Volume 76 Treatises 51: Geography 23, Xin Jiang

志五十一

Treatise 51

地理二十三

Geography 23

新疆

Xinjiang

新疆：古雍州域外西戎之地。漢武帝設西域都護，天山以南，城郭三十六國皆屬焉。天山以北，東匈奴右部，西烏孫，未嘗服屬。後漢，山北如故，山南分五十餘國，于闐、龜茲最著。自建武迄延光，三絕三通，設都護及長史治之。三國及晉，北為烏孫及鮮卑西部，南為于闐、龜茲諸國。北魏，柔然、烏孫、悅般、高車盡有山北地；後周，突厥、鐵勒據之。其南以鄯善為強。唐於西州置北庭大都護府，統沙陀、突厥、回鶻、西突厥，北部諸都督府。於龜茲置安西大都護府，統龜茲、于闐、疏勒、碎葉四鎮，濛池、昆陵等都護。中葉後，為吐蕃所有。五代並於吐蕃、回鶻。宋時烏孫、回鶻居山北，于闐、龜茲諸國入於遼。元置三行尚書省，蔥嶺以東屬巴什伯里行尚書省。尋增天山南、北宣慰司，北則巴什伯里，南則哈喇和卓，後為都哩特穆爾地。明，四衛拉特居北部，曰綽羅斯、曰杜爾伯特、曰和碩特、曰輝特。其南部則巴什伯里、葉爾羌、吐魯番諸國，回部派噶木巴爾諸族居之。順治四年，哈密內屬，吐魯番亦入貢，惟四衛拉特仍據其地。準噶爾即綽羅斯部。數侵喀爾喀，聖祖三臨朔漠征之，噶爾丹走死。其兄子策妄阿拉布坦遁伊犁，傳子及孫，從孫達瓦齊奪其位。乾隆十九年，杜爾伯特、和碩特、輝特先後來歸。二十年，執達瓦齊，準噶爾平。二十二年，以阿睦爾撒納叛，霍集占附之，再出師。二十三年，克庫車、沙雅爾、阿克蘇、烏什諸城；明年，收和闐、喀什噶爾、葉爾羌諸城，二酋走死，回部亦平。二十七年，設伊犁總統將軍及都統、參贊、辦事、協辦、領隊諸大臣，分駐各城，並設阿奇木伯克理回務。秩三品至七品。光緒十年裁，改設頭目，以六品為限。同治三年，安集延酋阿古柏作亂，陝回白彥虎應之。光緒八年，全部蕩平。九年，建行省，置巡撫及布政使司，以分巡鎮迪道兼理按察使銜，改甘肅迪化州及鎮西、哈密、吐魯番三廳來隸。迪化尋升府，建省治。又改阿克蘇為溫宿直隸州，喀喇沙爾、庫車、烏什、英吉沙爾並為廳，置分巡阿克蘇道轄之；喀什噶爾為疏勒、葉爾羌為莎車直隸州，英吉沙爾、瑪喇巴什為廳，及和闐直隸州，置喀喇噶爾兵備道轄之；庫爾喀喇烏蘇為直隸廳，轄於鎮迪道；又改伊犁為府，精河、塔爾巴哈台為廳，置分巡伊塔道轄之。二十四年，升喀喇沙爾為焉耆府。二十八年，改庫車廳為直隸州，疏勒、莎車、溫宿三直隸州並為府，又改瑪喇巴什廳為巴楚州，隸莎車府。凡領府六，直隸廳八，直隸州二，廳一，州一，縣二十一。宣統三年，編戶四十五萬三千四百七十七，口二百六萬九千一百六十五。東界外蒙古喀爾喀扎薩克圖汗部；西界俄羅斯；南界西藏；北界阿爾泰山；東南界甘肅、青海；西南界帕米爾；東北界科布多；西北界俄羅斯。廣七千四百里，袤三千七百里。東北距京師，由南路八千六百八十九里，由北路八千五百七十六里。北極高三十四度至四十九度有奇。京師偏西二十一度至四十三度。其名山：蔥嶺、崑崙、天山、博克達。其巨川：塔里木、葉爾羌、和闐、伊犁諸河。其道路：天山南、北。電線：由迪化東南通蘭州，西北通伊犁，西南通喀什噶爾。

Xinjiang: in ancient times this was the territory of the western Rong peoples outside the domain of Yong Province. When Emperor Wu of Han set up the Protectorate of the Western Regions, every one of the thirty-six walled states south of the Tianshan came under its authority. North of the Tianshan lay the eastern Xiongnu's Right Wing in the east and the Wusun in the west—peoples that had never acknowledged Chinese overlordship. Under the Later Han the situation north of the mountains was unchanged, while south of them the region was split among more than fifty states, of which Yutian and Kucha were the most notable. Between the Jianwu and Yanguang reigns contact was severed three times and restored three times; Protectors-General and Chief Clerks were repeatedly installed to administer the region. During the Three Kingdoms and Jin, the north belonged to the Wusun and the western Xianbei, and the south to Yutian, Kucha, and their neighboring states. Under the Northern Wei the Rouran, Wusun, Yueban, and Gaoche each in turn controlled the country north of the mountains; and under the Later Zhou the Turks and Tiele held it. South of the mountains Shanshan became the dominant power. The Tang established the Beiting Protectorate-General at Xizhou to oversee the Shatuo, Turks, Uyghurs, Western Turks, and the northern frontier commanderies. At Kucha they set up the Anxi Protectorate-General, which controlled the Four Garrisons of Kucha, Yutian, Shule, and Suyab, together with the Mengchi and Kunling protectorates. From the mid-Tang onward the region fell under Tibetan control. During the Five Dynasties it was divided between Tibet and the Uyghurs. Under the Song the Wusun and Uyghurs lived north of the mountains, while Yutian, Kucha, and the other states passed under Liao influence. The Yuan created three Branch Secretariats; the country east of the Pamirs was assigned to the Bashibali Branch Secretariat. Pacification Commissions were soon added for the regions south and north of the Tianshan—Bashibali in the north and Khara Khoja in the south—later known as the territory of Dulatmur. In the Ming four Oirat confederations occupied the north, known as the Choros, Derbet, Khoshut, and Khoit. The south was held by Bashibali, Yarkand, Turfan, and other states, home to the Qaghan Bar lineages of the Muslim communities. In Shunzhi 4 Hami came within the empire and Turfan began paying tribute, yet the four Oirat confederations still held the northern territories. The Dzungars were the Choros branch of the Oirat. They raided Khalkha again and again until the Kangxi Emperor led three campaigns into the northern steppe; Galdan fled and died in defeat. His nephew Tsewang Arabtan escaped to Ili and passed rule to his son and grandson until a collateral kinsman, Dawachi, usurped the khanate. In Qianlong 19 the Derbet, Khoshut, and Khoit tribes submitted one after another. In Qianlong 20 Dawachi was taken prisoner and the Dzungar threat was ended. In Qianlong 22 Amursana rebelled with Khoja Jahan at his side, and the court launched another campaign. In Qianlong 23 Kucha, Xayar, Aksu, Ush, and other cities fell; the following year Khotan, Kashgar, Yarkand, and the remaining strongholds were secured; both rebel leaders fled to their deaths, and the Muslim districts were pacified as well. In Qianlong 27 an Ili General-in-Chief was appointed together with garrison commanders, councilors, affairs commissioners, assistants, and brigade leaders posted to the major cities, while Akim begs were installed to administer Muslim affairs. Their ranks ranged from third to seventh grade. In Guangxu 10 the office was abolished and local headmen were appointed, none above sixth grade. In Tongzhi 3 the Andijan leader Yaqub Beg rose in revolt, aided by the Shaanxi Muslim Bai Yanhu. By Guangxu 8 the entire region had been recovered. In Guangxu 9 the territory was organized as a province with a governor and provincial administration commissioner; the Zhendi circuit intendant also held the acting surveillance commissioner title; Dihua Prefecture in Gansu and the subprefectures of Zhenxi, Hami, and Turfan were placed under the new province. Dihua was soon elevated to a prefecture and established as the provincial capital. Aksu was reorganized as Wensu Direct-Controlled Prefecture, while Karashahr, Kucha, Ush, and Yengisar became subprefectures under a newly created Aksu circuit intendant; Kashgar and Yarkand were made the direct-controlled prefectures of Shule and Shache; Yengisar and Maralbeshi were made subprefectures; Khotan became a direct-controlled prefecture; and a Kashgar military-defense circuit was created to oversee them; Kur Kara Usu was established as a direct-controlled subprefecture under the Zhendi circuit; Ili was made a prefecture, Jinghe and Tarbagatai subprefectures, and an Yita circuit intendant was appointed to govern them. In Guangxu 24 Karashahr was elevated to Yanqi Prefecture. In Guangxu 28 the Kucha subprefecture was made a direct-controlled prefecture; Shule, Shache, and Wensu were all promoted to full prefectures; Maralbeshi was reorganized as Bachu Prefecture under Shache. The province altogether comprised six prefectures, eight direct-controlled subprefectures, two direct-controlled prefectures, one subprefecture, one department, and twenty-one counties. In Xuantong 3 there were 453,477 registered households and a population of 2,069,165. To the east it bordered the Khalkha Zasaghtu Khan banner of Outer Mongolia; On the west it borders Russia; On the south it borders Tibet; On the north it borders the Altai Mountains; On the southeast it borders Gansu and Qinghai; On the southwest it borders the Pamirs; On the northeast it borders Kobdo; and to the northwest Russia again. It spans 7,400 li from east to west and 3,700 li from north to south. From its northeastern corner to the capital is 8,689 li by the southern road and 8,576 li by the northern road. Its northern latitude ranges from 34° to just over 49°. It lies 21° to 43° west of Beijing. Notable mountains include the Pamirs, Kunlun, Tianshan, and Bogda. Major rivers include the Tarim, Yarkand, Khotan, Ili, and their tributaries. Roads run along both the southern and northern slopes of the Tianshan. Telegraph lines run from Dihua southeast to Lanzhou, northwest to Ili, and southwest to Kashgar.

迪化府：，沖，繁，難。巡撫、布政使、提學使、鎮迪道兼提法司銜、副將同駐。漢，卑陸等十三國地，兼有匈奴屬地及烏孫東境。後漢初，郁立師、單桓、烏貪訾離為車師所滅，後復立，時稱車師六國。三國時，東西且彌、單桓、卑陸、蒲類、烏貪，並屬車師後部。晉屬鐵勒，亦曰高車。初屬蠕蠕。北魏時，大破蠕蠕。後周屬突厥。隋大業中，西突厥始大，鐵勒諸部皆臣之。唐貞觀時內屬。及滅高昌，置庭州。又置瑤池都督府及馮洛州各都督府，統於安西大都護府。武后時，改隸北庭大都護府。開元初，置北庭節度使。貞元後，其地屬吐蕃，又屬西州回鶻。宋為高昌北庭，臣服於遼。南宋屬西遼。元太祖時，稱回鶻別失八里。元末，猛可鐵木兒據之，為瓦剌國。至明正統中為乜先。嘉靖間，分為四衛拉特，為瓦剌之轉音。居烏魯木齊者為和碩特部。後為準噶爾台吉游牧地。乾隆二十年，平準噶爾，始內屬，改名烏魯木齊，築土城。二十五年，設同知。二十八年，築新城於其北，名迪化。三十六年，設參贊大臣、理事、通判。明年，於迪化西八里築滿城，名曰鞏寧。三十八年，改參贊為都統，設領隊大臣，駐鞏寧。三十八年，升直隸州，隸甘肅布政司。光緒九年，建行省，十二年，升府來隸。廣一千四百里，袤五百二十里。北極高四十三度二十七分。京師偏西二十七度五十六分。領縣六。光緒七年與俄立約，定為商埠。迪化沖，繁，難。倚。光緒十二年置。天山自西來，橫亙境南。西南：雅馬拉克山，綿延二百里。東北：達坂城嶺。東南：哈拉巴爾噶遜山。烏魯木齊河出南山，二源：東南曰庫爾齊勒河，西曰阿拉塔濟河，合北流，經城西，又北，名老龍河。頭屯河自昌吉入，東北流入境，瀦為八段、馬廠二湖，溢出，北流，與西支合，為兩縣交界處，三屯河自昌吉北來注之。復東北流，合老龍河，北經沙漠，入古爾班托羅海。廟兒溝、羊圈溝、大東溝、小東溝諸水，均出縣東南，分流，南入吐魯番。達坂城水，源出阜康博克達山天馬峰，入縣境，南流，合大銅溝、華樹林、方家溝、白家溝諸水，經達坂城卡倫入吐魯番。東南：鄂門泊、達布遜泊。北：大戈璧，廣五百里，長三百里。卡倫七。台八。驛四：鞏寧、柴俄堡、達坂城、黑溝。有回庄六十七。阜康沖，繁，難。府東北一百三十里。漢，郁立師、車師後國。魏，蠕蠕地。周、隋，突厥。唐，浮圖、沙缽、憑洛、耶勒、俱六諸地，貞觀中置金滿縣。元，別失八里地。明，敦剌城，改名特訥格爾。乾隆二十五年築堡，置巡司，尋改縣丞。二十八年建城，改州判，隸安西道。三十八年併入迪化州境。四十一年裁州判，置縣。博克達山綿亙南境，最高者曰福壽山。迤北，小黃山、大黃山。縣境諸水均發源博克達山。西：水磨河，西北流，分大西溝、小西溝二水。東有三工河，北流，疏為五渠。又東有四工河，北流，疏為四渠。又東為土墩子河，北流，疏為六渠。又東有柏楊河，北流，疏為四渠。又東曰東溝、西溝，北流入沙漠，合流而北，復分為東、中、西三渠。卡倫四。台四。驛三：在城、康樂、柏楊。縣境分區二十七。孚遠沖，繁，難。府東北三百六十里。兩漢，車師後國，及其後城長國。魏，蠕蠕。周，突厥。唐，金滿縣。元，北庭都元帥府舊治，乾隆三十七年築愷安城，四十一年設濟木薩縣丞，治愷安，屬阜康。光緒二十年重修城，改名孚遠，二十九年升置。博克達山支脈蜿蜒起伏入境。西南：無量山。東南冰山、迤北千佛洞，皆博克達山之麓。城南小水均發源冰山。曰太平、公盛二渠，由柏楊河分支。曰長山、三盛二渠，出四道橋北。曰濟木薩河，分大有、興隆二渠。曰長勝渠。曰大東溝，北流入慶陽湖。曰經二工河，北流，經老三台驛，瀦為麻菰湖。泉水三：東、西曰大泉，中曰上暖泉，均北流入沙磧。驛二：保會、三台。卡倫二。有回庄二十五。奇台沖，繁，難。府東北五百五十里。漢，蒲類、車師後城長國。魏屬蠕蠕。唐，蒲類，後置甘露州。同光初入遼。宋南渡後為別失八里東境。元入畏吾兒。明，衛拉特地。康熙中，準噶爾內附，乾隆二十四年建奇台堡，設管糧通判一。東吉爾瑪泰，管糧巡檢一。四十年築靖遠城。四十一年裁通判，置縣，隸鎮西。咸豐三年改隸迪化州。光緒十五年自靖遠徙今治。天山支脈自西南更格爾入境，至穆家地溝東出境，綿亙四五百里，土人謂之南山。沙山自濟木薩至縣境舊城北，迄鎮西廳，袤延三四百里。北：拜達克山。東北：哈布塔克山。縣境諸水皆自南山出，曰奇台水、木壘河、木楊河、新戶梁水、中葛根水、西葛根水、永豐渠水、吉爾庫水、達坂河、更格爾水。柳樹河自孚遠東流入境，經縣北，又東至三個莊子，入沙磧。驛十：古城子、平營、木壘河、阿克他斯、烏蘭烏蘇、色必口、頭水溝、北道橋、黃草湖、元湖。縣境分區三十六。卡倫十六。台七。舊城，巡司駐。光緒七年，俄約定古城為商埠。昌吉沖，繁。府西九十里。漢，單桓、東西且彌、烏貪訾離地。晉屬高車。魏，蠕蠕。隋，西突厥、鐵勒地。唐屬北庭。元屬回鶻五城，名昌都剌。明屬衛拉特。乾隆二十五年置廳，設通判。二十七年築寧邊城，設管糧巡檢。三十八年改州同。四十二年置縣。天山支脈，綿亙縣境。南：騷呼達坂、格柵圖山、草達坂、石梯子山、塔拉盤山。頭屯河出天山北麓，分東西二支：東支入迪化；西支經縣治東，復北流，至縣境合流入迪化。大西河亦出天山北麓，至縣治西，分二支：東為三屯河，東北流，注頭屯河；西為大西河，即洛克倫河，自焉耆東北流入境，折西北流，經呼圖壁，緣綏來界。呼圖壁河源出塔拉盤山西，自焉耆府北流入，棗溝水南來注之。又北經草達坂，東分頭工渠，西分土古里渠，又北至呼圖壁城。復分二渠，東曰梁渠，西曰西河，北經牛圈子、三家梁，至雙岔子，合洛克倫河，西北入綏來，瀦於阿雅爾淖爾。呼圖壁原名呼圖拜克，乾隆二十二年設洛克倫巡司。二十八年移駐呼圖壁。二十九年築城名景化，為巡司治所。光緒二十九年升縣丞。驛二：寧邊、景化。卡倫五。呼圖壁卡倫一。台四。有大回庄四。呼圖壁分區二十六。綏來沖，繁，難。副將駐。府西北三百四十里。漢，烏貪訾離及烏孫東境。三國，烏孫。魏，高車。周，突厥。隋，西突厥、鐵勒諸地。唐，西突厥處密部內屬，隸北庭都護府。宋、元，回鶻地。明，衛拉特。乾隆二十八年築綏來堡。三十三年設縣丞。四十三年於舊陽巴勒噶遜城西建二城：北康吉，南綏來，中靖遠關。四十四年置縣，治康吉城。光緒十二年，合兩城為一，移治南城。天山支脈，蜿蜒南境。西南：額林哈畢山、古爾班多博克達山、博羅托山。東南有甘溝山、古爾多拜山。南有大小衛和勒晶嶺。瑪納斯河自焉耆府北流入，亦名龍骨河，經城西，折西北，瀦為各林各土淖爾，東北流，注阿雅爾淖爾。洛克倫河自昌吉西北流入，逕沙漠，亦入阿雅爾淖爾。和爾果斯河及安集海大小二水，皆出額林哈畢山。烏蘭烏蘇河出古爾班多博克達山。金溝水出博羅托山。塔西河出古爾多拜山。驛十二：在城、靖遠、樂土、烏蘭烏蘇、安集海、撞田、沙門、新渠、小拐、三岔口、唐朝渠、黃羊。有大回庄十一。卡倫七。台五。

Dihua Prefecture: critical, busy, and difficult. The governor, provincial administration commissioner, education commissioner, Zhendi circuit intendant with acting surveillance commissioner title, and vice general are all headquartered here. Under the Han it comprised the territories of the thirteen states including Beilu, together with dependent Xiongnu lands and the eastern marches of the Wusun. Early in the Later Han the states of Yulishi, Danhuan, and Wuganzhi were destroyed by Cheshi but later restored, and the group came to be known as the Six States of Cheshi. During the Three Kingdoms period Eastern and Western Qiemi, Danhuan, Beilu, Pulei, and Wugan were all subject to the Rear Kingdom of Cheshi. Under the Jin it fell to the Tiele, also known as the Gaoche. It was initially subject to the Rouran. Under the Northern Wei they shattered the Rouran. Under the Later Zhou it passed to the Turks. During the Sui emperor Yang's Daye reign the Western Turks rose to dominance and the Tiele tribes all submitted to them. In the Tang Zhenguan era it came within the empire. After Gaochang was destroyed Ting Prefecture was established here. The Yaozhi area command and the area commands of Fengluo Prefecture were also set up, all under the Anxi Protectorate-General. Under Empress Wu it was reassigned to the Beiting Protectorate-General. At the opening of the Kaiyuan reign a Beiting military commissioner was appointed. After the Zhenyuan era the region fell to Tibet and later to the Xizhou Uyghurs. Under the Song it formed Gaochang and Beiting, both acknowledging Liao overlordship. Under the Southern Song it passed to the Western Liao. Under Genghis Khan it was known as Uyghur Beshbalik. At the end of the Yuan Mengke Temür seized the region and founded the Oirat khanate. By the Ming Zhengtong reign it was ruled by Esen. In the Jiajing period it divided into the Four Oirat confederations—the name being a transcription of Oirat. The Khoshut branch occupied Urumqi. Later it became pasturage for the Dzungar taiji. In Qianlong 20, after the Dzungars were defeated, the area submitted; it was renamed Urumqi and an earthen-walled town was built. In Qianlong 25 a subprefect was appointed. In Qianlong 28 a new city was built to the north and named Dihua. In Qianlong 36 a councilor minister, affairs commissioner, and prefectural judge were installed. The following year a Manchu garrison city called Gongning was built eight li west of Dihua. In Qianlong 38 the councilor post became a commandant and a brigade commander was posted to Gongning. Also in Qianlong 38 it was promoted to a direct-controlled prefecture under the Gansu provincial administration. In Guangxu 9 the provincial government was created; in Guangxu 12 Dihua was elevated to a prefecture under the new province. It measures 1,400 li from east to west and 520 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 43°27′. It lies 27°56′ west of Beijing. It administers six counties. In Guangxu 7 a treaty with Russia designated it a treaty port. Dihua County: critical, busy, difficult. Attached to the prefectural seat. It was established in Guangxu 12. The Tianshan enters from the west and runs east-west across the county's southern marches. To the southwest lies Yamalak Mountain, stretching two hundred li. To the northeast is Dabancheng Ridge. To the southeast is Halaba'ergaxun Mountain. The Urumqi River rises in the southern mountains from two headwaters—the Kurqile River in the southeast and the Alataji River in the west. After they merge the stream flows north past the west side of the city, then continues north under the name Old Dragon River. The Toutun River enters from Changji and flows northeast into the county, forming the Baduan and Machang lakes before spilling north to meet a western branch at the boundary between the two counties, where the Santun River descending from north of Changji joins it. Continuing northeast, it merges with the Old Dragon River, crosses the desert northward, and empties into the Gurbantüngüt Sea. The Miao'ergou, Yangjuangou, Dadonggou, and Xiaodonggou streams all rise in the county's southeast, divide into branches, and flow south into Turpan. The Dabancheng stream rises at Tianma Peak on Fukang's Bokda Mountain, enters the county flowing south, absorbs the Datonggou, Huashulin, Fangjiagou, and Baijiagou waters, and passes through the Dabancheng barrier post into Turpan. To the southeast are E'men Lake and Dabuxun Lake. To the north lies the Great Gobi, measuring five hundred li across and three hundred li long. There are seven barrier posts. There are eight courier stations. Post stations number four: Gongning, Chai'ebao, Dabancheng, and Heigou. The county has sixty-seven Muslim villages. Fukang County: critical, busy, difficult. It lies 130 li northeast of the prefectural seat. Under the Han it was Yulishi and the Rear Kingdom of Cheshi. Under Wei it was Rouran territory. Under the Zhou and Sui it belonged to the Turks. Under the Tang the area comprised Futuo, Shabo, Pingluo, Yele, and Juliu; Jinman County was created in the Zhenguan period. Under the Yuan it was Beshbalik territory. Under the Ming it was Dunla City, later renamed Tenege'er. In Qianlong 25 a fort was built and a patrol commissioner appointed, soon replaced by an assistant magistrate. In Qianlong 28 a walled city was built, the post became a prefectural judge, and the county was placed under the Anxi Circuit. In Qianlong 38 it was annexed to Dihua Prefecture. In Qianlong 41 the prefectural judge was abolished and a county established. Bokda Mountain runs across the county's southern marches; its highest peak is Fushou Mountain. Continuing north are Little Huangshan and Great Huangshan. Every stream in the county rises on Bokda Mountain. To the west the Shuimo River flows northwest and splits into the Daxigou and Xiaoxigou streams. East of it the Sangong River flows north and is divided into five irrigation canals. Farther east the Sigong River flows north and is split into four canals. Still farther east the Tudunzi River flows north and is divided into six canals. Farther east still, the Baiyang River flows north and is split into four canals. Farther east are Donggou and Xigou, which flow north into the desert, merge, continue north, and then divide again into eastern, central, and western canals. There are four barrier posts. There are four courier stations. Post stations number three: Zaicheng, Kangle, and Baiyang. The county is divided into twenty-seven districts. Fuyuan County: critical, busy, difficult. It lies 360 li northeast of the prefectural seat. Under both Han dynasties it was the Rear Kingdom of Cheshi and its Chief-of-the-Rear-City Kingdom. Under Wei it was Rouran territory. Under the Zhou it belonged to the Turks. Under the Tang it was Jinman County. Under the Yuan it was the former seat of the Beiting Military Governorate; in Qianlong 37 Kai'an City was built, and in Qianlong 41 a Jimusa assistant magistrate was posted to Kai'an under Fukang. In Guangxu 20 the city was rebuilt and renamed Fuyuan; in Guangxu 29 it was elevated to county status. A spur of Bokda Mountain winds in and out of the county border. To the southwest is Wuliang Mountain. Ice Mountain lies to the southeast, and the Thousand Buddha Caves farther north—both at the foot of Bokda Mountain. The minor streams south of the city all rise on Ice Mountain. The Taiping and Gongsheng canals branch from the Baiyang River. The Changshan and Sansheng canals issue north of Sidao Bridge. The Jimusa River splits into the Dayou and Xinglong canals. There is the Changsheng Canal. Dadonggou flows north into Qingyang Lake. The Jing'ergong River flows north past the Old Santai post station and pools into Magu Lake. Three springs—the eastern and western called Daquan and the central called Shangnuanquan—all flow north into the sandy desert. Post stations number two: Baohui and Santai. There are two barrier posts. The county has twenty-five Muslim villages. Qitai County: critical, busy, difficult. It lies 550 li northeast of the prefectural seat. Under the Han it was Pulei and the Chief-of-the-Rear-City Kingdom of Cheshi. Under Wei it was subject to the Rouran. Under the Tang it was Pulei; Ganlu Prefecture was later established there. In the Tongguang era it first passed to the Liao. After the Song court moved south it became the eastern marches of Beshbalik. Under the Yuan it passed to the Uyghurs. Under the Ming it was Oirat territory. In the Kangxi period the Dzungars submitted; in Qianlong 24 Qitai Fort was built and a grain-administration prefectural judge was appointed. At Dongji'ermatai there was one grain-administration patrol inspector. In Qianlong 40 Jingyuan City was built. In Qianlong 41 the prefectural judge was abolished, a county was established, and it was placed under Zhenxi. In Xianfeng 3 it was transferred to Dihua Prefecture. In Guangxu 15 the county seat was moved from Jingyuan to its present location. A Tianshan spur enters from Gengge'er in the southwest and leaves east of Mujiadigou, running four or five hundred li; local people call it the Southern Mountains. Sand hills run from Jimusa to north of the old county seat and on to Zhenxi Subprefecture, stretching three or four hundred li. To the north is Baidake Mountain. To the northeast is Habutake Mountain. Every stream in the county rises in the Southern Mountains: the Qitai stream, Mulei River, Muyang River, Xinhuiliang stream, Middle Gegen stream, Western Gegen stream, Yongfeng Canal, Ji'erku stream, Daba River, and Gengge'er stream. The Liushu River enters from east of Fuyuan, runs along the north of the county, continues east to Sangezhuangzi, and sinks into the sandy desert. Post stations number ten: Guchengzi, Pingying, Mulei River, Aketasi, Wulanwusu, Sebikou, Toushuigou, Beidao Bridge, Huangcaohu, and Yuanhu. The county is divided into thirty-six districts. There are sixteen barrier posts. There are seven courier stations. At the old city a patrol commissioner is stationed. In Guangxu 7 a treaty with Russia designated Gucheng a treaty port. Changji County: critical, busy. It lies 90 li west of the prefectural seat. Under the Han it comprised Danhuan, Eastern and Western Qiemi, and Wuganzhi. Under the Jin it fell to the Gaoche. Under Wei it was Rouran territory. Under the Sui it was Western Turk and Tiele territory. Under the Tang it was part of Beiting. Under the Yuan it belonged to the Uyghur five cities and was called Changdula. Under the Ming it was Oirat territory. In Qianlong 25 a subprefecture was created and a prefectural judge appointed. In Qianlong 27 Ningbian City was built and a grain-administration patrol inspector was appointed. In Qianlong 38 the post was changed to a subprefect. In Qianlong 42 a county was established. A Tianshan spur runs continuously across the county. To the south are Saohu Pass, Gegatu Mountain, Caodaban, Shitizi Mountain, and Talapan Mountain. The Toutun River rises on the northern Tianshan foothills and splits into eastern and western branches; the eastern branch flows into Dihua; The western branch passes east of the county seat, turns north again, reunites at the county border, and enters Dihua. The Great Western River also rises on the northern Tianshan foothills; west of the county seat it splits in two: the eastern branch is the Santun River, which flows northeast into the Toutun River; The western branch is the Great Western River, also called the Luokelun River, which enters from northeast of Yanqi, turns northwest, passes Huitubi, and runs along the Suilai boundary. The Huitubi River rises west of Talapan Mountain, enters from north of Yanqi Prefecture, and is joined from the south by the Zaogou stream. Farther north it passes Caodaban, splits east into the Tougong Canal and west into the Tuguli Canal, and reaches Huitubi City. It divides again into the Liang Canal on the east and the West River on the west; flowing north through Niujuanzi and Sanjialiang to Shuangchazi, it joins the Luokelun River, enters Suilai to the northwest, and pools in Ayar Lake. Huitubi was originally Hutubiek; in Qianlong 22 a Luokelun patrol commissioner was established. In Qianlong 28 the office was relocated to Huitubi. In Qianlong 29 a city called Jinghua was built as the seat of the patrol commissioner. In Guangxu 29 the post was raised to county assistant magistrate. Post stations number two: Ningbian and Jinghua. There are five barrier posts. There is one Huitubi barrier post. There are four courier stations. Huitubi has four Muslim villages. Huitubi is divided into twenty-six districts. Suilai County: critical, busy, difficult. A brigade general is stationed there. It lies 340 li northwest of the prefectural seat. Under the Han it comprised Wuganzhi and the eastern marches of Wusun. Under the Three Kingdoms it was Wusun territory. Under Wei it was Gaoche territory. Under the Zhou it belonged to the Turks. Under the Sui it was Western Turk and Tiele territory. Under the Tang the Chumi division of the Western Turks submitted and was placed under the Beiting Protectorate. Under the Song and Yuan it was Uyghur territory. Under the Ming it was Oirat territory. In Qianlong 28 Suilai Fort was built. In Qianlong 33 a county assistant magistrate was appointed. In Qianlong 43 two cities were built west of old Yangbalegaxun: Kangji to the north, Suilai to the south, with Jingyuan Pass between them. In Qianlong 44 a county was established with its seat at Kangji City. In Guangxu 12 the two cities were united and the seat moved to the southern city. A Tianshan spur winds along the southern border. To the southwest are Elinhabi Mountain, Gurban Obok Daban Mountain, and Boluotuo Mountain. To the southeast are Gangou Mountain and Guerduobai Mountain. To the south are the Greater and Lesser Weihelejing Ridges. The Manas River enters from north of Yanqi Prefecture, also known as the Longgu River; west of the city it turns northwest, pools in Gelingetu Marsh, flows northeast, and empties into Ayar Lake. The Luokelun River enters from northwest of Changji, crosses the desert, and also flows into Ayar Lake. The He'erguosi River and the large and small Anjihai streams all rise on Elinhabi Mountain. The Ulan Usu River rises on Gurban Obok Daban Mountain. The Jingou stream rises on Boluotuo Mountain. The Tashi River rises on Guerduobai Mountain. Post stations number twelve: Zaicheng, Jingyuan, Letu, Ulan Usu, Anjihai, Zhuangtian, Shamen, Xinqu, Xiaoguai, Sanchakou, Tangchaoju, and Huangyang. The county has eleven Muslim villages. There are seven barrier posts. There are five courier stations.

鎮西直隸廳：沖，繁，難。隸鎮迪道。巴里坤總兵駐。漢，東蒲類國。後漢屬伊吾盧。北魏屬蠕蠕。隋屬突厥，後分屬西突厥。唐，沙陀部與處月雜居，沙陀叛附吐蕃，徙居北庭。宋屬伊州，後入於遼。元為別失八里東境，屬亦都護。明為和碩特部地。明末固始汗遷青海，後為準噶爾台吉游牧地。康熙三十六年，平準噶爾，阿爾泰山以東地內屬。雍正七年，建城於巴爾庫勒，改名巴里坤。九年，設安西廳同知，隸甘肅布政司。乾隆三十七年，於廳東南筑會寧城，設領隊大臣。三十八年，升鎮西府，領宜禾、奇台二縣。咸豐五年，仍為廳，移鎮迪道駐之。裁宜禾。光緒十二年來隸。西南距省治一千三百三十里。廣千里，袤八百里。北極高四十三度三十九分。京師偏西二十三度三十六分。天山支脈迤邐南部者為祁連山。西北有妙雷努雷山、鍋底山、那梅州山。東北有薩混子山。東有松山、千里格山。巴爾庫勒淖爾即蒲類海，在廳西北，皇渠、水磨河、高家湖合諸小水均瀦入之。北有鹽池。東北：察哈泉。東南：柳條河與昭莫多河合。驛八：曲底、奎素、松樹塘、蘇吉、下肋巴泉、務塗水、芨芨台、上肋巴泉。卡倫二。廳境分區二十四。

Zhenxi Directly Controlled Subprefecture: critical, busy, difficult. It is subordinate to the Zhendi Circuit. The Barkul brigade commander is stationed there. Under the Han it was Eastern Pulei. Under the Later Han it belonged to Yiwulu. Under the Northern Wei it belonged to the Rouran. Under the Sui it belonged to the Turks, later passing to the Western Turks. Under the Tang the Shatuo and Chuyue lived intermixed; the Shatuo rebelled, submitted to Tibet, and moved to Beiting. Under the Song it belonged to Yizhou, later falling to the Liao. Under the Yuan it was the eastern marches of Beshbalik, under the Yidu Protector. Under the Ming it was Khoshut territory. Late in the Ming Gushri Khan moved to Qinghai; afterward it became pastureland of the Dzungar taiji. In Kangxi 36, after the Dzungars were pacified, the lands east of the Altai submitted. In Yongzheng 7 a city was built at Barkul and given the name Barkul. In Yongzheng 9 an Anxi Subprefecture subprefect was appointed, subordinate to the Gansu provincial administration commission. In Qianlong 37 Huining City was built southeast of the subprefecture and a contingent commanding minister was appointed. In Qianlong 38 it was raised to Zhenxi Prefecture, governing Yihe and Qitai counties. In Xianfeng 5 it reverted to a subprefecture and the Zhendi circuit seat was moved there. Yihe County was abolished. In Guangxu 12 it was placed under this jurisdiction. It lies 1,330 li southwest of the provincial seat. It measures 1,000 li across and 800 li from north to south. Its north latitude is 43°39′. It lies 23°36′ west of the capital meridian. The Tianshan spur winding along the south is the Qilian Mountains. To the northwest are Miaoleinulei Mountain, Guodi Mountain, and Nameizhou Mountain. To the northeast is Sahunzi Mountain. To the east are Song Mountain and Qianlige Mountain. Barkul Lake is Pulei Sea, northwest of the subprefecture; the Imperial Canal, Shuimo River, Gaojia Lake, and various smaller streams all drain into it. To the north is a salt pond. To the northeast is Chaha Spring. To the southeast the Liutiao River joins the Zhaomoduo River. Post stations number eight: Qudi, Kuisu, Songshutang, Suji, Xialebaquan, Wutushui, Jijicai, and Shanglebaquan. There are two barrier posts. The subprefecture is divided into twenty-four districts.

吐魯番直隸廳：沖，繁，難。隸鎮迪道。回部郡王、台吉駐。漢，車師前王庭，後置戊己二校尉。晉治高昌，後入涼。北魏為高昌國，並於蠕蠕。後立闞伯周為高昌王，傳至鞠嘉，為唐所滅，置西州，升安西都護府。貞元中，陷吐蕃。五代為回鶻所據，稱西州回鶻。宋建隆二年入貢。元太祖平其地，號畏吾兒，設都護，封察哈台於此。明初為火州地，嗣稱吐魯番。順治三年，吐魯番阿布勒阿哈默特入貢。六年，助河西逆回，絕其使，尋復通。康熙二十四年，回疆平。雍正五年內徙，安置瓜州，建城辟展。乾隆二十四年，設建六城於辟展，置辦事大臣、管糧同知，仍以吐魯番廣安城為回城。回城四：曰魯克沁，曰色更木，曰哈喇和卓，曰托克遜。合吐魯番為六城。設阿奇木伯克理回務。四十四年，移同知駐吐魯番，並設巡檢，隸甘肅布政使司。四十五年，裁辦事大臣，改設吐魯番領隊大臣，歸烏魯木齊都統節制。光緒十年，裁領隊大臣。十二年，置直隸廳來隸。西北距省治五百三十里。廣八百餘里，袤五百餘里。北極高四十三度四十分。京師偏西二十六度四十五分。領縣一。天山橫亙北境，為群山之總幹。東北：柯格達坂。北：度吉爾山、阿布都爾山。西：湖洛海、合同察海、卡卡蘇各達坂。南：哈拉可山、庫木什達坂、覺洛塔哈山。東南：克子里、阿習布拉克、勝金台山。白楊河自迪化入，東南流，逕托克遜沙山，瀦為覺洛浣。西：烏斯水、作洛滿若水、布而水，均出合同察海達坂，入焉耆。驛十一：楊和、勝金口、泾子、三角泉、布乾颱、托克遜、小草湖、蘇巴什、阿哈布拉、桑樹園、庫木什。卡倫一。有回庄二十。回城巡司一。光緒七年，俄約定為商埠。鄯善沖，繁，難。廳東二百五十里。漢，車師前國東境樓蘭。元魏後為高昌白棘城。唐，柳中縣，屬西州交河郡地。宋，六種，屬高昌，後入遼。元，魯克察魯地。明，柳城。康熙末內屬。乾隆三十六年設辟展巡檢。光緒二十九年改置。天山分支亙於北境，有東西柯柯雅山、茂萌山、高泉達坂。縣境諸水，出自井泉，伏流地中。西北：五個泉、夾皮泉。北：柳樹泉。西南：馬廠湖。南：戈壁。驛八：齊克滕木、土墩子、西鹽池、惠井子、梧桐窩、七個井、車箍轤、連木沁。卡倫一。有大回庄七。

Turfan Directly Controlled Subprefecture: critical, busy, difficult. It is subordinate to the Zhendi Circuit. The Muslim tribal prince and taiji are stationed there. Under the Han it was the seat of the Former Kingdom of Cheshi; later the Wuji and Jiyi colonels were established there. Under the Jin Gaochang was governed from here; later it passed to Liang. Under the Northern Wei it was the Gaochang state, allied with the Rouran. Later Kan Bozhou was made King of Gaochang; the line descended to Qu Jia, was overthrown by the Tang, and the Western Prefecture was established and elevated to the Anxi Protectorate. In the Zhenyuan era it fell to Tibet. Under the Five Dynasties the Uyghurs held it and called it Western Prefecture Uyghur. In Song Jianlong 2 tribute was presented. When Genghis Khan pacified the region it was called Uyghur, a protector was established, and Chagatai was enfeoffed here. Early in the Ming it was Huozhou territory; later it came to be called Turfan. In Shunzhi 3 Turfan's Abdul Ahmat presented tribute. In Shunzhi 6 they aided rebellious Muslims in Hexi, broke off relations with their envoys, and soon restored contact. In Kangxi 24 the Muslim frontier was pacified. In Yongzheng 5 the population was moved inward, resettled at Guazhou, and Pizhan city was built. In Qianlong 24 six cities were established at Pizhan, with an affairs commissioner and a grain-administration subprefect appointed, while Turfan's Guang'an city remained the Muslim city. There were four Muslim cities: Lukqun, Segenmu, Karahoja, and Toksun. Together with Turfan they formed six cities. An Akim beg was appointed to administer Muslim affairs. In Qianlong 44 the subprefect was posted to Turfan, a patrol inspector was appointed, and the subprefecture was placed under the Gansu Provincial Administration Commission. In Qianlong 45 the affairs commissioner was abolished and a Turfan brigade commander was appointed under the Urumqi military governor. In Guangxu 10 the brigade commander was abolished. In Guangxu 12 it was established as a directly controlled subprefecture and placed under this jurisdiction. It lies 530 li northwest of the provincial seat. It measures more than 800 li across and more than 500 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 43°40′. It lies 26°45′ west of the capital meridian. It administers one county. The Tianshan spans the northern border as the main mountain spine. To the northeast is Kegeda Pass. To the north are Dujier Mountain and Abdu'er Mountain. To the west are the passes of Huluo Sea, Hetongcha Sea, and Kaka Su. To the south are Halake Mountain, Kumushi Pass, and Jueluotaha Mountain. To the southeast are Kezili, Axibulake, and Shengjintai Mountain. The Baiyang River enters from Dihua, flows southeast past Toksun Sand Hills, and pools in Jueluo Marsh. To the west the Wusi, Zuoluomanruo, and Buer streams all rise at Hetongcha Sea Pass and flow into Yanqi. Post stations number eleven: Yanghe, Shengjinkou, Jingzi, Sanjiaoquan, Bugantai, Toksun, Xiaocaohu, Subashi, Ahabula, Sangshuyuan, and Kumushi. There is one barrier post. The subprefecture has twenty Muslim villages. There is one Muslim-city patrol commissioner. In Guangxu 7 a treaty with Russia designated it a treaty port. Shanshan County: critical, busy, difficult. It lies 250 li east of the subprefecture seat. Under the Han it was Loulan in the eastern marches of the Former Kingdom of Cheshi. After the Northern Wei it was Gaochang's Baiji city. Under the Tang it was Liuzhong County, within Western Prefecture's Jiaohe Commandery. Under the Song the Six Tribes here were subordinate to Gaochang; later the region passed to Liao. Under the Yuan it was Lukchaluru territory. Under the Ming it was Liucheng. At the end of the Kangxi reign it submitted. In Qianlong 36 a Pizhan patrol inspector was appointed. In Guangxu 29 it was reorganized as a county. A Tianshan spur spans the northern border, with East and West Kekoya Mountain, Maomeng Mountain, and Gaoquan Pass. The county's waters rise from springs and run underground. To the northwest are Wugequan and Jiapiquan. To the north is Liushuquan. To the southwest is Machang Lake. To the south lies the Gobi. Post stations number eight: Qiketengmu, Tudunzi, Xiyanchi, Huijingzi, Wutongwo, Qigejing, Chegulu, and Lianmuqin. There is one barrier post. The county has seven large Muslim villages.

哈密直隸廳：沖，繁。隸鎮迪道。副將駐。漢，伊吾盧地，為匈奴呼衍王庭，後置宜禾都尉。三國屬鮮卑西部。

Hami Directly Controlled Subprefecture: critical, busy. It is subordinate to the Zhendi Circuit. A brigade general is stationed there. Under the Han it was Yiwulu territory, seat of the Xiongnu Huyan king; later the Yihe Colonel was established there. Under the Three Kingdoms it belonged to the Western Xianbei.

晉屬敦煌郡。北魏屬蠕蠕。隋築新城，號新伊吾，後屬西突厥。唐貞觀四年，置西伊州，尋改伊州，置都督府。天寶初，改伊吾郡，尋復初。廣德後，陷吐蕃。五代時，號胡盧磧。宋雍熙後，屬回鶻，元屬畏吾兒，後為宗室納勿里封地。明永樂四年，建哈密衛。正德中，服屬吐魯番。順治四年，哈密衛輝和爾都督入貢。六年，以助逆絕貢，復通。康熙三十六年，俘獻色布騰巴勒珠爾，賜額貝都拉扎薩克印。三十七年，編列旗隊，設管旗章京。雍正五年，始建城。回城在城西三里，回子郡王所居，康熙五十六年築。設協辦旗務伯克。十三年，設駐防兵。乾隆二十二年，准部平，其酋伊薩克內附，移靖逆、瓜州、黃墩各營駐之，撤駐防兵。二十四年，設辦事大臣、協辦大臣、撫民通判、巡檢，隸甘肅布政司。光緒十年，升直隸廳。十二年來隸。西北距省治一千六百二十里。廣四百五十餘里，袤二百五十里。北極高四十二度五十三分。京師偏西二十二度三十四分。北：天山。其分支，西北：截達坂、沙克拉山、可雅爾達坂、合塔手可拉山。東北：阿克相木山、坤翌圖山、阿里鐵洛可山、空多洛托山。哈密河出廳西蘇巴什湖，南流瀦為小南湖，又南流，東為碩洛浣，西為阿里浣，折西南，瀦為大泉海子，為沙漠所滲。東：乾河子。東北：烏拉台水、安吉水、黑具瑪水、達子湖。西：依他拉可水、八道溝等水。南：戈壁。驛十四：伊吾、南山口、黃蘆岡、長流水、格子煙墩、苦水、沙泉子、星星峽、頭堡、三堡、三道嶺、瞭墩、橙槽溝、一碗泉。新城，巡司一。廳境分區三十五。有大回庄十四。光緒七年，俄約定為商埠。

Under the Jin it belonged to Dunhuang Commandery. Under the Northern Wei it belonged to the Rouran. Under the Sui a new city was built called New Yiwu; later it passed to the Western Turks. In Tang Zhenguan 4 Western Yizhou was established; soon it was renamed Yizhou and a Protector Office was installed. Early in the Tianbao era it was renamed Yiwu Commandery; soon the former name was restored. After the Guangde era it fell to Tibet. During the Five Dynasties it was known as Hulud Desert. After Song Yongxi it belonged to the Uyghurs; under the Yuan to the Uyghurs; later it became the enfeoffment of the imperial clansman Nafoli. In Ming Yongle 4 Hami Guard was established. During the Zhengde reign it submitted to Turfan. In Shunzhi 4 the commander of Hami Guard, Huihe'er, presented tribute. In Shunzhi 6, for aiding rebels tribute was cut off; relations were later restored. In Kangxi 36 Sebuteng Balzhuer was captured and presented, and the Ebedula zasak seal was granted. In Kangxi 37 banner companies were organized and a banner-managing associate was appointed. In Yongzheng 5 the city was first built. The Muslim city stands three li west of the garrison city, residence of the Muslim prince; it was built in Kangxi 56. An assistant beg managing banner affairs was appointed. In Yongzheng 13 garrison troops were posted. In Qianlong 22 the Dzungars were pacified; their chief Isaac submitted; the Jingni, Guazhou, and Huangdun garrisons were transferred there, and the standing garrison was withdrawn. In Qianlong 24 an affairs commissioner, assistant commissioner, civilian-pacification subprefect, and patrol inspector were appointed, and the subprefecture was placed under the Gansu Provincial Administration Commission. In Guangxu 10 it was promoted to a directly controlled subprefecture. In Guangxu 12 it was placed under this jurisdiction. It lies 1,620 li northwest of the provincial seat. It measures more than 450 li across and 250 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 42°53′. It lies 22°34′ west of the capital meridian. To the north is the Tianshan. Its spurs to the northwest include Jieda Pass, Shakela Mountain, Keyar Pass, and Hetashoukel Mountain. To the northeast are Akexiangmu Mountain, Kunyitu Mountain, Alitieluoke Mountain, and Kongduoluotuo Mountain. The Hami River rises at Subashi Lake west of the subprefecture, flows south into Little South Lake, then south again; to the east it becomes Shuoluo Marsh and to the west Ali Marsh; turning southwest it pools in Daquan Haizi Lake and is swallowed by the desert. To the east is Ganhezi. To the northeast are Ulatai water, Anji water, Heijuma water, and Dazi Lake. To the west are Yitalake water, Badaogou, and other streams. To the south lies the Gobi. Post stations number fourteen: Yiwu, Nanshankou, Huanglugang, Changliushui, Gezi Yandun, Kushui, Shaquanzi, Xingxingxia, Toubao, Sanbao, Sandao Ling, Liaodun, Chengcao Gou, and Yiwangquan. At the new city there is one patrol commissioner. The subprefecture is divided into thirty-five districts. The subprefecture has fourteen large Muslim villages. In Guangxu 7 a treaty with Russia designated it a treaty port.

庫爾喀喇烏蘇直隸廳：沖，繁，難。隸鎮迪道。辦事、領隊大臣駐。漢，匈奴西境。晉後為鐵勒部。北周屬突厥。隋屬西突厥，為處木昆部。唐永徽中破之，設郡縣，屬昆陵都護府。開元中，置瀚海軍。後唐時屬遼。元，回鶻地。明，綽羅斯部地，後屬準噶爾。乾隆二十二年，平準部。二十七年，設辦事大臣。二十八年，築慶綏城。三十七年，設領隊大臣、縣丞。四十六年，設同知。明年設游擊。四十八年，築新城，定今名，設糧員，裁縣丞。隸烏魯木齊都統。光緒十二年，裁糧員，置直隸廳，改隸。東距省治七百里。廣三百三十里，袤五百四十里。北極高四十四度三十分。京師偏西三十一度。天山支脈在境南者，額林哈畢爾噶、托羅滾、沙得格果沙吐克土諸山，額布圖、古爾班、恰克、額爾圖諸嶺。奎屯河出托羅滾山，合托羅滾水、熱水泉、沙格得水，北流，至城東，分二支渠，至二台驛，折西流，與濟爾噶朗河會。濟爾噶朗河出古爾班嶺，合札哈水、東斗水、哈峽圖水，北流，會奎屯河，又西流，入精河廳，與固爾圖河會。固爾圖河出額爾圖嶺，有五源，合北流，折西入精河廳，與金屯河會。西流，瀦於喀喇塔拉阿西柯淖爾。精河巡司一。驛九：西湖、奎屯、普爾塔齊墩、木達、固爾圖、頭台、二台、小草湖、鄂倫布拉克。廳境分區九。有舊土爾扈特部游牧地。卡倫一。

Kuerkala Usu Directly Controlled Subprefecture: critical, busy, difficult. It is subordinate to the Zhendi Circuit. The affairs commissioner and brigade commander are stationed there. Under the Han it was the western marches of the Xiongnu. After the Jin it was Tiele territory. Under the Northern Zhou it belonged to the Turks. Under the Sui it belonged to the Western Turks, in the Chumukun division. In the Yonghui era of Tang the court defeated them, established commanderies and counties, and placed the region under the Kunling Protectorate. During the Kaiyuan era an Hanhai Army garrison was established. Under Later Tang it belonged to Liao. Under the Yuan it was Uyghur territory. Under the Ming it was Zhuluosi tribal territory; later it belonged to the Dzungars. In Qianlong 22 the Dzungar department was pacified. In Qianlong 27 an affairs commissioner was appointed. In Qianlong 28 Qingsui City was built. In Qianlong 37 a brigade commander and county assistant were appointed. In Qianlong 46 a subprefect was appointed. The following year a brigade vice-commander was appointed. In Qianlong 48 a new city was built and the present name was fixed; a grain officer was appointed and the county assistant was abolished. It was placed under the Urumqi commandant-general. In Guangxu 12 the grain officer was abolished, a directly controlled subprefecture was established, and its administrative subordination was changed. It lies 700 li east of the provincial seat. It measures 330 li across and 540 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 44°30′. It lies 31° west of the capital meridian. Within the southern part of the jurisdiction lie branches of the Tianshan: the mountains Elinhabierga, Tuoluogun, and Shadegeguoshatuketu, and the ridges Ebutu, Gu'erban, Qiake, and E'ertu. The Kuitun River rises in Tuoluogun Mountain and receives the Tuoluogun stream, Hot Spring, and Shagede water; flowing north to the east of the city it splits into two branch canals and, reaching Ertai post station, turns west to join the Jiergalang River. The Jiergalang River rises in Gu'erban Ridge and receives Zhaha water, Dongdou water, and Haxiatu water; flowing north to meet the Kuitun River, it turns west into Jinghe Subprefecture and joins the Gu'ertu River. The Gu'ertu River rises in E'ertu Ridge from five headwaters; after they merge it flows north, turns west into Jinghe Subprefecture, and joins the Jintun River. Flowing west, it pools in Karatala Axi Ke Lake. There is one Jinghe patrol commissioner. Post stations number nine: Xihu, Kuitun, Pu'ertaqidun, Muda, Gu'ertu, Toutai, Ertai, Xiaocaohu, and Elunbulake. The subprefecture is divided into nine districts. There is pasturage of the former Torghut tribe. There is one barrier post.

伊犁府：沖，繁，疲，難。隸伊塔道。漢至晉為烏孫、伊烈兩國地，後入鐵勒。北魏，悅般國，又車高地。周，突厥地。隋，西突厥及石國。唐，西突厥及回鶻地，又西境為突厥施烏質勒部，又西突厥及笯赤建國、石國地。大曆後，葛邏祿居之。宋為烏孫，後入遼。元名阿力麻里，為諸王海都行營處。明，綽羅斯部，後屬準噶爾。乾隆時，准部平，改烏哈爾里克為伊犁。二十五年，設辦事大臣。二十七年，設將軍，節制南北兩路，以參贊大臣副之。初設二員，尋裁一。二十九年，設錫伯營、索倫、察哈爾領隊大臣各一。三十年，設額魯特領隊大臣。三十四年，設惠寧城領隊大臣。築河北九城。曰惠遠，將軍、參贊大臣、各營領隊大臣駐。總兵先駐綏定，尋移駐。理事同知、撫民同知、巡司各一。改巴顏岱曰惠寧，領隊大臣駐，糧員、巡司各一。改烏哈爾里克曰綏定，總兵駐，糧員、巡司各一。改烏克爾博羅素克曰廣仁，屯鎮左營游擊駐。改察罕烏蘇曰瞻德，都司、守備駐。改霍爾果斯曰拱宸，參將駐，巡司一。改哈拉布拉克曰熙春，屯鎮都司駐，曰塔勒奇，屯鎮守備駐。改固勒扎曰寧遠，以居回民。設阿奇木伯克、伊什罕伯克各一。糧員一。同治五年陷回。後又為俄佔。光緒初，全疆底定。八年，收回伊犁。十四年，以綏定城置府。將軍，副都統，參贊大臣，領隊大臣，索倫、額魯特、察哈爾、錫伯各領隊大臣，及滿洲八旗軍標副將，理事同知，同駐惠遠城。參將、霍爾果斯通判駐拱宸城。游擊駐廣仁城。守備駐瞻德城。都司駐熙春城。東距省治一千五百四十五里。廣一千五百餘里，袤一千一百餘里。北極高四十三度五十六分。京師偏西三十四度二十分。領縣二。咸豐元年，俄約定為商埠。綏定沖，繁，疲，難。倚。乾隆二十六年設巡檢。光緒十四年置，移巡檢駐廣仁城。天山支脈綿亙北境。北：塔勒奇山。東北：新開達坂、庫森木什達坂。伊犁河自寧遠西北流入。通惠渠南北二渠，烏拉果克水、大西溝、察罕爾烏蘇水皆注之，又西至河源卡，會霍爾果斯河，西流入俄界。南：大小博羅庄水、霍洛海庄水、沙拉諾海水、洪海水，均北流入沙磧。又東西阿里瑪圖水，北大小東溝水，亦入沙磧。北：賽里木淖爾。驛七：沙泉子、惠遠城、蘆草溝、塔爾奇阿滿鄂博、勒齊爾鄂勒著衣圖博木、胡素圖布拉克。台站一，屬錫伯營，回庄十六。額魯特部上三旗、下五旗，及察哈爾部游牧地。卡倫十三，為中、俄交界，歸額魯特、錫伯營分轄。牌博自南而西至西北，均連俄界。自沙拉諾海小山立第十六牌博，至頭胡第二十五牌博，凡十。寧遠繁，難。府東南一百二十里。伊塔道治所。乾隆間，築寧遠城於固勒札。光緒八年設同知，十四年改置。東南：博羅布爾噶蘇山、哈什山、大蒙柯圖山、烏土達坂、木尼克得山、額林哈必爾山、克里克子達坂。南：索達坂、色格三達坂。西南：喀喇套山、格登山、汗騰格里山、沙拉套山、諾海托蓋山。特克斯河出俄屬木薩爾山，自胡素圖卡南、諾海托蓋山北入，折東流，納戛雄河、大小霍洛海諸水，又東與崆吉斯河會。崆吉斯河自焉耆西北流入，逕耶里格庄南，合特克斯河，西流，至阿瓦克庄西，與哈什河會。哈什河源出大蒙柯圖山，西流，納十二圍場水、皇渠、錫伯營渠，合西北流，為伊犁河，入綏定。北：賽里木淖爾。驛一：在城。台站七，屬錫伯營。回庄三十七。額魯特游牧地。卡倫七，為中、俄交界，歸額魯特營轄。縣境由南而西均界俄。自納林哈勒噶立第一牌博，至阿哩千谷第十五牌博，凡十五。

Ili Prefecture: critical, busy, strained, and difficult. It is subordinate to the Yita Circuit. From Han through Jin it was the territory of the Wusun and Yilie states; later it passed to the Tiele. Under the Northern Wei it was the Yueban state and also Chegao territory. Under the Zhou it was Turk territory. Under the Sui it belonged to the Western Turks and Shiguo. Under the Tang it was Western Turk and Uyghur territory; its western marches were held by the Tujue Shi Wuzhile division, and farther west by the Western Turks and the states of Nuo Chijian and Shiguo. After the Dali era the Qarluq settled there. Under the Song it was Wusun territory; later it passed to Liao. Under the Yuan it was called Alimali and served as a summer encampment for the princes. Under the Ming it was Zhuluosi tribal territory; later it belonged to the Dzungars. During Qianlong the Dzungar department was pacified and Uhailike was renamed Yili. In Qianlong 25 an affairs commissioner was appointed. In Qianlong 27 a general was appointed to command both the northern and southern routes, assisted by a commissioner. Two were initially appointed; soon one post was abolished. In Qianlong 29 brigade commanders were appointed for the Xibe camp, the Solon, and the Chahar, one for each. In Qianlong 30 an Olot brigade commander was appointed. In Qianlong 34 a brigade commander for Huining City was appointed. Nine cities were built north of the river. One was called Huiyuan, where the general, the assistant commissioner, and the brigade commanders of each camp were stationed. The brigade commander was first stationed at Suiding; soon he moved his headquarters. There was one judicial subprefect, one civilian-pacification subprefect, and one patrol commissioner. Bayandai was renamed Huining, with a brigade commander stationed there and one grain officer and one patrol commissioner. Uhailike was renamed Suiding, with the brigade commander stationed there and one grain officer and one patrol commissioner. Wuke'erbolosuoke was renamed Guangren, where the garrison left-battalion vice-commander was stationed. Chahan Usu was renamed Zhande, where a regimental commander and a garrison commander were stationed. Huo'erguosi was renamed Gongchen, with a vice-general stationed there and one patrol commissioner. Halaburake was renamed Xichun, where the garrison regimental commander was stationed; another was called Talerqi, where the garrison commander was stationed. Gulezha was renamed Ningyuan to settle Muslim residents. An Aqim Beg and an Ishhan Beg were appointed. There is one grain officer. In Tongzhi 5 it fell to the Muslim rebels. Later it was occupied by Russia as well. In the early Guangxu era all of Xinjiang was pacified. In Guangxu 8 Yili was recovered. In Guangxu 14 a prefecture was established at Suiding City. The general, vice commandant-general, assistant commissioner, brigade commanders, the Solon, Olot, Chahar, and Xibe brigade commanders, the Manchu Eight Banners army standard vice-general, and the judicial subprefect were all stationed at Huiyuan City. The vice-general and the Huo'erguosi subprefect were stationed at Gongchen City. The brigade vice-commander was stationed at Guangren City. The garrison commander was stationed at Zhande City. The regimental commander was stationed at Xichun City. It lies 1,545 li east of the provincial seat. It measures more than 1,500 li across and more than 1,100 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 43°56′. It lies 34°20′ west of the capital meridian. It administers two counties. In Xianfeng 1 a treaty with Russia designated it a treaty port. Suiding: critical, busy, strained, and difficult. Attached to the prefectural seat. In Qianlong 26 a patrol inspector was appointed. It was established in Guangxu 14, and the patrol inspector was moved to Guangren City. Branches of the Tianshan run continuously across the northern border. To the north is Talerqi Mountain. To the northeast are Xinkai Pass and Kushenmushi Pass. The Yili River enters from the northwest of Ningyuan. The north and south channels of the Tonghui Canal receive Wulagoke water, Daxigou, and Chahan'er Usu water; farther west, at Heyuankou barrier, the stream meets the Huo'erguosi River and flows west into Russian territory. To the south, the large and small Bolozhuang streams, Huoluohai village stream, Shalanohai stream, and Honghai stream all flow north into the sandy desert. The east-west Alimatu stream and the northern large and small Donggou streams also empty into the sandy desert. To the north is Sailimu Lake. Post stations number seven: Shaquanzi, Huiyuan City, Lucaogou, Talerqi Aman Ebo, Leqi'er E'lezhuoyitu Bomu, and Husutubulake. There is one relay station under the Xibe camp and sixteen Muslim villages. There is pasturage of the Olot tribe's upper three banners and lower five banners, and of the Chahar tribe. There are thirteen barrier posts on the Sino-Russian border, under the divided jurisdiction of the Olot and Xibe camps. Boundary markers from the south westward to the northwest all adjoin the Russian border. From the sixteenth boundary marker erected at Shalanohai hill to the twenty-fifth at Touhu, there are ten in all. Ningyuan: busy and difficult. It lies 120 li southeast of the prefectural seat. It is the seat of the Yita Circuit. During the Qianlong era Ningyuan City was built at Gulezha. In Guangxu 8 a subprefect was appointed; in Guangxu 14 the county was reorganized. To the southeast are Boluo Bu'ergasu Mountain, Hashi Mountain, Damengketu Mountain, Wutu Pass, Muniikede Mountain, Elinhabier Mountain, and Kelikezi Pass. To the south are Suo Pass and Sege San Pass. To the southwest are Karatao Mountain, Gerdeng Mountain, Hantenggri Mountain, Shalatao Mountain, and Nuohaituogai Mountain. The Tekes River rises in Musar Mountain in Russian territory and enters from south of Husutuka and north of Nuohaituogai Mountain; turning east it receives the Gaxiong River and the large and small Huoluohai streams, then joins the Kongjisi River farther east. The Kongjisi River enters from northwest Yanqi, passes south of Yelige Village, and joins the Tekes River; flowing west to west of Awake Village, it meets the Hashi River. The Hashi River rises in Damengketu Mountain and flows west, receiving the Twelve Enclosure streams, the Imperial Canal, and the Xibe Camp Canal; after merging it flows northwest as the Yili River and enters Suide. To the north is Sailimu Lake. There is one post station in the city. There are seven relay stations under the Xibe camp. There are thirty-seven Muslim villages. There is pasturage of the Olot tribe. There are seven barrier posts on the Sino-Russian border, under the jurisdiction of the Olot camp. From the south westward the county border all adjoins Russia. From the first boundary marker at Nalinhalegali to the fifteenth at Aligian Valley, there are fifteen in all.

塔爾巴哈台直隸廳：繁，疲，難。隸伊塔道。塔城左翼副都統、參贊大臣、領隊大臣、副將駐。漢，匈奴右地。三國，鮮卑右部。北魏，高車、蠕蠕地。北周、隋，屬突厥。唐屬車鼻南境，為葛羅祿，後南徙，地屬黠戛斯。後周時，貢於遼。南宋為乃蠻國。元封諸王昔里吉。明為土爾扈特部地，後屬準噶爾。乾隆二十二年，准部平，始內屬。二十九年，築城雅爾，名曰肇豐。三十一年，改築城於楚呼楚，距雅爾二百里。名曰綏靖，易其地名為塔爾巴哈台。設參贊大臣、協辦領隊大臣，專理游牧，領隊大臣各一，管糧理事、撫民同知，尋改通判，隸伊犁將軍。光緒十四年，置直隸廳，改隸。於廳治東南里許築新城，改參贊大臣為左翼副都統。東南距省治一千六百二十四里。廣一千二百里，袤八百里。北極高四十七度五分。京師偏西三十度三分。天山支脈，蜿蜒南部。東：齋爾山、蘇海圖山、巴戛阿拉戛凌圖山。東南：喀圖山。西南：巴爾魯克山。東北：阿爾泰山、賽里山、和博沙克里山、芍隴山。北：塔爾巴哈台山，支峰為毛海柯凌山、烏什嶺、額依賓山。額爾齊斯河自科布多部西流入，納哈布干諸水，西入俄界，瀦於齋桑淖爾。額敉勒河出額依賓山西麓，西流，至庫爾噶蘇台，合南源，西流，烏拉斯台水、烏宗戛拉水自俄境南流注之，博爾里河合察罕河北流注之，又東入俄境。和博克河出額依賓山東麓，東南流，合和博沙爾克河、巴杏薩拉水，又東南入昌吉，滲於沙。蘇爾圖河出齋爾山，東流，會納木河，又東瀦為艾拉克淖爾。達爾達木河亦出齋爾山，東流，瀦為鹽池。說爾噶其河亦出齋爾山，東南流，入綏來，瀦於阿爾雅淖爾。驛十二：郅支、干吉莫多、色特爾莫多、固爾圖、霍洛、托羅布拉克、雅瑪圖、昆都倫、烏土布拉克、沙爾札克、烏納木、庫克申倉。有回庄九。額魯特部、察哈爾部十牛錄、舊土爾扈特部十四牛錄游牧地。哈薩克四部游牧地：曰柯勒依，附以新舊兩烏瓦克小部；曰賽布拉特，附以阿克奈曼部；曰曼畢特；曰吐爾圖。卡倫六。廳境西北與俄界，自精河廳至廳迤南，立土斯賽第三十四牌博，至布爾罕布拉克第五十五牌博，凡牌博二十二。又東循哈巴爾烏蘇塔爾巴哈台山樑，至穆斯島，折北行，曰依生克里的，曰布羅呵卡，曰二支河等處，凡立牌博二十七。咸豐元年，俄約定為商埠。

Tarbagatai Directly Controlled Subprefecture: busy, strained, and difficult. It is subordinate to the Yita Circuit. The Tarbagatai Left-Flank Vice Commander-in-Chief, the Commissioner for Affairs, the Brigade Commander, and the Vice-General are stationed here. Under the Han it was the Xiongnu western domain. Under the Three Kingdoms period it belonged to the Xianbei western division. Under the Northern Wei it was Gaoche and Rouran territory. Under the Northern Zhou and Sui it belonged to the Turks. Under Tang it formed part of the southern border of Chebi and was Karluk territory; after the Karluks moved south, the land belonged to the Kirghiz. During Later Zhou it paid tribute to Liao. Under the Southern Song it was the Naiman state. Under the Yuan it was enfeoffed to Prince Xiliji. Under the Ming it was Torghut tribal territory; later it belonged to the Dzungars. In Qianlong 22 the Dzungar department was pacified and the region first came under direct Qing control. In Qianlong 29 a city was built at Yar and named Zhaofeng. In Qianlong 31 the city was rebuilt at Chuhuchu, 200 li from Yar. It was named Suijing and the place name was changed to Tarbagatai. A commissioner for affairs and an assistant brigade commander were appointed to manage nomadic affairs; one brigade commander was appointed for each role; subprefects for grain and civil affairs and for pacifying the people were established, soon converted to a magistrate; the subprefecture was placed under the Ili commandant-general. In Guangxu 14 a directly controlled subprefecture was established and its administrative subordination was changed. A new city was built about a li southeast of the subprefecture seat, and the commissioner for affairs was redesignated a left-flank vice commander-in-chief. It lies 1,624 li southeast of the provincial seat. It measures 1,200 li across and 800 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 47°5′. It lies 30°3′ west of the capital meridian. Branches of the Tianshan run winding through the south. To the east are Zhaier Mountain, Suhaitu Mountain, and Baga Alagalingtu Mountain. To the southeast is Katu Mountain. To the southwest is Barluke Mountain. To the northeast are Altai Mountain, Saili Mountain, Heboshakeli Mountain, and Shaolong Mountain. To the north is Tarbagatai Mountain, with subsidiary peaks Maohai Keling Mountain, Wushi Ridge, and E'yibin Mountain. The Irtysh River enters from west of the Kobdo department, receives the Habugan streams, flows west into Russian territory, and pools in Zaisan Lake. The Emin River rises in the western foothills of E'yibin Mountain and flows west to Kue'ergasu Station, where it joins its southern source; flowing west it receives Wulatai stream and Wuzongjiala stream from Russian territory to the south, and the Bo'erli River joined with the Chahan River from the north; it then turns east into Russian territory. The Heboke River rises in the eastern foothills of E'yibin Mountain and flows southeast, receiving the Hebosharke River and Baxingsala stream; farther southeast it enters Changji and seeps into the sand. The Su'ertu River rises in Zhaier Mountain and flows east to meet the Namu River; farther east it pools in Alak Lake. The Da'erdamu River also rises in Zhaier Mountain, flows east, and pools in a salt lake. The Shuo'ergaiqi River also rises in Zhaier Mountain, flows southeast into Suilai, and pools in A'erya Lake. Post stations number twelve: Zhizhi, Ganjimoduo, Se'ertemoduo, Gu'ertu, Huoluo, Tuoluobulake, Yamatu, Kundun, Wutubulake, Sha'erzhake, Wunamu, and Kukeshencang. There are nine Muslim villages. There is pasturage of the Olot tribe, ten niru of the Chahar tribe, and fourteen niru of the former Torghut tribe. Four Kazakh tribal pasturages: Keleiyi, with the new and old Uwak minor divisions attached; Saibulate, with the Akenaiman division attached; Manbite; and Tu'ertu. There are six barrier posts. The subprefecture's northwest borders Russia; from Jinghe Subprefecture southward along the subprefecture, boundary markers were erected from the thirty-fourth at Tusai to the fifty-fifth at Burhanbulak, twenty-two in all. Also eastward along the Khobur-Ussu Tarbagatai mountain ridge to Mus Island, then north through Yishengkeli, Buluoka, Erzhihe, and other places, twenty-seven boundary markers were erected in all. In Xianfeng 1 a treaty with Russia designated it a treaty port.

精河直隸廳：沖，繁，難。隸伊塔道。漢、魏，烏孫。晉，鐵勒部。北魏為金山以南諸部。隋、唐，西突厥，後設嗢鹿州都督府。元，曲只兒地。明，準噶爾各鄂拓克台吉游牧地。乾隆二十二年，准部平，始建安阜城於精河，設典史。四十八年，於城東二里建新城，仍舊名，設都司、糧員、巡司，裁典史，隸烏魯木齊都統。光緒十四年，置直隸廳，改隸。東距省治一千七十五里。廣六百五十餘里，袤四百五十餘里。北極高四十四度四十分。京師偏西三十二度四十分。天山支脈自東北來，袤延境內。北：喀拉達坂、索達坂。南：登努勒台山、烏蘭達坂、布里沁達坂。西：德木克沁喀三達坂，別珍島。博羅塔拉勒河出廳西，東流，布哈水南流，庫森木什水北流注之。精河出登努勒台山，有五水南來注之。奎屯河自庫爾喀喇烏蘇廳西流入，合古爾圖河，與博羅塔拉河、精河均瀦於喀喇塔拉額西柯淖爾。驛五：安阜、托里托、和木圖、沙泉、托多克。博羅塔拉巡司一。北山，舊土爾扈特、察哈爾部游牧地。南山，哈薩克部游牧地。卡倫十三。為中、俄交界，歸察哈爾營轄。

Jinghe Directly Controlled Subprefecture: critical, busy, and difficult. It is subordinate to the Yita Circuit. Under the Han and Wei it was Wusun territory. Under the Jin it belonged to the Tiele tribes. Under the Northern Wei it was the territory of the tribes south of Jinshan. Under the Sui and Tang it belonged to the Western Turks; later the Walu Protectorate was established. Under the Yuan it was Quzhier territory. Under the Ming it was nomadic pasturage of the various Dzungar otok taiji. In Qianlong 22 the Dzungar department was pacified; Anfu City was first built at Jinghe and a registrar was appointed. In Qianlong 48 a new city was built two li east of the old city under the same name; a brigade vice-commander, grain officer, and patrol commissioner were appointed and the registrar was abolished; it was placed under the Urumqi commandant-general. In Guangxu 14 a directly controlled subprefecture was established and its administrative subordination was changed. It lies 1,075 li east of the provincial seat. It measures more than 650 li across and more than 450 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 44°40′. It lies 32°40′ west of the capital meridian. Branches of the Tianshan enter from the northeast and run lengthwise across the jurisdiction. To the north are Karadaban and Suodaban. To the south are Dengnuletai Mountain, Wulan Daban, and Buliqin Daban. To the west are Demukexin Ka San Daban and Biezhen Island. The Borotala River rises west of the subprefecture and flows east; Buha stream flows south and Kushenmushi stream flows north to join it. The Jinghe River rises in Dengnuletai Mountain and receives five streams flowing in from the south. The Kuitun River enters from west of Kuerkala Usu Subprefecture and joins the Gu'ertu River; together with the Borotala and Jinghe rivers it pools in Karatala Exike Lake. Post stations number five: Anfu, Tuolituo, Hemutu, Shaquan, and Tuoduoke. There is one Borotala patrol commissioner. In the northern mountains there is pasturage of the former Torghut and Chahar tribes. In the southern mountains there is Kazakh tribal pasturage. There are thirteen barrier posts. They form the Sino-Russian border and are under the jurisdiction of the Chahar camp.

溫宿府：沖，繁，疲。阿克蘇道治所。阿克蘇總兵駐。舊阿克蘇回城。阿克譯言「白」，蘇謂「水」也。漢，姑墨國。三國至北魏屬龜茲。南宋時屬西遼。元，別失八里西境，封宗王阿只吉。明永樂間入回部。後並於準噶爾。乾隆二十二年始內屬，改名阿克蘇。二十四年，回部平。四十四年，移烏什領隊大臣來駐。嘉慶二年，改設辦事大臣，隸喀什噶爾。光緒十年裁，置直隸州。二十八年升府。光緒九年，築新城為府治。東北距省治二千七百八十里。廣一千二百餘里，袤八百餘里。北極高四十一度九分。京師偏西三十七度十五分。領縣二。西南：格達爾山、鐵克列克達山、谷故提山。瑚瑪喇克河、哈拉和旦河、托什罕河，皆自溫宿東南入，合流，納畢底爾河，至賽里木為渾巴什河，逕乙思坤庄，葉爾羌河自巴楚州北流注之，又納和闐河，東南流為塔里木河，入沙雅。驛四：渾巴什、薩伊里克、喬里呼圖、齊蘭台。柯坪巡司一。大回庄十二。布魯特諾依古特部游牧地。溫宿沖，繁，難。府北二十五里。道光十九年築城，回城西北曰舊城。光緒九年設巡司。二十八年置縣。汗騰格里山為天山最高之峰，由縣西北蜿蜒東北，為與伊犁府及俄羅斯界山。西北支山有薩雷雅斯山、楚克達爾山、薩瓦巴齊山、帖列達坂。東北支山有薩巴齊山、烏西拉克山、木素達坂、鐵廠山、意什哈子山。鐵梁河出縣東，哈拉和旦河溢出之水，至縣南合流，注渾巴什河。瑚瑪喇克提河、托什罕河，均出縣西，東南流，托干什河、畢底爾河自烏什東流注之，為渾巴什河，入府。驛十：在城、雖雅克、札木台、哈拉玉爾滾、阿爾巴特、和約伙羅、巴圖拉特湖、斯圖托海、塔木哈塔什、噶克察哈爾。大回庄九。卡倫一。拜城沖，疲。府東四百五十里。漢，姑墨國地。唐為阿悉言城，後並於龜茲。乾隆二十二年內屬，置阿奇木伯克理回務。光緒十年置縣。天山綿亙北境。東北：哈雷克套山、冰山、大木素爾達坂、明布拉克山。東南：截達坂，有滴水崖、溫巴什、托和奈旦、鞏伯、和色爾銅礦五。木札拉提河，發源冰山，西南流，納鬧水、鐵敏水，折東南，納特拉布覺克水，為銅廠河。又納哈拉蘇水、宿什勒克水，為渭干河，東南入庫車。驛五：姑墨、鄂伊斯塘、察爾齊、賽里木、河色爾。回庄二十一。卡倫三。

Wensu Prefecture: critical, busy, and strained. It is the seat of the Aksu Circuit. The Aksu brigade general is stationed here. It is the old Aksu Muslim city. Ake means "white," and Su means "water." Under the Han it was the Gumo state. From the Three Kingdoms through the Northern Wei it belonged to Kucha. Under the Southern Song it belonged to Western Liao. Under the Yuan it formed the western border of Beshbalik and was enfeoffed to Imperial Prince Ajiji. During the Yongle era of the Ming it joined the Muslim departments. Later it was annexed by the Dzungars. In Qianlong 22 it first came under direct Qing control and was renamed Aksu. In Qianlong 24 the Muslim departments were pacified. In Qianlong 44 the Wushi brigade commander was transferred here to be stationed. In Jiaqing 2 the affairs commissioner was re-established, subordinate to Kashgar. In Guangxu 10 it was abolished and reorganized as a direct-controlled prefecture. In Guangxu 28 it was promoted to a full prefecture. In Guangxu 9 a new city was built as the prefectural seat. It lies 2,780 li northeast of the provincial seat. It measures more than 1,200 li across and more than 800 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 41°9′. It lies 37°15′ west of the capital meridian. It administers two counties. To the southwest are Gedal Mountain, Teklekeda Mountain, and Uguti Mountain. The Humalake, Halahedan, and Tosgan rivers all enter from southeast Wensu and join; receiving the Bidir River they become the Hunbashi River at Sailimu; passing Yisikun Village they are joined from the north by the Yarkand River flowing from Bachu Prefecture, then absorb the Khotan River, flow southeast as the Tarim River, and enter Shaya. Post stations number four: Hunbashi, Sayilik, Qiaolihutu, and Qilatai. There is one Keping patrol commissioner. The prefecture has twelve large Muslim villages. There is pasturage of the Kyrgyz Noygut tribe. Wensu County: critical, busy, and difficult. It lies 25 li north of the prefectural seat. In Daoguang 19 a city was built; the Old City lies northwest of the Muslim city. In Guangxu 9 a patrol commissioner was appointed. In Guangxu 28 a county was established. Khan Tengri Mountain is the highest peak of the Tianshan; from the county's northwest it winds northeast as the boundary range with Ili Prefecture and Russia. Northwestern branch ranges include Saryyas Mountain, Chukdar Mountain, Savabaqi Mountain, and Tielie Pass. Northeastern branch ranges include Sabaqi Mountain, Wuxilake Mountain, Musu Pass, Tiechang Mountain, and Yishihazi Mountain. The Tieliang River emerges east of the county; overflow from the Halahedan River joins it south of the county and flows into the Hunbashi River. The Humalaketi and Tosgan rivers both rise west of the county and flow southeast; joined from the east by the Toganshi and Bidir rivers from Ush, they become the Hunbashi River and enter the prefecture. Post stations number ten: Zaicheng, Suiyake, Zhamutai, Halayu'ergun, A'erbate, Heyuehuoluo, Batulate Lake, Situtuohai, Tamuhataishi, and Gakechaha'er. The county has nine large Muslim villages. There is one barrier post. Baicheng County: critical and strained. It lies 450 li east of the prefectural seat. Under the Han it was the territory of the Gumo state. Under the Tang it was Axiyan City, later annexed to Kucha. In Qianlong 22 it came under direct Qing control, and an Akim beg was appointed to administer Muslim affairs. In Guangxu 10 a county was established. The Tianshan Mountains stretch across the northern border. To the northeast are Haleiketao Mountain, Ice Mountain, Damusu'er Pass, and Mingbulake Mountain. To the southeast is Jieda Pass, with copper mines at Dishuiya, Wenbashi, Tuohenaidan, Gongbo, and Hesai'er. The Muzhala River rises at Ice Mountain and flows southwest, receiving the Naoshui and Tiemin streams; turning southeast and joined by the Talabujueke stream, it becomes the Copper Factory River. It then receives the Halasu and Susheleke streams, becomes the Weigan River, and flows southeast into Kucha. Post stations number five: Gumo, E'yisitang, Cha'erqi, Sailimu, and Hesai'er. The county has twenty-one Muslim villages. There are three barrier posts.

焉耆府：要，沖，難。隸阿克蘇道。舊喀喇沙爾回城。喀喇譯言「黑」，沙爾「城」也。漢，焉耆、危須、尉犁諸國地。後漢至隋為焉耆國。唐貞觀六年來朝，十八年置焉耆都督府，後立碎葉鎮於此。貞元後，沒於吐蕃。宋西州回鶻地，後屬西遼。元，別失八里東境。明初朝貢，後徙天山南，據其地，號伊勒巴拉。康熙中，准部噶爾丹佔為牧場，小策凌敦多布、噶爾丹策零先後據之。乾隆二十二年，准部平，改名喀喇沙爾。二十三年，始建城。城毀於火。置府後，就安集延回城拓大之。二十四年，設辦事大臣。轄布古爾、庫爾勒二城，設游擊，以阿奇木伯克理回務。三十八年，土爾扈特及和碩特移牧珠勒都斯，歸辦事大臣兼轄。光緒八年裁，設喀喇沙爾直隸廳。二十四年升府，易今名。北距省一千九十里。廣一千餘里，袤二千五百里。北極高四十二度七分。京師偏西二十九度十七分。領縣三。西：達蘭達坂、江布達坂、達哈特嶺。西北：胡斯圖達坂、澤達坂、察罕薩拉達坂、和屯博克嶺。北：硃勒都斯山。東：博爾圖山、鐵里達坂、薩薩爾達坂。東南：庫爾泰山、大石山、干洛可達坂。開都河，源出和屯博克嶺，南流，經硃勒都斯山，分二支，復合扣克訥克水，折東南，納賽仁木諸小水；南流逕城西，匯於博斯騰淖爾。復溢出，逕庫爾勒回城，又匯為布它海子，入輪台。崆吉斯河，源出城西北舉爾達坂，西北流，入寧遠。瑪納斯河，源出胡斯圖達坂，北流入綏來。呼圖壁河，源出府北天格爾達坂，北流入昌吉。驛九：在城、清水河、烏沙克塔、新井子、榆樹溝、柴泥泉、庫爾勒、上戶地、庫爾楚。大回庄八。土爾扈特部兩札薩克、和碩特部兩札薩克游牧地。卡倫五。新平疲，難。府南三百六十餘里。漢，尉犁國地。三國後入焉耆。明，後什尼戛地。舊名羅布淖爾，屬魯克沁回王。光緒十一年，設局蒲昌城理屯防。二十四年置縣，治羅布淖爾，以游擊駐蒲昌城。北：大石山支脈自府境迤邐入縣。塔里木河自沙雅東流入，分二支，南支匯為小羅布淖爾，溢出東行，與北支合，渭干南河自沙雅東流注之，又東注為六泊。渭干北河自輪台東流入，瀦為沖庫海子。孔雀河承布它海子水自府入，溢出東流，與沖庫海子溢出水合，東南流，入婼羌。古斯拉克河由塔里木河所瀦之第五泊溢出，東北流，斜貫渭干北河，為罕溪河，東北匯為小海子，入婼羌。驛九：在城、克泥爾、英氣蓋河、楷拉、英格可立、烏魯可立、古斯拉克庄、哈什墩、都拉里。回庄二十。卡倫三。輪台沖，疲，難。府西南六百十五里。舊至古巡司。漢，輪台、烏壘、渠犁。晉，龜茲國地。元魏後入吐谷渾。唐屬安西都護，與于闐、疏勒、碎葉為四鎮，後陷吐蕃。元為別失八里東境。乾隆中內附。二十四年，設阿奇木伯克理回務。光緒八年裁，設巡司。二十八年，以布古爾置縣。北：珠勒土斯山，蜿蜒數百里。的納爾河發源庫車之哈拉草湖，南流入境，納縣北諸水，又南流，匯為斯爾里克黑洗湖。渭干北河自沙雅東北流入，又東入新平。東南：大戈壁。驛四：布古爾、洋薩爾、策達雅爾、野雲溝。回庄九十一。婼羌要。府東南一千二百餘里。漢，婼羌國。乾隆二十四年，設阿奇木伯克理回務。光緒二十四年裁，設卡克里克縣丞，隸府。二十八年置縣。崑崙支脈亙於境內。南：烏蘭達布遜山、阿勒騰塔格嶺、阿里哈屯山、大中小屈莽山。東：阿思騰塔格山。孔雀河自新平東南入，分二支：一東流，瀦為孔雀海子；一合阿喇鐵里木河，至托乎沙塔庄，注羅布淖爾。卡牆河自于闐東北流入，並注淖爾。淖爾廣袤三四百里，古蒲昌海，亦鹽澤、氵幼澤，伏流東南千五百里，再出積石為黃河。其東北碩洛浣，南庫木浣，東阿不旦海，併入於沙。驛六：在城、羅布、破城、托和莽、阿拉罕、哈拉台。回庄十一。額魯特部游牧地。

Yanqi Prefecture: strategically important, critical, and difficult. It is subordinate to the Aksu Circuit. It is the old Karashahr Muslim city. Kara means "black," and Shar means "city." Under the Han it was the territory of Yanqi, Weixu, Yuli, and other states. From Later Han through the Sui it was the state of Yanqi. In Tang Zhenguan 6 it sent tribute to court; in Zhenguan 18 the Yanqi Area Command was established, and later the Suyab Garrison was planted here. After the Zhenyuan era it fell to Tibet. Under the Song it was Uyghur territory of Xizhou; later it belonged to Western Liao. Under the Yuan it formed the eastern border of Beshbalik. In early Ming times it sent tribute; later its people moved south of the Tianshan, occupied the area, and styled themselves Yilebala. During the Kangxi era Galdan of the Dzungars took it as pastureland; Tsewang Rabdan and Tsewang Arabtan held it in turn. In Qianlong 22 the Dzungars were pacified and it was renamed Karashahr. In Qianlong 23 a city was first built. The city was destroyed by fire. After the prefecture was established, the city was enlarged from the Andijan Muslim quarter. In Qianlong 24 an affairs commissioner was appointed. It administered Bugur and Korla, with a brigade commander posted and an Akim beg appointed to manage Muslim affairs. In Qianlong 38 the Torghut and Khoshut tribes moved their herds to Zhulduz and were placed under the affairs commissioner's concurrent jurisdiction. In Guangxu 8 it was abolished and reorganized as the Karashahr Direct-Controlled Subprefecture. In Guangxu 24 it was promoted to a prefecture and given its present name. It lies 1,990 li north of the provincial seat. It measures more than 1,000 li across and 2,500 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 42°7′. It lies 29°17′ west of the capital meridian. It administers three counties. To the west are Dalanda Pass, Jiangbu Pass, and Dahate Ridge. To the northwest are Hustu Pass, Zeda Pass, Chahansala Pass, and Hetunboke Ridge. To the north is Zhulduz Mountain. To the east are Bo'ertu Mountain, Tieli Pass, and Sasar Pass. To the southeast are Kuer'tai Mountain, Dashishi Mountain, and Ganluoke Pass. The Kaidu River rises at Hetunboke Ridge and flows south past Zhulduz Mountain; dividing into two branches and rejoining the Kekeneke stream, it turns southeast and receives the Sairim and other minor waters; Flowing south past the west of the city, it empties into Bosten Lake. Overflowing again, it passes Korla Muslim city, pools as Buta Lake, and enters Luntai. The Kongjisi River rises at Ju'er Pass northwest of the city, flows northwest, and enters Ningyuan. The Manas River rises at Hustu Pass, flows north, and enters Suilai. The Huitubi River rises at Tiange'er Pass north of the prefecture, flows north, and enters Changji. Post stations number nine: Zaicheng, Qingshuihe, Wushaketa, Xinjingzi, Yushugou, Chainiquan, Korla, Shanghudi, and Ku'erchu. The prefecture has eight large Muslim villages. There is pasturage of two Torghut zasaks and two Khoshut zasaks. There are five barrier posts. Xinping County: strained and difficult. It lies more than 360 li south of the prefectural seat. Under the Han it was the territory of the Yuli state. After the Three Kingdoms period it was absorbed into Yanqi. Under the Ming it was Houshenijia territory. Formerly called Lop Nor, it belonged to the Lopnur Muslim king. In Guangxu 11 a bureau was established at Puchang City to administer garrison farming and defense. In Guangxu 24 a county was established with its seat at Lop Nor, and a brigade commander was posted at Puchang City. To the north a spur of Dashishi Mountain winds into the county from the prefectural border. The Tarim River enters from east of Shaya and divides into two branches; the southern branch pools as Little Lop Nor, overflows eastward, and rejoins the northern branch; the southern Weigan River flowing in from east of Shaya joins it, and farther east the waters empty into the Six Lakes. The northern Weigan River enters from east of Luntai and pools as Chongku Lake. The Kongque River carries water from Buta Lake in the prefecture, overflows eastward, joins the overflow from Chongku Lake, flows southeast, and enters Ruoqiang. The Gusilake River overflows from the fifth pool formed by the Tarim River, flows northeast, cuts diagonally across the northern Weigan River as the Hanxi River, pools northeast as Little Lake, and enters Ruoqiang. Post stations number nine: Zaicheng, Keni'er, Yingqigaihe, Kaila, Yinggekeli, Wulukeli, Gusilake Village, Hashidun, and Dulali. The county has twenty Muslim villages. There are three barrier posts. Luntai County: critical, strained, and difficult. It lies 615 li southwest of the prefectural seat. It was formerly the Zhigu patrol office. Under the Han it was Luntai, Wulei, and Quli. Under the Jin it was Kucha territory. After the Northern Wei it came under Tuyuhun. Under the Tang it belonged to the Anxi Protectorate as part of the Four Garrisons alongside Yutian, Shule, and Suyab; later it was lost to Tibet. Under the Yuan it was the eastern border of Bashibali. During the Qianlong reign it came under direct Qing control. In Qianlong 24 an Akim beg was appointed to administer Muslim affairs. In Guangxu 8 the post was abolished and a patrol commissioner was appointed. In Guangxu 28 a county was established at Bugur. To the north is Zhulduz Mountain, winding for several hundred li. The Denar River rises at Hala Grass Lake in Kucha, enters the county from the south, receives the northern streams, flows south again, and pools as Sierlik Heixi Lake. The northern Weigan River enters from northeast of Shaya and flows east into Xinping. To the southeast lies the Great Gobi. Post stations number four: Bugur, Yangsar, Cedaya'er, and Yeyungou. The county has ninety-one Muslim villages. Ruoqiang County: strategically important. It lies more than 1,200 li southeast of the prefectural seat. Under the Han it was the state of Ruoqiang. In Qianlong 24 an Akim beg was appointed to administer Muslim affairs. In Guangxu 24 the post was abolished; a Kakilik assistant magistrate was appointed under the prefecture. In Guangxu 28 a county was established. Kunlun spurs run across the jurisdiction. To the south are Wulandabuxun Mountain, Aletengtage Ridge, Alihatun Mountain, and the large, medium, and small Qumang mountains. To the east is Asitengtage Mountain. The Kongque River enters from southeast of Xinping and divides into two branches: one flows east and pools as Kongque Lake; the other joins the Alatielimu River, reaches Tohushata Village, and empties into Lop Nor. The Kaqiang River enters from northeast of Yutian and also flows into the lake. The lake measures three or four hundred li across; it is the ancient Puchang Sea, also known as the Salt Marsh and Youze; its waters run underground southeast for 1,500 li and re-emerge at Jishi as the Yellow River. Northeast of it are Shuoluo Stream, Nankumu Stream, and the eastern Abudan Sea, all lost in the sands. Post stations number six: Zaicheng, Luobu, Pocheng, Tuohemang, Alahan, and Halatai. The county has eleven Muslim villages. There is pasturage of the Olot tribe.

庫車直隸州：沖，繁。隸阿克蘇道。舊回城。漢，龜茲國。後漢建武中，滅於莎車，尋復立，屬匈奴。永元三年內屬。晉太康中，為焉耆所滅，尋復立。唐貞觀中，置龜茲都督府。顯慶三年，徙安西大都護治之。北宋時入貢。南宋屬西遼。元為別失八里西境。明永樂中，併入回部。順治、康熙間，準噶爾兼有其地。乾隆二十三年，討霍集占，伯克阿集以城降，改名庫車。庫譯言「此地」，車謂「眢井」也。二十四年，設辦事大臣。設都司，以阿奇木伯克理回務。光緒十年裁，置直隸州。北距省治二千三十里。廣六百十里，袤七百里。北極高四十一度三十七分。京師偏西三十三度三十二分。領縣一。汗騰格里山支脈綿亙北境。東北有迭拉爾達坂。西北：阿爾齊里克達坂、馬納克齊達坂、泰來買提達坂、阿拉阿奇達坂。西：托和拉旦達坂、千佛洞。北：蘇巴什銅廠。龍口河源出迭拉爾達坂，西南流，納塔里克水、托克蘇拉水、卡拉淖水、朵托水，至隨魯庄，分為葉斯巴什河、烏恰薩伊河、密爾特彥河，合流而東，瀦為沙哈里克草湖。拉依蘇河出城北，分二支，均南流，一入輪台，一入沙哈里克草湖。渭干河自拜城東南流入，逕千佛洞，南流入沙雅。驛五：鳩茲、托和拉旦、托和奈、哈爾巴、阿爾巴特。大小回庄一百二十六。卡倫四。沙雅州南百八十里。唐，突厥施沙雁州。乾隆二十四年，設阿奇木伯克理回務。光緒十年裁。二十九年，以沙雅爾回城置縣。西北：哈電克套山。渭干河自州南入，折東流，至薩牙巴克庄，為鄂根河，逕沙克理克，分支南流入塔里木河。又東逕阿洽，分二支：一東南流，出境為渭干南河，入新平；一東北流，出境為渭干北河，入輪台。塔里木河自溫宿東南入，至可可覓，納渭干河支流，至喀喇墩，東流入新平。西南：下和裏海子。西：草湖浣。驛二：在城、亮噶爾。回庄六十四。卡倫三。

Kuche Direct-Controlled Prefecture: critical and busy. It is subordinate to the Aksu Circuit. It is the old Muslim city. Under the Han it was the state of Kucha. In the Jianwu era of Later Han it was destroyed by Shache, soon restored, and placed under the Xiongnu. In Yongyuan 3 it came under direct Han control. In the Taikang era of Jin it was destroyed by Yanqi, then soon restored. In the Zhenguan era of Tang the Kucha Area Command was established. In Xianqing 3 the seat of the Anxi Grand Protectorate was moved here. During the Northern Song it sent tribute. Under the Southern Song it belonged to Western Liao. Under the Yuan it was the western border of Bashibali. In the Yongle era of Ming it was incorporated into the Muslim regions. During the Shunzhi and Kangxi reigns the Dzungars also held this territory. In Qianlong 23, during the campaign against Hodja Jahan, Beg Aji surrendered the city and it was renamed Kuche. Ku means "this place," and Che means "abandoned well." In Qianlong 24 an affairs commissioner was appointed. A brigade vice-commander was appointed, with an Akim beg to administer Muslim affairs. In Guangxu 10 it was abolished and reorganized as a direct-controlled prefecture. It lies 2,030 li north of the provincial seat. It measures 610 li across and 700 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 41°37′. It lies 33°32′ west of the capital meridian. It administers one county. Spurs of Khan Tengri Mountain stretch across the northern border. To the northeast is Diela'er Pass. To the northwest are A'erqilike Pass, Manakeqi Pass, Tailaimaiti Pass, and Ala'aqi Pass. To the west are Tuoheladan Pass and the Thousand Buddha Caves. To the north is the Subashi copper works. The Longkou River rises at Diela'er Pass and flows southwest, receiving the Tarike, Tuokesula, Kalanor, and Duotuo streams; at Suilu Village it divides into the Yesibashi, Wuqiasayi, and Mi'erteyan rivers, which reunite and flow east to pool as Shaharike Grass Lake. The Layisu River rises north of the city and divides into two southern branches: one enters Luntai and the other Shaharike Grass Lake. The Weigan River enters from southeast of Baicheng, passes the Thousand Buddha Caves, and flows south into Shaya. Post stations number five: Qiuci, Tuoheladan, Tuohenai, Ha'erba, and A'erbate. There are 126 large and small Muslim villages. There are four barrier posts. It lies 180 li south of the prefectural seat. Under the Tang it was the Turgesh Shayan Prefecture. In Qianlong 24 an Akim beg was appointed to administer Muslim affairs. In Guangxu 10 the post was abolished. In Guangxu 29 a county was established at the Shayar Muslim city. To the northwest is Hadianketao Mountain. The Weigan River enters from south of the prefecture, turns east to Sayabake Village, becomes the Egen River, passes Shakelike, and sends a branch south into the Tarim River. Farther east it passes Aqia and divides into two branches: one flows southeast out of the jurisdiction as the southern Weigan River into Xinping; the other flows northeast out of the jurisdiction as the northern Weigan River into Luntai. The Tarim River enters from southeast of Wensu; at Keke'mi it receives a Weigan tributary, and at Kaladun it flows east into Xinping. To the southwest is Xiaheli Lake. To the west is Grass Lake Stream. Post stations number two: Zaicheng and Liangga'er. The county has sixty-four Muslim villages. There are three barrier posts.

烏什直隸廳：要，沖，疲，難。隸阿克蘇道。副將駐。漢，溫宿國。後漢內附。北魏入龜茲。唐貞觀中平之，置溫肅州，隸安西都護府。南宋屬西遼。元為別失八里西境，封宗王阿只吉。明永樂中，其王西遷，地入回部。後並於準噶爾，名圖爾璊。乾隆二十年，阿奇木伯克霍集斯擒達瓦齊，以城內屬，改名烏什。以烏赤山得名。二十三年，設辦事大臣、參將。三十一年，築永寧城，移喀什噶爾參贊大臣、協辦大臣駐之，又設領隊大臣。四十四年，移領隊駐阿克蘇。五十二年，移參贊、協辦駐喀什噶爾，仍留辦事大臣。光緒九年裁，置直隸廳。東北距省治三千二十里。廣一千一百八十里，袤三百七十里。北極高四十一度六分。京師偏西三十八度二十七分。天山支脈綿亙境內。西南：烏魯山達坂。南：木其別什達坂、登魯古達坂、屯珠素山。東南：庫魯克達哈山。西北：上齊哈爾達坂。北：廓喀沙勒山、戈什山、哈克善山。東北：貢古魯達坂、珍旦達坂、英阿瓦達山。托什罕河二源，一自伽師東北入，納上齊哈爾達坂水，合東流，納希布勒孔蓋河、玉簪河，至烏什庄，別疊水南流注之。又東為畢底爾河、貢古魯及可可容二水合為柳樹泉，南流注之，東流入溫宿。驛二：烏赤、洋海。回庄二十八。布魯特二部游牧地：曰奇里克，曰胡什齊。卡倫十三。廳境北及西北均界俄。自喀依車奇哈達坂，至齊恰爾達坂，立牌博六。

Ush Direct-Controlled Subprefecture: strategically important, critical, strained, and difficult. It is subordinate to the Aksu Circuit. A brigade general is stationed there. Under the Han it was the state of Wensu. Under the Later Han it came under direct control. Under the Northern Wei it came under Kucha. In the Zhenguan era of Tang it was pacified; Wensu Prefecture was established under the Anxi Protectorate. Under the Southern Song it belonged to Western Liao. Under the Yuan it was the western border of Bashibali, enfeoffed to Prince Azhiji. In the Yongle era of Ming its king moved westward and the territory passed to the Muslim regions. Later it was annexed to the Dzungars and called Turem. In Qianlong 20 Akim Beg Khojis captured Dawachi, submitted the city, and it was renamed Ush. It is named after Wuchi Mountain. In Qianlong 23 an affairs commissioner and a regimental colonel were appointed. In Qianlong 31 Yongning City was built; the Kashgar assistant commissioner and co-assistant commissioner were transferred there, and a brigade commander was also appointed. In Qianlong 44 the brigade commander was transferred to Aksu. In Qianlong 52 the assistant commissioner and co-assistant commissioner were transferred to Kashgar, while an affairs commissioner was left in place. In Guangxu 9 it was abolished and reorganized as a direct-controlled subprefecture. It lies 3,020 li northeast of the provincial seat. It measures 1,180 li across and 370 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 41°6′. It lies 38°27′ west of the capital meridian. Branch ranges of the Tianshan run continuously through the subprefecture. To the southwest is Ulushan Pass. To the south are Muqibieshi Pass, Dengrugu Pass, and Tunzhusu Mountain. To the southeast is Kulukdaha Mountain. To the northwest is Shangqihar Pass. To the north are Kokshal Mountain, Gesh Mountain, and Hakeshan Mountain. To the northeast are Gongguru Pass, Zhendan Pass, and Ying'awada Mountain. The Toshkan River has two sources: one enters from northeast of Payzawat, picks up the Shangqihar Pass stream, and flows east, receiving the Xibulekonggai and Yuzan rivers; at Ush Village the Biedie stream joins it from the south. Farther east the Bidir River and the Gongguru and Kekerong streams, which unite as Willow Spring, flow south to join it before continuing east into Wensu. Post stations number two: Wuchi and Yanghai. The subprefecture has twenty-eight Muslim villages. There is pasturage of two Kyrgyz tribes: Chirik and Khushqi. There are thirteen barrier posts. On the north and northwest the subprefecture border all adjoins Russia. From Kayicheqi Pass to Qichia'er Pass, six boundary markers were erected.

疏勒府：沖，繁，疲。喀什噶爾道治所。烏魯木齊提督同駐。舊喀什噶爾道徠寧城。喀什譯言「各色」，噶爾為「磚房」。漢，疏勒國地。永平中，龜茲並之，尋復立。元魏太延二年內屬。隋末屬西突厥。唐置佉沙都督府。宋開寶二年，並于于闐。南宋屬西遼。元至元二十五年，置達魯花赤，屯田於此，隸阿母河省。明為哈實哈兒國。明末瑪木特玉布素自亞剌伯來。奉回教。乾隆間，準噶爾汗囚其曾孫瑪罕木於伊犁，並其二子波羅泥都、霍集占。二十年，平伊犁，瑪罕木已死，定北將軍班第釋波羅泥都囚，使歸喀什噶爾統其眾，留霍集占于軍。旋逃至葉爾羌，據城叛。二十四年，將軍富德克之，阿渾以喀什噶爾降，始內屬。設參贊大臣，總辦天山南路八城事務。以阿奇木伯克理回務。領隊大臣、協辦大臣各一。專理喀什噶爾、英吉沙爾事務。總兵一。二十七年，於沽漊巴海築徠寧城。舊回城西北二里。三十一年，移參贊、協辦駐烏什，改設辦事大臣。五十二年，復設參贊、協辦。道光七年，於哈喇哈依築新城，名曰恢武。光緒九年，裁參贊、協辦，置直隸州。二十九年升府，增伽師，又巴楚州同隸。尋割巴楚屬莎車。東北距省治四千五百里。廣一千六百餘里，袤七百餘里。北極高三十九度二十五分。京師偏西四十二度二十五分。領縣二。烏蘭烏蘇河自府東流入，逕城南，復東北流入伽師。罕愛里克河、雅璊雅爾河亦自府東流入，注岳普爾湖之東庫山河。下游別什幹渠，自英吉沙爾東北流入，分數小水入沙磧。驛三：系弦、雅璊雅爾、雅卜藏。漢屯八，大小回庄六。布魯特部游牧地。卡倫二。咸豐元年，俄約定為商埠。疏附沖，繁，疲。府西北二十四里。舊回庄。光緒九年，劃烏蘭烏蘇河上游十一庄置。西北：烏孜別里山，為怱嶺、天山之過脈，蔥嶺支峰。西南：喀喇特山、瑪爾幹山、喀卜喀山、額依爾阿特山。南：烏魯瓦特山、阿依阿奇山、勒泰烏巴什山，皆在烏蘭烏蘇河南，天山支峰。西北：薩瓦雅爾德山、西康山、克子圖山、庫斯渾山、東克依克山，皆在烏蘭烏蘇河北。烏蘭烏蘇河源出蔥嶺，東流，納業金水、瑪爾堪蘇河、阿依阿奇水、庫斯渾水，逕城西南，一支渠東流入府，一東流，圖蘇克塔什河合察克瑪克河北來注之，入伽師。雅璊雅爾河自蒲犁北流入，東北出，一支渠入府。驛一，在城。回庄九。布魯特五部游牧地：曰胡什齊，曰沖巴噶什，曰岳瓦什，曰希布察克，曰奈曼。卡倫三十三。牌博自西南烏孜別里山豁，至東北帖列克山豁，凡二十二。伽師沖，繁，難。府東一百六十里。漢，疏勒國地。唐，佉沙城。乾隆二十四年，設阿奇木伯克理回務。光緒二十九年，以牌素巴特回庄置。天山支脈迤邐北境。北：郭克阿勒山、以格孜達坂、阿奇克山、依提約爾山。西北：依得朗山、倫郭斯山。東：蘇潭山。烏蘭烏蘇河自境及疏附分支東流入境，逕城北，喀什噶爾河南流注之。又東北為二支，瀦為草湖，溢出復合，流入巴楚。驛五：在城、英阿瓦特、龍口橋、雅素里克、玉代里克。大回庄五。卡倫八。牌博自西北黑皮恰克，至烏圖魯達坂，凡五。

Shule Prefecture: critical, busy, and strained. It is the seat of the Kashgar Circuit. The Urumqi provincial military commander is also stationed there. Formerly the Kashgar Circuit was based at Laening City. Kashi means "various colors," and ga'er means "brick house." Under the Han it was the territory of the state of Shule. In the Yongping era Kucha annexed it, but the state was soon restored. In Taiyan 2 of the Northern Wei it came under direct control. At the end of the Sui it belonged to the Western Turks. Under the Tang the Kasha Area Command was established. In Kaibao 2 of Song it was annexed to Yutian. Under the Southern Song it belonged to Western Liao. In Zhiyuan 25 of the Yuan a darughachi was appointed, military colonies were established here, and the area was placed under the Amu River Province. Under the Ming it was the state of Hashiha'er. At the end of the Ming Mamut Yubusu came from Arabia. He embraced Islam. During the Qianlong era the Dzungar khan imprisoned his great-grandson Mahmud at Ili, together with his two sons Burdan and Khoja Jahan. In Qianlong 20 Ili was pacified; Mahmud was already dead; General Ban Di, Pacifier of the North, released Burdan and sent him back to Kashgar to lead his people, while Khoja Jahan was kept with the army. He soon fled to Yarkand, seized the city, and rebelled. In Qianlong 24 General Fu De captured him; the Ahun surrendered Kashgar, and the region first came under direct Qing control. An assistant commissioner was appointed to oversee the affairs of the eight cities south of the Tianshan. An Akim beg was appointed to administer Muslim affairs. One brigade commander and one co-assistant commissioner were appointed. They were charged specifically with the affairs of Kashgar and Yengisar. One regional commander was posted. In Qianlong 27 Laening City was built at Guliebahi. It stood two li northwest of the old Muslim city. In Qianlong 31 the assistant commissioner and co-assistant commissioner were transferred to Ush, and an affairs commissioner was appointed in their place. In Qianlong 52 the assistant commissioner and co-assistant commissioner were restored. In Daoguang 7 a new city was built at Halahayi and named Huiwu. In Guangxu 9 the assistant commissioner and co-assistant commissioner were abolished and a direct-controlled prefecture was established. In Guangxu 29 it was promoted to a prefecture, Payzawat was added, and Bachu Prefecture was also placed under its jurisdiction. Soon afterward Bachu was transferred to Shache Prefecture. It lies 4,500 li northeast of the provincial seat. It measures more than 1,600 li across and more than 700 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 39°25′. It lies 42°25′ west of the capital meridian. It administers two counties. The Ulan Usu River enters from east of the prefecture, passes south of the city, and then flows northeast into Payzawat. The Han'ailike and Yamanyar rivers also enter from east of the prefecture and flow into the Dongku River of Lake Yopur. The downstream Bieshigan Canal enters from northeast of Yengisar, splits into several small streams, and sinks into the sandy desert. Post stations number three: Xixian, Yamanyar, and Yabuzang. The prefecture has eight Han military colonies and six large and small Muslim villages. There is pasturage of the Kyrgyz tribes. There are two barrier posts. In Xianfeng 1 a treaty with Russia designated it a treaty port. Shufu County: critical, busy, and strained. It lies twenty-four li northwest of the prefectural seat. It was formerly a Muslim village. In Guangxu 9 it was established from eleven villages on the upper Ulan Usu River. To the northwest is Wuzibieli Mountain, a connecting range between the Pamirs and the Tianshan and a branch peak of the Pamirs. To the southwest are Kalate Mountain, Margan Mountain, Kabuka Mountain, and Eyi'er'ate Mountain. To the south are Uluwat Mountain, Aiyi'aqi Mountain, and Letai'ubashi Mountain, all south of the Ulan Usu River and branch peaks of the Tianshan. To the northwest are Sawayarde Mountain, Xikang Mountain, Kezitu Mountain, Kusihun Mountain, and Dongkeyike Mountain, all north of the Ulan Usu River. The Ulan Usu River rises in the Pamirs and flows east, receiving the Yejin stream, Markansu River, Aiyi'aqi stream, and Kusihun stream; passing southwest of the city, one branch canal flows east into the prefecture while another continues east; the Tusuketashi River and the Chakmake River join it from the north before it enters Payzawat. The Yamanyar River enters from north of Puli, flows out to the northeast, and sends one branch canal into the prefecture. There is one post station at the city. The county has nine Muslim villages. There is pasturage of five Kyrgyz tribes: Khushqi, Chongbaghsh, Yuewashi, Xibuchake, and Naiman. There are thirty-three barrier posts. From the Wuzibieli Mountain pass in the southwest to the Tielieke Mountain pass in the northeast, there are twenty-two boundary markers in all. Payzawat County: critical, busy, and difficult. It lies 160 li east of the prefectural seat. Under the Han it was the territory of the state of Shule. Under the Tang it was Kasha city. In Qianlong 24 an Akim beg was appointed to administer Muslim affairs. In Guangxu 29 it was established from the Muslim village of Paisubate. Branch ranges of the Tianshan wind along the county's northern border. To the north are Guoke'ale Mountain, Yigezi Pass, Aqiqi Mountain, and Yitiyue'er Mountain. To the northwest are Yidelang Mountain and Lengesi Mountain. To the east is Sutan Mountain. The Ulan Usu River and a branch from Shufu enter from the east, pass north of the city, and are joined from the south by the Kashgar River. Farther northeast it splits into two branches, pools in a grass lake, overflows and reunites, and then flows into Bachu. Post stations number five: Zaicheng, Ying'awate, Longkou Bridge, Yasulike, and Yudailike. The county has five large Muslim villages. There are eight barrier posts. From Heipiqia in the northwest to Wutulu Pass, there are five boundary markers in all.

莎車府：沖，繁，難。隸喀什噶爾道。副將駐。舊葉爾羌回城。葉爾譯言「地」，羌謂「寬廣」也。漢，莎車國地。後漢並于于闐，元和後內附。三國屬疏勒。北魏為渠沙國，後疏勒並之。隋、唐至宋皆屬于闐。南宋屬西遼。元曰雅兒看，以封宗王阿魯忽。明曰葉爾羌，國最強。順治十三年，哈密、吐魯番入貢，其表均葉爾羌阿布都剌汗署名。康熙三十五年，破準噶爾，其王來朝，尋為準噶爾所阻。乾隆二十年，始內屬。二十四年，平霍集占，舊伯克回民以城降。二十六年，設辦事大臣、協辦大臣、兼領隊事務各一，副將一。道光八年，改參贊大臣，尋復舊制。光緒八年平回亂。九年，裁辦事、領隊大臣。二十四年，築新城，設直隸州。二十八年，升府。東北距省治四千七十三里。廣一千三百里，袤一千二百里。北極高三十八度十九分。京師偏西四十度十分。領廳一，州一，縣二。崑崙山脈綿亙本境。西南：協坦耿山、鐵格山、海立雅山。澤勒普善河自蒲犁廳東北流入，納喇斯庫木河，東北入巴楚廳。雜布河自葉城東北流入，逕別什幹庄，東流入葉城。驛四：在城、科科熱瓦牙、合哎勒克、和色爾。回城巡司一。大回庄十七。布魯特部游牧地。卡倫六。蒲犁廳府西南八百里。舊色勒庫爾地。漢，蒲犁、西夜、烏秅、依耐諸國地。後漢，德若國。魏，滿犁、億若二國，並屬疏勒。北魏及唐，喝盤陀國。宋、元，于闐國。明屬葉爾羌。順治後，為布魯特西部。光緒二十八年置。蔥嶺北支綿亙北境。東北有鐵里達坂。西北：克則勒借克山。西南：烏魯克瓦提達坂。南：喀楚特山。賽里河出廳南，喀楚特河東北流注之，北流至申底南，折東流，名托布隆河，納湯吉塔爾河，又東流入府，注澤勒普善河。奇盤河自葉城西北流入，合喇斯庫木河，折東北入府，為澤勒普善河。雅璊雅爾河自俄國東流入，納木吉河，東北流，入疏附。西北：愛南湖、喀喇庫湖、白希庫湖、布倫庫爾湖、霍什干大庫湖。驛十一：在城、申底、奇哈爾、塔爾拜什、托魯布倫、七里拱、拜塔、布達克、巴海開子、阿普里克、托乎拉克。大回庄二十七。布魯特部及塔吉克族游牧地。卡倫十一。巴楚州沖，繁，疲。府東二百四十里。漢，尉頭國。三國及北魏屬龜茲。隋入疏勒。唐，蔚頭州。宋屬疏勒。元、明，別失八里地。乾隆中內屬，設阿奇木伯克理回務。道光十二年，築城，設糧員。光緒九年置瑪喇巴什直隸廳，設水利撫民通判。二十九年改置，治巴爾楚克，易今名。天山支脈蜿蜒北境。東：烏果洛可山、覺里孔山。南：克拉甫山。西：沙格山。澤勒普善河自莎車東北流入，合老玉河，為葉爾羌河，折東北，入溫宿。烏蘭烏蘇河合喀什噶爾河，自伽師東流入，至古鷹州城，折東北，注葉爾羌河，入溫宿。聽雜布河自葉城東北流入，分數支渠。又有蘇沙湖、鹹海、故海、小海子。驛八：七台、察巴克、圖木舒克、車底庫勒、雅哈爾庫圖克、色瓦特、屈爾蓋、卡拉克沁。回庄八十六。卡倫二。葉城沖，疲，難。府東南二百里。舊哈哈里克。漢，莎車、子合國地。後魏，渠沙、悉居半、硃俱諸國地。唐，沮渠、硃俱波西地，入于闐。明，葉爾羌。乾隆中內附。光緒九年，以哈哈里克置。蔥嶺北支綿亙縣境。有奇盤山、密爾岱山。南：瑪爾胡魯克山。西南：八沙拉達坂。東：玉拔達坂。奇盤河源出八沙拉達坂，北流，福新河自皮山西北流注之，又西北入蒲犁。聽雜布河為福新河分支，北流逕城西，又東北流入巴楚。驛二：哈哈里克、上波斯坎。大回庄十一。卡倫七。皮山沖，疲，難。府東南四百十里。舊侂瑪回庄。漢，皮山國地。後漢入于闐，尋復立。三國，皮山。北魏，蒲山。北周、隋、唐屬于闐。乾隆間內屬。光緒二十八年，於蘇各庄置澤普縣，尋移治侂瑪，易今名。蔥嶺山脈綿亙境內。南：卡拉胡魯木山、素蓋提山、桑珠山。東南：普下山、陽阿里克山、杜瓦山。福新河出卡拉胡魯木山，西北流，逕達爾烏孜庄入葉城。哈拉哈什河自和闐西北流入，瀦為別里克奇草湖，復溢出，東北流入和闐。驛五：侂瑪、淖洛克、木吉、裝桂雅、怕爾漫。大回庄四十三。卡倫六。縣南卡拉胡魯木山與英分界，立牌博一。

Shache Prefecture: critical, busy, and difficult. It is subordinate to the Kashgar Circuit. A deputy general is stationed there. It was formerly the Muslim city of Yarkand. "Ye'er" means "land," and "qiang" means "broad and spacious." In the Han it was the territory of the state of Shache. Under the Later Han it was annexed by Yutian; after the Yuanhe era it came within the empire. During the Three Kingdoms it belonged to Shule. Under the Northern Wei it was the state of Qusha; Shule later annexed it. From the Sui and Tang through the Song it belonged to Yutian. Under the Southern Song it belonged to Western Liao. Under the Yuan it was called Yar-khan and granted to the imperial prince Arugh. In the Ming it was called Yarkand, and the state was the most powerful in the region. In Shunzhi 13 Hami and Turfan paid tribute, and their memorials all bore the signature of Abudula Khan of Yarkand. In Kangxi 35 the Dzungars were defeated and its king came to court, but he was soon blocked by the Dzungars from returning. In Qianlong 20 it first came under direct Qing control. In Qianlong 24 Huo Jizhan was suppressed, and the former begs and Muslim inhabitants surrendered the city. In Qianlong 26 an affairs commissioner, a co-assistant commissioner, and a combined team leader were each appointed, along with one deputy general. In Daoguang 8 the post was changed to assistant commissioner, but the previous arrangement was soon restored. In Guangxu 8 the Muslim rebellion was suppressed. In Guangxu 9 the affairs and team leader commissioners were abolished. In Guangxu 24 a new city was built and a direct-controlled prefecture was established. In Guangxu 28 it was promoted to a prefecture. It lies 4,073 li northeast of the provincial seat. It measures 1,300 li across and 1,200 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 38°19′. It lies 40°10′ west of the capital meridian. It administers one subprefecture, one prefecture, and two counties. The Kunlun range runs continuously through the prefecture. To the southwest are Xietan'geng Mountain, Tiege Mountain, and Hailiya Mountain. The Zelepushan River enters from northeast of Puli Subprefecture, receives the Lasikumu River, and flows northeast into Bachu Subprefecture. The Zabu River enters from northeast of Yecheng, passes Bieshigan Village, and flows east into Yecheng. Post stations number four: Zaicheng, Kekerevaya, He'aileke, and Hesai'er. There is one patrol office for the Muslim city. There are seventeen large Muslim villages. Pasturing lands of the Kyrgyz tribes. There are six barrier posts. Puli Subprefecture lies 800 li southwest of the prefectural seat. It was formerly the territory of Sariqul. In the Han it was the territory of the states of Puli, Xiye, Wunuo, and Yinai. Under the Later Han it was the state of Deruo. Under Wei it comprised the two states of Manli and Yiruo, both subordinate to Shule. Under the Northern Wei and Tang it was the state of Hepantuo. Under the Song and Yuan it belonged to Yutian. In the Ming it belonged to Yarkand. After Shunzhi it became the western territory of the Kyrgyz. It was established in Guangxu 28. The northern branch of the Pamirs runs continuously along the northern border. To the northeast is Tieli Pass. To the northwest is Kezelejieke Mountain. To the southwest is Wulukewati Pass. To the south is Qaqurt Mountain. The Sairi River rises south of the subprefecture and is joined from the northeast by the Qaqurt River; flowing north to south of Shendi it turns east as the Tuobulong River, receives the Tangjitare River, then flows east into the prefecture and joins the Zelepushan River. The Qipan River enters from northwest of Yecheng, joins the Lasikumu River, turns northeast into the prefecture, and becomes the Zelepushan River. The Yamanyar River enters from the east out of Russia, receives the Muji River, flows northeast, and enters Shufu. To the northwest are Ainan Lake, Karakul Lake, Baixiku Lake, Bulunkul Lake, and Khojand Great Lake. Post stations number eleven: Zaicheng, Shendi, Qihar, Tarbaishi, Tuolubulun, Qiligong, Baita, Budake, Bahaihaizi, Aupurike, and Tuohulake. There are twenty-seven large Muslim villages. Pasturing lands of the Kyrgyz tribes and the Tajik people. There are eleven barrier posts. Bachu Prefecture: critical, busy, and strained. It lies 240 li east of the prefectural seat. In the Han it was the state of Weitou. During the Three Kingdoms and under the Northern Wei it belonged to Kucha. Under the Sui it was absorbed into Shule. Under the Tang it was Yutou Prefecture. Under the Song it belonged to Shule. Under the Yuan and Ming it was Bashibali territory. In mid-Qianlong it came under direct Qing control, and an Akim beg was appointed to administer Muslim affairs. In Daoguang 12 a city was built and a grain officer was appointed. In Guangxu 9 Maralbeshi Directly Controlled Subprefecture was established with a water-conservancy pacification vice-prefect. In Guangxu 29 it was reorganized with its seat at Barquk and renamed to the present name. Branch ranges of the Tianshan wind along the northern border. To the east are Wuguoluo'e Mountain and Juelikong Mountain. To the south is Kelapu Mountain. To the west is Shage Mountain. The Zelepushan River enters from northeast of Shache, joins the Old Jade River to form the Yarkand River, turns northeast, and enters Wensu. The Ulan Usu River combined with the Kashgar River enters from east of Payzawat, reaches the site of Guyinzhou city, turns northeast, joins the Yarkand River, and enters Wensu. The Tingzabu River enters from northeast of Yecheng and divides into several branch canals. There are also Susa Lake, Salt Sea, Old Sea, and Little Lake. Post stations number eight: Qitai, Chabake, Tumshuk, Chedikule, Yaharkutuk, Sewate, Qu'ergai, and Karakqin. There are eighty-six Muslim villages. There are two barrier posts. Yecheng County: critical, strained, and difficult. It lies 200 li southeast of the prefectural seat. It was formerly Hahalike. In the Han it was the territory of Shache and the state of Zihe. Under the Later Wei it was the territory of the states of Qusha, Xijuban, and Zhuju. Under the Tang it was the western territory of Juqu and Zhujubo, later absorbed into Yutian. In the Ming it belonged to Yarkand. In mid-Qianlong it came within the empire. In Guangxu 9 it was established from Hahalike. The northern branch of the Pamirs runs continuously through the county. There are Qipan Mountain and Mi'erdai Mountain. To the south is Ma'erhuluke Mountain. To the southwest is Bashala Pass. To the east is Yuba Pass. The Qipan River rises at Bashala Pass and flows north; the Fuxin River enters from northwest of Pishan to join it, then flows northwest into Puli. The Tingzabu River is a branch of the Fuxin River; it flows north past the west of the city, then northeast into Bachu. Post stations number two: Hahalike and Shangbosikan. There are eleven large Muslim villages. There are seven barrier posts. Pishan County: critical, strained, and difficult. It lies 410 li southeast of the prefectural seat. It was formerly Zhima Muslim village. In the Han it was the territory of the state of Pishan. Under the Later Han it was absorbed into Yutian, then soon re-established. During the Three Kingdoms it was Pishan. Under the Northern Wei it was Pushan. Under the Northern Zhou, Sui, and Tang it belonged to Yutian. During the Qianlong reign it came under direct Qing control. In Guangxu 28 Zepsu County was established at Suge village; soon the seat was moved to Zhima and renamed to the present name. The Pamir mountain ranges run continuously through the territory. To the south are Karakorum Mountain, Sugaiti Mountain, and Sangzhu Mountain. To the southeast are Pushan Mountain, Yang'alike Mountain, and Duwa Mountain. The Fuxin River rises at Karakorum Mountain, flows northwest, passes through Da'erwuzi village, and enters Yecheng. The Karakash River enters from northwest of Hotan, pools into Belikqi Grass Lake, overflows again, and flows northeast into Hotan. Post stations number five: Zhima, Nuoluoke, Muji, Zhuangguiya, and Pa'erman. There are forty-three large Muslim villages. There are six barrier posts. On the south of the county, Karakorum Mountain forms the boundary with Yengisar; one boundary marker was erected.

和闐直隸州：疲，難。和闐譯言「黑台」，回人謂漢人也。隸喀什噶爾道。舊額里齊回城。漢，于闐國。後漢建武時，並於莎車，尋復立。北魏至唐，皆通朝貢。貞觀中，置毗沙都督府。儀鳳中，陷吐蕃，尋自立。後晉、後漢及北宋，朝貢不絕。南宋後，屬西遼。遼亡，屬乃蠻。元太祖九年，曷思麥里殺乃蠻主內附。十六年，朮赤取玉龍傑赤等城，後並可失哈兒、雅兒看，即莎車為三城，以封阿魯忽。至元初，阿魯忽叛。十六年，以忽必來別速台為都元帥，戍斡端城，二十六年罷。明永樂四年入貢。明末並於回部。康熙中，入準噶爾。乾隆二十年，准部平，始內屬。二十四年，設辦事大臣、協辦大臣各一。駐伊爾齊，轄回城六，隸於葉爾羌大臣。又設都司一。光緒九年裁，設直隸州。東北距省治四千九百六十三里。廣二千三百里，袤一千二百里。北極高三十七度。京師偏西三十五度五十二分。領縣二。南：札客安巴山。西南：哈喇科隴山、尼蟒依山、阿拉克達坂、庫布哈達坂。東南：察察嶺、乙根達坂。東：卡浪古達坂、烏魯達坂。玉瓏哈什河源出尼蟒依山，西北流，至而梗勒司庄，折東北，納泥沙諸水，至八柵為州境，與洛浦分界，又東北與哈拉哈什河會。哈拉哈什河亦出尼蟒依山，西流，納庫布哈達坂水，折西北入皮山，復東北流，逕州境入洛浦。驛二：托彌、雜瓦。回庄二十九。于闐繁，難。州東四百六十里。漢，扞彌、渠勒、精絕、戎盧、且末、小宛諸國地。後漢為拘彌。北魏附蠕蠕。隋屬突厥。唐初為毗沙都督府地。儀鳳中，陷吐蕃，長壽時，復立國，屬于闐。石晉置紺州。宋仍屬于闐。南宋屬西遼，後屬乃蠻。元，阿魯忽封地。明並於回部。康熙時，屬準噶爾。乾隆二十年內屬。二十四年，設阿奇木伯克理回務。光緒九年置。治哈拉哈什，尋徙治克里雅。崑崙綿亙縣境。東南：昆折克圖拉爾山。東：蘇拉瓦克山大金廠，卡巴山小金廠。東北：阿里屯塔格山。西南：克里雅山、喀喇布拉克山、皮介山、阿羌山。卡牆河出縣東，納烏蘇克蘇水，阿克塔克水、阿里雅拉克水，西流，又納覺可沙衣水，跳提勒水，北流，分數渠，東北入婼羌。伊爾里克淖爾在縣西南，納阿羌山、皮介山諸小水，北流入沙磧。驛二：罕蘭、渠勒。回庄五十九。洛浦繁，難。州東七十里。光緒二十八年，析和闐東境玉河以東、于闐西境一根闌干以西置。東南：鐵蓋列克山。玉瓏哈什河自州東北流，至八柵入，北流至塔瓦克，合哈拉哈什河，名和闐河，入溫宿，注塔里木河。驛一：白石。回庄四十一。

Hotan Directly Controlled Prefecture: strained and difficult. Hotan translates as 'Black Platform'; local Muslims say the name refers to Han Chinese. It is subordinate to Kashgar Circuit. It was formerly Iliqi Muslim city. In the Han it was the state of Yutian. During the Jianwu reign of the Later Han it was merged into Shache, then soon re-established. From the Northern Wei through the Tang it regularly sent tribute missions. During the Zhenguan reign the Pisha Protectorate was established. During the Yifeng reign it fell to Tibet, then soon regained independence. Under the Later Jin, Later Han, and Northern Song tribute missions continued without interruption. After the Southern Song it belonged to Western Liao. When the Liao fell it belonged to the Naiman. In the ninth year of Taizu of Yuan, Hasimaili killed the Naiman ruler and submitted to the empire. In the sixteenth year Jochi captured Yulongjiechi and other cities; later Keshiha'er and Yarikan were combined with Shache into three cities granted as a fief to Arighu. In the early Yuan Arighu rebelled. In the sixteenth year Hubilai Baiesutai was appointed commander-in-chief to garrison Woduan city; the garrison was abolished in the twenty-sixth year. In Yongle 4 of the Ming it sent tribute. In the late Ming it was annexed by the Muslim territories. During the Kangxi reign it came under Dzungar control. In Qianlong 20, after the Dzungars were pacified, it first came under direct Qing control. In the twenty-fourth year one resident minister and one assistant resident minister were appointed. Stationed at Yilqi, it governed six Muslim cities and was subordinate to the Yarkand resident minister. One regional military commissioner was also established. In Guangxu 9 the office was abolished and a directly controlled prefecture was established. It lies 4,963 li northeast of the provincial capital. It is 2,300 li wide and 1,200 li long. Its northern latitude is 37°. It lies 35°52′ west of the capital meridian. It administers two counties. To the south is Zhak'anba Mountain. To the southwest are Halakelong Mountain, Nimangyi Mountain, Alak Pass, and Kubu Pass. To the southeast are Chacha Ridge and Yigen Pass. To the east are Kalanggu Pass and Wulu Pass. The Yurungkash River rises at Nimangyi Mountain and flows northwest to Ergenlesi village; turning northeast it receives various muddy streams, reaches Baga as the prefectural boundary with Luopu, then joins the Karakash River farther northeast. The Karakash River also rises at Nimangyi Mountain, flows west receiving Kubu Pass water, turns northwest into Pishan, then flows northeast through the prefecture into Luopu. Post stations number two: Tuomi and Zawa. There are twenty-nine Muslim villages. Yutian County: busy and difficult. It lies 460 li east of the prefectural seat. In the Han it was the territory of the states of Gumi, Quli, Jingjue, Ronglu, Qiemo, and Xiaowan. Under the Later Han it was Jumi. Under the Northern Wei it allied with the Rouran. Under the Sui it belonged to the Turks. In the early Tang it was the territory of the Pisha Protectorate. During the Yifeng reign it fell to Tibet; in the Changshou reign it was re-established as a state and belonged to Yutian. Under the Later Jin Gan Prefecture was established. Under the Song it still belonged to Yutian. Under the Southern Song it belonged to Western Liao, and later to the Naiman. Under the Yuan it was the enfeoffment territory of Arighu. Under the Ming it was annexed by the Muslim territories. During the Kangxi reign it belonged to the Dzungars. In Qianlong 20 it came under direct Qing control. In the twenty-fourth year an Akim beg was appointed to administer Muslim affairs. It was established in Guangxu 9. Its seat was first at Karakash and was soon moved to Keriya. The Kunlun ranges run continuously through the county. To the southeast is Kunzheketu'ra'er Mountain. To the east are the large gold works at Surawake Mountain and the small gold works at Kaba Mountain. To the northeast is Alitun Tag Mountain. To the southwest are Keriya Mountain, Karaburaq Mountain, Pijie Mountain, and Aqiang Mountain. The Kaqiang River rises east of the county and receives the Wusukesu, Aktak, and Aryalak streams; flowing west it receives the Juekeshayi and Tiaotile streams, turns north and splits into several canals, then flows northeast into Ruoqiang. Yilrik Lake lies in the southwest of the county; it receives various small streams from Aqiang and Pijie mountains and drains north into the sandy desert. Post stations number two: Hanlan and Quli. There are fifty-nine Muslim villages. Luopu County: busy and difficult. It lies 70 li east of the prefectural seat. In Guangxu 28 it was established from Hotan's eastern territory east of the Jade River and Yutian's western territory west of Yigenlangan. To the southeast is Tiegailieke Mountain. The Yurungkash River flows northeast from the prefecture and enters at Baga; flowing north to Tawak it joins the Karakash River to form the Hotan River, enters Wensu, and joins the Tarim River. Post stations number one: Baishi. There are forty-one Muslim villages.

英吉沙爾直隸廳：沖，繁，難。隸喀什噶爾道。故回庄。漢，依耐國地。後漢並於莎車。魏至隋，疏勒國地。唐，硃俱波國地。宋並于于闐。元為可失哈兒地，以封宗王。明末瑪木特玉素來自亞剌伯，遂為回教阿渾所居。乾隆二十四年，平霍集占，始內屬，定今名，英吉譯言「新」，沙爾，「城」也。設總兵。三十一年，設領隊大臣，隸喀什噶爾。光緒九年裁，置直隸廳。東北距省治四千二百七十四里。廣二百六十里，袤一百五十五里。北極高三十八度四十九分。京師偏西四十一度五十分。蔥嶺支脈環繞廳境東、西、南三面。西南：齊齊克山、鐵里達坂、哈拉山、哈什克素山、黑甲克山。西：科可山。西北：清氣山、佳音山。東南：黑子爾山。東：阿依普山。罕依拉克水源出齊齊克山，東北流，逕鐵列山，為庫山河。分二支，一繞城東南，又分為特爾木齊克河，折東北入沙磧。一東北流，為圖木舒河，旁分二支，一經城西南，瀦為阿哈海，溢出東流入沙磧，一經城北黃壤沙地，注英乙泉水。其正支東北流，又分二支，一與英乙泉水合，入草地，瀦為小湖，一逕阿克托八柵，為別什幹渠，東北至疏勒入沙磧。塔思滾水發源哈什克素山，東北流，分三支，至阿依普山麓入沙磧。東南，黑子爾泉、且木倫泉，均東北流，合為鐵列克水，入沙磧。驛三：依耐、托和布拉台、黑子爾。回庄六十八。布魯特沖巴噶什等十四部游牧地。

Yengisar Directly Controlled Subprefecture: critical, busy, and difficult. It is subordinate to Kashgar Circuit. It was a former Muslim village. In the Han it was the territory of the state of Yin'ai. Under the Later Han it was merged into Shache. From the Wei through the Sui it was the territory of the state of Shule. Under the Tang it was the territory of the state of Zhujubo. Under the Song it was merged into Yutian. Under the Yuan it was Keshiha'er territory granted in fief to imperial princes. In the late Ming Muhammad Yusuf came from Arabia, and the place thereafter became the residence of the Muslim ahong. In Qianlong 24, after Khoja Jahan was defeated, the region came under direct rule and received its present name: Yingji means "new" and sha'er means "city." A regional commander was appointed. In Qianlong 31 a brigade commander was posted there under Kashgar's jurisdiction. In Guangxu 9 the post was abolished and a direct-controlled subprefecture was created. It lies 4,274 li northeast of the provincial capital. It spans 260 li from east to west and 155 li from north to south. Its northern latitude is 38°49′. It lies 41°50′ west of Beijing. Pamir spurs wrap around the subprefecture on its eastern, western, and southern sides. To the southwest are Qiqiq Mountain, Tieli Pass, Hala Mountain, Hashkesu Mountain, and Heijiake Mountain. To the west is Keke Mountain. To the northwest are Qingqi Mountain and Jiayin Mountain. To the southeast is Heizi'er Mountain. To the east is Ayipu Mountain. The Hanyilake River rises in Qiqiq Mountain, flows northeast past Tielie Mountain, and becomes the Kucha River. It splits in two: one branch skirts the southeast of the city, then divides again into the Termuqike River, which turns northeast into the gravel desert. The other flows northeast as the Tumushu River and divides again: one branch passes southwest of the city, pools as Aha Sea, and overflows east into the gravel desert; the other crosses the yellow sandy flats north of the city and feeds Yingyi Spring. The main stream continues northeast and splits once more: one branch joins Yingyi Spring, enters the grasslands, and forms a small lake; the other passes Aktoba stockade as the Bieshigan Canal and runs northeast to Shule, where it sinks into the gravel desert. The Tasigun River rises in Hashkesu Mountain, flows northeast in three branches, and disappears into the gravel desert at the foot of Ayipu Mountain. In the southeast, Heizi'er Spring and Qiemuolun Spring both flow northeast, merge as the Tielieke River, and sink into the gravel desert. There are three post stations: Yin'ai, Tuohebulatai, and Heizi'er. There are sixty-eight Muslim villages. Pastureland of fourteen Kyrgyz tribes, including Chongbaghsh.

Cite this Chapter