Volume 78 Treatises 53: Geography 25, Wai Meng Gu

志五十三

Treatise 53

地理二十五

Geography 25

外蒙古

Outer Mongolia

外蒙古喀爾喀：古北狄地。唐、虞，山戎。夏，獯鬻。周，玁狁。秦、漢曰匈奴。漢初冒頓並有漠南，旋復北徙。後漢仍為北匈奴地。元魏曰蠕蠕，後入突厥。唐初入回紇。貞觀四年來朝，以其地為瀚海、燕然、金微、幽陵、龜林、盧山六都督府，又置皋蘭、高闕、雞田、榆溪、雞鹿、蹛林、寘顏等七州，皆隸燕然都護府。其後並有九姓諸部，盡得匈奴故地。五代至宋，回紇漸衰，與室韋嫗厥律諸部散居其地，羈屬於遼。金大安初，蒙古始盛。元太宗七年，建都和林，初立元昌路，後改轉運和林使司，前後五朝都焉。世祖遷都大興，於和林置都元帥府。大德十一年，立和林等處行中書省，統和林總管府。皇慶元年，改和林路為和寧路。順帝太子阿裕錫哩達賴汗依王保保於此，明兵破之，順帝孫特古斯特穆爾汗遁於土喇河。七傳至本雅失里，又為明所敗。後諸部共立託克託布哈之子號小王子。又數傳，徙幕東方，其留漠北部落曰喀爾喀。清崇德三年，遣使朝貢。康熙二十八年，厄魯特噶爾丹興兵攻破喀爾喀，七旗舉族款塞內附，安置喀倫邊內，噶爾丹遂並其地。三十五年，聖祖親征，噶爾丹竄死，朔漠平。喀爾喀諸部復還舊牧，為部三：一曰土謝圖汗，一曰車臣汗，一曰札薩克圖汗。又善巴自為一部，曰賽音諾顏。共部四，為旗八十有六。東至黑龍江呼倫貝爾城，南至瀚海，西至阿爾台山，北至俄羅斯。廣五千里，袤三千里。北極高四十二度至五十一度三十分。京師偏東三度至偏西二十六度。人約七十萬口。主土謝圖汗部：駐土拉河。直大同邊外漠北。至京師二千八百餘里。南界瀚海，西界翁金河，北界楚庫河，東南界蘇尼特、四子部落諸部，西北界唐努烏梁海。所部佐領積三十七旗，以分設賽音諾顏部，析二十一旗隸之，後增四旗，凡二十旗。乾隆四十六年，詔世襲。北極高四十五度三十三分。京師偏西十一度二十四分。土謝圖汗本旗其汗為噶爾丹所破，來降。康熙三十年，許仍舊號世襲。佐領一。牧地在杭愛山東、喀里雅爾山南，跨鄂爾坤、喀魯哈二河。西：杭愛山，在鄂爾坤河源之北，其山最高大，山脈自西北阿爾泰山來，東趨，逾鄂爾坤、杜喇諸水，為大興安、肯特諸山。又自山西庫庫嶺北折，環繞色楞格河上流諸水發源之處。杭愛譯言「橐駝」也，山形似之。當即古之燕然山。有鄂爾坤河，自附牧賽音諾顏之額魯特旗界，東北經章鄂山東麓，又經西爾哈阿濟爾罕山西麓，又東北出山，折而西北流，有濟爾瑪台河自南來會。喀魯哈河，源出翁金河北土喇、鄂爾坤二河間平地，西北流，轉東北，入土喇河。鄂爾坤河又東北經吉拉哈吉圖布拉克地南，有西拉索博太河，北自布龍山南支阜，合三水南流來注之，又東北經喀里雅拉山西南麓，中有大洲。又北流，有伊奔河，自西北布龍山東南支阜，合三水來注之。又東北循山，會哈拉河、衣魯河。又正北流，至布龍山東北支阜，入色楞格河。右翼左旗土謝圖汗之從子，康熙三十年授札薩克一等台吉。傳至乾隆二十一年，其孫累以功晉和碩親王，世襲。佐領七有半。牧地跨色楞格河、土喇河之合流，南至達什爾嶺，北至罕台山。色楞格河自賽音諾顏部東北入，有厄赫河自西北大山東南流，合翁佳河諸水來會，水勢始盛。稍東，有市呼圖河自南合三水來注之。又東北，受北來一水。又東北，有一河自西南沙昆沙拉之北，東北流，合東南一水，北來注之。又東，受西南一小水，又東逕布龍山北麓。山脈西南自巴顏濟魯克山、賽堪山綿亙而東北，為厄魯墨得依山。又東為西拉克山、布昆沙拉山，又東北為此山蜿蜒至兩河合處，為色楞格、鄂爾坤界。色楞格河自山北麓，又東北，鄂爾坤河自南合土喇諸河，東北流來會。土喇河東南來，納喀魯哈河，東北折而北流，又合鄂爾坤河，當西十度北極出地四十九度處。東有布噶勒台河。中右旗土謝圖汗之弟，康熙二十五年授札薩克，三十年封多羅貝勒。雍正元年，晉其子郡王，世襲。佐領三。牧地當土喇河曲處。東北：達什隆山。土喇河循都蘭喀拉折而西北流，曲曲四百餘里，有喀魯哈河自西南來會。左翼中旗土謝圖汗裔，康熙三十年封多羅郡王，兼札薩克，世襲。佐領十四。牧地當阿爾泰軍台所經。北緯四十四度二十分。西經七度五十分。東北有札爾噶山。中旗土謝圖汗裔，康熙三十年封多羅郡王。乾隆二十二年，改為札薩克固山貝子，世襲。佐領四。牧地在肯特山西南；當土喇河源。西北：哈麻爾嶺。西南：達什隆山。東北：肯特山，山高大，為漠北群山東至大海之祖。山西阜曰即龍嶺，又西曰特勒爾濟嶺。凡諸嶺以南，水皆流入克魯倫河，以北，水皆流入敖嫩河。敖嫩河源在克魯倫河源西北小肯特山；土人呼為阿即格肯特山，山南為喀爾喀地，山北為俄邊。嶺北麓水即楚庫河源，北流入色楞格河者。嶺南幹山西南麓水，即土喇河源，西南流，折而西北，會鄂爾坤河入色楞格河者。此嶺為漠北一大分水嶺也。自小肯特山東北行，為大興安山，包絡黑龍江諸水之北而東入海。一支折而南，分為二幹：一東南，為大肯特山起頂，又東南為必爾喀嶺諸山，為北黑龍、南喀魯倫諸水之界，綿亙千餘里，至會合處；一西南為圖拉源山，又南為噶拉泰嶺，折而西南為興安嶺，為東克魯倫、西土喇諸水，又西南而西北，至土喇會鄂爾坤河處。自此而西北，群山皆以阿爾泰山為祖。若論漠北大分水之處，一東至東海，一北至北海，則莫高肯特山矣。汗山，在興安嶺北、土喇河南岸，元祕史謂之不兒罕山。天山，在圖拉河之西，約出長城三千里。山不甚高，籓名汗河嶺。汗山之北為庫倫，即苦另山，山甚峻。土喇河即圖拉河，發源敖嫩河源之西南數十里許、特勒爾濟嶺之西，曰土喇色欽。色欽，蒙古語「河源」也。西南流，與北源喀拉圖魯河會。西南流，哈溪河自西北合東來喀拉鄂模水、西北來空烏魯河，東南流來會。又南，噶爾泰河自東南大山西流來會。又西南，逕啟拉薩山西。又西南，阿拉克他河自北來注之。又西，特勒爾濟河合東占河二水，東南流，會奎羅河。左翼後旗土謝圖汗裔。康熙三十二年授札薩克一等台吉。乾隆十九年封輔國公，尋晉貝子、貝勒、郡王。五十七年降鎮國公，世襲。佐領四。牧地當阿爾泰軍台所經。翁金河至是瀦於胡爾哈鄂倫諾爾。諾爾直漠南河套八百里許，舊作呼拉喀五郎鄂模，周二十餘里。諾爾東北有哈喇哈達山、徹徹山、上凱山，皆沙海中孤嶼也。翁金水，源西十三度三分，極四十六度九分。諾爾西九度四分，極四十五度二分。自西北而東南，行大漠中，近千里也。中右末旗土謝圖汗裔。康熙五十八年授札薩克一等台吉。乾隆二十四年封輔國公，世襲。佐領一。牧地跨土喇河。西北：達什隆山。土喇河自中旗汗山北麓，會色勒弼河，又西至色勒弼嶺南，曲曲西南，至杜蘭喀喇山之北，山南即大漠。西十度，極四十七度五分。南經寧夏九度，經套北陰山六度。河隨山折，西北流入中右旗境，南岸即度蘭支阜，綿亙北岸，即色勒弼嶺支阜，又北行為查木勒山。左翼左中末旗土謝圖汗裔。康熙五十年封札薩克輔國公，世襲。佐領一。牧地當喀魯哈河源。喀魯哈河流出平地，在翁金河之北二百里，鄂爾坤河北折之東四百里。西十二度，極四十六度七分。有二泉，西北流而合，又西北，有一水西南自科洛爾崑山東北流來會。山在額爾德尼昭之東南。又北流，逕昆庫勒山，西折，東北經科克內山西。又北流，折而東北，曲曲數百里，與土喇河會。水口東即查木勒山西麓也。水源流長七百餘里。右翼右旗土謝圖汗裔。康熙三十年授札薩克一等台吉。乾隆二十年封輔國公，世襲。佐領一。牧地東至錫伯格圖，南至諾昆陀羅海，西至烏遜珠爾東山，北至齊克達噶圖嶺。左翼前旗土謝圖汗裔。康熙三十年授札薩克一等台吉。乾隆三年封輔國公，世襲。佐領三。牧地跨喀魯哈河。西北：烏噶勒札山。右翼右末旗土謝圖汗裔。雍正九年，以功授札薩克一等台吉。十年封輔國公，世襲。佐領一。牧地當哈拉河源。東：恰克圖山。南：烏里雅呼嶺。北：諾不圖布拉克山。東南：達喇勒濟山。西南：哈瑪爾嶺。哈拉河源出土喇河北與汗山相對之色勒弼嶺。北有那林河、布勒哈太二河，阿達海河、松納拉河均來會。又北，通勒河。東北至阿即格肯特山西麓，合三源，西南流，又折西北，有一河自東北合數水來注之。又西逕陀羅什山北、哈達圖爾山南，納博羅河、查克都勒河，西北折，逕都拉遜那拉酥查克丹地之東，大松林也。又北逕喀里雅喇山東麓，又北入鄂爾坤河。源委六百餘里。中左旗土謝圖汗裔。初授一等台吉。乾隆三年，晉輔國公、貝子品級。二十三年授札薩克。後遂以功品級一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地東至察奇爾哈喇，南至善達勒，西至阿爾噶棱，北至阿魯哈朗。左翼右末旗土謝圖汗裔。康熙三十六年，授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領五。牧地當阿爾泰軍台之東。達庫倫之驛於是分道。左翼末旗土謝圖汗裔。康熙三十年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地當阿爾泰軍台之東。左翼中左旗土謝圖汗裔。雍正十年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲罔替。佐領一。牧地當阿爾泰軍台之西。中次旗土謝圖汗裔。康熙五十八年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地當左翼中旗之東。右翼右末次旗土謝圖汗裔。康熙三十五年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一有半。牧地跨鄂爾坤河、色楞格河。東：薩爾金河。西：塔里雅那台河。北：札勒圖爾河。東北：桑喀勒圖河。東南：札克圖勒河。右翼左後旗土謝圖汗裔。雍正八年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地當土喇河、喀魯哈河之合流。南：達什隆山。西：珠格楞嶺。中左翼末旗土謝圖汗裔。康熙三十三年授車棱札布一等台吉，兼札薩克，世襲。佐領四。牧地當鄂爾坤河、色楞格河之合流。鄂爾坤河自東南向西流入色楞格河。色楞格河自西南來，環繞山北，東北流，過俄羅斯之楚庫柏興，又北流入柏海兒湖。東：烏雅勒噶河。西：薩爾金河。北：察罕烏蘇河。東北：博拉河。右翼左末旗土謝圖汗裔。康熙三十年封札薩克輔國公，後降一等台吉兼札薩克，世襲。佐領一。牧地當哈拉河、伊遜河東南哈台山北二百里。有哈拉河南流，受南來揆河，折西北，逕右翼右末旗東北。左得博羅河、查克杜兒河，又北注鄂爾坤河。土喇河北岸諸山，有色爾畢谷口三處，及松吉納山嶺三處，皆自各山發源，流入土喇、鄂爾坤。又東北，衣魯河，自東南合三水來注之。又正北流至布龍山支阜，與色楞格河會。東北：敏吉河。西北：札克都勒河。以上統盟於汗阿林。滿語「山」。在庫倫南。

Khalkha Outer Mongolia was anciently the territory of the Northern Di. In the age of Tang and Yu it was held by the Mountain Rong. Under the Xia it was the domain of the Xianyun. Under the Zhou it was known as the Xianyun. In the Qin and Han periods it was called Xiongnu territory. Early in the Han, Modun Chanyu united the tribes and seized the southern desert, but soon withdrew northward again. In Later Han it remained the domain of the Northern Xiongnu. Under the Northern Wei it was known as Rouran country; later it fell under the Turks. Early in the Tang it came under the Uighurs. In the fourth year of the Zhenguan reign they presented tribute at court, and the Tang organized their territory into six area commands—Hanhai, Yanshan, Jinwei, Youling, Guilin, and Lushan—and seven prefectures—Gaolan, Gaoque, Jitian, Yuxi, Jilu, Dailin, and Zhiyan—all under the Yanshan Protectorate. Later they absorbed the Nine Surname tribes and came to hold the entire former Xiongnu homeland. From the Five Dynasties through the Song the Uighurs waned, while the Shiwei, Yujuelü, and other peoples scattered across the region and were held in loose submission by the Liao. Early in the Jin Da'an era the Mongols first rose to power. In the seventh year of Ögedei's reign the Yuan founded their capital at Karakorum, first as Yuanchang Circuit and later as the Karakorum Transport Commission; five successive dynasties ruled from that seat. When Kublai moved the capital to Daxing, he stationed a metropolitan command at Karakorum. In the eleventh year of the Dade reign a regional secretariat for Karakorum and adjacent territories was established, overseeing the Karakorum metropolitan prefecture. In the first year of Huangqing Karakorum Circuit was renamed Hening Circuit. The heir of the last Yuan emperor, Ayushiridara Khan, made his stand here with Wang Baobao; when Ming forces broke them, the emperor's grandson Togus Temür Khan fled to the Tula River. Seven generations later Benyashiri was again defeated by the Ming. Thereafter the tribes jointly raised Tokto Buka's son as ruler, styled the Little Prince. Several generations later they shifted their camp eastward, while the tribes left in the northern desert came to be called the Khalkha. In the third year of the Chongde reign the Qing received their first tributary embassy. In the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi the Oirat leader Galdan marched against the Khalkha and shattered them; seven banners brought their entire clans inside the frontier to submit, were resettled within the Karun border, and Galdan seized their former pastures. In the thirty-fifth year the Kangxi Emperor led the campaign in person; Galdan fled to his death and the northern desert was pacified. The Khalkha tribes were restored to their former pastures and organized into three divisions: Tüsheet Khan, Setsen Khan, and Zasagt Khan. Shanba also constituted a separate division known as Sayin Noyan. Together they formed four divisions comprising eighty-six banners. It reaches east to Hulun Buir on the Amur, south to the Gobi, west to the Altai Mountains, and north to Russia. It measures five thousand li from east to west and three thousand li from north to south. Its latitude ranges from 42° to 51°30′ north. From 3° east to 26° west of the Beijing meridian. The population is about seven hundred thousand. The Tüsheet Khan division is headquartered on the Tula River. It lies due north of the Datong frontier in the outer desert. It is more than 2,800 li from Beijing. Its southern border is the Gobi, its western border the Ongin River, its northern border the Tchu River, its southeastern border the Sunite and Four Sons tribes, and its northwestern border Tannu Uriankhai. Its subordinate banners once totaled thirty-seven; when the Sayin Noyan division was carved out, twenty-one banners were assigned to it, and after four more were added it comprised twenty banners in all. In the forty-sixth year of Qianlong an edict confirmed the title as hereditary. Its latitude is 45°33′ north. It lies 11°24′ west of the Beijing meridian. The principal banner of the Tüsheet Khan: its khan was defeated by Galdan and submitted to the Qing. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was allowed to keep his former title in perpetual succession. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie east of the Khangai Mountains and south of Mount Khariyal, spanning the Orkhon and Karluha rivers. To the west stand the Khangai Mountains north of the Orkhon headwaters—the loftiest range in the region. Their spine runs in from the Altai in the northwest, trends east across the Orkhon, Tura, and neighboring rivers, and continues as the Greater Khingan and Khentii ranges. West of the range it bends north at Kuku Ridge and wraps around the headwaters of the upper Selenga. Khangai means "camel" in Mongolian, and the mountains are said to resemble one. This is presumably the ancient Mount Yanshan. The Orkhon River rises on the border of an Oirat banner attached to Sayin Noyan, runs northeast along the eastern slopes of Zhang'e Mountain and the western slopes of Xierha Ajihan Mountain, then emerges northeastward, turns northwest, and receives the Jirmatai River from the south. The Karluha River rises on the plain between the Tula and Orkhon north of the Ongin, flows northwest, then northeast into the Tula. Farther northeast the Orkhon passes south of Jilahajitubulake, where the Xilasuobotai River descends from the southern spur of Mount Bulong with three united headstreams; it then runs northeast along the southwestern base of Mount Khariyal, where a large midstream island forms. Continuing north, it receives the Yiben River from the southeastern spur of Mount Bulong, where three streams unite. It then runs northeast along the mountains, joining the Khara and Yilu rivers. Turning due north to the northeastern spur of Mount Bulong, it enters the Selenga. The Right Wing Left Banner was held by a nephew of the Tüsheet Khan, granted zasak rank as a first-class taiji in the thirtieth year of Kangxi. By the twenty-first year of Qianlong his grandson had risen through repeated merit to a hereditary prince of the first degree with hošo rank. It comprises seven and a half zasak. Its pastures span the confluence of the Selenga and Tula, reaching south to Dashir Ridge and north to Khangai Mountain. The Selenga enters from the northeast of the Sayin Noyan division; the Ehe River descends southeast from the great northwestern mountains, gathering the Wengjia and other streams, and the current first swells there. A little farther east the Shihutu River joins from the south with three united headstreams. Farther northeast it takes in a stream from the north. Still farther northeast a river from north of Shakuenshala in the southwest runs northeast, joining a southeastern tributary and another from the north. It then flows east, taking a small southwestern tributary, and continues east along the northern foot of Mount Bulong. The range runs continuously northeast from Bayanjiruk and Saikhan in the southwest as Mount Ölömdei. Farther east lie Mount Xilak and Mount Bukunshala; the range then winds northeast to the confluence of the two rivers, marking the boundary between the Selenga and Orkhon basins. The Selenga continues northeast from the northern foothills; the Orkhon approaches from the south with the Tula and other streams and joins it flowing northeast. The Tula approaches from the southeast, takes in the Karluha, bends northeast and then north, and meets the Orkhon at 10° west longitude and 49° north latitude. To the east lies the Bugaltai River. The Center Right Banner was held by a younger brother of the Tüsheet Khan, granted zasak rank in the twenty-fifth year of Kangxi and enfeoffed as doroi beile in the thirtieth year. In the first year of Yongzheng his son was promoted to a hereditary junwang. It comprises three zasak. Its pastures lie at the great bend of the Tula River. To the northeast stands Mount Dashilong. The Tula follows Dulan Khara and turns northwest, winding more than four hundred li before the Karluha joins from the southwest. The Left Wing Center Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan, enfeoffed as doroi junwang with hereditary zasak rank in the thirtieth year of Kangxi. It comprises fourteen zasak. Its pastures lie along the Altai military courier route. Latitude 44°20′ north. Longitude 7°50′ west of Beijing. Mount Zharga lies to the northeast. The Center Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan, enfeoffed as doroi junwang in the thirtieth year of Kangxi. In the twenty-second year of Qianlong the title was changed to hereditary zasak gushan beizi. It comprises four zasak. Its pastures lie southwest of Mount Khentii; at the headwaters of the Tula. To the northwest lies Hamar Ridge. To the southwest stands Mount Dashilong. To the northeast rises Mount Khentii, a great lofty range regarded as the ancestral spine of the northern desert mountains running east to the sea. Its western spur is called Jilong Ridge, and farther west lies Tellerji Ridge. All streams south of these ridges flow into the Kerulen, and all north of them into the Onon. The Onon rises at Little Khentii northwest of the Kerulen headwaters; which the locals call Mount Ajig Khentii; south of it lies Khalkha territory and north of it the Russian frontier. The streams on the northern slope are the headwaters of the Tchu, which flows north into the Selenga. The southwestern slope of the main ridge south of the pass feeds the Tula, which runs southwest, bends northwest, joins the Orkhon, and enters the Selenga. This ridge forms a major watershed of the northern desert. From Little Khentii the Greater Khingan runs northeast, enclosing the Amur watershed on the north and continuing east to the sea. One branch turns south and splits into two main ridges: one runs southeast as the summit of Greater Khentii and continues southeast as the Bürüq Ridge and neighboring ranges, forming for more than a thousand li the divide between the northern Amur and southern Kerulen watersheds down to their confluence; The other runs southwest as the Tula headwater mountains, then south as Galatai Ridge, turns southwest as Khingan Ridge, and forms the divide between the Kerulen watershed to the east and the Tula watershed to the west, continuing southwest and then northwest to the place where the Tula meets the Orkhon. From here northwestward, all the mountain ranges trace their origin to the Altai. As for the great watershed of the northern desert — one branch running east to the Eastern Sea and one north to the Northern Sea — that is Greater Khentii. Khan Mountain lies north of Khingan Ridge on the south bank of the Tula; the Secret History of the Yuan calls it Burkhan Khaldun. Heavenly Mountain lies west of the Tula River, roughly three thousand li beyond the Great Wall. It is not very high and is also known locally as Khan River Ridge. North of Khan Mountain stands Kuren, also called Kuleng Mountain, a very steep peak. The Tula River rises several tens of li southwest of the Onon headwaters, west of Telerji Ridge, at a place called Tula Seichin. Seichin is the Mongolian word for "river source." It flows southwest and joins the Karaturu River from the north. Continuing southwest, it receives the Khaxi River from the northwest, which has joined the Karahom stream from the east and the Konguru River from the northwest and flows southeast to meet the Tula. Farther south, the Galatai River flows west from the great mountains in the southeast to join it. Continuing southwest, it runs west of Qilasa Mountain. Farther southwest, the Arakta River enters from the north. Farther west, the Telerji River joins the two branches of the Dongzhan River, runs southeast, and reaches the Kuiluo River. The Left Wing Rear Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the thirty-second year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank as a first-class taiji. In the nineteenth year of Qianlong he was enfeoffed as fuguo gong and soon promoted through beizi and beile to junwang. In the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong he was reduced to hereditary zhenguo gong. It comprises four zasak. Its pastures lie along the Altai military courier route. At this point the Ongin River empties into Hürha Erün Nor. The lake lies roughly eight hundred li due south of the Hetao in the southern desert; it was formerly called Hulakawular Nuur and has a circumference of more than twenty li. Northeast of the lake stand Mount Halahada, Mount Cheche, and Mount Shangkai, all isolated peaks rising from the sandy sea. The Ongin headwaters lie at 13°3′ west of Beijing and latitude 46°9′ north. The lake lies at 9°4′ west of Beijing and latitude 45°2′ north. From northwest to southeast it runs nearly a thousand li through the great desert. The Center Right Rear Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the fifty-eighth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank as a first-class taiji. In the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong he was enfeoffed as hereditary fuguo gong. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures straddle the Tula River. To the northwest lies Mount Dashilong. From the northern slope of Khan Mountain in the Center Banner the Tula joins the Selebi River, runs west to the south of Selebi Ridge, then winds southwest to the north of Du Lan Khara Mountain, beyond which lies the great desert. 10° west of Beijing, latitude 47°5′ north. Southward it lies along the meridian 9° west of Ningxia and the line 6° west of Beijing north of Yinshan in the Hetao. The river turns with the terrain and flows northwest into the Center Right Banner; the Dulun foothills lie on the south bank, while the Selebi Ridge foothills run continuously along the north bank before continuing north as Chumle Mountain. The Left Wing Left-Center Rear Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the fiftieth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as hereditary zasak fuguo gong. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie at the headwaters of the Karluha River. The Karluha River rises on the plain two hundred li north of the Ongin and four hundred li east of the Orkhon's northward bend. 12° west of Beijing, latitude 46°7′ north. Two springs flow northwest and merge, and farther northwest a stream from Kolor Kon Mountain flows northeast from the southwest to join them. The mountain lies southeast of Erdene Zuu. It continues north past Kun Kule Mountain, turns west, then runs northeast along the west side of Kokenei Mountain. It flows north, turns northeast, and winds for several hundred li before joining the Tula. East of the confluence lies the western slope of Chumle Mountain. From its headwaters to its mouth the river runs more than seven hundred li. The Right Wing Right Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank as a first-class taiji. In the twentieth year of Qianlong he was enfeoffed as hereditary fuguo gong. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures extend east to Xiboge Tu, south to Nokun Turol Sea, west to the eastern mountains of Wusun Zhuer, and north to Chikdagatu Ridge. The Left Wing Front Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank as a first-class taiji. In the third year of Qianlong he was enfeoffed as hereditary fuguo gong. It comprises three zasak. Its pastures straddle the Karluha River. To the northwest lies Mount Ugaldzha. The Right Wing Right Rear Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the ninth year of Yongzheng he was granted zasak rank as a first-class taiji for his service. In the tenth year of Yongzheng he was enfeoffed as hereditary fuguo gong. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie at the headwaters of the Khara River. To the east lies Mount Kyakhta. To the south lies Uriyahu Ridge. To the north lies Mount Nobtu Bulag. To the southeast lies Mount Dalalji. To the southwest lies Hamar Ridge. The Khara River rises on Selebi Ridge, which faces Khan Mountain across the Tula to the north. From the north the Narin and Bulekhatai rivers join it, as do the Adakhai and Songnala rivers. Farther north comes the Tongle River. Northeast at the western slope of Ajig Khentii Mountain three headstreams merge and flow southwest; turning northwest, the river receives from the northeast a stream formed by several tributaries. It continues west past the north of Tuoluoshi Mountain and the south of Hadatur Mountain, takes in the Boro and Chakdul rivers, turns northwest, and runs east of Dulaxun Nala Suchakdan, a great pine forest. It runs north along the eastern slope of Khariyala Mountain and then enters the Orkhon from the north. From its headwaters to its mouth the river runs more than six hundred li. The Center Left Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. He was first granted first-class taiji rank. In the third year of Qianlong he was promoted to the ranks of fuguo gong and beizi. In the twenty-third year of Qianlong he was granted zasak rank. Later, for his service, he held hereditary first-class taiji rank. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures extend east to Chaqi'er Hala, south to Shandale, west to Argaleng, and north to Aruhalang. The Left Wing Right Rear Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji. It comprises five zasak. Its pastures lie east of the Altai military courier route. At this point the courier routes to Dakuren divide. The Left Wing Rear Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie east of the Altai military courier route. The Left Wing Center Left Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the tenth year of Yongzheng he was granted perpetual hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie west of the Altai military courier route. The Center Second Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the fifty-eighth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie east of the Left Wing Center Banner. The Right Wing Right Last-Second Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji. It comprises one and a half zasak. Its pastures span the Orkhon and Selenga rivers. To the east lies the Salkhin River. To the west lies the Talayana Tai River. To the north lies the Jalatur River. To the northeast lies the Sangkaratu River. To the southeast lies the Jakatur River. The Right Wing Left Rear Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the eighth year of Yongzheng he was granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie at the confluence of the Tula and Karluha rivers. To the south lies Mount Dashilong. To the west lies Jüglen Ridge. The Center Left Wing Last Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the thirty-third year of Kangxi Tsölö Zhab was granted hereditary first-class taiji rank with zasak status. It comprises four zasak. Its pastures lie at the confluence of the Orkhon and Selenga rivers. The Orkhon flows in from the southeast and enters the Selenga from the west. The Selenga approaches from the southwest, sweeps around the northern foothills, runs northeast past Chukubxing in Russia, then turns north into Lake Baikal. To the east lies the Uyalga River. To the west lies the Salkhin River. To the north lies the Chagan Usu River. To the northeast lies the Bora River. The Right Wing Left Last Banner was held by a descendant of the Tüsheet Khan. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as zasak fuguo gong; later the title was reduced to hereditary first-class taiji with zasak rank. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie two hundred li north of Khangai Mountain, southeast of the Khara and Ison rivers. The Khara River runs south, takes in the Kui River from the south, turns northwest, and passes northeast of the Right Wing Right Last Banner. Farther downstream it receives the Boro and Chakdur rivers on the left and then enters the Orkhon from the north. Along the north bank of the Tula stand mountains with three Sirbi valley passes and three Songjina ridges, each feeding streams into the Tula and Orkhon. Farther northeast the Yilu River takes in three united headstreams from the southeast. It then runs due north to the spur of Mount Bulong and joins the Selenga. To the northeast lies the Minji River. To the northwest lies the Jakdul River. All of the above banners are united in league at Khan Alin. Khan Alin means "mountain" in Manchu. It lies south of Kulun.

賽音諾顏部：直甘肅涼州邊外西套之北。至京師三千餘里。格埒森札之孫圖蒙肯護持黃教，唐古特達賴喇嘛賢之，授賽音諾顏號。康熙中，其孫善巴來歸，旋以善巴從弟策凌從征有功，始自為一部。乾隆中，以善巴曾孫諾爾布札布襲賽音諾顏號，世襲與三汗同。所部東界博羅布爾哈蘇多歡，南界齊齊爾里克，西界庫勒薩雅孛郭圖額金嶺，北界齊老圖河。轄旗二十二。北極高四十五度四十四分。京師偏西十二度五十分。賽音諾顏本旗初，信順額爾克岱青諾顏善巴率屬來歸。康熙三十五年封和碩親王。乾隆三十一年，許仍其賽音諾顏舊號，世襲。佐領四有半。牧地當鄂爾坤河源，在北緯四十七度、西經十四度五十分處。西北：庫爾布拉克灰圖山。鄂爾坤河出旗境，二水合東流，北納一水，入土謝圖汗部。西：塔楚河，源出都蘭喀喇山東南大幹南麓，二水南流而合，會東北來三水，折流逕塔奇驛，西南至阿勒察圖山。中左末旗善巴再從弟策凌，康熙六十年授札薩克。雍正元年封多羅郡王。九年，晉和碩親王，世襲。佐領四。牧地當塔米爾、哈綏、齊老圖三河源。北：伊克沙巴爾山。東北：綽嚨山。西北：弇克嶺。西南：庫克嶺。塔米爾河亦曰他米勒，有南北兩源。南源出杭愛山北麓，在鄂爾坤河之西者曰阿索郭特河，西北流，合三澗而東北流，有西北來二水皆會，又東北，始曰塔米爾河，又北而會阿索郭特河，皆杭愛以北水也。又東北，會東南來一水，其東即蘇巴勒干山。又東北受朝木多河、齊齊爾里克河，並會諸小水，東北與北源合。北源出枯庫嶺東麓，在杭愛山西北，有二澗，東北流而合，又東北合三澗水，並納諸小水，始曰塔米爾河，北岸連山，即哈瑞河諸源也。又東流，受四水，瀦為台魯勒倭黑池，廣數十里，中有一山。又東流，有察罕烏倫河，自西北來會，其南岸即布拉干北山也。又東北百數十里，而南源自西南來會，又東折北，會鄂爾坤河。此水兩源，俱五百餘里始合入鄂爾坤。自杭愛山以北、枯庫嶺以東，諸泉皆會焉。喀綏河亦曰哈瑞河，即古和林河，出杭愛西南榦山，在齊老圖源之南，流數百里，合北來伊遜都蘭喀喇地山南二水，又東北，有一河合二水自南來會，始曰喀綏河。又東北，有硃薩蘭河自西合二水東流來會，又東北，會瑚伊努河，入色楞格河。河源流都長九百里。齊老圖河即石河，源出杭愛西界山下之額爾哲伊圖察罕泊，泊周六十里，在鄂勒白稽山之南榦大山下，西北經隔山之桑錦達賚泊。自泊東北流出，逕烏爾圖烏雅山南麓，稍東，會西北來一水，又東，會西南來二水，始曰齊老圖河。右翼右後旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙三十年授札薩克鎮國公。雍正二年封固山貝子。乾隆二十一年，晉多羅貝勒。尋以功晉郡王，世襲。佐領二。牧地當拜塔里克河源。北：札克額沁山。拜塔里克舊作貝德勒克，源出枯庫嶺南麓，其北麓隔山即塔米爾河源也。三水南流，合而西南，有查克河自北山合五水南流三百餘里來會，逕庫倫伯勒齊爾之地。又南有察罕帖睦爾河，東北自索阿都依嶺合二水西南流來會。又南出兩山間，西南流平地中百數十里，西彌河自南合一水北流來會，又西南瀦為察罕泊。源流八百餘里。中右旗親王策凌次子。雍正十年封輔國公。乾隆二十年封多羅貝勒。二十一年，晉郡王，世襲。佐領一。牧地當推河源。北：庫克嶺。推河亦曰頹河，舊作拖衣河，源出杭愛山尾南麓，西南流，會三小水，又西南，有烏可克河，西北自烏可克嶺合三水東南流來會。嶺在杭愛山西南，嶺南水入推河，嶺北水為塔米爾河南源。推河又南，有雅馬圖河自東北合三水西流來會，即鄂爾吉圖都蘭喀喇山西水也。又南受庫塞楞圖河。稍南，有一水自東合二澗來會，又南逕兩山間，額勒屯圖河自東合三水來會，皆都蘭喀喇山西南麓水也。又南出山，曲曲流平地中百八十里，逕博濟和碩驛東，又南折西流，瀦為鄂洛克泊，形東西長四十里。西十五度五分，極四十五度六分。源流五百餘里。此水東三百里為塔楚河。中前旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙三十年授札薩克鎮國公。雍正元年，晉固山貝子。乾隆二十年，晉貝勒，世襲。佐領一。牧地跨濟爾瑪台河、鄂爾坤河、翁金河。濟爾瑪台河出右翼中右旗，東流，逕額魯特旗入土謝圖汗部界。鄂爾坤河自與姑洛河會，東南流兩山間，折而東北，入額魯特旗境。北岸山即杭愛東南支阜，南岸即西自都蘭喀喇綿亙而東之杭亦哈馬勒山。隔山而南即翁金河也。翁金河出右翼左末旗，二水合東流，逕右翼中左旗、中前旗，北合二水，亦入土謝圖汗部界。中左旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙二十五年授札薩克。三十年，封多羅郡王，後降貝勒，世襲。佐領三。牧地有特爾克河、伊第爾河，合於齊老圖河，為色楞格河。伊第爾舊作厄得勒，亦作依得爾。色楞格河南源有四，稍北者曰厄得勒河，源出喀爾喀西界鄂勒伯稽山，共合七水，行四百餘里，而齊老圖河合諸源水自西南來會。又東北，受南來一水，疑即特爾克河也。又東北，循山麓流百餘里，而烏里雅蘇台河自西南來會。又東北三十里，而阿濟勒克河自南來會，始曰色楞格河。中末旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙三十一年授一等台吉兼札薩克。雍正二年封輔國公。乾隆二年，晉鎮國公，世襲。佐領一。牧地哈綏河至是合於色楞格河。右翼中左旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙四十六年授札薩克一等台吉，後晉輔國公，世襲。佐領四。牧地當翁金河源。南：阿哈爾山。翁金河亦作翁吉，又作甕金，兩源出鄂爾吉圖都蘭喀喇山東行大榦山中。其西隔山即塔楚河源也。其北隔山即鄂爾坤河，東南流出平地合焉。又東南，會西南來一水，又東，會北來一水，又東南，逕杭亦哈馬勒山前，受二水。又東南，曲曲流八百餘里，於大漠瀦為呼拉喀烏浪諾爾，周二十餘里。右翼末旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙三十年授札薩克一等台吉。雍正十年封輔國公，世襲。佐領二。牧地墨特河至是合於拜塔里克河。北：札木圖嶺。東北：庫首庫爾嶺。墨特河疑即察罕帖睦爾河也，東北自索阿都依嶺合二水西南流來會。南有繃察罕諾爾，廣二十餘里。其北三十里有濟爾哈朗圖池，廣十里許。又東北有伊洛河，北自山麓克庫池南流，逕哈拉圖科山西麓，又南數十里涸。哈拉圖科山南有鄂洛克池，山東百里即推河也。右翼前旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙三十年授札薩克一等台吉。三十五年封輔國公，世襲。佐領一。牧地胡努伊河至是合於哈綏河。胡努伊舊作呼納衣，又作庫諾衣，源自西南山中，東北四百里，逕賽坎山北麓，又東北入哈綏河。賽坎山甚高大，即巴顏濟魯克山之北行正榦，又折而東北，為厄勒黑圖諸山。中後旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙五十一年授札薩克一等台吉。乾隆元年封輔國公，世襲。佐領一。牧地有布爾噶蘇台河合於札布噶河。布爾噶蘇台河出旗北馬喇噶山，山脈自阿爾泰頂南行，分一榦東行，為烏蘇郭瑪山。又東連峰相接，東南數百里，為伯勒奇那克科克伊山。又東為昂奇山。又東北行為馬喇噶山。此水源即馬喇噶山東北將折東南之南麓也。出山南流，會東來二水、西北來一水。又南有烏海河，西北自昂奇山兩源合東南流來會。又南與西喇河會。二源既合，西南流，逕巴顏山北麓，曰札布噶河。又有烏里雅蘇台河，出旗境，西流八百餘里，納蘇布拉河來會。北有布音圖河源。左翼左旗賽音諾顏之裔。乾隆三十一年封札薩克輔國公，世襲。佐領二。牧地當札布噶河源。札布噶舊作查巴哈，又作札布堪，源有二，最東者曰西喇河，出庫倫伯勒齊爾西北大山，凡四水，南流並為二支，又西南百餘里合焉。又西南受北來一水，又南受東來之西喇河，又西受北來一水。又西南，布爾噶蘇台河自北來會，即西源也，出北馬喇噶山南麓，南流會二水，又南有烏海河，兩源合東南流來會，又南流與西喇河會。二源既合，逕巴顏山北麓，曰札布噶河。又南入札薩克圖汗旗南界。左翼中旗賽音諾顏之裔。初授一等台吉。乾隆二十二年，晉貝子品級，授札薩克。後降襲公品級，世襲。佐領一。牧地跨哈綏河。左翼右旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙三十年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領三。牧地在哈魯特山。左翼左末旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙三十五年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地跨塔米爾河、胡努伊河。右翼中末旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙五十一年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地拜塔里克河東支至是瀦於察罕諾爾，其西支在青素珠克圖諾們罕游牧諾爾，當西十度、北極出地四十五度七分，庫倫伯勒齊爾地南界，形如瓜，周百里，東西長，諾爾東有呼里圖克白爾池，廣十餘里。又東為西彌河源。又東為一小河，又東為繃察罕諾爾。右翼左末旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙三十六年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地跨翁金河。東有圖魯根山。右末旗賽音諾顏之裔。乾隆三年授一等台吉。四年授札薩克，世襲。佐領一。牧地當伊第爾河源。南：雪山。西北：索郭圖嶺。伊第爾河出鄂勒白稽山，即杭愛山頂之西南大榦也。隔山西即桑錦達賚泊，西十六度九分，北極出地四十九度。兩水自山麓東流而合，又東，會七水，名伊第爾河。又東北會齊老圖河，以入於色楞格河。右翼中右旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙三十五年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領無。牧地當濟爾瑪台河源。濟爾瑪台舊作硃勒馬台，亦作硃爾馬台，源出額黑鐵木兒山南麓，東南流，繞布庫鐵木兒山足三面，東北流，曲曲二百餘里，瀦為池，曰察罕鄂模，廣數十里。又東北流，有布勒哈爾台河，南自達爾湖喀喇巴冷孫地之池水東北流來會。又東北入鄂爾坤河。右翼後旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙三十一年授一等台吉兼札薩克，世襲。佐領一。牧地當哈綏河北岸、色楞格河南岸。中後末旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙四十八年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地跨齊老圖河。中右翼末旗賽音諾顏之裔。康熙三十五年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領無。牧地當塔米爾河南岸。東北：烏爾圖特莫爾河。附額魯特部本旗準噶爾之裔。康熙三十六年來降。四十四年封札薩克輔國公。雍正元年，晉固山貝子，世襲。佐領一。牧地跨濟爾瑪台河、鄂爾坤河。西：察汗山。東南：博勒克山。鄂爾坤河自中前旗境折而東北，逕西爾哈阿濟爾罕山西麓之額爾德尼昭，即大喇嘛寺也。河逕其西及章鄂山之東麓。山亦高大，即杭愛之東支阜，唐時回鶻牙帳西之烏德鞬山也。又東北出山，折而西北流三百餘里，濟爾瑪台河自西南來會。額魯特前旗噶爾丹同祖弟丹津之孫，號丹津阿喇布坦，康熙四十一年來降，封多羅郡王。四十二年授札薩克。乾隆十三年，降固山貝子，世襲。佐領一。牧地當塔米爾河北岸，隸賽音諾顏部。東南有溫奎諾爾。以上統盟於齊齊爾里克。

The Sayin Noyan division lies directly north of the western Ordos, beyond the Liangzhou frontier of Gansu. It is more than three thousand li from the capital. Gelegsen Zha's grandson Tumünken upheld the Yellow Teaching; the Tibetan Dalai Lama held him in esteem and bestowed the title Sayin Noyan. During the Kangxi reign his grandson Shanba submitted to the Qing; soon afterward Shanba's younger cousin Celeng distinguished himself on campaign, and the division was established as a separate league. In the Qianlong reign Shanba's great-grandson Norbu Zhab inherited the Sayin Noyan title on the same hereditary basis as the three khans. Its territory is bounded on the east by Bor Bulqar Sudukhan, on the south by Chiqirliq, on the west by the Kule Saya Bogdo Ejin Ridge, and on the north by the Chiroto River. It comprises twenty-two banners. Its north polar altitude is 45°44′. It lies 12°50′ west of the capital. When the principal Sayin Noyan banner was first established, the faithful Erke Daiqing Noyan Shanba led his followers in submission. In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as a prince of the first degree with hošo rank. In the thirty-first year of Qianlong he was permitted to retain his former Sayin Noyan title on a hereditary basis. It comprises four and a half zasak. Its pastures lie at the Orkhon headwaters, at 47° north latitude and 14°50′ west longitude. To the northwest lies Mount Khurbulag Khüit. The Orkhon leaves the banner territory; two streams unite and flow east, take in a northern tributary, and enter the Tüsheet Khan division. To the west lies the Tachu River, which rises on the southern slope of the great ridge southeast of Mount Dulan Khara; two southern headstreams unite, meet three streams from the northeast, pass Tachi Post, and run southwest to Mount Alechatu. The Center Left Last Banner was held by Celeng, Shanba's second cousin once removed, who was granted zasak rank in the sixtieth year of Kangxi. In the first year of Yongzheng he was enfeoffed as doroi junwang. In the ninth year of Yongzheng he was promoted to hereditary prince of the first degree with hošo rank. It comprises four zasak. Its pastures lie at the headwaters of the Tamir, Khara, and Chiroto rivers. To the north lies Mount Ik Shabar. To the northeast lies Mount Chohon. To the northwest lies Yanke Ridge. To the southwest lies Kük Ridge. The Tamir River, also called Tamle, has northern and southern sources. The southern source rises on the northern slope of the Khangai Mountains; west of the Orkhon it is called the Asogot River, which runs northwest, gathers three brooks, turns northeast, and receives two streams from the northwest before the united course is called the Tamir; it then flows north to meet the Asogot again—all streams north of the Khangai. Farther northeast it receives a stream from the southeast; Mount Subalghan lies to the east. Farther northeast it takes in the Chaomudo and Chiqirliq rivers along with other small streams and joins the northern source flowing northeast. The northern source rises on the eastern slope of Koku Ridge northwest of the Khangai; two brooks unite flowing northeast, then gather three more brook-streams and other small waters before the course is called the Tamir; the continuous range on the north bank feeds the Khara River headwaters. Continuing east it receives four tributaries and spreads into Tailer Wuhai Pool, several tens of li across, with a mountain rising from its center. Farther east the Chagan Ulen River joins from the northwest; its south bank is formed by the northern slope of Mount Bulag. More than a hundred li farther northeast the southern source joins from the southwest; the river then turns east and north to meet the Orkhon. Each source of this river runs more than five hundred li before they unite and enter the Orkhon. All springs north of the Khangai and east of Koku Ridge drain into it. The Karas River, also known as the Khara and identified with the ancient Karakorum River, rises from the main ridge southwest of the Khangai south of the Chiroto headwaters; after several hundred li it gathers two northern streams at the southern foot of Mount Ison Dulan Khara, then receives from the south a river formed by two united tributaries, and only then is the course called the Karas River. Farther northeast the Jüsalan River, formed by two western headstreams flowing east, joins it; still farther northeast it meets the Hoynu River and enters the Selenga. From source to mouth the river measures nine hundred li. The Chiroto River, also called the Stone River, rises at Erjeitu Chagan Pool below the western boundary mountains of the Khangai; the pool is sixty li around and lies below the great ridge south of Mount Ölöbkeji; northwest it passes Sangjin Dabai Pool beyond the intervening mountains. Issuing northeast from the pool, it runs along the southern foot of Mount Urtu Uya; a little farther east it receives a northwestern stream, then two more from the southwest, and only then is the course called the Chiroto River. The Right Wing Right Rear Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank as zhenguo gong. In the second year of Yongzheng he was enfeoffed as gushan beizi. In the twenty-first year of Qianlong he was promoted to doroi beile. Soon afterward, for his service, he was promoted to hereditary junwang. It comprises two zasak. Its pastures lie at the headwaters of the Baitarik River. To the north lies Mount Jak Ejin. Baitarik, formerly written Bedelek, rises on the southern slope of Koku Ridge; the Tamir headwaters lie on the opposite northern slope beyond the divide. Three streams flow south, unite, and turn southwest; the Chak River, gathering five northern headstreams and running south for more than three hundred li, joins them and passes through Kulun Berkeji. Farther south the Chagan Temür River, formed by two streams on Soaduyi Ridge in the northeast and flowing southwest, joins it. Farther south it passes between two mountains and runs southwest across level ground for more than a hundred li; the Ximi River joins from the south, then the united course spreads southwest into Chagan Pool. From source to mouth it exceeds eight hundred li. The Center Right Banner was held by the second son of Prince Celeng. In the tenth year of Yongzheng he was enfeoffed as fuguo gong. In the twentieth year of Qianlong he was enfeoffed as doroi beile. In the twenty-first year of Qianlong he was promoted to hereditary junwang. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie at the headwaters of the Tui River. To the north lies Kuku Ridge. The Tui River, also known by the alternate name Wei River and formerly as Tuoyi River, rises on the southern slope at the end of the Khangai range; flowing southwest it gathers three brooks, then farther southwest the Uke River, formed by three streams on Uke Ridge in the northwest and running southeast, joins it. The ridge lies southwest of the Khangai; streams south of the divide drain into the Tui River, while those north of it feed the Tamir's southern headwaters. Farther south the Tui River receives the Yamatu River from the northeast, formed by three united streams flowing west—the western drainage of Mount Ergitu Dulan Khara. Farther south it takes in the Kuselengtu River. A little farther south a stream from the east, gathering two ravine brooks, joins it; the course then runs south between two mountains, where the Erletun River joins from the east with three united tributaries—all headwaters from the southwestern foothills of Mount Dulan Khara. Emerging south from the mountains, it winds one hundred eighty li across level ground, passes east of Bojikheshuo Post, then turns south and west to spread into Erlok Pool, which is forty li long from east to west. 15°5′ west of Beijing, latitude 45°6′ north. From source to mouth it exceeds five hundred li. Three hundred li east of this river lies the Tachu River. The Center Front Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank as zhenguo gong. In the first year of Yongzheng he was promoted to gushan beizi. In the twentieth year of Qianlong he was promoted to hereditary beile. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures span the Jirmatai, Orkhon, and Ongin rivers. The Jirmatai River rises in the Right Wing Center Right Banner, flows east through the Oirat Banner, and enters Tüsheet Khan territory. From its confluence with the Gulo River the Orkhon runs southeast between two mountains, turns northeast, and enters the Oirat Banner. The north bank is formed by the Khangai's southeastern spur; the south bank is Mount Hangy Hamal, which extends east in an unbroken range from Mount Dulan Khara in the west. South beyond the mountains lies the Ongin River. The Ongin River rises in the Right Wing Left Last Banner; two headstreams unite and flow east through the Right Wing Center Left and Center Front banners, gather two northern tributaries, and likewise enter Tüsheet Khan territory. The Center Left Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the twenty-fifth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as doroi junwang; later he was demoted to hereditary beile. It comprises three zasak. Within its pastures the Terke and Ider rivers join the Chiroto River to form the Selenga. Ider was formerly written Erdele and is also written Yide'er. The Selenga has four southern headstreams; the northernmost is the Erdele River, which rises on Mount Ölöbkeji at Khalkha's western frontier, gathers seven tributaries over more than four hundred li, and receives the Chiroto River from the southwest with the united upper headwaters. Farther northeast it takes in a southern stream, probably the Terke River. It then runs northeast along the foothills for more than a hundred li before the Uriyasutai River joins from the southwest. Thirty li farther northeast the Ajilek River joins from the south, and only then is the course called the Selenga River. The Center Last Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the thirty-first year of Kangxi he was granted first-class taiji rank and zasak authority. In the second year of Yongzheng he was enfeoffed as fuguo gong. In the second year of Qianlong he was promoted to hereditary zhenguo gong. It comprises one zasak. Within its pastures the Hasui River here joins the Selenga. The Right Wing Center Left Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the forty-sixth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank as first-class taiji; later he was promoted to hereditary fuguo gong. It comprises four zasak. Its pastures lie at the Ongin headwaters. To the south lies Mount Ahar. The Ongin River is also written Wengji and Wengjin; its two headstreams rise in the main ridge east of Mount Ergitu Dulan Khara. West beyond the divide lie the Tachu headwaters. North beyond the mountains lies the Orkhon, which emerges southeast onto the plain and joins it. Farther southeast it receives a southwestern stream; farther east a northern stream joins; continuing southeast it passes Mount Hangy Hamal and takes in two more tributaries. Winding southeast for more than eight hundred li, it spreads into Hulakawular Nor in the great desert, with a circumference of more than twenty li. The Right Wing Last Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank as first-class taiji. In the tenth year of Yongzheng he was enfeoffed as hereditary fuguo gong. It comprises two zasak. Within its pastures the Murte River here joins the Baitarik. To the north lies Zhamtu Ridge. To the northeast lies Kushoukuer Ridge. The Murte River is probably the Chagan Temür River, formed by two streams on Soaduyi Ridge in the northeast and flowing southwest to join it. To the south lies Beng Chagan Nor, more than twenty li across. Thirty li north of it lies Jirhalangtu Pool, about ten li across. Farther northeast is the Ilo River, which flows south from Keku Pool at the northern foothills, passes the western base of Mount Haratu Ke, and dries up several tens of li farther south. South of Mount Haratu Ke lies Erlok Pool; one hundred li east of the mountain is the Tui River. The Right Wing Front Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank as first-class taiji. In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as hereditary fuguo gong. It comprises one zasak. Within its pastures the Hunui River here joins the Hasui. Hunui, formerly written Hunayi and Kunnuoyi, rises in the southwestern mountains, runs northeast four hundred li along the northern foot of Mount Saikan, and enters the Hasui farther northeast. Mount Saikan is very lofty; it forms the main northward ridge of Mount Bayan Jirluq, then turns northeast as the Erleheitu range. The Center Rear Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank as first-class taiji. In the first year of Qianlong he was enfeoffed as hereditary fuguo gong. It comprises one zasak. Within its pastures the Burgasutai River joins the Zhabuga. The Burgasutai River rises at Mount Malaga north of the banner; the range runs south from the Altai crest, where one spur branches east as Mount Usugoma. Farther east the peaks run in an unbroken chain southeast for several hundred li as Mount Berqinak Kokyi. Farther east lies Mount Angqi. Continuing northeast it forms Mount Malaga. This river rises on the southern slope of Mount Malaga where the range is about to turn southeast. Issuing south from the mountain, it receives two eastern streams and one from the northwest. Farther south the Uhai River joins from the northwest, formed by two headstreams on Mount Angqi flowing southeast. Farther south it joins the Xila River. After the two headstreams unite, the course flows southwest along the northern foot of Mount Bayan and is called the Zhabuga River. There is also the Uriyasutai River, which leaves the banner, flows west for more than eight hundred li, and takes in the Subra River. To the north lie the Boinitu headwaters. The Left Wing Left Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the thirty-first year of Qianlong he was enfeoffed as hereditary zasak fuguo gong. It comprises two zasak. Its pastures lie at the Zhabuga headwaters. Zhabuga, formerly written Chabaha and Zhabukan, has two headstreams; the easternmost is the Xila River, rising in the great mountains northwest of Kulun Berkeji; four streams flow south as two branches and reunite more than a hundred li farther southwest. Farther southwest it takes in a northern stream, then the Xila River from the east, then another from the north. Farther southwest the Burgasutai River joins from the north as the western source, rising on the southern slope of northern Mount Malaga, flowing south to gather two streams; farther south the Uhai River, formed by two united headstreams flowing southeast, joins it, and the course then flows south to meet the Xila River. After the two headstreams unite, the course runs along the northern foot of Mount Bayan and is called the Zhabuga River. Farther south it enters the southern frontier of the Zasagt Khan Banner. The Left Wing Center Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. He was initially granted first-class taiji rank. In the twenty-second year of Qianlong he was promoted to beizi rank and granted zasak authority. Later he was demoted to hereditary gong rank. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures span the Hasui River. The Left Wing Right Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as first-class taiji. It comprises three zasak. Its pastures lie at Mount Harut. The Left Wing Left Last Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures span the Tamir and Hunui rivers. The Right Wing Center Last Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures include the point where the eastern branch of the Baitarik River empties into Chagan Nor; the western branch lies at the nomadic lake of Qingsuzhuketu Nomonhan, at 10° west and 45°7′ north, on the southern border of Kuren Berlejir. The lake is melon-shaped, about one hundred li around and elongated east-west; east of it lies Huritok Bair Pool, more than ten li wide. Farther east lies the headwaters of the Ximi River. Farther east is a small stream, and still farther east lies Beng Chagan Nor. The Right Wing Left Last Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures span the Ongin River. To the east lies Mount Tulgen. The Right Last Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the third year of Qianlong he was granted first-class taiji rank. In the fourth year he was granted hereditary zasak rank. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie at the headwaters of the Ider River. To the south lies Snow Mountain. To the northwest lies Suogutu Ridge. The Ider River rises on Mount Olebaiji—the great southwestern main ridge at the Khangai summit. West across the divide lies Sangjindalai Lake, at 16°9′ west and 49° north latitude. Two streams flow east from the foothills and unite; farther east seven tributaries join to form the Ider River. Farther northeast it joins the Chiroto River and flows into the Selenga. The Right Wing Center Right Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as first-class taiji. It has no zasak. Its pastures lie at the headwaters of the Jirmatai River. Jirmatai, formerly written Zhulematai and Zhurermatai, rises on the southern slope of Mount Eheitemur, runs southeast around three sides of Mount Bukutemur's base, then winds northeast more than two hundred li to form Chagan Omo, a lake several tens of li wide. Continuing northeast, it is joined by the Bulekhartai River, whose waters from the lakes of Dar Nu Karabaling Sun flow northeast from the south. Farther northeast it enters the Orkhon. The Right Wing Rear Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the thirty-first year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary first-class taiji and zasak rank. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie on the north bank of the Hasui and the south bank of the Selenga. The Center Rear Last Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures span the Chiroto River. The Center Right Wing Last Banner was held by a descendant of Sayin Noyan. In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as first-class taiji. It has no zasak. Its pastures lie on the south bank of the Tamir River. To the northeast lies the Urtetmor River. An Oirat banner attached to the division, held by a descendant of the Dzungars. In the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi he came to submit. In the forty-fourth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as zasak fuguo gong. In the first year of Yongzheng he was promoted to hereditary gushan beizi. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures span the Jirmatai and Orkhon rivers. To the west lies Mount Chahan. To the southeast lies Mount Boleke. The Orkhon, from within the Center Front Banner, bends northeast past Erdene Zuu at the western foot of Xierha Ajihan Mountain—the Great Lama Temple. The river runs west of it and along the eastern slopes of Zhang'e Mountain. The range is lofty as well—the eastern spur of the Khangai, known in Tang times as Udejian Mountain west of the Uighur royal encampment. Emerging northeastward from the mountains, it turns northwest for more than three hundred li, where the Jirmatai River joins from the southwest. The Oirat Front Banner was held by Danjin Alabutan, a grandson of Galdan's father's younger brother Danjin, who submitted in the forty-first year of Kangxi and was enfeoffed as doroi junwang. In the forty-second year he was granted zasak rank. In the thirteenth year of Qianlong he was demoted to hereditary gushan beizi. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie on the north bank of the Tamir and are subordinate to the Sayin Noyan division. To the southeast lies Wenkui Nor. All of the above banners are united in league at Chiqirliq.

車臣汗部：駐克魯倫翁都爾多博，直古北口邊外漠北。至京師三千五百里。格埒森札之孫謨羅貝瑪號車臣汗。東界額爾德尼陀羅海，南界塔爾滾柴達木，西界察罕齊老圖，北界溫都爾罕。轄旗二十三。北極高四十五度三十四分。京師偏西五度三十四分。車臣汗本旗故車臣汗阿喇布坦之子，康熙二十七年，率眾十餘萬戶來降，仍其故號。雍正六年，賜印文曰格根車臣汗，世襲。佐領二。牧地跨喀魯倫河。東：烏蘭溫都爾山。南：阿爾圖山。西：塔奇勒噶圖山。北：哈喇莽鼐山。東北：色勒格圖山。東南：鄂爾楚克山。西南：庫特肯額里雅山。喀魯倫河自右翼中前旗境拖諾山南麓，稍折東北流數十里，又東北逕克勒和碩山北麓，入左翼右旗境。左翼中旗烏默客之叔，康熙二十八年授札薩克。三十年封多羅郡王。乾隆二十年，晉和碩親王，世襲。佐領二。牧地在科勒蘇河之東，跨喀魯倫河。東：卜固尼和碩山。西有特克瑪爾圖山。西北：圖木斯泰山。科勒蘇河出西南大山，兩源，東北合二水，北入敖嫩河。東北：喀魯倫河，入旗南界，有固爾班博爾龍山，三峰並峙，在南岸沙中，至庫魯諾爾南，入中左旗境。中右旗烏默客之叔，康熙二十八年授札薩克。三十年封固山貝子。三十五年，晉多羅郡王，世襲。佐領四。牧地喀爾喀河至是瀦于貝爾諾爾。喀爾喀河在齊齊哈爾城西，源出摩克託里山，西北流入于貝爾諾爾。又北流出，曰鄂爾順河，入呼倫諾爾。貝爾諾爾舊作布伊爾湖，亦作布育里鄂模，元之捕魚兒海子也。明藍玉破脫古思帖木兒處。東北有沙喇勒濟河。右翼中旗烏默客之族叔，康熙二十八年授札薩克。三十年封多羅貝勒，世襲。佐領八。牧地在喀魯倫河之南烏純地。西：伊克噶札爾阿齊圖山。中末旗烏默客之族，康熙三十年授札薩克固山貝子，世襲。佐領三。牧地在喀魯倫河之南博羅布達。北：庫特肯額里雅山。東北：伊克阿爾圖山。西北：額爾克納克山。東南：鄂斯奇山。中左旗烏默客之族，康熙二十八年授札薩克。三十年封固山貝子，世襲。佐領二有半。牧地在喀魯倫河之布色鄂埒客。東：和爾蓋山。北：伯爾克山。中後旗烏默客之族，康熙二十八年授札薩克。三十年封固山貝子，後降輔國公，世襲。佐領一有半。牧地跨敖嫩河。南：色勒格圖山。北：達喇特河。東北：莽阿泰河。敖嫩河自大肯特山北麓會北來一水，又東有一河，西北合二水，東南流來會。稍東南，啟查魯河西南自大肯特山折向東南支阜，東北流來會，折東北流，又折東，巴拉喀河合二水自西南畢爾喀嶺東北流來會。又東南流，呼瑪拉堪河自南大山合兩源北流來會。又東北流，有一河合兩源西北自大興安山東南流來會。大興安山，土人曰阿母巴興安，甚高大，自此綿亙而東，直抵黑龍江入海處。山之南為喀爾喀界，山之北為俄界。又南，北合科勒蘇河。左翼前旗烏默客之族，康熙二十八年授札薩克。三十年封鎮國公，世襲。佐領一有半。牧地當索岳爾濟山北，濱喀爾喀河。索岳爾濟山袤延數百里，其西麓臨大漠，東北與齊齊哈爾城相近。喀爾喀河有數源，最東者出阿魯特拉奇嶺西麓，有池廣數十里，西南流，南源合三水來會。又西南流，有一河自北合三源來會。又西分為二支，一南流，有阿母巴哈爾渾河合三水自南來會。又西，合北支西流，伊蘭塞罕河自北大山西南流來會。又一河自西北合三源南流注之。又西南，受哈爾渾河。又西，噶爾查布魯克圖河自東南合噶爾圖思台及噶爾巴哈尼二河北流注之。又西會和爾和河，折西北，逕喀勒河朔之北，其北岸有小山，受東北來之呼魯思太河，折而西流，曰喀爾喀河。西南流，分支渠，匯為貝爾諾爾。右翼中右旗烏默客之族，康熙五十年授一等台吉。五十一年授札薩克。雍正二年封輔國公，世襲。佐領一有半。牧地在達爾漢徹根。東：依札噶爾山。南：巴噶額里彥山。西：鄂羅克依山。西北：依爾蓋山。左翼後旗烏默客之族祖，康熙三十年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領二有半。牧地在察漢布爾噶蘇台。東有鄂爾布勒山。西有布哈山。北：烏蘭溫都山。西南：布勒格圖山。左翼後末旗烏默客族，康熙五十年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一有半。牧地在烏爾圖。西：鄂爾布勒山。右翼後旗烏默客族，康熙三十年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領三。牧地在巴顏濟魯克。西：阿克索那山。南：烏尼格特山。中末右旗烏默客族，雍正十三年授一等台吉。乾隆十四年授札薩克，世襲。佐領一。牧地東至特克什烏蘇，南至多木達哲爾克特山，西至鄂爾和山，北至庫登圖山。東北：託克台山。西北：阿爾圖山。東南：布哈山。西南：烏斯奇山。右翼中左旗烏默客族，康熙五十二年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地在騰格里克。東南：庫里彥山。北：僧庫爾河。右翼前旗烏默客族，康熙三十年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一有半。牧地在喀喇莽鼐。西北：色布素勒山。東：薩喇克河。右翼左旗烏默客之叔，康熙四十年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領半。牧地在額爾得墨。東：鄂博克圖山。北：得勒山。西南：鄂爾楚克山。中末次旗烏默客族，康熙三十四年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一有半。牧地在白爾格庫爾濟圖。東：哈爾噶朗圖山。南：圖木斯圖山。西北：得勒山。左翼右旗烏默客之叔，康熙四十年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地跨喀魯倫河。東：特格里木圖山。西：哈噶勒噶山。北：瑪勒胡爾山。東北：圖木斯圖山。西南：託克特依山。喀魯倫河自喀勒和朔北麓，又東北會塔爾河，舊名他拉即兒即河，自畢爾喀嶺西南麓，合二源東南流沙土中，隱見不常。又東北數十里，逕厄窩得哈爾哈小山西北麓，即北岸厄莫勒山之西南麓也。折東流，至東南麓，兩岸沙漠，又東北入左翼中旗境。中右後旗烏默客族，康熙三十六年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領半。牧地在肯特山東，當喀魯倫、敖嫩二河源。東：得勒格爾罕山。南：巴顏烏蘭山。西北：罕台山。西：塔尼特河。東北：塔喇塔河。有喀魯倫河，即臚朐河，北史之怯綠憐河也。源出肯特山東南支峰西南麓。兩源西流而合，又西，有一河，東北亦自肯特山南麓西南來注之。又西南流，逕肯特山頂之南，受北來衣魯河。又西南，受西北即龍河。又西南，至布塞山東南麓，受撒內河，東自畢爾喀嶺西麓西流合東南一水來會。又東南，有一河，北自忒勒兒吉嶺東南流來會。又西南，白勒肯河自土喇色欽東麓東南流來會。又西南，至噶拉太嶺之東，循兩山間，折而東南流，逕巴顏烏蘭山西麓，入右翼中前旗境。又東經車臣汗旗、左翼右旗、左翼中旗、中左旗、左翼左旗、中左前旗、中前旗境，凡二千數百里，東北入枯倫湖。敖嫩河乃黑龍江上源，亦名俄儂河，元之斡難河也，自肯特山西忒勒爾吉嶺西北小肯特山東麓，折東南流，納東北一水，經忒勒爾吉嶺北麓，有一水自嶺西北東流來會，亦敖嫩一源也，又東入中後旗境。左翼左旗烏默客叔，康熙三十五年授一等台吉。四十年授札薩克，世襲罔替。佐領一有半。牧地跨喀魯倫河。南：巴彥罕山。西：鄂喇霍圖山。喀魯倫河自庫魯鄂模南稍東，逕西拉得克西博格山之陰，又東百里，中有沙洲曰術爾呼術，東北流，入旗境必拉城南。隔河而南，有乾諸可客蒲山，綿亙東北百里許，即塔本陀羅海也。又東逕杜勒鄂模南，入中左前旗境。中左前旗烏默客裔，康熙三十六年，授貢楚克一等台吉兼札薩克，世襲。佐領一。牧地跨喀魯倫河。喀魯倫河自杜勒鄂模南入旗境。又東，河心有沙洲，南岸為塔本陀羅海之北麓。折東南流，又東入中前旗境。中前旗烏默客裔，康熙二十八年授濟農及札薩克。三十年封固山貝子。乾隆二十二年，降一等台吉兼札薩克，世襲。佐領五。牧地跨喀魯倫河。東：札爾噶山。北：鄂克託木山。喀魯倫河自塔本陀羅海北麓，折東南流，又東逕南岸小山北麓，折東北至南岸大山東北麓，東南流，折向正北，又東北流，中有沙洲，其東南岸外，則杜勒鄂模也。又東北，曲曲注阿勒坦厄莫爾山東北，瀦為枯倫湖，在黑龍江齊齊哈爾城西千三百餘里也。湖自西南而東北，長徑二百餘里，東西闊百餘里，周可五六百里。枯倫今作呼爾，即古之具倫泊也。右翼中前旗烏默客裔，初授二等台吉。乾隆十九年晉一等台吉。二十年，封輔國公兼札薩克，後降一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地當喀魯倫河曲處。東：庫里葉山。北：巴顏烏蘭山，綿亙東南二百里許。喀魯倫河自噶拉太嶺之東，西南至兩山間，循山麓東南流，逕巴顏烏蘭山西麓，至南岸山盡處，稍折東流，有僧庫爾河南流沙中來注之。喀魯倫河又東南，自沙地經拖諾山南麓，入車臣汗旗境。以上統盟於巴爾和屯。即巴拉斯城。

The Setsen Khan division is headquartered at Kerulen Undur Dob, directly north of the Gubeikou frontier in the northern desert. It is three thousand five hundred li from Beijing. Gelegsen Zha's grandson Molorbeima took the title Setsen Khan. Its eastern border is Erdene Turol Sea, its southern border Targhon Chaidam, its western border Chagan Chiroto, and its northern border Undurkhan. It comprises twenty-three banners. Its latitude is 45°34′ north. It lies 5°34′ west of the Beijing meridian. The principal banner of the Setsen Khan was held by a son of the former Setsen Khan Alabutan, who in the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi led more than one hundred thousand households to submit and retained his former title. In the sixth year of Yongzheng he was granted a hereditary seal reading Gegen Setsen Khan. It comprises two zasak. Its pastures span the Kerulen River. To the east lies Mount Ulan Undur. To the south lies Mount Alt. To the west lies Mount Taqilagatu. To the north lies Mount Harlamangnai. To the northeast lies Mount Selegtu. To the southeast lies Mount Ertchuk. To the southwest lies Mount Kutken Eriya. The Kerulen, starting in the Right Wing Center Front Banner at the southern foot of Mount Tuono, bends slightly northeast for several tens of li, then runs northeast along the northern foot of Mount Kele Heshuo into the Left Wing Right Banner. The Left Wing Center Banner was held by Umake's uncle, granted zasak rank in the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as doroi junwang. In the twentieth year of Qianlong he was promoted to hereditary prince of the first degree with hošo rank. It comprises two zasak. Its pastures lie east of the Kolesu River and span the Kerulen. To the east lies Mount Buguni Heshuo. To the west lies Mount Tekemartu. To the northwest lies Mount Tumustai. The Kolesu rises in the southwestern mountains from two sources that unite northeastward and flow north into the Onon. To the northeast the Kerulen enters the banner's southern frontier; on the south bank in the sands stand the three peaks of Mount Gurban Borlong; south of Kuru Nor the river enters the Center Left Banner. The Center Right Banner was held by Umake's uncle, granted zasak rank in the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as gushan beizi. In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi he was promoted to hereditary doroi junwang. It comprises four zasak. At this point its pastures include the Khalkha River, which empties into Buir Nor. The Khalkha River lies west of Qiqihar, rises at Moketoli Mountain, and flows northwest into Buir Nor. It then flows north as the Eershun River and enters Hulun Nor. Buir Nor was formerly transcribed as Buyir Lake and also as Buyuli Omo—the Yuan-period Buyur Er Sea. It was where General Lan Yu of the Ming defeated Toghus Temür. To the northeast lies the Shalaleji River. The Right Wing Center Banner was held by Umake's clan uncle, granted zasak rank in the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as hereditary doroi beile. It comprises eight zasak. Its pastures lie at Wuchun Di south of the Kerulen. To the west lies Mount Ike Gajar Aqitu. The Center Last Banner was held by Umake's clan, granted hereditary zasak gushan beizi rank in the thirtieth year of Kangxi. It comprises three zasak. Its pastures lie at Bolobuda south of the Kerulen. To the north lies Mount Kutken Eriya. To the northeast lies Mount Ike Alt. To the northwest lies Mount Erkenak. To the southeast lies Mount Esiqi. The Center Left Banner was held by Umake's clan, granted zasak rank in the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as hereditary gushan beizi. It comprises two and a half zasak. Its pastures lie at Buseeleke on the Kerulen. To the east lies Mount Heergai. To the north lies Mount Boerke. The Center Rear Banner was held by Umake's clan, granted zasak rank in the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as gushan beizi; later the title was reduced to hereditary fuguo gong. It comprises one and a half zasak. Its pastures span the Onon River. To the south lies Mount Selegetu. To the north lies the Dalate River. To the northeast lies the Mangatai River. At the northern foot of Great Khentii the Onon receives a stream from the north; farther east a river with two united northwestern headstreams flows southeast to join it. A little farther southeast the Qichalu River descends from the southwestern slope of Great Khentii at a southeastern spur and joins from the northeast; it then turns northeast, then east again, where the Balaka River, with two united headstreams from the southwest, joins from the northeast slope of Birkha Ridge. Continuing southeast, it receives the Humalakan River, which descends from the southern mountains with two united sources and joins from the north. It then flows northeast, where a river with two united headstreams from the northwest side of the Greater Khingan joins flowing southeast. The Greater Khingan—locally called Amubaxing'an—is lofty and massive; from here it runs continuously east to where the Amur reaches the sea. South of the range lies Khalkha territory and north of it Russian territory. Farther south it receives the Kolesu River from the north. The Left Wing Front Banner was held by Umake's clan, granted zasak rank in the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as hereditary zhenguo gong. It comprises one and a half zasak. Its pastures lie north of Mount Soyolji along the Khalkha River. Mount Soyolji extends for several hundred li; its western slopes face the great desert, and to the northeast it lies close to Qiqihar. The Khalkha has several headwaters; the easternmost rises on the western slope of Arularqi Ridge, where a lake several tens of li across feeds a southwestern stream whose southern branch receives three tributaries. Continuing southwest, it receives a river from the north with three united headstreams. Farther west it splits into two branches, one flowing south where the Amubahar Hun River joins from the south with three united streams. Still farther west the southern branch rejoins the western-flowing northern branch, where the Yilansaihan River descends from the northern mountains flowing southwest. Another river with three united northwestern headstreams flows south to join it. Continuing southwest, it receives the Har Hun River. Farther west the Garqaburuktu River joins from the southeast, where the Gartusitai and Garbahani rivers unite and flow north into it. Westward it joins the Heerhe River, turns northwest past the north of Kale Heshuo, receives the Hulusitai River from the northeast at small hills on the north bank, then turns west and becomes the Khalkha River. Flowing southwest through branch channels, it collects into Buir Nor. The Right Wing Center Right Banner was held by Umake's clan, granted first-class taiji rank in the fiftieth year of Kangxi. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank. In the second year of Yongzheng he was enfeoffed as hereditary fuguo gong. It comprises one and a half zasak. Its pastures lie at Daerhan Chegen. To the east lies Mount Yizhagaer. To the south lies Mount Baga Eliyan. To the west lies Mount Eluoke Yishan. To the northwest lies Mount Yiergai. The Left Wing Rear Banner was held by Umake's clan grandfather, granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji in the thirtieth year of Kangxi. It comprises two and a half zasak. Its pastures lie at Chahan Buergasutai. To the east lies Mount Eerbule. To the west lies Mount Buha. To the north lies Mount Ulan Wendu. To the southwest lies Mount Bulegetu. The Left Wing Rear Last Banner was held by the Umake clan, granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji in the fiftieth year of Kangxi. It comprises one and a half zasak. Its pastures lie at Wurtu. To the west lies Mount Eerbule. The Right Wing Rear Banner was held by the Umake clan, granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji in the thirtieth year of Kangxi. It comprises three zasak. Its pastures lie at Bayan Jiruq. To the west lies Mount Aksuona. To the south lies Mount Wunigete. The Center Last Right Banner was held by the Umake clan, granted first-class taiji rank in the thirteenth year of Yongzheng. In the fourteenth year of Qianlong he was granted hereditary zasak rank. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures extend east to Tekeshi Wusu, south to Mount Domuda Jierket, west to Mount Eerhe, and north to Mount Kudengtu. To the northeast lies Mount Tuoketai. To the northwest lies Mount Alt. To the southeast lies Mount Buha. To the southwest lies Mount Wusiqi. The Right Wing Center Left Banner was held by the Umake clan, granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji in the fifty-second year of Kangxi. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie at Tenggeriq. To the southeast lies Mount Kuliyan. To the north lies the Sengkuer River. The Right Wing Front Banner was held by the Umake clan, granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji in the thirtieth year of Kangxi. It comprises one and a half zasak. Its pastures lie at Khala Mangnai. To the northwest lies Mount Sebusule. To the east lies the Salaq River. The Right Wing Left Banner was held by Umake's uncle, granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji in the fortieth year of Kangxi. It comprises half a zasak. Its pastures lie at Erdemo. To the east lies Mount Eboketu. To the north lies Mount Dele. To the southwest lies Mount Eerchuke. The Center Last Secondary Banner was held by the Umake clan, granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji in the thirty-fourth year of Kangxi. It comprises one and a half zasak. Its pastures lie at Bairig Kurjitu. To the east lies Mount Hargalangtu. To the south lies Mount Tomustu. To the northwest lies Mount Dele. The Left Wing Right Banner was held by Umake's uncle, granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji in the fortieth year of Kangxi. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures span the Kerulen River. To the east lies Mount Teglimutu. To the west lies Mount Hagalega. To the north lies Mount Malehur. To the northeast lies Mount Tomustu. To the southwest lies Mount Tuoketei. The Kerulen, starting from the northern foot of Kale Heshuo, turns northeast to join the Tar River; its former name was the Tala Jier River, which rises on the southwestern foot of Birkha Ridge where two headstreams unite and flow southeast through sandy ground, appearing and vanishing intermittently. Northeastward for several tens of li it passes the northwestern foot of the Khalkha hill of Ewood, which is the southwestern foot of Mount Emole on the north bank. It bends east to the southeastern foot where both banks are desert, then turns northeast into the Left Wing Center Banner. The Center Right Rear Banner was held by the Umake clan, granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji in the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi. It comprises half a zasak. Its pastures lie east of Khentii, at the headwaters of the Kerulen and Onon. To the east lies Mount Delegerghan. To the south lies Mount Bayan Ulan. To the northwest lies Mount Hantai. To the west lies the Tanit River. To the northeast lies the Talata River. The Kerulen River is the Lüqu River, known in the Northern Wei History as the Qielülian River. It rises on the southwestern foot of a southeastern spur of Khentii. Its two headstreams flow west and unite; farther west a river from the northeast also flows southwest from the southern foot of Khentii to join it. Flowing southwest past the south of Khentii's summit, it receives the Yilu River from the north. Farther southwest it receives the Jilong River from the northwest. Southwestward to the southeastern foot of Busai Mountain it receives the Sane River, which flows west from the western foot of Birkha Ridge and joins a stream from the southeast. Farther southeast a river flows southeast from Telerji Ridge in the north to join it. Farther southwest the Bileken River flows southeast from the eastern foot of Tula Seichin to join it. Southwestward to the east of Galatai Ridge it runs between two ranges, turns southeast past the western foot of Mount Bayan Ulan, and enters the Right Wing Center Front Banner. Eastward it crosses the territories of the Setsen Khan Banner, Left Wing Right Banner, Left Wing Center Banner, Center Left Banner, Left Wing Left Banner, Center Left Front Banner, and Center Front Banner for more than two thousand li, then turns northeast into Kulun Lake. The Onon, the upper Amur also called the Enon and the Onon of Yuan times, rises on the eastern foot of Little Khentii northwest of Telerji Ridge west of Khentii, turns southeast to receive a northeastern tributary, then along the northern foot of Telerji Ridge receives another stream flowing east from the northwest of the ridge as a second Onon headstream, and continues east into the Center Rear Banner. The Left Wing Left Banner was held by Umake's uncle, granted first-class taiji rank in the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi. In the fortieth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank in perpetuity. It comprises one and a half zasak. Its pastures span the Kerulen River. To the south lies Mount Bayanhan. To the west lies Mount Elahuotu. The Kerulen, from south of Kuru Omo slightly to the east, passes north of Xiladeke Xiboge Mountain, then runs east for one hundred li with a sandbar called Shuerhushu midstream; flowing northeast, it enters the banner south of Bila City. South of the river across the water lies Mount Ganzhukekepu, running northeast for about one hundred li; this is Tabun Turol Sea. Eastward it passes south of Dule Omo and enters the Center Left Front Banner. The Center Left Front Banner was held by a descendant of Umake, granted hereditary rank as first-class taiji and zasak to Gunzhuke in the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures span the Kerulen River. The Kerulen enters the banner from south of Dule Omo. Farther east a sandbar lies midstream, and the south bank forms the northern foot of Tabun Turol Sea. It turns southeast, then runs east into the Center Front Banner. The Center Front Banner was held by a descendant of Umake, granted jinong and zasak rank in the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as gushan beizi. In the twenty-second year of Qianlong he was demoted to hereditary first-class taiji and zasak. It comprises five zasak. Its pastures span the Kerulen River. To the east lies Mount Zharga. To the north lies Mount Eketuomu. The Kerulen, from the northern foot of Tabun Turol Sea, turns southeast, then east along the northern foot of a low hill on the south bank, turns northeast to the northeastern foot of a larger south-bank range, flows southeast, bends north, then northeast with a sandbar midstream; beyond the sandbar on the southeast south bank lies Dule Omo. Northeastward it winds to the northeast of Altan Emoer Mountain and pools as Kulun Lake, more than 1,300 li west of Qiqihar on the Amur. The lake runs southwest to northeast more than two hundred li in length and over one hundred li east to west, with a circumference of about five or six hundred li. Kulun is now written Hur; it is the ancient Jurun Bo. The Right Wing Center Front Banner was held by a descendant of Umake, initially granted second-class taiji rank. In the nineteenth year of Qianlong he was promoted to first-class taiji. In the twentieth year of Qianlong he was enfeoffed as fuguo gong and zasak, later demoted to hereditary first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie at a bend of the Kerulen. To the east lies Mount Kuliye. To the north Mount Bayan Ulan extends southeast for about two hundred li. The Kerulen, from east of Galatai Ridge running southwest between two ranges along the foothills southeast past the western foot of Mount Bayan Ulan, turns slightly east where the south-bank mountains end as the Sengkuer River joins from the sandy south. The Kerulen then runs southeast from sandy ground past the southern foot of Tuono Mountain into the Setsen Khan Banner. All of the above were united in league at Barhoto. This is Barus City.

札薩克圖汗部：駐杭愛山陽，直甘肅、寧夏邊外漠北。至京師四千餘里。東界翁錦錫爾哈勒珠特，西界喀喇烏蘇額埒克諾爾，南界阿爾察喀喇託輝，北界特斯河，接唐努烏梁海。本元裔，號札薩克圖汗。康熙二十七年，沙喇兵敗，為噶爾丹所戕。其弟策旺札布率族來歸，封和碩親王，詔仍襲汗號。轄旗十九。北極高四十三度三十五分。京師偏西十九度九分。札薩克圖汗兼管右翼左旗策旺札布，以從征退縮削爵。雍正四年，詔其族格埒克延丕勒襲汗號，兼郡王爵，領右翼左旗札薩克事，世襲。佐領三。牧地有博格爾諾爾。東南：札布噶河，自賽音諾顏部左翼左旗界西南流，逕巴顏山北麓尼魯班禪喇嘛游牧，折西流，席喇烏蘇河南自阿爾洪山水所匯之大泊來會。又西北流，烏里雅蘇台河東來入之。博格爾諾爾，舊作白格爾察罕鄂模，在庫克西勒克山之南、都忒嶺之東。又有都魯泊。中左翼左旗札薩克圖汗之族。康熙三十五年封多羅貝勒兼札薩克。乾隆二十二年，以功晉郡王品級。四十六年，詔以貝勒世襲。佐領二。牧地當特斯河源。東：庫蘭阿濟爾噶山。北：伯爾克山。東北：巴彥集魯克山。特斯河源出阿爾泰東北大幹之唐努山西南麓，西南流山中，受南北來四水，又西南入烏梁海境。曲曲西瀦為烏布薩泊。泊在阿爾泰頂之東南麓六十里。左翼中旗札薩克圖汗之族。雍正五年授札薩克二等台吉。乾隆二十一年晉一等台吉。二十三年封輔國公，復晉鎮國公，世襲。佐領一。右翼後旗札薩克圖汗之族。康熙三十年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。與左翼中旗同游牧。牧地當札布噶河西岸。左翼右旗札薩克圖汗之族。康熙二十九年授札薩克。三十年封多羅貝勒。雍正十二年降鎮國公，世襲。佐領一。牧地在都爾根諾爾之南。諾爾在科布多城西、伊克阿拉克泊之西南，北與喀喇諾爾相聯，形如葫蘆，亦札布噶河之支流所匯也。左翼前旗札薩克圖汗之族。康熙二十八年授札薩克。三十年授一等台吉。五十年封輔國公，世襲。佐領二。左翼後末旗札薩克圖汗之族。雍正四年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。與左翼前旗同游牧。牧地在奇勒稽思諾爾之東，一作柯爾奇思諾爾，在阿爾泰頂東南，去兩旗札薩克駐處八百里。東南：札布噶河、空歸河。西南：伊克阿拉克池水所匯也，周百數十里，西南相聯一泊曰愛拉克諾爾，南與喀喇諾爾相直。右翼右末旗札薩克圖汗之族。雍正二年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領二。牧地當德勒格爾河西岸、桑錦達賚之東。德勒格爾河一作哈喇台爾河，源出唐努山南、錫巴里喀倫北，東北流，當阿哈里喀倫之北，有一小水西北來入之。折東南流，與德勒格爾河會。又東南流，託爾和里克河北自博爾圖斯喀倫，兩源並導，百里而合，又南，德勒格爾河自西來會。又南流，布克綏河自西北來會。又南入齊老圖河。中左翼右旗札薩克圖汗之族。初授二等台吉。乾隆二十一年封輔國公並札薩克，世襲。佐領一。牧地當桑錦達賚之南。桑錦達賚泊在旗境及中左翼左旗之間。西南有色楞格河。右翼右旗札薩克圖汗之族。康熙二十八年授札薩克。三十年封固山貝子，後降輔國公，世襲。佐領一。牧地在烏喇特界內庫埒謨多。左翼後旗札薩克圖汗之族。康熙三十年授札薩克一等台吉。三十六年晉輔國公，世襲。佐領一。牧地在伊克敖拉里克察罕郭勒。北：烏蘭泊。中右翼末旗札薩克圖汗之族。康熙四十三年授一等台吉。五十三年授札薩克。雍正二年封輔國公，世襲。佐領一。牧地當濟爾哈河，至是瀦於察罕諾爾。所部察罕諾爾有二，一在左翼右旗之西，其南為齊齊克泊，接科布多界；一即此，濟爾哈河所瀦也。右翼後末旗札薩克圖汗之族。康熙三十六年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地在奇齊格訥洪果爾阿齊喇克。中右翼左旗札薩克圖汗之族。乾隆二十年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地在左翼左旗西南。右翼前旗札薩克圖汗之族。康熙二十八年授札薩克。三十年授一等台吉，世襲。佐領一有半。牧地在阿爾察圖、和岳爾敖拉、雅蘇圖、鄂和多爾、納默格爾諸界。左翼左旗札薩克圖汗之族。乾隆二十一年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地在奇勒稽思諾爾、愛拉克諾爾之南，跨空歸河。空歸河又名空陰河，舊作空格依河，出昂奇山南麓，合三水西南流，入札布噶河。中右翼末次旗羅卜藏台吉之孫。康熙四十八年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地有特們諾爾、委袞諾爾，兩諾爾水皆發源烏里雅蘇台軍營城北大山，東北流，瀦為兩大泊，委袞在北，特們在南，中隔一嶺，南北相望，形擬蝌蚪也。中左翼末旗羅卜藏台吉之裔。雍正十二年授二等台吉。乾隆二十二年授一等台吉兼札薩克，世襲。佐領一。牧地當德勒格爾河東岸。附輝特一旗額魯特部輝特族人羅卜藏，為噶爾丹所虐，來歸。乾隆二十年授其孫一等台吉。三十年授札薩克，世襲。佐領一。牧地當濟爾哈河東岸。濟爾哈河自旗南界合三源東北流，至札薩克圖汗部中右翼末旗界，瀦為察罕諾爾。以上統盟於札克畢賴色欽畢都爾諾爾。

The Zasagt Khan division is headquartered on the southern slope of the Khangai, directly north of the Gansu and Ningxia frontiers in the northern desert. It lies more than four thousand li from the capital. It is bounded on the east by Ongjin Xirhalzhut, on the west by Khara Usu Eleg Nor, on the south by Arja Khara Tohui, and on the north by the Tes River, adjoining Tannu Uriankhai. Its line descends from Yuan royalty and styled itself Zasagt Khan. In the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi Shala was defeated in battle and slain by Galdan. His younger brother Tsewang Jab led the clan to submit and was enfeoffed as heshuo qinwang; an edict allowed him to retain the khan title. It governs nineteen banners. Its north polar altitude is forty-three degrees thirty-five minutes. It lies nineteen degrees nine minutes west of the capital meridian. Zasagt Khan also administered the Right Wing Left Banner under Tsewang Jab, whose rank was reduced for holding back on campaign. In the fourth year of Yongzheng an edict ordered his clansman Gelek Yanpile to inherit the khan title with junwang rank and administer hereditary zasak affairs for the Right Wing Left Banner. It comprises three zasak. Its pastures include Boger Nor. To the southeast the Zhabga River flows southwest from the Sayin Noyan division's Left Wing Left Banner frontier, passes the northern foot of Mount Bayan where the Niluban Lama grazes, turns west, and is joined from the south by the Xira Usu River flowing from the great lake fed by Arhong Mountain streams. Flowing northwest, it receives the Uriankhai River from the east. Boger Nor, formerly written Baiger Chahan Omo, lies south of Kuk Xilerke Mountain and east of Dute Ridge. There is also Dulu Bo. The Center Left Wing Left Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as doroi beile and zasak. In the twenty-second year of Qianlong he was promoted to junwang rank for merit. In the forty-sixth year of Qianlong an edict ordered hereditary succession as beile. It comprises two zasak. Its pastures lie at the Tes River headwaters. To the east lies Mount Kulan Ajerga. To the north lies Mount Boke. To the northeast lies Mount Bayan Jiruq. The Tes rises on the southwestern foot of Tannu Mountain in the great northeastern spur of Altai, flows southwest through the mountains receiving four tributaries from north and south, then continues southwest into Uriankhai territory. Winding westward it pools to form Ubsa Bo. The lake lies sixty li from the southeastern foot of Altai Peak. The Left Wing Center Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the fifth year of Yongzheng he was granted zasak rank as a second-class taiji. In the twenty-first year of Qianlong he was promoted to first-class taiji. In the twenty-third year of Qianlong he was enfeoffed as fuguo gong and later promoted to zhenguo gong, hereditary. It comprises one zasak. The Right Wing Rear Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. It grazes together with the Left Wing Center Banner. Its pastures lie on the west bank of the Zhabga River. The Left Wing Right Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the twenty-ninth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as doroi beile. In the twelfth year of Yongzheng his rank was reduced to zhenguo gong, hereditary. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie south of Durgin Nor. The lake lies west of Kobdo and southwest of Ike Arak Bo, linked on the north to Khara Nor in a gourd shape; tributaries of the Zhabga River also converge here. The Left Wing Front Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was granted first-class taiji rank. In the fiftieth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as fuguo gong, hereditary. It comprises two zasak. The Left Wing Rear Last Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the fourth year of Yongzheng he was granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. It grazes together with the Left Wing Front Banner. Its pastures lie east of Qilerjisi Nor, also written Koerqisi Nor, southeast of Altai Peak, eight hundred li from the zasak seats of both banners. To the southeast lie the Zhabga and Konggui rivers. To the southwest waters from Ike Arak Pond converge in a basin over one hundred li around; linked to the southwest is Elak Nor, directly facing Khara Nor to the south. The Right Wing Right Last Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the second year of Yongzheng he was granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji. It comprises two zasak. Its pastures lie on the west bank of the Delegeer River, east of Sangjin Dalai. The Delegeer River, also written Haratair River, rises south of Tannu Mountain north of Xibari Pass and flows northeast; north of Ahari Pass it receives a small stream from the northwest. It bends southeast and joins the Delegeer River. Flowing southeast, the Toorholik River descends from north of Bortu Pass with two parallel sources that unite after one hundred li; farther south the Delegeer River joins from the west. Flowing south, it receives the Bukchui River from the northwest. It continues south and enters the Qilaotu River. The Center Left Wing Right Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. He was initially granted second-class taiji rank. In the twenty-first year of Qianlong he was enfeoffed as fuguo gong and zasak, hereditary. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie south of Sangjin Dalai. Sangjin Dalai Bo lies between this banner's territory and the Center Left Wing Left Banner. To the southwest lies the Selenge River. The Right Wing Right Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was enfeoffed as gushan beizi, later reduced to fuguo gong, hereditary. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie at Kulemoduo within Urad territory. The Left Wing Rear Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank as a first-class taiji. In the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi he was promoted to fuguo gong, hereditary. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie at Ike Aolariq Chahan Gol. To the north lies Ulan Bo. The Center Right Wing Last Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the forty-third year of Kangxi he was granted first-class taiji rank. In the fifty-third year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank. In the second year of Yongzheng he was enfeoffed as fuguo gong, hereditary. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie along the Jierha River, which here pools to form Chahan Nor. There are two Chahan Nor lakes under its jurisdiction: one west of the Left Wing Right Banner, with Qiqiq Bo to its south adjoining the Kobdo frontier; the other is this one, where the Jierha River pools. The Right Wing Rear Last Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie at Qiqiqgen Hongguor Aqiraq. The Center Right Wing Left Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the twentieth year of Qianlong he was granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie southwest of the Left Wing Left Banner. The Right Wing Front Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi he was granted zasak rank. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary first-class taiji rank. It comprises one and a half zasak. Its pastures lie across the frontiers of Arjatu, Hoyur Aola, Yasutu, Ehodor, and Namerge. The Left Wing Left Banner was held by the Zasagt Khan clan. In the twenty-first year of Qianlong he was granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie south of Qilerjisi Nor and Elak Nor, spanning the Konggui River. The Konggui River, also called Kongyin River and formerly written Konggeyi River, rises on the southern foot of Angqi Mountain, unites three streams flowing southwest, and enters the Zhabga River. The Center Right Wing Last Secondary Banner was held by a grandson of Lobzang Taiji. In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi he was granted hereditary zasak rank as a first-class taiji. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures include Temen Nor and Weigun Nor; both lakes are fed by streams rising in the mountains north of Uliastai garrison, flowing northeast to form two great pools—Weigun to the north and Temen to the south—separated by a ridge and facing each other in a tadpole shape. The Center Left Wing Last Banner was held by a descendant of Lobzang Taiji. In the twelfth year of Yongzheng he was granted second-class taiji rank. In the twenty-second year of Qianlong he was granted hereditary first-class taiji rank and zasak. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie on the east bank of the Delegeer River. The attached Huwet banner was held by Lobzang of the Oirat Huwet clan, who submitted after suffering abuse under Galdan. In the twentieth year of Qianlong his grandson was granted first-class taiji rank. In the thirtieth year of Qianlong he was granted hereditary zasak rank. It comprises one zasak. Its pastures lie on the east bank of the Jierha River. The Jierha River rises at the banner's southern frontier where three sources unite, flows northeast to the Zasagt Khan division's Center Right Wing Last Banner border, and pools to form Chahan Nor. All the above banners are united in league at Zhabbilaiseqin Bidur Nor.

喀爾喀四部八十六旗，統稱外札薩克。自雍正中用兵準噶爾，即於烏里雅蘇台築城駐兵，城以木為之，中實以土，高丈六尺，厚一丈，在烏里雅蘇台河北岸。光緒七年，收還伊犁，改訂條約，許俄人在烏里雅蘇台通商，俟商務興旺，再設領事。定邊副將軍治之。總統四部兵，內蒙古各部兵統於各部札薩克。蓋內札薩克多從龍功臣，而游牧之地悉附近盛京、直隸、山西、陝西一帶，與外札薩克之後來歸附遠在漠北者有別。兼理札薩克圖汗、賽音諾顏兩部事。又設庫倫辦事大臣，庫倫在土喇河上游西岸，人三萬口，喇嘛教徒甚眾。其胡土克圖殿宇嚴庄，蒙民每夏從諸部來頂禮者，道路不絕。理俄羅斯邊事。康熙六十年與俄立約，定為陸路通商埠，各遣官監視。乾隆二年，並停京師貿易，統歸恰克圖辦理，總其權於庫倫大臣。互市處在恰克圖南買賣城，有路南通庫倫，北達上烏丁斯克，與新修鐵路接。有俄國領事署。貿易茶最盛。車臣汗、土謝圖汗兩部事亦歸監理。

The four Khalkha divisions' eighty-six banners were collectively known as the outer zasak. From the Yongzheng reign, when military campaigns were waged against Dzungaria, a fortress was built at Uriyasutai to garrison troops. It was constructed of timber filled with earth, sixteen chi high and one zhang thick, on the north bank of the Uriyasutai River. In the seventh year of Guangxu, after Ili was recovered and the treaty revised, Russians were allowed to trade at Uriyasutai, with a consul to be appointed once commerce had flourished. It was administered by the border-pacification deputy general. He commanded the forces of the four divisions, while Inner Mongolian troops remained under the zasak of each division. This was because the inner zasak were largely meritorious followers who had joined the founding cause, and their pastures lay near Shengjing, Zhili, Shanxi, and Shaanxi — unlike the outer zasak, who had later submitted from the far northern desert. He also oversaw the affairs of the Zasagt Khan and Sayin Noyan divisions. A resident minister at Kuren was also appointed. Kuren stood on the west bank of the upper Tola River, with a population of thirty thousand and a great many Lamaist believers. Its Khutukhtu temple halls were solemn and imposing; every summer Mongol pilgrims from the various divisions came to pay homage, and the roads never lacked travelers. He also handled Russian border affairs. In the sixtieth year of Kangxi a treaty was concluded with Russia designating it as an overland trading post, with each side dispatching officials to supervise trade. In the second year of Qianlong Beijing trade was suspended as well, and all commerce was centralized at Kyakhta under the authority of the Kuren minister. The market lay at Kyakhta's South Trading City, with a road south to Kuren and north to Verkhneudinsk, where it linked with the newly built railway. It also had a Russian consulate. Tea was the most important commodity in trade. The affairs of the Setsen Khan and Tüsheet Khan divisions were also under his supervision.

杜爾伯特部十六旗：至京師六千餘里。元臣孛罕之裔，姓綽羅斯。六傳至額森，即乜先，生二子。長伯羅納哈勒，為杜爾伯特部祖；次額斯墨特達爾諾顏，為準噶爾部祖。杜爾伯特本分牧額爾齊斯河。乾隆十八年，為準噶爾所逼，率族來歸，編所部佐領左翼旗十一，特固斯庫魯克達賴汗旗、中旗、中左旗、中前旗、中後旗、中上旗、中下旗、中前左旗、中前右旗、中後左旗、中後右旗。右翼旗三，前旗、前右旗、中右旗。附輝特旗二。下前旗俱在科布多河，下後旗俱在烏布薩泊南、杜東輝西。授札薩克，世襲。設科布多參贊大臣以轄之。同游牧科布多金山之東烏蘭固木地。東至薩拉陀羅海、納林蘇穆河，南至哈喇諾爾、齊爾噶圖山，西至索果克河，北至阿斯哈圖河。北極高四十九度十分至二十分。京師偏西二十四度至二十七度二十分。科布多一作和卜多，其水源名索果克河，蓋即索和克薩里也。東流，南合瑚爾噶泊、輝美泊、和通泊水，東北流，西合噶斯河，折而東南流，逕輝特下前旗、杜爾伯特右翼旗，南合塔爾巴泊、託爾博泊水，北合烏里雅蘇圖河、根德克圖泊、戴舒爾泊水，遂名科布多河。東南流，經科布多城西，布彥圖河出阿爾泰烏梁海旗西北流來會。又東流入阿勒克泊。納林蘇穆河，發源特斯河南沙地，西南流，與古薩爾泊水會，西北入烏布薩泊。烏布薩泊在左翼旗北，西與北接唐努烏梁海界。喀喇奇拉河、古薩爾泊水，俱出左翼界，北流，薩克里哈拉河亦出左翼界，東流，俱瀦於烏布薩泊。又東，特斯河、和賴河，東北特里河，北伊爾河、博爾河、札爾河、齊塔齊河，西有哈拉莽鼐山水，俱流入烏布薩泊。南：哈喇泊水、札布噶河，自札薩克圖汗部西北流，東納空歸河，又西北會奇勒稽思泊、愛拉克泊水，西流，南合都爾根泊、哈喇泊水，逕明阿特旗，匯於阿拉克泊。

The Dorbet division comprised sixteen banners, more than six thousand li from the capital. They were descendants of the Yuan minister Boke Han, of the Choros clan. Six generations later came Esen, also known as Yexian, who had two sons. The elder, Boronakhar, became the ancestor of the Dorbet division; The younger, Ismet Darnoyan, became the ancestor of the Dzungar division. The Dorbet originally pastured along the Irtysh River. In the eighteenth year of Qianlong, pressed by the Dzungars, he led his clan to submit. His people were organized into zasak banners: eleven left-wing banners — Togos Khureg Dalai Khan, Center, Center Left, Center Front, Center Rear, Center Upper, Center Lower, Center Front Left, Center Front Right, Center Rear Left, and Center Rear Right. There were three right-wing banners: Front, Front Right, and Center Right. Two attached Huwet banners were also included. The Lower Front banners all lay along the Kobdo River, and the Lower Rear banners south of Ubsa Bo and west of Dudong Hui. Zasak rank was granted on a hereditary basis. A Kobdo assistant resident minister was appointed to govern the division. They pastured together in the Ulan Gumu region east of Kobdo Gold Mountain. It extended east to Salatara Sea and the Narin Sum River, south to Khara Nor and Mount Qiergatu, west to the Sogok River, and north to the Ashatu River. Its north polar altitude ranges from 49°10′ to 49°20′. It lies 24° to 27°20′ west of the capital. Kobdo is also written Hobdo; its source stream is the Sogok River, probably identical with the Soheke Sari. It flows east, receives from the south the waters of Huerga Bo, Huimei Bo, and Hetong Bo, then turns northeast and takes in the Gasi River from the west before bending southeast. Passing the Huwet Lower Front Banner and the Dorbet Right Wing Banner, it receives from the south the waters of Tarba Bo and Toorbo Bo and from the north the Uriyasutu River together with Gendeketu Bo and Daishur Bo, and is thereafter known as the Kobdo River. Flowing southeast past the west of Kobdo, it is joined by the Buyantu River, which descends from the northwest of the Altaian Uriankhai banners. It then flows east into Alek Bo. The Narin Sum River rises from the sandy country south of the Tes River, flows southwest, joins the waters of Gusar Bo, and enters Ubsa Bo from the northwest. Ubsa Bo lies north of the Left Wing banners, bordering Tannu Uriankhai on the west and north. The Khara Qila River and the waters of Gusar Bo both rise within the Left Wing border and flow north; the Sakri Khara River also rises within the Left Wing border and flows east; all empty into Ubsa Bo. Farther east, the Tes, Helai, and Teri rivers; to the north the Ir, Bor, Zhar, and Qitaiqi rivers; and to the west the streams of Mount Halamangnai — all flow into Ubsa Bo. To the south, the Khara Bo waters and the Zhabga River flow northwest from the Zasagt Khan division, receive the Konggui River from the east, then turn northwest to meet the waters of Qilerjisi Bo and Elak Bo. Flowing west, they take in the waters of Durgin Bo and Khara Bo, pass the Mingat Banner, and converge at Arak Bo.

明阿特部一旗：系出於烏梁海。後為札薩克圖汗部中左翼左旗之屬。乾隆三十年，撤出設一旗，隸科布多大臣轄。牧地在科布多城西。東界起塔拉布拉克至齊爾噶圖山、科布多河止，南界起齊爾噶圖山至茂垓止，北界起茂垓至塔拉布拉克止，俱與杜爾伯特連界。北極高四十八度五十分。京師偏西二十六度二十分。

The Mingat division comprised one banner descended from the Uriankhai. It later belonged to the Zasagt Khan division's Center Left Wing Left Banner. In the thirtieth year of Qianlong it was withdrawn and established as a separate banner under the Kobdo minister. Its pastures lay west of Kobdo. Its eastern border ran from Talaburak to Mount Qiergatu and the Kobdo River, its southern border from Mount Qiergatu to Maogai, and its northern border from Maogai back to Talaburak — all adjoining the Dorbet frontier. Its north polar altitude is 48°50′. It lies 26°20′ west of the capital.

阿爾泰烏梁海七旗：東界起都嚕淖爾至哈叨烏里雅蘇台止，與額魯特連界；南界起烏蘭波木、烏龍古河至巴噶諾爾止，與塔爾巴哈台所屬土爾扈特連界；西界起碑爾素克託羅垓至巴爾哈斯淖爾止，與喀倫連界；北界起巴爾哈斯淖爾至哈竇里達巴止，與喀倫連界。曰左翼副都統旗、散秩大臣旗各一，總管旗二；右翼散秩大臣旗一，總管旗二。北極高四十九度二十分。京師偏西二十九度十分。哈屯河二源，東曰喀喇河，西曰噶老圖河，俱出阿爾泰烏梁海旗北境阿爾泰山北麓，二源合為納爾噶河，東北流，鄂依滿河入之。又東北流，札爾滿河入之。折東流，達爾欽圖河自西南來匯。又東北流，始曰哈屯河。又東北流，逕阿爾泰諾爾烏梁海旗，西納烏賴河、僧瑪爾達河，東納喀達林河。又北流，會亨吉河，入唐努烏梁海界。阿爾泰河亦自科布多西北流來會，又西北入俄羅斯界。西南：華額爾齊斯河，源出阿爾泰山。

The Altaian Uriankhai comprised seven banners. Its eastern border ran from Dulunor to Hadau Uriyasutai, adjoining the Oirat frontier; its southern border from Ulan Bom and the Ulungu River to Baganor, adjoining the Turghut under Tarbagatai; its western border from Biersuk Torogai to Barkhas Nor, adjoining the pass frontier; and its northern border from Barkhas Nor to Hadouli Daba, likewise adjoining the pass frontier. These comprised one Left Wing assistant commandant banner, one unattached minister banner, and two superintendent banners; and one Right Wing unattached minister banner with two superintendent banners. Its north polar altitude is 49°20′. It lies 29°10′ west of the capital. The Hatun River has two sources — the Khara River to the east and the Gaolaotu River to the west — both rising on the northern border of the Altaian Uriankhai banners at the northern foot of the Altai Mountains. The two unite to form the Nerga River, which flows northeast and receives the Oiman River. Flowing farther northeast, it receives the Zharman River. It then bends eastward as the Darchintu River joins from the southwest. Flowing northeast from this point, it is first called the Hatun River. It continues northeast past the Altai Nor Uriankhai banners, receiving the Ulai and Sengmarda rivers from the west and the Kadalin River from the east. Flowing north, it meets the Hengji River and enters Tannu Uriankhai territory. The Altai River also descends from northwest of Kobdo to join it before turning northwest into Russian territory. To the southwest, the Hua Irtysh River rises in the Altai Mountains.

阿爾泰諾爾烏梁海部二旗：在索果克喀倫外。東界起哈勒巴哈雅山至布古素山、博羅布爾噶蘇河止，南界起博羅布爾噶蘇至託申圖山、習伯圖山、達爾欽圖河止，西界起達爾欽圖河至阿爾佔山、巴勒塔爾罕山、呼巴圖嚕山止，北界起呼巴圖嚕山至阿爾泰諾爾、伯勒山、楚勒坤諾爾、哈勒巴哈雅山止。北極高五十三度。京師偏西二十五度四十分。旗東北有阿爾泰泊，綽爾齊河、沙爾河、巴什庫斯河、阿斯巴圖河，合北流瀦焉。東納格吉河，西納巴哈齊里河、伊克齊里河、郭爾達爾河，北流為阿爾泰河，又西北入唐努烏梁海界，會哈屯河。

The Altai Nor Uriankhai division comprised two banners beyond the Sogok Pass. Its eastern border ran from Mount Halebahaya to Mount Bugusu and the Boroburga Su River; its southern border from Boroburga Su to Mount Toshentu, Mount Xibetu, and the Darchintu River; its western border from the Darchintu River to Mount Arzhan, Mount Baletahan, and Mount Hubaturu; and its northern border from Mount Hubaturu to Altai Nor, Mount Bole, Chulekun Nor, and Mount Halebahaya. Its north polar altitude is 53°. It lies 25°40′ west of the capital. Northeast of the banners lies Altai Bo, into which the Chuoerqi, Shar, Bashkus, and Aspatu rivers unite and flow north to accumulate. It receives the Geji River from the east and the Bahaqili, Ikeqili, and Guordar rivers from the west; flowing north as the Altai River, it enters Tannu Uriankhai from the northwest and joins the Hatun River.

博東齊旗、布圖庫旗：均杜爾伯特族。乾隆二十一年來歸，編置佐領。同牧於呼倫貝爾。隸呼倫貝爾都統轄，黑龍江將軍節制。知新土爾扈特部二旗：在科布多城西南。至京師七千餘里。元為乃蠻國，太祖滅之。後為和林行省所屬地。明屬衛拉特。初，始祖翁罕裔舍棱為準噶爾台吉。七傳至貝果鄂爾勒克。其長子卓立甘鄂爾勒克，即徙牧俄國一支之祖。數傳至渥巴錫，來款，賜牧新疆，號舊土爾扈特。其次子衛袞察布察一支，依準噶爾，傳至舍棱，為準噶爾台吉。大軍征準噶爾，舍棱奔俄。乾隆三十六年來歸，編佐領，設札薩克，賜牧，號新土爾扈特。二旗：曰新左旗，曰新右旗。自為一盟，曰青色特啟勒圖。隸科布多大臣兼轄。光緒三十二年，劃隸阿爾泰辦事大臣。牧地當金山南、烏隆古之東。東至奔巴圖、捫楚克烏蘭、布勒幹和碩，南至胡圖斯山、烏龍古河，西至清依勒河、昌罕阿璊、那彥鄂博，北至綽和爾淖爾、那郭幹諾爾之中山。北極高四十六度。京師偏西二十七度二十分。拜塔克，地以山名，其山至哈布塔克西、青吉斯河南岸。由拜塔克西南行，至奇台界，唐時以沙陀部為沙陀州，此其故壤也。烏隆古河二源，東曰布爾干河，西曰青吉斯河。布爾干河出新和碩特旗北，合喀喇圖泊水，南流，經札哈沁旗東南流。青吉斯河出旗境北，合哈泊水，西南流，合哈弼察克河。又東南，與布爾干河合，為烏隆古河。折西流，逕阿爾泰烏梁海旗，瀦為赫薩爾巴什泊。

The Bodongqi and Butuku banners were both of the Dorbet clan. In the twenty-first year of Qianlong they submitted and were organized into zasak banners. They pastured together in Hulun Buir. They were subordinate to the Hulun Buir commandant and under the supervision of the Heilongjiang general. The New Turghut division comprised two banners southwest of Kobdo. It lay more than seven thousand li from the capital. Under the Yuan it had been the Naiman state, which the Founding Emperor destroyed. It later formed part of the Karakorum province. Under the Ming it belonged to the Oirats. At first Shele, a descendant of the founding ancestor Ong Khan, became taiji of the Dzungars. Seven generations later came Beige Oorlek. His eldest son Zhuoligan Oorlek was the ancestor of the branch that migrated to pasture in Russia. Several generations later Ubashi came to offer allegiance; he was granted pastures in Xinjiang and styled the Old Turghut. The branch of the second son Weigun Chabcha, aligned with the Dzungars, passed down to Shele, who became taiji of the Dzungars. When the imperial army campaigned against Dzungaria, Shele fled to Russia. In the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong they submitted; zasak banners were established, zasak rank was granted, pastures were assigned, and they were styled the New Turghut. They comprised two banners: the New Left Banner and the New Right Banner. They formed their own league, called Qingset Qireltu. They were under the concurrent jurisdiction of the Kobdo minister. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu they were transferred to the Altai resident minister. Their pastures lay south of Gold Mountain and east of Ulungu. They extended east to Benbatu, Mentuke Ulan, and Bulegan Hoshuu; south to Mount Hutusi and the Ulungu River; west to the Qingyile River, Changhan Aman, and Nayan Obo; and north to the central mountains between Chuohe Nor and Nagan Nor. Its north polar altitude is 46°. It lies 27°20′ west of the capital. Baitak takes its name from the mountain, which runs to west of Habtak and the south bank of the Qingis River. Traveling southwest from Baitak to the Jitai border, one reaches the old territory where the Tang made the Shatuo tribe into Shatuo Prefecture. The Ulungu River has two sources — the Burgan River to the east and the Qingis River to the west. The Burgan River rises north of the Xin Hoshuu banner, takes in the waters of Khara Tu Bo, flows south, and runs southeast of the Zhahaqin banner. The Qingis River rises north of the banner border, receives the waters of Ha Bo, flows southwest, and joins the Habichake River. Flowing southeast, it joins the Burgan River to form the Ulungu River. Turning west, it passes through the Altaian Uriankhai banners and accumulates as Hesarbash Bo.

新和碩特部一旗：在科布多城南。至京師七千餘里。和碩特台吉巴雅爾拉瑚之族蒙袞。乾隆三十七年來歸，附新土爾扈特貝子旗。後為所虐，移牧杜爾伯特近處。嘉慶元年，給札薩克印，隸科布多大臣兼轄。光緒三十二年，劃隸阿爾泰辦事大臣。牧地當金山東南哈弼察克，西臨青吉斯河。東至和託昂鄂博，西至捫楚克烏蘭，北至奔巴圖、哈弼察克河。北極高四十七度。京師偏西二十七度。哈弼察克一作哈布塔克，地以山名，在鎮西府西北四百里。北六十里即布拉干郭勒河南山北之地，饒水草，宜畜牧。

The Xin Khoshut division comprised one banner south of Kobdo. It lay more than seven thousand li from the capital. It was led by Menggun, of the clan of Khoshut taiji Bayar Lahu. In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong they submitted and were attached to the New Turghut beizi banner. Later, suffering oppression, they moved to pasture near the Dorbets. In the first year of Jiaqing a zasak seal was granted, and they came under the concurrent jurisdiction of the Kobdo minister. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu they were transferred to the Altai resident minister. Their pastures lay at Habichake southeast of Gold Mountain, bordering the Qingis River on the west. They extended east to Hotoo Ang Obo, west to Mentuke Ulan, and north to Benbatu and the Habichake River. Its north polar altitude is 47°. It lies 27° west of the capital. Habichake is also written Habtak; the place takes its name from the mountain and lies four hundred li northwest of Zhenxi Prefecture. Sixty li to the north lies the country north of the mountains on the south bank of the Bulgan Gol River — rich in water and grass and well suited to herding.

札哈沁部一旗：初為準噶爾宰桑。乾隆十九年，大軍獲之。其隨來之札哈沁，即令統轄。四十年，設一旗。嘉慶五年，增設一旗。隸科布多大臣。牧地在科布多城南。東界起德杜庫庫圖勒至巴爾嚕克止，與喀爾喀連界；南界起昂吉爾圖至哈布塔克山止，與巴爾庫勒連界；西界起和託昂鄂博至布爾干河東岸止，與阿爾泰烏梁海連界；北界起惠圖僧庫爾至土古里克止，與喀爾喀屯田兵官廠連界；東北界由土古里克起至德杜庫庫圖勒止，與喀爾喀連界。北極高四十六度五十分。京師偏西二十六度十分。

The Zakhchin division comprised one banner; its leader had originally been a Dzungar zaisang. In the nineteenth year of Qianlong the imperial army captured him. The Zakhchin who had come with him were placed under his unified command. In the fortieth year one banner was established. In the fifth year of Jiaqing a second banner was added. They were subordinate to the Kobdo minister. Their pastures lay south of Kobdo. Its eastern border ran from Dedukuk Tule to Barluk, adjoining the Khalkha frontier; its southern border from Angirtu to Habtak Mountain, adjoining the Barkul frontier; its western border from Hotoo Ang Obo to the east bank of the Burgan River, adjoining the Altaian Uriankhai frontier; its northern border from Huitusengkur to Tugulik, adjoining the Khalkha garrison-agricultural troops and official factory; Its northeastern border ran from Tugulik to Dedukuk Tule, adjoining the Khalkha frontier. Its north polar altitude is 46°50′. It lies 26°10′ west of the capital.

科布多額魯特部一旗：本台吉達木拜屬，有罪削爵，以其眾屬科布多大臣轄。東界起齊爾噶朗圖至布古圖和碩止，南界起布古圖和碩至哈叨烏里雅蘇台止，東南均與喀爾喀屯田兵連界，西界起哈叨烏里雅蘇台至都嚕諾爾止，北界起都嚕諾爾至習集克圖河止，西北均與阿爾泰烏梁海連界。北極高四十八度五十分。京師偏西二十七度三十分。以上並隸科布多大臣定邊左副將軍轄。齋阿拉善額魯特部一旗：在河套以西，袤延七百餘里。至京師五千里。本漢北地郡西境，及武威、張掖二郡北境地。晉為前涼、後涼、北涼所有。唐屬河西節度使。廣德初，陷於西番。宋景德中，陷於西夏。元屬甘肅行中書省。明末為額魯特蒙古所據。元太祖弟哈布圖哈薩爾之裔，世駐牧河西套。後為噶爾丹所滅，其酋逃竄近邊。康熙二十五年，上書求給牧地，詔於寧夏、甘州邊外畫疆給之。東至寧夏府邊外界；南至涼州、甘州二府邊外界，西至古爾鼐接額濟納土爾扈特界，北逾戈壁接札薩克圖汗部界。三十六年，編佐領，授札薩克，封多羅貝勒，駐定遠城。雍正二年，晉郡王。乾隆三十年，晉和碩親王，世襲。佐領八。牧地當賀蘭山西、龍頭山北。北極高三十八度至四十二度。京師偏西十度至十八度。城北有吉蘭泰鹽池，名曰「吉鹽」，歸阿拉善王管轄。自為部，不設盟。賀蘭山在旗東，土人名阿拉善山。山有樹木，青白如駮馬，北人呼駮為「賀蘭」。其山與河東望雲山形勢相接，邐迤向北，經靈武西北，逕保靜西，又北逕懷遠西，又北逕定遠，又東北抵河。抵河之處名乞伏山，在黃河西，從首至尾像月形，南北約長五百餘里，邊城之鉅防也。山之東，山口自北而南曰寧靖、鎮北，至獨樹，凡十九口。又南接邊城曰青羊溝、乾溝，至小關兒，凡十九口。又南則石空寺堡及勝金關也。西山口自北而南曰歸德、紅兒，至黃峽，凡十三口。又南，山勢迤邐而西，其南曰山嘴口、金塔口、杏樹口、赤木口，東接邊城曰大佛寺口、三岔溝口。其西曰靖湖埻，至崇慶，凡六口，鎮北口、寧安口、向陽埻口、殺虎埻口。龍首山一名龍頭山，俗呼為甘峻山，在旗西南，與山丹接界，蒙名阿喇克鄂拉，綿亙廣遠，東大山之脈絡也。距山丹城三里。山盡處為寧遠堡。山南為內地，蒙古俱于山北游牧。旗南有松陝水，自古浪縣北流，逕縣東，又東北至土門堡流出邊。又東北至旗界，瀦為澤。漢志：「蒼松縣南山，松陝水所出，北至揟次入海。」一統志：「按陝音峽，松陝水即今古浪河，邊外積水處總曰海。」有谷水，即三岔河，自河州府城東，東北流，逕鎮番東北出邊，土人呼為郭河，至旗界入白亭海子。地形志：「武威郡襄城縣有武始澤。」水經註：「馬城河又東北逕武威縣故城，東屆此水流兩分，一水北入休屠澤，一水又東流入瀦野。」有水磨川，一名雲川，自永昌城西，東北流，逕新城堡北、水磨堡西，又東流逕永昌城北、寧遠堡西，北流出邊。經旗界，瀦為大澤，蒙古名沙喇鄂模。有休屠澤，即古瀦野。漢志：「武威縣，休屠澤在東北，古文以為瀦野澤。」水經註：「武威北有休屠澤，俗謂之西海，其東有瀦野澤，俗謂之東海，通謂之瀦野。」有魚海，即白亭海，一名小闊端海子，五澗谷水流入此海。有沙喇鄂模，在休屠澤西。水磨川自寧遠堡北出邊，注入其中，方廣三四十里。有昌寧湖，直永昌東北、寧遠堡北四十里，東至鎮番界，多水草楊木。明季青把都游牧於此。有長草湖，在寧羅山北。有伯顏湖，直平番東北邊外。有雙泉，直永昌西北，亦名雙井。有馬跑泉，直永昌北。有高泉、平泉、赤諾泉。有三井，直鎮番西北，有亂井兒。有青鹽池、鴛鴦白鹽池、小白鹽池，皆在鎮番西北邊外。有紅鹽池，在山丹城北，池產紅鹽，其根可作器。定遠城北有鹽池，所謂吉蘭泰池也。

The Kobdo Oirat division comprised one banner originally belonging to taiji Dam Bai; after he was stripped of rank for a crime, his people were placed under the Kobdo minister. Its eastern border ran from Qiergalangtu to Bugutu Hoshuu, its southern border from Bugutu Hoshuu to Hadau Uriyasutai, and its southeastern frontier adjoined the Khalkha garrison-agricultural troops; its western border ran from Hadau Uriyasutai to Dulunor, its northern border from Dulunor to the Xijiketu River, and its northwestern frontier adjoined the Altaian Uriankhai. Its north polar altitude is 48°50′. It lies 27°30′ west of the capital. All of the above were subordinate to the Kobdo minister and the border-pacification left deputy general. The Alashan Oirat division comprised one banner west of the Ordos Loop, extending over seven hundred li. It lay five thousand li from the capital. It had been the western borderlands of Han Beidi Commandery and the northern reaches of Wuwei and Zhangye commanderies. Under the Jin it passed among Former Liang, Later Liang, and Northern Liang. Under the Tang it fell under the Hexi military commissioner. At the beginning of the Guangde reign it fell to the Western Tibetans. In the Jingde era of the Song it fell to Western Xia. Under the Yuan it belonged to the Gansu Branch Secretariat. At the end of the Ming it was seized by Oirat Mongols. They were descendants of the Founding Emperor's younger brother Khubtu Hasar, who for generations had pastured in the Hexi Loop. Later Galdan destroyed them, and their chief fled to the frontier. In the twenty-fifth year of Kangxi they petitioned for pasture lands, and an edict demarcated territory beyond the borders of Ningxia and Ganzhou and granted it to them. It extended east to the outer border of Ningxia Prefecture; south to the outer borders of Liangzhou and Ganzhou; west to Gulnai, where it met the Ejin Turghut frontier; and north across the Gobi to the Zasagt Khan division. In the thirty-sixth year zasak banners were organized, zasak rank was granted, he was enfeoffed as doroi beile, and established his seat at Dingyuan. In the second year of Yongzheng he was promoted to prince of the second degree. In the thirtieth year of Qianlong he was promoted to hoshoi chin wang with perpetual inheritance. It comprised eight zasak banners. Its pastures lay west of Helan Mountain and north of Longtou Mountain. Its north polar altitude ranged from 38° to 42°. It lay from 10° to 18° west of the capital. North of the city lay the Jilantai salt lake, called "Ji Salt," under the jurisdiction of the Alashan prince. It formed a division of its own and had no league. Helan Mountain lay east of the banner; local people called it Alashan Mountain. Its trees were mottled blue and white like a piebald horse; northerners called piebald "Helan." The range joined in terrain with Wangyun Mountain east of the river and wound north past northwest Lingwu, west Baojing, west Huaiyuan, and Dingyuan before turning northeast to the river. Where it met the river it was called Qifu Mountain; lying west of the Yellow River, it ran crescent-shaped from end to end for some five hundred li north to south — the great bulwark of the border cities. East of the mountain, nineteen passes ran from north to south — including Ningjing and Zhenbei — as far as Dushu. Farther south, adjoining the border city, were Qingyang Gully and Gan Gully as far as Xiaoguan'er — nineteen passes in all. Farther south lay Shikongsi Fort and Shengjin Pass. On the western side, thirteen passes ran from north to south — including Guide and Hong'er — as far as Huangxia. Farther south the range wound westward; to its south were Shanzui Pass, Jinta Pass, Xingshu Pass, and Chimu Pass, while eastward toward the border city were Dafosi Pass and Sanchagou Pass. To its west, from Jinghu Sheng to Chongqing, were six passes — Zhenbei Pass, Ning'an Pass, Xiangyang Sheng Pass, and Shahu Sheng Pass. Longshou Mountain, also called Longtou Mountain and popularly Ganjun Mountain, lay southwest of the banner bordering Shandan; its Mongol name was Alak Ola. It extended far and wide as the continuation of the eastern great mountains. It stood three li from Shandan. Where the range ended stood Ningyuan Fort. South of the mountain lay inner territory; the Mongols all pastured north of it. South of the banner was the Songshen River, which flowed north from Gulang County, passed east of the county, then northeast to Tumen Fort and out beyond the border. Flowing northeast to the banner border, it accumulated as a marsh. The Han Records state: "Mountains south of Cangsong County, where the Songshen River rises; north to Juci it enters the sea." The Comprehensive Gazetteer notes: "Here the character is read xia, meaning 'gorge'; the Songshen River is today's Gulang River, and places where water accumulates beyond the border are all called hai." There is the Gu River, namely the Sancha River, which rises east of Hezhou Prefecture, flows northeast past northeast Zhenfan and out beyond the border — local people call it the Guo River — and at the banner border enters Baiting Lake. The Geography Monograph states: "Xiangcheng County in Wuwei Commandery has Wushi Marsh." The Commentary on the Water Classic says: "The Macheng River again flows northeast past the old city of Wuwei County; east of this point the stream divides — one branch north enters Xiutu Marsh, and one branch east flows into Zhuye." There is the Shuimo River, also called the Yun River, which rises west of Yongchang, flows northeast past north Xincheng Fort and west Shuimo Fort, then east past north Yongchang and west Ningyuan Fort before flowing north out beyond the border. Crossing the banner border, it accumulated as a great marsh called Shala Omo in Mongol. There is Xiutu Marsh, the ancient Zhuye. The Han Records state: "In Wuwei County, Xiutu Marsh lies to the northeast; ancient texts identify it as Zhuye Marsh." The Commentary on the Water Classic says: "North of Wuwei is Xiutu Marsh, popularly called the Western Sea; east of it is Zhuye Marsh, popularly called the Eastern Sea; together they are known as Zhuye." There is Yu Sea, namely Baiting Sea, also called Little Kuoduan Lake, into which the waters of Wujian Valley flow. There is Shala Omo, west of Xiutu Marsh. The Shuimo River flows north out from Ningyuan Fort beyond the border into it; the lake is roughly thirty to forty li across. There is Changning Lake, forty li northeast of Yongchang and north of Ningyuan Fort, extending east to the Zhenfan border, with abundant water, grass, and poplar trees. In the late Ming Qing Badu pastured here. There is Changcao Lake, north of Ningluo Mountain. There is Bayan Lake, directly beyond the northeast border of Pingfan. There are the Shuang Springs, directly northwest of Yongchang, also called the Shuang Wells. There is Mapao Spring, directly north of Yongchang. There are Gao Spring, Ping Spring, and Chinuo Spring. There are the San Wells, directly northwest of Zhenfan, and Luanjing'er. There are Green Salt Lake, Mandarin Duck White Salt Lake, and Little White Salt Lake — all beyond the northwest border of Zhenfan. There is Red Salt Lake north of Shandan; it produces red salt whose crystalline roots can be fashioned into vessels. North of Dingyuan lay a salt lake — the so-called Jilantai Lake.

額濟納舊土爾扈特部一旗：在阿拉善旗之西，當甘肅甘州府及肅州邊外。袤延八百里。至京師五千五百餘里。本漢居延縣地，張掖郡都尉治此。後漢安帝時，改置張掖居延屬國，別領居延一城。獻帝建安末，立為西海郡。魏、晉因之。永嘉以後，地屬前涼、後涼、北涼、西涼，相繼割據。元魏為涼州所轄地。隋、唐為甘州、肅州北境。大曆中，陷於吐蕃。宋景德中，地屬西夏，曰威福軍。元，亦集乃路，屬甘肅行中書省。明，甘州、肅州二衛邊外地。元臣翁罕裔。明季為準噶爾所偪，徙居俄境之額濟拉河。額濟拉即窩爾吉譯音之變。土爾扈特居俄久，常遣使入貢。康熙四十二年，其汗阿玉奇之嫂攜其子阿喇布珠爾入藏禮佛，準噶爾阻其歸路，乃款塞乞內屬，賜牧色爾騰。旋定牧額濟納河。雍正七年，封多羅貝勒。乾隆十八年，授札薩克，世襲。佐領一。以來歸在先，故亦稱舊土爾扈特。不設盟長。牧地跨昆都倫河。東至古爾鼐，南至毛目縣丞民地，西至大戈璧，北至阿濟山。北極高四十一度。京師偏西十七度。旗境有掃林山。明馮勝拔肅州，進至掃林山亦集乃路，即此。別篤山今曰畢道山。明紀，洪武五年，副將軍傅友德下額濟納路，次別篤山，即此。東：旗杆山。北：阿濟山。自哈密北逾天山，至巴里坤池，又北渡大砂磧幾三四百里，有阿吉山，亦曰阿濟山。山脈自西北阿爾泰山南來，蜿蜒東趨，橫帶瀚海中，起伏不斷，為喀爾喀西路之南境，其長殆三四千里。東南：合黎山，即禹貢弱水所經也。水經雲，「合離山在酒泉會水縣東北」，注以為即合黎山。史記正義，山在張掖縣西北二百里。行都司志雲在高台所北十里、鎮夷所東北三十里，與黑山相接。黑山在鎮夷所東北，屹立沙漠中，一名紫塞。其山口東南至肅州百四十里。東北有狼心山，在金塔寺堡北，南去鎮夷所城五百里，為往來要路。又有孤仁山，在金塔寺堡東北三百五十里，凡往來哈密北山者，必聚於此。南有毛目城。額濟納河在西套額魯特西界。又弱水源出山丹西南，自與張掖河合，其下通名為張掖河。又討來河發源肅州西南番界中，有三派，最西曰討來河，其西又有哈土巴爾呼河，北流百餘里，與討來河合，又東北百餘里，南有巴哈、額濟納二河，合流而北，與討來河會為一，又東北流入邊，繞州南至州東北，合西來之水，又東北出邊，過金塔寺，折北轉東，與張掖河合，又北入居延海。昆都倫河自甘肅肅州北流，經旗境，分二道，匯為澤，俱曰居延海。旗東有澤曰大苦水，南直甘肅張掖縣邊外。大苦水之東有二澤，曰騙馬湖，東南有澤曰沙棗湖，亦曰沙棗泉，在肅州東北金塔寺北，沙棗湖之東，直山丹縣邊外，有澤曰豐盈大泉。以上諸澤，皆瀦於沙。又東有昌寧湖、魚海、白海，其上源皆在甘州府、涼州府界。

The Ejin Old Turghut division comprised one banner west of the Alashan banner, on the frontier beyond Ganzhou and Suzhou prefectures in Gansu. It extended eight hundred li. It lay more than five thousand five hundred li from the capital. It had been the territory of Han Juyan County, where the colonel of Zhangye Commandery was stationed. Under Later Han Emperor An, the region was reorganized as the Zhangye Juyan Dependent State, which separately administered the city of Juyan. At the end of the Jian'an era under Emperor Xian of Han, it was made Xihai Commandery. The Wei and Jin dynasties retained this arrangement. After the Yongjia upheaval it passed among the Former, Later, Northern, and Western Liang, each seizing the territory in turn. Under the Northern Wei it fell within Liangzhou's jurisdiction. In Sui and Tang times it formed the northern frontier of Ganzhou and Suzhou. During the Dali reign era it was lost to Tibet. In the Song Jingde era the territory belonged to Western Xia and was known as Weifu Army. Under the Yuan it was Yijinai Circuit, part of the Gansu Branch Secretariat. In the Ming it was frontier territory beyond the two guard posts of Ganzhou and Suzhou. The people were descendants of Ong Khan, a minister of the Yuan. In the late Ming they were driven by the Dzungars and moved to the Ejila River within Russian territory. Ejila is a variant transcription of Volga. The Torghuts had long resided in Russia and regularly sent envoys to present tribute. In Kangxi 42 Ayuji Khan's sister-in-law took his son Alabuzhur to Tibet on pilgrimage; when the Dzungars cut off their return, they petitioned at the frontier for incorporation and were granted pasture at Sereteng. Pasture was soon fixed along the Ejin River. In Yongzheng 7 he was enfeoffed as Doroi Beile. In Qianlong 18 he was appointed jasak in a hereditary line. The division had one company captaincy. Because they submitted first, they were also known as the Old Torghut. No league chief was appointed. Their pastures straddled the Kundulun River. It extended east to Gu'ernai, south to the civilian lands of the Maomu assistant magistrate, west to the great Gobi, and north to Aji Mountain. Its latitude was forty-one degrees north. It lay seventeen degrees west of the capital meridian. Within the banner lay Saolin Mountain. When the Ming general Feng Sheng took Suzhou and pushed on to Saolin Mountain in Yijinai Circuit, it was this place. Biedu Mountain is now known as Bidao Mountain. The Ming Annals record that in Hongwu 5 the vice general Fu Youde marched down the Ejin route and encamped at Biedu Mountain — the same peak. To the east lay Qigan Mountain. To the north stood Aji Mountain. From Hami one goes north over the Tianshan to Barkol Lake, then north again across a great sandy desert of some three or four hundred li to Aji Mountain, also written Aji Mountain. The range runs south from the Altai in the northwest, winding eastward through the heart of the desert in unbroken folds; it marks the southern frontier of the Khalkha western route and extends some three or four thousand li. To the southeast stood Heli Mountain, which the Ruoshui River of the Yugong passes. The Water Classic states that "Heli Mountain lies northeast of Huiwater County in Jiuquan," and the commentary identifies it with Heli Mountain. According to the Correct Meaning to the Records of the Grand Historian, the mountain stood two hundred li northwest of Zhangye county. The Xingduosi Gazetteer places it ten li north of Gaotai post and thirty li northeast of Zhenyi post, where it joins Black Mountain. Black Mountain rose northeast of Zhenyi post out of the desert and was also known as Purple Barrier. From its pass it was one hundred forty li southeast to Suzhou. To the northeast lay Langxin Mountain north of Jintasi fort, five hundred li south of Zhenyi post — a vital route for travelers. Farther on was Guren Mountain, three hundred fifty li northeast of Jintasi fort, where every party bound for the Hami northern route had to gather. To the south lay Maomu city. The Ejin River marked the western boundary of the Hexi Oirat. The Ruoshui rose southwest of Shandan and, from its junction with the Zhangye River onward, the stream was commonly known as the Zhangye River. The Taolai River rose in the southwestern tribal borderlands of Suzhou and split into three branches, the westernmost bearing the name Taolai. Farther west still, the Hatubarhu River flowed north for more than a hundred li and joined the Taolai; another hundred-odd li to the northeast the Baha and Ejin rivers merged flowing north and united with the Taolai into one stream. This then entered the border flowing northeast, swung south around the prefecture to its northeast, absorbed waters from the west, flowed northeast out of the border, passed Jintasi, turned north and then east, joined the Zhangye River, and finally entered Juyan Sea to the north. The Kundulun River flowed north from Suzhou in Gansu through the banner, divided into two branches, and pooled into marshes collectively called Juyan Sea. East of the banner lay a marsh called Great Bitter Water, due south beyond Zhangye county in Gansu. East of Great Bitter Water lay two marshes called Pianma Lake. To the southeast was Shaozao Lake, also known as Shaozao Spring, north of Jintasi northeast of Suzhou; east of Shaozao Lake, directly beyond Shandan county's border, stood Fengying Great Spring. All these marshes were held in sandy basins. Farther east lay Changning Lake, Fish Sea, and White Sea, all drawing their headwaters from the frontiers of Ganzhou and Liangzhou prefectures.

南路舊土爾扈特部四旗：在喀喇沙爾城北，當天山之南，珠勒都斯。至京師八千六百餘里。本古西戎地。漢及魏、晉為烏孫國地。北魏，高車國地。周，突厥地。隋，西突厥地。唐，鷹娑都督府地。宋屬西州回鶻。明為回部所據。乾隆二十三年，回疆平，入版圖。三十六年，元臣翁罕裔渥巴錫挈所部內附，遂以其地賜之，是為南路舊土爾扈特，與中路和碩特同游牧，編置佐領。設旗四：曰南路汗旗，曰中旗，曰右旗，曰左旗。授札薩克，世襲。隸伊犁將軍轄。牧地有珠勒都斯河，東逾天山，至博爾圖嶺，南至扣克納克嶺，西至天山，北至喀倫。北極高四十二度五十分。京師偏西三十度四十分。天山一名祁連，一名雪山，一名白山，又曰折羅漫山。自葉爾羌西南蜿蜒而來，曰蔥嶺，至辟勒玉山分脈。其東南一支，繞和闐而東行，其西北一支，繞英吉沙爾、喀什噶爾之西，又北行，達布魯特境，東行繞烏什之北，又逕阿克蘇之北，又逕庫車、喀喇沙爾、吐魯番之北，綿亙七八千里，而至哈密東北百餘里，為北天山，又百餘里截然而止，則在巴里坤之東，名鹽池山，伏入地中矣。此山為南路回疆、西路伊犁之分界。山陽為自哈密至葉爾羌南路，山北則由巴里坤至伊犁北路也。鹽池山之南，沙磧漫野，即希爾哈戈壁，所謂「千里瀚海」也。其山伏地千餘里，至嘉峪關外沙州之東，突兀起頂，東行名祁連山，所謂南天山也。再東行至洞素達巴罕過脈，東北行至巴圖爾達巴罕，北分一支，至八寶山，形如蓮華，尊成岳體，乃西寧、涼州、甘州、肅州四郡之鎮山也。又自鎮素達巴罕東行，至野馬川之東，景陽嶺自南而北，東分一支結涼州諸山，西分一支與察罕鄂博過脈，西行至祁連達巴罕，過脈向北，分一支結甘州諸山。珠勒都斯山，在喀喇沙爾城北珠勒都斯之地，北連雪山，迴環千餘里，水草豐茂。博爾圖嶺亦名博羅圖塔克，在辟展西南，當喀喇沙爾東北境，其山與阿勒癸山南北相接，形如鎖鑰，西通准部，南界回疆，天山南路一大關隘也。山多積雪，博羅圖河發源北麓，入北谷口西行，通珠勒都斯，出西南谷口，西南行，即喀喇沙爾境。扣克納克嶺亦名庫克納克達巴罕，在愛呼木什嶺西五十里，額什克巴什河發源南麓。山脈自天山正幹之額什克巴什山分支，東行六十里至此。

The Southern Route Old Torghut division comprised four banners north of Karashahr, south of the Tianshan at Zhulduz. It lay more than eight thousand six hundred li from the capital. It had been the land of the ancient Western Rong. In Han times and under the Wei and Jin it belonged to the Wusun kingdom. Under the Northern Wei it was Gaoche territory. Under the Zhou it was Turkic land. Under the Sui it belonged to the Western Turks. Under the Tang it fell within the Yingsuo Area Command. In the Song it was held by the Xizhou Uighurs. In the Ming it was occupied by the Muslim oases. In Qianlong 23 the Muslim frontier was pacified and brought within the empire. In Qianlong 36 Ubashi, a descendant of the Yuan minister Ong Khan, led his people in submission, and this territory was granted them as the Southern Route Old Torghut; they pastured together with the Middle Route Khoshut and were organized under company captaincies. Four banners were established: the Southern Route Khan Banner, the Middle Banner, the Right Banner, and the Left Banner. Jasak titles were granted on a hereditary basis. They were placed under the Ili General. Their pastures included the Zhulduz River and extended east over the Tianshan to Bortu Pass, south to Koknak Pass, west to the Tianshan, and north to Karun. Its latitude was forty-two degrees fifty minutes north. It lay thirty degrees forty minutes west of the capital meridian. The Tianshan was also known as Qilian, Snow Mountain, White Mountain, and Zheluoman Mountain. From southwest of Yarkand it wound eastward through the Pamirs and divided at Pileyu Mountain. Its southeastern branch curved around Khotan and ran east; its northwestern branch passed west of Yengisar and Kashgar, turned north into Burut territory, then ran east north of Ush, Aksu, Kucha, Karashahr, and Turfan in an unbroken span of seven or eight thousand li to a point a hundred-odd li northeast of Hami — the Northern Tianshan. Another hundred-odd li on it stopped abruptly east of Barkol at Salt Lake Mountain and sank into the earth. This range formed the boundary between the Southern Route Muslim frontier and the Western Route to Ili. South of the range lay the southern road from Hami to Yarkand; north of it ran the northern road from Barkol to Ili. South of Salt Lake Mountain the sandy desert spread without end — the Xierha Gobi, the so-called "thousand-li desert sea." The range ran underground for more than a thousand li before rising abruptly east of Shazhou beyond Jiayuguan; continuing east as Qilian Mountain, it formed the so-called Southern Tianshan. Farther east it crossed the range at Dongsudaban Pass and ran northeast to Baturdaban, where a northern branch reached Babao Mountain — lotus-shaped and towering — the guardian peak of Xining, Liangzhou, Ganzhou, and Suzhou. From Zhensudaban it ran east to the far side of Yemachuan, where Jingyang Ridge ran northward; an eastern branch formed the Liangzhou ranges, while a western branch crossed the divide at Chahan Ebo, ran west to Qiliandaban, crossed northward, and sent off a branch that formed the Ganzhou ranges. Zhulduz Mountain stood in the Zhulduz region north of Karashahr, linked northward to the Snow Mountains in a circuit of more than a thousand li of rich pasture and water. Bortu Pass, also called Borotutak, lay southwest of Pizhan on Karashahr's northeastern frontier; linked north and south with Alekui Mountain like a lock and key, it opened west to the Dzungar lands and south to the Muslim frontier — a major gateway on the southern Tianshan route. Snow lay heavy on the peaks; the Borotu River rose on the northern slope, entered the northern valley running west toward Zhulduz, then left the southwestern valley and ran southwest into Karashahr territory. Koknak Pass, also called Koknak Daban, stood fifty li west of Aihumushi Pass; the Esikbash River rose on its southern slope. The range branched from Esikbash Mountain on the main Tianshan trunk and ran east sixty li to this point.

中路和碩特部三旗：至京師八千六百餘里。舊為四衛拉特之一。牧青海、伊犁諸境，後徙俄羅斯。乾隆三十六年，從土爾扈特汗渥巴錫來歸，詔附南路土爾扈特部同游牧珠勒都斯，編置佐領。設旗三：曰中路中旗，曰中路右旗，曰中路左旗。授札薩克，世襲。歸伊犁將軍轄。牧地在南路舊土爾扈特部之西。東至烏沙克塔爾，南至開都河，西至小珠勒都斯，北至察汗通格山。北極高四十二度五十分。京師偏西三十一度十分。察汗通格山在烏沙克塔勒西，西南距喀喇沙爾城百九十五里，地有廢城，城西有泉，委折而南，經烏沙克塔勒城東，分導灌田，自辟展西入納林奇喇塔克、博羅圖塔克谷口，循博羅圖郭勒，逾塔什海，至其地，為喀喇沙爾東北境。開都河俗名通天河，源出大雪山，經喀喇沙爾西門外，水勢甚寬。東南流，上源曰珠勒都斯河，出布古爾東北山，數水合西南流，西納達賴克河。折東流，歧為二，復合，南北納十餘水而東，北納瑪爾什河，經庫勒爾北，折東南流，注塔里木河。一統志載葉爾欽有塔里母河，下流與西北來之海多河合。海多河即開都河，塔里母河即塔里木河也。小珠勒都斯河出自阿爾泰陰克遜之北源處，極四十三度十分，西三十一度三十分，即和碩特牧地也。

The Middle Route Khoshut division comprised three banners more than eight thousand six hundred li from the capital. They had been one of the Four Oirats. They had pastured in Qinghai, Ili, and neighboring regions before migrating to Russia. In Qianlong 36 they returned with Torghut Khan Ubashi; an edict placed them with the Southern Route Torghut to pasture together at Zhulduz and organized them under company captaincies. Three banners were established: the Middle Route Middle Banner, Right Banner, and Left Banner. Jasak titles were granted on a hereditary basis. They were placed under the Ili General. Their pastures lay west of the Southern Route Old Torghut division. They extended east to Ushaktar, south to the Kaidu River, west to Little Zhulduz, and north to Chahantongge Mountain. Its latitude was forty-two degrees fifty minutes north. It lay thirty-one degrees ten minutes west of the capital meridian. Chahantongge Mountain stood west of Ushaktar, one hundred ninety-five li southwest of Karashahr, where a ruined city lay beside a spring that wound south past the east side of Ushaktar and was divided to irrigate fields. From west of Pizhan one entered the Nalinqiriatak and Borotutak valleys, followed the Borotu River across Tashihai to this point on Karashahr's northeastern frontier. The Kaidu River, commonly called the Tongtian River, rose from the Great Snow Mountains and flowed broadly past Karashahr's west gate. Flowing southeast, its upper course was the Zhulduz River, which rose in the mountains northeast of Bugur; several streams merged flowing southwest and received the Dalaike River from the west. It turned east, split and rejoined, absorbed more than ten tributaries from north and south, received the Marsh River from the north, passed north of Kule'er, turned southeast, and emptied into the Tarim River. The Comprehensive Gazetteer records that Yarkand has the Tarim River, whose lower course joins the Haido River from the northwest. The Haido River is the Kaidu River, and the Tarim River is the Tarim River. The Little Zhulduz River rose at the northern source of Altai Yinkezun, at forty-three degrees ten minutes north and thirty-one degrees thirty minutes west of the capital meridian — the pasture land of the Khoshut.

北路舊土爾扈特部三旗：在塔爾巴哈台城東，當金山之西南霍博克薩里。至京師九千七百餘里。本漢時匈奴西境、烏孫北境。北魏，蠕蠕地。後周時入於突厥。唐，西突厥地。明時為衛拉特地。舊為準噶爾台吉游牧處。乾隆二十年，准部平，入版圖。三十六年，元臣翁罕裔袞札布來歸，遂以其地賜之，是為北路舊土爾扈特部，編置佐領。設旗三：曰北路旗，曰右旗，曰左旗。授札薩克，世襲。隸塔爾巴哈台大臣轄，伊犁將軍節制。牧地東至噶札爾巴什諾爾，西至察漢鄂博，南至戈壁，北至額爾齊斯河。北極高四十六度三十分。京師偏西二十九度十分。有薩里山，即賽兒山。東：噶札爾巴什諾爾，即赫薩爾巴什泊，在哈莽奈山北，凡金山東南烏龍古河、布爾干河、青吉斯河皆匯焉。廣七十里，袤三十里，餘波入於沙磧。泊以東即新土爾扈特牧地。北有額爾齊斯河，一源為華額爾齊斯河，一源為喀喇額爾齊斯河，均出阿爾泰山，二河合為額爾齊斯河。西北流，納蘇布圖河，罕達海圖河、奇喇河，與克木齊克河、固爾圖河、博喇河、哈布河、喀喇哈布河、訥恰庫河、塔爾巴哈台河。又西北，瀦為宰桑諾爾。俄儂河、果莫孫河匯其東南，納林河、哈流圖河匯其東北，阿布達爾摩多河匯其西。復從諾爾西北溢為額爾齊斯河，科爾沁河入之。又西北布昆河，又北烏柯爾烏蘇，又東北流，納林河、莫依璘河、布克克圖爾瑪河皆入之。又東北流，經塔爾巴哈台北境、科布多西北境，入俄羅斯界。

The Northern Route Old Torghut division comprised three banners east of Tarbagatai, at Hoboksar southwest of the Altai Mountains. It lay more than nine thousand seven hundred li from the capital. In Han times it had been the western frontier of the Xiongnu and the northern frontier of the Wusun. Under the Northern Wei it was Rouran territory. In Later Zhou times it fell under the Turks. Under the Tang it belonged to the Western Turks. In Ming times it was Oirat territory. It had formerly been pasture land of the Dzungar taiji. In Qianlong 20 the Dzungar frontier was pacified and the region was brought within the empire. In Qianlong 36 Gunjab, a descendant of the Yuan minister Ong Khan, submitted, and this territory was granted them as the Northern Route Old Torghut division, organized under company captaincies. Three banners were established: the Northern Route Banner, the Right Banner, and the Left Banner. Jasak titles were granted on a hereditary basis. They were subordinate to the Tarbagatai minister and under the supervision of the Ili General. Their pastures extended east to Gazarbash Nor, west to Chahan Obo, south to the Gobi, and north to the Irtysh River. Its latitude was forty-six degrees thirty minutes north. It lay twenty-nine degrees ten minutes west of the capital meridian. There is Sali Mountain, also known as Saier Mountain. To the east, Gazarbash Nor — that is, Hesarbash Bo — lies north of Hamangnai Mountain; the Ulungu, Burgan, and Qingis rivers from the southeastern Altai all converge there. It is seventy li wide and thirty li long; its overflow enters the sandy wastes. East of the lake lay the pastures of the New Torghut. To the north is the Irtysh River, formed when the Hua Irtysh and Kara Irtysh — both rising in the Altai Mountains — unite. Flowing northwest, it receives the Subut, Handahaitu, and Qila rivers, along with the Kemchik, Gurtu, Bora, Habu, Karahabu, Neqiaku, and Tarbagatai rivers. Farther northwest it accumulates as Zaysan Nor. The En and Gomosun rivers join it from the southeast, the Naryn and Haliutu rivers from the northeast, and the Abadarmado River from the west. From the lake it overflows northwest again as the Irtysh River, into which the Korqin River flows. Farther northwest is the Bukum River; farther north is Ukor Usu; flowing northeast, it receives the Naryn, Moyilin, and Bukekturma rivers. Continuing northeast through the northern border of Tarbagatai and the northwest border of Kobdo, it enters Russian territory.

東路舊土爾扈特部二旗：在庫爾喀喇烏蘇城西南，當天山之北，濟爾噶朗。至京師九千五百餘里。本漢時烏孫國地。北魏為蠕蠕地。後周時入於突厥。唐為西突厥地。後為嗢鹿州都督府地。明時為衛拉特地。舊為準噶爾各鄂拓克及各台吉游牧處。乾隆二十年，准部平，入版圖。元臣翁罕裔納札爾瑪穆特來歸，遂以其地賜之，是為東路土爾扈特部，編置佐領。設旗二：曰右旗，曰左旗。授札薩克，世襲。統隸伊犁將軍節制。牧地跨濟爾噶朗河。東至奎屯河，南至南山，西至庫爾喀喇烏蘇屯田，北至戈壁。北極高四十四度二十分。京師偏西三十一度二十分。濟爾噶朗河三源，發庫爾喀喇烏蘇南山，名古爾班恰克圖水。山中產金，置濟爾噶朗金廠。古爾班恰克圖水北流，逕土爾扈特喇嘛寺，又西北流，逕布爾哈齊軍台西，為濟爾噶朗河，又曰多木達喀喇烏蘇，言於三喀喇烏蘇居中也。布爾哈齊莊南五里許，沙阜湧泉，勢甚湍急，北逕庄東，為布爾哈齊水，西北流，入於濟爾噶朗河。濟爾噶朗河又西北流，入庫爾喀喇烏蘇河。濟爾噶朗廠西南有山曰額布圖嶺，發泉，東北流為額布圖河，又曰固爾班喀喇烏蘇，其水自東北折而西北流，入庫爾喀喇烏蘇河，又西入喀喇塔拉額西柯諾爾。東：奎屯河，在庫爾喀喇烏蘇城東南，源出額林哈畢爾噶山。山產金，置廠。奎屯河北流出山，疏西流渠一，曰樹窩子商戶渠。又北流，逕庫爾喀喇烏蘇城東。又北流，東西各引渠一，東曰河沿子商戶渠，西曰民戶渠。戶屯之北為兵屯河，逕兵屯東，折而西北流，逕軍台西，為庫爾喀喇烏蘇河。

The Eastern Route Old Torghut division comprised two banners southwest of Kur Kara Usu, north of the Tianshan at Jirgalang. It lay more than nine thousand five hundred li from the capital. In Han times it had been the territory of the Wusun kingdom. Under the Northern Wei it was Rouran territory. In Later Zhou times it fell under the Turks. Under the Tang it belonged to the Western Turks. Later it fell within the Walu Area Command. In Ming times it was Oirat territory. It had formerly been pasture land of the various Dzungar otoks and taiji. In Qianlong 20 the Dzungar frontier was pacified and the region was brought within the empire. Nazarmamat, a descendant of the Yuan minister Ong Khan, submitted, and this territory was granted them as the Eastern Route Torghut division, organized under company captaincies. Two banners were established: the Right Banner and the Left Banner. Jasak titles were granted on a hereditary basis. They were placed wholly under the supervision of the Ili General. Their pastures straddled the Jirgalang River. Their pastures extended east to the Kuitun River, south to the Southern Mountains, west to the Kur Kara Usu military colonies, and north to the Gobi. Its latitude was forty-four degrees twenty minutes north. It lay thirty-one degrees twenty minutes west of the capital meridian. The Jirgalang River has three sources in the southern mountains of Kur Kara Usu, known as the Gurbanchaktu waters. Gold is found in the mountains, and a Jirgalang gold office was established there. The Gurbanchaktu waters flow north past the Torghut Lama temple, then northwest past the west of Burhaqi military station, becoming the Jirgalang River — also called Domda Khara Usu, meaning it lies midway among the three Khara Usu. About five li south of Burhaqi village, a sand knoll sends forth a very swift spring; flowing north past the east of the village as the Burhaqi waters, it runs northwest into the Jirgalang River. The Jirgalang River continues northwest into the Kur Kara Usu River. Southwest of the Jirgalang gold office is Ebtu Ridge, whose spring flows northeast as the Ebtu River — also called Gurban Khara Usu — then turns northwest into the Kur Kara Usu River and west into Kara Tala Esik Nor. To the east, the Kuitun River rises southeast of Kur Kara Usu city from Mount Elinhabirga. The mountain produces gold, and a gold office was established there. The Kuitun River flows north out of the mountains, where a west-flowing canal was dredged called the Shuwozi merchant canal. Flowing north, it passes east of Kur Kara Usu city. Flowing north again, it feeds one canal on the east and one on the west — the Heyanzi merchant canal and the civilian settler canal. North of the civilian colonies, the military colony river passes east of the military colonies, turns northwest past the west of the military station, and becomes the Kur Kara Usu River.

西路舊土爾扈特部一旗：在伊犁城東，當天山之北，晶河東岸。至京師一萬餘里。本漢時烏孫國地。北魏時為悅般國。尋為蠕蠕所並。後周時入於突厥。唐初西突厥地，後為嗢鹿州都督府地。元，阿勒穆爾地。明時為衛拉特地。舊為準噶爾各鄂拓克及各台吉游牧處。乾隆二十年，准部平，入版圖。元臣翁罕裔羅卜藏諾顏來歸，遂以其地賜之，是為西路舊土爾扈特部，編置佐領。設西路旗一，授札薩克，世襲。隸伊犁將軍節制。牧地東至精河屯田，南至哈什山陰，西至託霍木圖台，北至喀喇塔拉額西柯諾爾。北極高四十四度四十分。京師偏西三十二度五十分。哈什山在慶綏城西南，山之陽即伊犁哈什河源所出，合十餘水，西流來會，曰伊犁河。有晶河，舊作精河，源出安阜城南山，其山即伊犁哈什河北岸山陰也。山有峽口，曰登努勒台。新唐書地理志雲，黑水守捉又七十里有東林守捉，又七十里有西林守捉。又經黃草泊、大漠小磧，渡石漆河，逾車嶺，至弓月城。過思渾川、蟄失密城，渡伊麗河，蓋即由登努勒台至伊犁矣。石漆河或晶河之舊稱，河三源並出，為古爾班晶河，准語晶，謂「蒸籠」也。河濱沙土，濕暖如蒸，故名。西北流出山，經西路一旗土爾扈特游牧一百科樹之西，北距安阜城九十里。又西北流，導西流渠一。又西北流，導東流渠一。又西北流，逕晶河舊城西。又北流，入喀喇塔拉額西柯諾爾。喀喇塔拉額西柯諾爾即鹽海子也，在精河城北。庫爾喀喇烏蘇河出庫爾喀喇烏蘇城南山中，三水合北流，逕城東及北，合南來一水；又西北，濟爾噶朗河自其南注之。又西，敦穆達河亦自其南注之，合流瀦焉，曰鹽海子。

The Western Route Old Torghut division comprised one banner east of Ili, north of the Tianshan on the east bank of the Jing River. It lay more than ten thousand li from the capital. In Han times it had been the territory of the Wusun kingdom. Under the Northern Wei it was the Yueban state. It was soon absorbed by the Rouran. In Later Zhou times it fell under the Turks. In early Tang it belonged to the Western Turks; later it fell within the Walu Area Command. Under the Yuan it was Altimur territory. In Ming times it was Oirat territory. It had formerly been pasture land of the various Dzungar otoks and taiji. In Qianlong 20 the Dzungar frontier was pacified and the region was brought within the empire. Lobzang Noyan, a descendant of the Yuan minister Ong Khan, submitted, and this territory was granted them as the Western Route Old Torghut division, organized under company captaincies. One Western Route banner was established with hereditary jasak rank. It was subordinate to the Ili General. Their pastures extended east to the Jinghe military colonies, south to the northern slope of Hash Mountain, west to Tohomitu Station, and north to Kara Tala Esik Nor. Its latitude was forty-four degrees forty minutes north. It lay thirty-two degrees fifty minutes west of the capital meridian. Hash Mountain lies southwest of Qingsui city; on its sunny slope rise the sources of the Ili Hash River, where more than ten streams unite flowing west to form the Ili River. There is the Jing River, formerly written Jinghe; it rises in the southern mountains of Anfu city — the northern slopes of the mountains on the north bank of the Ili Hash River. The mountains have a pass called Dengnule Pass. The New Book of Tang Geography records that Donglin garrison lay seventy li beyond Heishui garrison, and Xilin garrison seventy li beyond that. The route continued through Yellow Grass Lake and the small desert sands, crossed the Shiq River and Che Pass, and reached Gongyue city. Passing the Sihun River and Zashimi city and crossing the Ili River — this is likely the route from Dengnule Pass to Ili. The Shiq River may be the old name for the Jing River; its three sources issue together as the Gurban Jing River; in Dzungar jing means "steaming basket." The sandy soil along its banks is moist and warm like steam, hence the name. Flowing northwest out of the mountains, it passes west of the Western Route one-banner Torghut pasture at Yibaike Trees, ninety li north of Anfu city. Flowing northwest again, one west-flowing canal is diverted from it. Flowing northwest again, one east-flowing canal is diverted from it. Flowing northwest again, it passes west of Old Jing River city. Flowing north, it enters Kara Tala Esik Nor. Kara Tala Esik Nor is the Salt Lake, lying north of Jinghe city. The Kur Kara Usu River rises in the southern mountains of Kur Kara Usu city; three streams unite flowing north past the east and north of the city, where they join a stream from the south; Farther northwest, the Jirgalang River enters it from the south. Farther west, the Dunmuda River also enters from the south; the combined waters accumulate as the Salt Lake.

唐努烏梁海部：本明時兀良哈部族。至京師八千餘里。清初來附，屬烏里雅蘇台定邊副將軍轄。共二十五佐領。二佐領在德勒格爾河東岸；二佐領在庫蘇古爾泊東北；四佐領當貝克穆河折西流處；四佐領當噶哈爾河源；三佐領當謨和爾阿拉河源；十佐領在西北，跨阿爾泰河、阿穆哈河。又附札薩克圖汗部所屬烏梁海五佐領，賽音諾顏部所屬烏梁海十三佐領，哲布尊丹巴呼圖克圖門徒所屬烏梁海三佐領。東南至土謝圖汗及賽音諾顏部、札薩克圖汗部，西南至科布多，北至俄羅斯。北極五十五度四十分。京師偏西二十四度二十分。南：唐努山，延亙千餘里。又有穆遜山。西北：敖蘭烏納瑚山、鄂爾噶漢山，與唐努山相接。阿努河、察罕米哈河、阿穆哈河，皆出其北麓。北：塔爾噶克山，其南為額爾齊克山。有克穆河，即劍河，元史謙河，亦即此水。河出穆遜山西北之託羅斯嶺南麓，曰華克穆河，南流，經哲布尊丹巴呼圖克圖門徒所屬烏梁海三佐領之西。又南流，陶託泊水自東來匯。陶託泊水出穆遜山西麓，兩源並發，合流曰烏魯河，西流瀦為陶託泊。和金哈河匯其北，有二水匯其南。復從泊西北流出，入於華克穆河。華克穆河折西流，逕札薩克圖汗部所屬烏梁海一佐領之西北，又西流，布斯河出章哈山北麓自南來匯。又西，多集瑪河自北來會。又西流，哈爾吉河自南來匯。又西流，有札噶泊，周數十里，當唐努山北，近吉里克卡倫隔山之東，瀦為泊。其水東北流，哈拉穆楞河自東南來匯。又東北流，南入於華克穆河。又折而北流，經札薩克圖汗部所屬烏梁海一佐領境，納東來一小水，又北流，會貝克穆河。自發源至此，一千一百餘里。貝克穆河源出託羅斯嶺南麓，在華克穆河源之西，水南流瀦為伯魯克泊。復南流，博爾魯克河自南來匯。折西流，阿薩斯河亦出託羅斯嶺，瀦為圖集泊，從泊流出，自北來會。又西流，庫克穆河自南來匯。又西流，哈彥薩拉克穆出託羅斯嶺西麓，瀦為特爾里克泊，復從泊中流出，與北來之伯集克穆合，入於貝克穆河。克穆齊克河出唐努山北麓，其南隔山即烏布薩泊也。克穆齊克河東北流，巴爾魯克河自南合一水來匯。又東北，阿克河自西來匯。又東流，北納一小水，南納集爾噶瑚河。又東流，北納一小水，南納札達克河，東入大克穆河。大克穆河西流，謨什克河、巴拉克河皆自南來入之。又西流，烏蘭烏蘇河自北來入之。又西流，謨和爾阿拉河、額錫穆河、察漢河、拉爾河、特穆爾烏蘇河、札庫爾河合三水，皆來匯。圖蘭河出塔爾噶克山西南麓，南流，合鄂克河，入於大克穆河。察漢米哈河發源鄂爾噶漢山北麓，北流，逕敖蘭烏納瑚山西，西北流入阿努河。阿穆哈河亦發源鄂爾噶漢山西北麓，北流，逕烏梁海十佐領之東，折而東北流，入阿努河。特里泊出唐努山北麓，西北流為泊，又西北流，入於華克穆河。額赫河即厄赫河，上源為庫蘇古爾泊，在唐努山烏梁海東南境。伊克杭哈河、納林杭哈河、哈拉錫爾河、納林和羅河俱出穆遜山南麓，南流瀦焉。復自泊東南流出，曰額赫河，南北合數水。庫克陀羅蓋河、達爾沁圖河、鄂依拉噶河、阿勒渾博勒爾河俱出卡倫外，東南流來會。又東逕札薩克圖汗部、賽音諾顏部境，又東南入土謝圖汗部界，北納努拉河、布科倭河，東南會色楞格河。有德勒格爾河，出唐努山東南，東流逾卡倫，東南流，西納伊克河，羅河、託爾和里克河，出德勒格爾河源東，皆東南流，入札薩克圖汗部界。哈屯河自科布多北流入界。阿爾泰河亦自科布多西北流來會，又西北入俄界。蘇特泊在鄂爾噶漢山南。以上隸伊犁將軍節制。

The Tannu Uriankhai division was originally the Uliangha tribal group of Ming times. It lay more than eight thousand li from the capital. In early Qing they submitted and were placed under the Uliasutai frontier lieutenant general. They comprised twenty-five company captaincies in all. Two company captaincies lay on the east bank of the Delegeer River; Two company captaincies lay northeast of Kusugul Nor; Four company captaincies lay where the Bokhmur River turns west; Four company captaincies lay at the source of the Gakhar River; Three company captaincies lay at the source of the Mohor Ala River; Ten company captaincies in the northwest span the Altai and Amuha rivers. Also attached are five Uriankhai company captaincies under the Zasagt Khan division, thirteen under the Sayin Noyan division, and three under the disciples of the Jebzundamba Khutuktu. It reaches southeast to the Tüsheet Khan, Sayin Noyan, and Zasagt Khan divisions, southwest to Kobdo, and north to Russia. Its latitude is 55°40′ north. It lies 24°20′ west of the Beijing meridian. To the south runs Mount Tannu, extending more than a thousand li. There is also Mount Musun. To the northwest stand Mount Aolanunahu and Mount Ergehan, joining Mount Tannu. The Anu, Chahanmiha, and Amuha rivers all rise on their northern slopes. To the north stands Mount Targak, with Mount Irtysh to its south. The Kem River is the Sword River; the Qian River of the Yuan History is this same stream. It rises on the southern slope of the Toros Range northwest of Mount Musun as the Khwa Kem River, flows south, and passes west of the three Uriankhai company captaincies under the Jebzundamba Khutuktu's disciples. Farther south the Taotuo Bo stream joins from the east. The Taotuo Bo waters rise on the western slope of Mount Musun; two headstreams unite as the Ulu River, flow west, and form Taotuo Lake. The Jinha River enters on the north and two streams on the south. The lake's outlet flows northwest into the Khwa Kem River. The Khwa Kem turns west past the northwestern border of a Zasagt Khan Uriankhai company captaincy; farther west the Bus River joins from the south, rising on the northern slope of Zhangha Mountain. Still farther west the Duojima River joins from the north. It flows on west and receives the Harji River from the south. Farther west lies Zhaga Lake, several tens of li around, north of Mount Tannu and east of the ridge near Jirik Karun. Its outlet flows northeast, where the Halamuleng River joins from the southeast. It then runs northeast and enters the Khwa Kem from the south. Turning north, it crosses a Zasagt Khan Uriankhai company captaincy, takes a small eastern tributary, and flows north to meet the Bek Kem River. From its source to this point the course exceeds eleven hundred li. The Bek Kem rises on the southern slope of the Toros Range west of the Khwa Kem headwaters, flows south, and forms Beruke Lake. Continuing south it receives the Borluke River from the south. It turns west where the Asas River, also rising in the Toros Range, forms Tuji Lake and joins from the north through its outlet. Farther west the Kuk Kem joins from the south. Still farther west the Hayan Salakmu descends the western Toros slope, forms Terlik Lake, emerges from the lake, joins the Biji Kem from the north, and enters the Bek Kem. The Kemchik River rises on the northern slope of Mount Tannu; Ubsa Lake lies just south of the divide. The Kemchik flows northeast, where the Barluke River joins from the south with a united tributary. Farther northeast the Ak River joins from the west. It then flows east, taking a small northern tributary and the Jiergahu River from the south. Continuing east it takes another small northern stream and the Zhadak River from the south, then enters the Great Kem from the east. The Great Kem flows west, receiving the Moshike and Balak rivers from the south. Farther west the Ulan Usu enters from the north. Still farther west the Mohe'erala, Eximu, Chahan, La'er, Temur Usu, and Zhaku'er rivers—each formed by three united headstreams—all join it. The Tulan rises on the southwestern slope of Mount Targak, flows south with the Eke River, and enters the Great Kem. The Chahanmiha rises on the northern slope of Mount Ergehan, flows north past the west of Mount Aolanunahu, and enters the Anu River flowing northwest. The Amuha also rises on the northwestern slope of Mount Ergehan, flows north east of the ten Uriankhai company captaincies, turns northeast, and joins the Anu. Teri Lake rises on the northern slope of Mount Tannu, ponds as it flows northwest, then continues northwest into the Khwa Kem. The Ehe River is the same stream called Ehe elsewhere; its upper source is Lake Kusugur in southeastern Tannu Uriankhai. The Ike Hangha, Narin Hangha, Haraxir, and Narin Heluo rivers all rise on the southern slope of Mount Musun and pond as they flow south. The lake's outlet flows southeast as the Ehe River, gathering several northern and southern tributaries. The Kuketuolagai, Daerxintu, Eoilaga, and Alehunbo'er rivers all rise beyond the frontier posts and join it flowing southeast. It flows east through Zasagt Khan and Sayin Noyan territory, enters the Tüsheet Khan border southeastward, takes the Nura and Bukewo rivers from the north, and joins the Selenga in the southeast. The Deleger River rises southeast of Mount Tannu, crosses the frontier eastward, and flows southeast, receiving the Ike River on the west; the Luo and Torhorik rivers, rising east of its headwaters, likewise flow southeast into Zasagt Khan territory. The Hatun River enters from the north of Kobdo. The Altai River likewise approaches from northwest of Kobdo, joins the system, and flows northwest into Russian territory. Sute Lake lies south of Mount Ergehan. All of the above fall under the jurisdiction of the Ili General.

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