roads, and people welcomed the improvement. Qiongzhou was a commercial port opened under the British Treaty of Tientsin in the eighth year of the Xianfeng reign. It had the Qiong Customs. Designated as administratively busy. Its seat was attached to the prefectural capital. To the south was Qiongshan Mountain, from which the county took its name. Its northern border lay along the coast. Off the southwestern coast, the Baishi River was the Jian River. Entering from Chengmai, it bent north and then east into Ding'an. Farther north it entered the county's southeast as the Nandu River; still farther north it became the Beisha River, bent northwest to Baishamen, and entered the sea. An assistant magistrate was stationed at Haikou Garrison City. It had a Shuiwei patrol station. It had the Gan'en Salt Works. Designated a simple post. It lay sixty li west of the prefectural seat. Maishan Mountain lay to the south. Its northern border lay along the coast. To the southwest, the Jian River, also called the Xin'an River, entered from Lingao, flowed southeast past Limu Ridge, received Xintian Stream on the right, and entered Qiongshan. The Cheng River rose at Duzhu Ridge in the southeast, flowed northwest to the west of the county seat, joined the Jiuqu River, then farther west became Dongshui Harbor and entered the sea. The upper source of the Shaoyang River was the Nangun Spring. Flowing north it joined the Shadi River, passed Shijie Ridge as Shijie Harbor, and entered the sea. It had a Chengmai patrol station. Designated a simple post. It lay eighty li south of the prefectural seat. In the southwest stood Wuzhi Mountain, also called Limu Mountain. Stretching eastward it became Guangluo Ridge. Farther east was Nanlu Ridge, whence the Nanyuan Stream issued. To the north, the Jian River entered from Qiongshan, flowed east and joined the Nanyuan Stream, and passed northeast of the county seat. Tanlan Stream and Xianke Stream entered from the north to join it, then flowed northeast into Qiongshan as the Nandu River. In the southwest was the Wanquan River, rising at Nannao Cave. Flowing southeast, it entered Lehui. It had a Taiping patrol station. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay one hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north was Yuyang. To the south was Zibei Mountain. Its northeastern border lay along the coast. Offshore lay Fushan Mountain, below which was Fenzhou Sea. To the south, the Wenchang Stream rose at Baiyu Ridge in the west of the county, flowed southeast, received Baishi Stream and Baimang Stream on the right, bent east, and was joined by Pingchang Stream entering from the northwest. Farther south it became Qinglan Harbor and entered the sea. Farther south, the Baiyan Stream rose at Bajiao Mountain, flowed southeast as Changqi Harbor, and entered the sea. Farther north, the Sanjiang River, also called the Luohan Stream, rose at Baohu Ridge, flowed northwest as Puqian Harbor, and entered the sea. It had two patrol stations: Puqian and Qinglan. It had the Lehui Salt Works. Designated a simple post. It lay two hundred ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the east was Duoyi Ridge, along the coast. To the west, the Longjiao Stream rose at Xiya Ridge, flowed southeast to Jiaji Market as the Jiaji Stream, where the Lipen Stream flowing west joined it. Farther southeast it became the Wuwan Stream and entered Lehui. Designated a simple post. It lay three hundred thirty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the west was Baishi Ridge. To the southwest was Zongheng Ridge. Its eastern border lay along the coast. To the west, the Wanquan River entered from Ding'an, wound eastward, bent north, and joined Taiping Water. Farther southeast it joined the Wuwan River, passed Longmo Mountain, split to encircle the county seat and then rejoined, flowed east past Lianhua Peak, bent southeast as Bo'ao Harbor, and entered the sea. The Liuma River rose at Longyan Ridge in the southwest, flowed southeast into Wan County, and joined the Longgun River. Farther northeast it reentered the county and became the Jialian River. Farther northeast it became the Jiuqu River and received Liantang Stream. Farther northeast it joined the Wanquan River and entered the sea. Designated as fiscally strained. It lay one hundred eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south was Napen Ridge. To the west was Piye Mountain. Its northern border lay along the coast. To the south, the Great River—also the Jian River—entered from Danzhou and flowed north to Yaobei Ridge; a western branch became the County Front River, turned northeast to Wenlan Village, and was called the Wenlan River. The Toutan River flowed north to merge with it; the combined stream was also known as the Ying'en River. Farther north it became Bopu Harbor and emptied into the sea. Its main channel passed northeast through Baishi Ridge into Chengmai, where a Heshe patrol station was stationed. It had the Maniao salt field. A strategic approach to Danzhou. It lay three hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. Dan'er Mountain stood to the north, also known as Songlin Mountain and as Teng Mountain. Its northwestern border lay along the coast. Lion Mountain stood in the sea. To the southeast ran the Jian River, also called the Limu River; flowing northwest through Longtou Ridge, it split in two—the eastern branch, called the Great River, entered Lingao to the northeast; the western branch was the North Gate River, also known as the Lun River; it flowed northwest to the northeast of the prefectural seat, turned west to form Xinying Harbor, received the Xinchang River from the southeast, and then emptied southwest into the sea. To the northeast was the Rongqiao River and to the southwest the Shagou River; both flowed northwest into the sea. It had a Bosha patrol station. The Zhennan office had been abolished. Its salt field was called Lanxin. Designated as strategically critical and administratively busy. It was subordinate to the Qiong-Ya Circuit intendancy. Yazhou had formerly been subordinate to Qiongzhou Prefecture. In the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign, it was raised to a directly subordinate prefecture. It lay two thousand six hundred eighty li northeast of the provincial seat. It measured two hundred forty-two li in width and one hundred seventy-five li in length. Its latitude was eighteen degrees twenty-seven minutes north. It lay seven degrees thirty-six minutes west of the capital meridian. It administered four counties. To the east was Huifeng Ridge. To the southwest was Chengdao Mountain, also known as Chengya Mountain. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. To the northeast, the Anyuan River entered from Lingshui and flowed southwest to Langyong Ridge, where it split in two—one branch ran southwest to Dadan Village and entered the sea; the other flowed northwest as the Baoyang River, passed north of the prefectural seat, turned south to form Baoping Harbor, and entered the harbor. To the north, the Le'an River passed southwest through Duogang Ridge, turned northwest, and entered Gan'en. To the east, the Duoyin River—also called the Linchuan River—rose in the Li stockades, flowed southeast to merge with the Sanya River, then continued southeast as Yulin Harbor and entered the sea. It had two patrol stations: Le'an and Yongning. Its salt field was called Linchuan. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay one hundred ninety-five li northwest of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Qiongzhou Prefecture. In the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign it was placed under Yazhou's jurisdiction. To the east was Daya Mountain. To the northeast was Jiulong Mountain. Its western border lay along the coast. To the southeast, the Long River rose at Lesser Limu Mountain and flowed southwest; a branch became the Gan'en River, wound west to the north of the county seat as County Gate Harbor, and entered the sea. Its main channel passed northwest through Beili Market to form Beili Harbor, then emptied southwest into the sea. The Le'an River rose within the prefecture, flowed northwest, and entered Changhua. Designated a simple post. It lay three hundred sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Qiongzhou Prefecture. In the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign it was placed under Yazhou's jurisdiction. To the northeast was Junling Mountain. To the southeast was Jiufeng Mountain. Its northwestern border lay along the coast. To the south, the Chang River—also the Le'an River—entered from Gan'en to the southeast of the county seat and split in two: the southwestern branch was the Nanya River and the northern branch the North River; both emptied into the sea. The Anhai River also rose at Gesong Ridge in the northeast, flowed northwest to Danzhou, and entered the sea. Designated as geographically difficult. It lay two hundred ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. It had formerly been subordinate to Qiongzhou Prefecture. In the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign it was placed under Yazhou's jurisdiction. To the west was Duxiu Mountain. To the south was Duoyun Ridge. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. In the sea stood Jiashe Isle and Shuangnv Isle. To the northwest, the Dahe River rose at Qizhi Ridge, passed southeast through Boji Ridge, turned south to form Tongqi Harbor, and then flowed east into the sea. Farther south, the Qingshuitang River rose at Langya Village in the northwest and flowed southeast to the west of the county seat; a branch became the Bijia Mountain River, merged with the Dahe River, and pooled to form Zaozai Harbor. It turned southwest to Xincun Harbor mouth and entered the sea. It had a Baoting patrol station. Designated as strategically critical and administratively busy. It lay three hundred seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. Wanzhou had formerly been subordinate to Qiongzhou Prefecture; in the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign it was downgraded to a county and placed under Yazhou's jurisdiction. To the east was East Mountain. To the north was Liulian Ridge. Its southeastern border lay along the coast. In the sea stood Duzhou Mountain, with the Duzhou Sea below it. To the northwest, the Longgun River rose at Zongheng stockade, turned south and east to merge with the Liuma River, flowed northeast into Lehui, turned southeast, and re-entered the county from the north. An eastern branch became Liantang Creek, turned north to Lehui, and merged with the Wanquan River. Its main channel passed southeast through Lianqi Ridge and emptied into the sea. The Dufeng River also rose at Zongheng stockade, flowed southeast, and split into four branches—Hele Harbor, Gangbei Harbor, Shigou Stream, and the Jinxian River—which reached the northeast of the county seat and entered the sea. Farther south, the Tirong River rose at Zhegu Mountain in the northwest, flowed southeast to Shoutian Village where it divided, merged with the Shigui River, and emptied southeast into the sea. It had a Longgun patrol station. It had one salt field, called Xin'an.