Volume 79 Treatises 54: Geography 26, Qing Hai

志五十四

Treatise 54

地理二十六

Geography 26

青海

Qinghai

青海：禹貢西戎之域。袤延二千餘里。至京師五千七十里。東及北界甘肅，西界西藏，南界四川。三代屬西羌。漢為張掖、武威、金城、隴西四郡之西塞外，蜀郡之北徼外，屬先零、燒當等諸羌地。王莽時，置西海郡。歷後漢、魏、晉，皆諸羌所居。東晉後，又為吐谷渾所據。隋平吐谷渾，置西海、河源等郡。隋末，吐谷渾復據之。唐龍朔三年，吐蕃滅吐谷渾，盡有其地。宋亦為吐蕃地。元為貴德州及吐蕃朵甘思等處，屬吐蕃等處宣慰司。明為西番地。正德四年，始為蒙古部酋所據。清初，有元太祖弟哈布圖哈薩爾之裔，號顧實汗，自西北侵有其地，遣使通貢。自分部眾為左右二境。左境東自西寧邊外棟科爾廟，西至嘉峪關邊外洮賚河，南自西寧邊外博羅充克克河北岸，北至涼州邊外西喇塔拉。右境東自棟科爾廟，西至噶斯池，南自松潘邊外漳臘嶺，北至博羅充克克河南岸。康熙三十七年，悉眾內附。雍正元年，台吉札什巴圖爾子羅卜藏丹津誘眾犯邊，大軍討平之，越歲而定。三年一貢，分三班，九年一周。置互市於西寧日月山。開拓新邊，增設安西鎮於布隆吉爾，闢地千餘里。三年，編其部落為四，旗二十九，後又增置土司四十。設西寧辦事大臣以統轄之。廣千餘里，袤千餘里。面積二百四十萬方里。人十五萬口。北極高三十一度四十五分至三十八度三十分。京師偏西十四度三十分至十七度。東：阿木尼末倫山。東南：阿木尼塞爾泰山。西南：阿木尼那凌通布山。西北：阿木尼巴延尊崔山、阿木尼洞舒山；阿木尼天沁察罕山，其峰甚峻，無雪而白，故名；阿木尼兀善通布山。西：阿木尼巴爾布安山，其峰高險，色黑，故名。西北二百餘里，有阿木尼厄枯山，東北近甘、涼二州之邊，有阿木尼岡噶爾山，又名龍壽山。涼州邊外有阿木尼巴延哈拉山，又名大荒山。又阿木尼扣肯古爾板山，在黃河東岸哈爾吉山東，山有二峰獨高，積雪不消；其一為阿木尼麻禪母孫山，即大雪山也。番語稱祖為「阿木尼」。西海十三山，番俗皆分祭之，而以大雪山為最。凡環繞青海之濱者，亦有十三山，土人皆名烏爾圖，謂之「十三角」云。又南曠野中，有漢陀羅海山、西索克圖山、西南索克圖山，地多瘴氣。西南：烏克陀羅海山，高峰壁立。黃河西岸、青海西南，有固爾班伊瑪圖山，三山相接，皆名伊瑪圖，繞獨羅池。有蘇羅巴顏喀喇山，在伊瑪圖山東北，石崖色黑，多冷瘴，故名。南：黃河北岸有巴爾陀羅海岡。近青海南岸有巴漢哈圖嶺。巴漢哈圖嶺東，伊克哈圖嶺；其西南，察察嶺。察察嶺東，納布楚爾嶺。南少西，蘇羅嶺，即蘇羅巴顏喀喇山之東支。黃河西岸、蘇羅嶺東，登諾爾台嶺。拖孫池東南，忒伯呼圖嶺。有海努克嶺。東北，布呼圖嶺。西，烏蘇圖搜吉嶺。青海西南，殷德爾碧柳圖嶺，相近有好來嶺。青海西南二百餘里，烏蘭布拉克嶺。西寧邊外，納拉薩拉嶺。其西，齊布秦爾嶺；相近有哈拉嶺，即拉喇山也。洮州衛邊外，有達爾濟嶺，即託禮嶺也。洮河發源西傾山之脊，嶺最高大，其上平坦，草木茂盛。東南有和爾河，源出納拉薩拉嶺，西北流，入青海。北少東，哈爾濟河，源出青海北岸哈爾濟山，東南流，入青海。北：伊克烏蘭和碩河，源出巴顏山，南流入青海。其西，巴漢烏蘭和碩河，南流入青海。東南：巴顏池，周四十餘里。西南：多羅池，周一百五十餘里。洮賚河亦作滔來、陶賴、討來，在肅州南，下流合張掖河，即古呼蠶水也。漢書地理志祿福縣，「呼蠶水出南羌中，東北至會水，入羌谷」。寰宇記：「呼蠶水一名潛水，俗謂之祿福河，西南自吐谷渾界流入。」一統志：「按今討來河發源州西南五百餘里番界中，有三派，最西曰討來河，其西又有輝土巴爾呼河，北流，與討來河合。又東北百餘里，南有巴哈、額濟納二河，分流而合，又北與討來河會為一，又東北流入邊。繞州南，至州東北，合西來之水，又東北出邊，過金塔寺，稍折而北，又轉東與張掖河合，又北入居延海。」布隆吉爾河，在今安西州北，即南籍端水也。一統志：「按輿圖及新志，今有蘇賴河，亦名布隆吉爾河，發源靖逆衛南山，曰昌馬河。北流轉而西，逕舊柳溝衛北，會十道溝水為蘇賴河。又西逕安西衛北，又西逕沙州衛西北，黨河自南來注之。又西北流，瀦為合拉池。其流長七百餘里。池方數十里，即古南籍端水也。今三衛屯田，俱藉此水灌溉。」塞爾騰海，在舊沙州衛西南，水出雪山之陰，西北流，瀦為澤，為青海要道。西爾噶拉金河，即黨河，在沙州衛西，古氐置水也。漢書地理志龍勒縣，「有氐置水，出南羌中，東北入澤，溉民田」。一統志：「按輿圖，今有黨河在西，會南來一水，又折北流，繞沙州舊城之東、新城之西，入蘇賴河，溉田甚廣，當即古氐置水。」穆魯烏蘇河，又作胡胡烏蘇河，在黃河西大雪山北，源出索諾木達什嶺，北流四十餘里，折東北，合南來之密喇河、北來之薩爾哈卜齊海、阿爾昂諸水，東流入黃河。噶斯池，在黃河上流鄂靈海東北、固爾班蒙滾陀羅海山東南。有三池：一名鄂博圖噶斯池，周二十五里；一名多木達噶斯池，周十五里；一名察罕噶斯池，周十餘里。俱在黃河鄂博池之東，番名固爾班噶斯池。

Qinghai was the domain of the Western Rong described in the Tribute of Yu. The region stretches over two thousand li from end to end. It lies five thousand seventy li from the capital. To the east and north it adjoins Gansu; to the west, Tibet; and to the south, Sichuan. During the Three Dynasties it was held by the Western Qiang. In Han times it lay outside the western frontier of Zhangye, Wuwei, Jincheng, and Longxi and beyond the northern marches of Shu Commandery, in the territory of Qiang groups such as the Xianling and Shaodang. Wang Mang established Xihai Commandery there. Throughout the Later Han, Wei, and Jin dynasties, various Qiang peoples lived there. After the Eastern Jin, the Tuyuhun took possession of the region once more. When the Sui subdued the Tuyuhun, they set up Xihai, Heyuan, and other commanderies. By the close of the Sui, the Tuyuhun had reoccupied the territory. In Tang Longshuo year 3, Tibet destroyed the Tuyuhun and took all their lands. Under the Song it remained Tibetan domain as well. In Yuan times it comprised Guide Prefecture and Tibetan districts such as Do Kham, under the Pacification Commissioner's Office for Tibetan regions. In the Ming period it was Western Tibetan country. It was first taken by a Mongol tribal leader in Zhengde year 4. Early in the Qing, a descendant of Genghis Khan's brother Khaidu Qasar, who took the title Gushri Khan, advanced from the northwest, seized the region, and sent tribute missions. He then divided his people into eastern and western domains. The eastern domain ran from Dongke'er Temple outside Xining in the east to the Taolai River beyond Jiayuguan in the west, from the north bank of the Boluochongkeke River south of Xining in the south to Xilatala beyond Liangzhou in the north. The western domain stretched from Dongke'er Temple eastward to Gas Pool westward, from Zhangla Ridge beyond Songpan in the south to the south bank of the Boluochongkeke River in the north. In Kangxi year 37, the whole population submitted to the dynasty. In Yongzheng year 1, Jasagtai's son Lobzang Danjin stirred his followers to raid the frontier; imperial forces crushed the revolt, and order was restored the next year. Tribute came once every three years in three rotations, completing a full cycle every nine years. A frontier market was set up at Sun-Moon Mountain by Xining. New borderlands were opened, Anxi Garrison was established at Bulongji'er, and over a thousand li of territory was reclaimed. In year 3 their tribes were reorganized into four divisions and twenty-nine banners, and forty native-official jurisdictions were added later. A Xining Resident Minister was installed to supervise the region. The region spans more than a thousand li in both width and length. Its area is 2.4 million square li. The population is 150,000. Northern latitude runs from 31°45′ to 38°30′. It lies 14°30′ to 17° west of the capital meridian. East: Mount Amuni Molun. Southeast: Mount Amuni Saiertai. Southwest: Mount Amuni Nalingtongbu. Northwest: Mount Amuni Bayanzuncui and Mount Amuni Dongshu; Mount Amuni Tianqinchahan, whose summit is exceedingly steep and white even without snow, whence its name; and Mount Amuni Wushantongbu. West: Mount Amuni Ba'erbu'an, a lofty, dangerous peak that is black in hue, whence its name. Some two hundred li northwest stands Mount Amuni Eku; northeast, near the Gansu and Liangzhou frontier, rises Mount Amuni Gangga'er, also known as Longshou Mountain. Beyond the Liangzhou frontier lies Mount Amuni Bayan Hara, also called the Great Barren Mountain. There is also Mount Amuni Kouken Gu'erban, east of Ha'erji Mountain on the Yellow River's east bank; two peaks tower above the rest, their snow never melting; one of which is Mount Amuni Mazhen Musun—the Great Snow Mountain. In Tibetan, "Amuni" means "ancestor." The Thirteen Mountains of the Western Sea are each worshipped separately in local custom, with the Great Snow Mountain foremost among them. Thirteen mountains also ring the shores of Qinghai; locals call them Wurtu, the "Thirteen Horns." Farther south in open country stand Mount Handuoluohai, Mount Xisuoketu, and Mount Xinan Suoketu, where miasmic vapors are common. Southwest: Mount Wuketuoluohai, whose peaks rise in sheer cliffs. West of the Yellow River and southwest of Qinghai lie the Gu'erban Yimatu peaks—three linked mountains all called Yimatu, ringing Duluo Pool. Mount Suoluo Bayan Khara stands northeast of Yimatu; its black cliffs and biting miasma give it its name. South: on the Yellow River's north bank lies Ba'ertuoluohai Ridge. Near Qinghai's southern shore stands Bahankhatu Ridge. East of Bahankhatu Ridge lies Yikekhatu Ridge; and southwest of that, Chacha Ridge. East of Chacha Ridge is Nabuchu'er Ridge. A little southwest is Suoluo Ridge, the eastern spur of Mount Suoluo Bayan Khara. West of the Yellow River, east of Suoluo Ridge, stands Dengnuo'ertai Ridge. Southeast of Tuosun Pool lies Tebeihutu Ridge. There is Hainuke Ridge. To the northeast stands Buhutu Ridge. To the west lies Wusutusouji Ridge. Southwest of Qinghai is Yinde'er Biliutu Ridge, with Haolai Ridge close by. Some two hundred li southwest of Qinghai stands Wulanbulake Ridge. Beyond the Xining frontier lies Nalasala Ridge. West of it is Qibuqin'er Ridge; nearby is Hala Ridge, also known as Mount Lala. Beyond the Taozhou Guard frontier stands Da'erji Ridge, also called Tuoli Ridge. The Tao River rises on the ridge of Mount Xiqing, the loftiest and broadest of the ranges, with a level summit and abundant vegetation. Southeast flows the He'er River, born on Nalasala Ridge, running northwest into Qinghai. A little northeast, the Ha'erji River issues from Ha'erji Mountain on Qinghai's north shore and flows southeast into the lake. North: the Yikewulan Heshuo River rises on Mount Bayan and runs south into Qinghai. West of it, the Bahan Wulan Heshuo River also flows south into Qinghai. Southeast: Bayan Pool, some forty li around. Southwest: Duoluo Pool, over one hundred fifty li in circumference. The Taolai River—also written Taolai, Taolai, or Taolai—lies south of Suzhou; downstream it joins the Zhangye River and is the ancient Hucan River. The Book of Han, Treatise on Geography, for Lufu County states: "The Hucan River rises among the Southern Qiang, flows northeast to the Hui River, and enters Qiang Valley." The Universal Gazetteer says: "The Hucan River is also called the Hidden River; common people call it the Lufu River; it enters from the southwest out of Tuyuhun territory." The Comprehensive Gazetteer notes: "The present Taolai River rises more than five hundred li southwest of the prefecture in tribal lands. It has three branches; the westernmost is the Taolai River. Still farther west is the Huitu Ba'erhu River, which flows north and joins the Taolai. Another hundred-odd li northeast, the Baha and Ejin'a rivers to the south split and reunite, then run north to join the Taolai as one stream before flowing northeast across the frontier. It skirts the prefecture's south, reaches its northeast, joins western tributaries, flows northeast beyond the border past Jinta Temple, bends slightly north, then east to meet the Zhangye River, and finally north into Juyan Sea." The Bulongji'er River north of present-day Anxi is the ancient Southern Jiduan River. The Comprehensive Gazetteer states: "Maps and the new gazetteer record the present Sulai River, also called the Bulongji'er River. It rises on the southern mountains of Jingni Guard and is known as the Changma River. It flows north, turns west, passes north of old Liugou Guard, and joins the Shidao Gully waters to form the Sulai River. It continues west past Anxi Guard, then northwest of Shazhou Guard, where the Dang River joins from the south. Farther northwest it spreads into Hela Pool. Its course exceeds seven hundred li. The pool spans several tens of li and is the ancient Southern Jiduan River. Today the garrison farms of all three guards depend on this water for irrigation." Sairteng Sea lies southwest of old Shazhou Guard. Its waters rise on the northern slopes of the snow mountains, flow northwest, and spread into a marsh—a main route to Qinghai. The Xi'ergalajin River is the Dang River west of Shazhou Guard—the ancient Dizhi River. The Book of Han, Treatise on Geography, for Longle County records: "There is the Dizhi River, rising among the Southern Qiang, flowing northeast into a marsh to irrigate farmland." The Comprehensive Gazetteer states: "Maps show the Dang River in the west. It receives a southern tributary, turns north, runs east of old Shazhou and west of the new city, joins the Sulai River, and irrigates a broad belt of fields—surely the ancient Dizhi River. The Muruwusu River—also called the Huhuwusu River—lies north of the Great Snow Mountain west of the Yellow River. Rising on Suonuomudashi Ridge, it runs north for forty-odd li, turns northeast, joins the Mila River from the south and the Sarhabqihai, A'er'ang, and other streams from the north, and flows east into the Yellow River. Gas Pool lies northeast of Eling Sea on the upper Yellow River and southeast of Mount Gu'erban Menggunduoluohai. There are three pools: Ebotu Gas Pool, twenty-five li around; Duomuda Gas Pool, fifteen li around; and Chahan Gas Pool, a little over ten li around. All lie east of the Yellow River's Ebo Pool; in Tibetan they are called Gu'erban Gas Pool.

青海和碩特部二十一旗：元太祖弟哈布圖哈薩爾七傳至阿克薩噶勒泰，生子二。長，阿魯克特魯爾，今內札薩克科爾沁、杜爾伯特、郭爾羅斯、札賚特、阿魯科爾沁、四子部落、茂明安、烏喇特八部之祖也。次，烏魯克特穆爾，十傳至哈尼諾顏洪果爾，生六子。其第四子圖魯拜琥，號顧實汗，後裔繁衍。游牧青海者十九旗。又有游牧西套之阿拉善旗，游牧察哈爾之和碩特旗。顧實汗長兄哈納克土謝圖，其裔為青海和碩特部所屬之西右翼中旗。顧實汗季弟色樓哈坦巴圖爾，其裔為青海和碩特部所屬之西右翼後旗。此二旗合顧實汗裔為二十一旗。顧實汗第三兄昆都倫烏巴什，其裔為游牧珠勒都斯之中路和碩特旗，游牧科布多之新和碩特旗。青海和碩特部在西寧邊外。北極高三十四度三十三分。京師偏西十五度十四分。西前旗顧實汗之子。康熙四十二年封多羅郡王。雍正三年授札薩克，世襲。佐領八。牧地在布喀河南岸。東至烏圖起爾沙陀羅海，南至西拉庫圖爾、果庫圖爾，西至察罕烏蘇呼魯恭納，北至布喀河濱納令布楞。班禪商上堪布喇嘛牧場，在旗境額勒池水南。前頭旗顧實汗之孫。康熙四十年封多羅貝勒。五十六年晉封郡王。雍正三年授札薩克，世襲。佐領十一。牧地南當黃河之曲，有小哈柳圖河，入於黃河。東至拉布楞希拉得布沙，南至和託果爾希里克，西至巴爾鄂博巴顏烏拉，北至額爾德尼布烏魯勒卜達巴。黃河重源，再顯於巴顏喀喇山之東麓，二泉流數里，合而東南流，曰阿爾坦河。阿爾坦，蒙古言「金」也，水色微黃似之。東北流三百餘里，至鄂屯塔拉，為古星宿海，《元史》所謂「火惇腦兒」也，直西寧邊外西南一千一百餘里。星宿海於群山環繞中，有地平曠，可三百里，有泉千百，隨地湧出，大小錯列，望若列星。阿爾坦河自西南來，皆匯入焉。東北流百餘里，又東南注札凌海。海周三百餘里，東西長，南北狹，河亙其中而流。番語謂白為「札」，長為「凌」，以其水色白也。又東南注鄂凌海。海在札凌東五十餘里，周亦三百餘里，形如匏瓜，西南廣，東北狹。番語謂青為「鄂」，言水色青也，即《元史》所謂「匯二巨澤，名阿剌腦兒」者也。由海東北流出，折東南，南抵巴顏渾嶺下，復正南流百五十里，水色始變綠而黃。又東南流，曲曲七百餘里，繞大雪山南，古積石山也。番名阿木尼麻禪母遜阿林。阿木尼謂「祖」，麻禪謂「險惡」，母遜謂「冰」，猶言「大冰山」也。山自巴顏喀喇東來，當黃河北岸，綿亙三百餘里，上有九峰，甚高，冬夏積雪。在西寧邊外西南五百三十餘里。《元史》謂之亦耳麻不莫剌。黃河依山南麓東流，折而東北，有三坤都倫河前後自東南來注之。三坤都倫者，一曰德特坤都倫，出賴楚山，西北流三百餘里入黃河，即《元史》「納鄰哈喇河，自白狗嶺北流」者。一曰都爾達都坤都倫，出納克多木精山，西北流，屈曲三百數十里入黃河，當河流自南轉東北處，即《元史》「乞里馬出河，自威茂州西北岷山之北北流」者。一曰多拉坤都倫，源出岡芧山，西北流六百數十里入黃河，正當大河於烏蘭莽鼐山麓折而西北流之處，即《元史》「鵬拶山西北七百里，過札塞塔失地與河合」者。黃河既納此三水，勢甚盛，至烏蘭莽鼐山下，始折而西北流二百里，小哈柳圖河自東北來入之。小哈柳圖源出東北魯察布拉山，二源，西南流百里合，又西入河，當游牧西、土爾扈特南、前旗東。前左翼頭旗顧實汗之孫。康熙四十三年封多羅貝勒。雍正元年晉郡王，三年授札薩克，世襲。佐領九。牧地在大通河南岸。東至阿木達賴台，南至固爾班塔拉之北沙克圖，西至齊擦擦呢布楚勒，北至巴顏布拉克。大通河源出青海西北阿木尼尼庫山南諾爾，東南流，曰烏蘭木倫河。又東，哈爾渾河自北來注之。又東北，曲曲流，南受一水，又東北，滿楚喀河自西北來注之。東逕甘州邊外番大山，東南流八百里，北受小水六，南受小水五，至西大通堡南，又東南會湟水，又東南入黃河，即古浩亹水也。河北為西右翼前旗游牧地。西後旗顧實汗之裔。康熙五十五年封多羅貝勒。雍正三年授札薩克，世襲。佐領九。牧地跨柴集河，其水北注鹽池。東至錫喇鹽海子、察罕託羅海，南至合約爾巴爾克，西至布隆吉爾河源，北至果庫圖爾、希拉庫圖爾。鹽池在青海西南，周百餘里，產青鹽。蒙古名達布遜淖爾。其水自錫喇庫特爾山之莫和爾河，與布拉克地之察罕烏蘇河，西來匯為此池。又自池東南流出，會西來之巴爾虎河。又七十餘里，柴集河自東南來入之，名曰鹽河。復東南流，淪於功額池。凡青海蒙古與西寧一郡軍民，並各種番、回，食鹽皆取給於此。北右翼旗顧實汗之孫。康熙四十四年封輔國公。雍正元年晉貝勒，後降固山貝子。三年，授札薩克，世襲。佐領六。牧地在青海北岸。東至沙拉哈吉爾，南至庫庫諾爾齊津，西至吹吉烏立圖阿拉爾，北至烏蘭和碩。有伊克烏蘭和碩、巴哈烏蘭和碩二河，在旗境西，西北自庫德里山南流百餘里，入庫庫諾爾。北左翼旗顧實汗之孫。康熙四十四年封輔國公。雍正元年晉固山貝子。三年，授札薩克，世襲。佐領三。牧地在布隆吉爾河南岸。東至哈喇諾爾，南至科爾魯克，西至窩果圖爾，北至伊克柴達木。烏蘭烏蘇河出東南沙磧中，西北行五百餘里，入達布遜諾爾。南左翼後旗顧實汗之裔。康熙五十年封輔國公。雍正三年授札薩克，世襲。佐領一。牧地在大通河南岸，青海正北。東至吉噶素台鄂蘭布拉克，南至和洛海，西至布都克圖烏蘭和碩，北至青海。北前旗顧實汗之裔。康熙五十年封輔國公。雍正三年授札薩克，世襲。佐領二。牧地在青海西岸。東至科依特陀羅海，南至柴吉希巴立台，西至車吉，北至哈達圖。南右翼後旗顧實汗之裔。康熙五十年封輔國公。雍正三年授札薩克，世襲。佐領四。牧地在青海東岸。東至賀爾，南至哈沙圖，西至哈拉素布魯漢，北至庫庫諾爾。坤都倫河自察罕鄂博圖山兩源合而南入西寧河。有世宗聖制碑，在旗界。西右翼中旗顧實汗伯兄之裔。雍正三年，領公中札薩克，授一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地跨柴達木河。東至諾木罕河，南至諾木罕木魯，西至滔賚，北至希勒沿。舒哈河自旗西無名海子流出，西北入於沙。柴達木河出河源北托遜淖爾，西流至西拉珠爾格塔拉，阿拉克淖爾水東來入之，合而西北流，格德爾古河、烏蘭烏蘇河、布隆吉爾河俱自其東注之，又西入於沙。西右翼前旗顧實汗之裔。雍正三年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領二。牧地在大通河北岸。東至察罕阿爾吉永安，南至約呼賚口，西至柴達木察罕巴彥託羅海，北至希立永安。南右翼中旗顧實汗之裔。康熙五十九年封輔國公。雍正三年授札薩克。乾隆四十年，降一等台吉，世襲。佐領五。牧地當魯察布拉山之西。東至庫克烏松，南至齊克特尼諾爾，西至僧克圖木齊，北至庫克烏松西山。魯察布拉山，舊作羅插普拉，即禹貢之西傾山也，一名西彊山，亦名嵹台山，在洮州廳西南三百三十餘里。史記夏本紀「道九山」，索隱「九山古分三條，馬融以西傾為中條。鄭康成分四列，汧為陰列，西傾次陰列」。漢書地理志隴西郡臨洮，「禹貢西傾山在縣西」。北史吐谷渾傳：「阿豺升西彊山觀洮江源。」水經註：「山東即洮水源。嵹台，西傾之異名也。」括地誌：「西傾山今嵹台山，在洮州臨潭縣西南三百六十六里。」元和志：「嵹台山在臨潭縣西南三百里。」一統志：「西傾山，番名羅插普喇山，近黃河自東折而西北之東岸，綿亙千餘里。凡黃河以南諸山，無大於此者。洮河發源於此。」南左翼中旗顧實汗之裔。康熙五十年封輔國公，晉貝子、貝勒，後降襲札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領四。牧地西濱黃河。有恰克圖河，東南來流入之。東至巴哈圖爾根，南至阿爾坦果爾，西至伊克圖爾根，北至巴哈圖爾根。恰克圖河在洮州廳西六百餘里黃河東岸，源出伊克圖爾根山，東北流，折而北，會巴哈圖爾根山之水，折而西北流百餘里，有伊西克山之水，自東北來會，又西北入黃河。又有碩爾渾河，舊作碩爾郭爾，在恰克圖河之北，源出古爾班圖爾哈山，會三小水，西北流入黃河。北左末旗顧實汗之裔。雍正三年授札薩克一台吉，世襲。佐領四。牧地東至柴吉沁。南至鹽海，西至哈唐和碩，北至和特克。北右末旗顧實汗之裔。雍正三年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領二。牧地在布喀河源沙爾諾爾之西。東至色爾柯克達巴，南至察罕陀羅海，西至薩爾魯克，北至庫爾魯克。布喀河在青海西，源出青海西北阿木尼厄枯山南，名喀喇錫納河，南流與英額池水會。池周一百五十餘里，其水東南流，會於喀喇錫納河。復東南流，至天沁察罕峰北，與沙爾諾爾水會，即所稱善池也。諾爾周六十餘里，其水東流，至天沁察罕峰前，亦入喀喇錫納河，又東流，受北來之羅子河、西爾哈河。又東，受北來之濟拉瑪爾台河，乃名布喀河。又東流注青海。其河受六大水，岸闊流深，夏月人不可渡。青海左右諸水，無有大於此者。東上旗顧實汗之孫。雍正三年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地在青海東北岸。東至阿拉賴達巴木魯，南至柴吉，西至青海，北至烏爾肯希巴立台。南左翼次旗顧實汗之裔。雍正三年授協理台吉。九年，晉札薩克一等台吉，世襲。與前左翼頭旗共佐領九。牧地有鹽池。東至沙拉圖，南至海達克，西至努克孫山鄂昔齊，北至烏蘭墨爾河。鹽池在青海西南，周百餘里，產青鹽。柴集河自東南來注之。南左翼末旗顧實汗之裔。康熙三十六年封貝勒，後削爵。雍正三年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領二。牧地當博羅充克克河源。東至囊吉立圖巴爾布哈，南至圖祿根河，西至恰克圖北山木魯，北至恰克圖河。博羅充克克河，舊作波洛沖科克，即古湟水，一名洛都水者也。在西寧府西北邊外，當青海之東，源出噶爾藏嶺，元人所謂祁連山，明志之熱水山也。有三泉，一曰伊克烏拉古兒台，一名土爾根烏拉古爾台，一名察哈烏拉古爾台，南流匯為一水，名博羅充克克河。其東有布虎圖嶺二泉，亦南來合，曰昆都倫河，東南流，與巴哈圖河合流入博羅充克克河。又東南流，至棟科爾廟南，有土爾根察罕河，自西南來會，水勢始盛。轉東流，入西寧邊鎮海營，是為西寧河，即湟水也。又東流三百餘里，南至庄浪衛降唐堡入大通河。漢書地理志金城郡臨羌，「西北至塞外，有西王母石室、仙海、鹽池，北則湟水所出，東至允吾入河」。水經註：「湟水出塞外，東逕西王母石室，東南流，逕龍夷城，故西零之地也。又東南，逕卑禾羌海北，有鹽池，世謂之青海。東流逕湟中城北，故小月氏之地也。又東，右控四水，導源四溪，東北流注於湟。又東逕赤城北而東入，逕戎峽口，右合羌水，又東逕臨羌縣故城北，又東，盧溪水注之。又東逕臨羌新縣故城南，又東，右合溜溪、伏溜、石杜、蠡四川，左會臨羌溪水。又東，龍駒川水注之。又東，長寧川水注之。又東，牛心川水注之。又逕西平城北，又東逕土樓南，右則五泉注之。又東，右合蔥谷水，又東逕東亭北，東出漆峽，東流，右則漆谷常溪注之，左則甘夷川水入焉。又東，安夷川水注之。又東逕安夷縣故城。又東，左合宜春水，又東，勒且溪水注之。又東，左則承流谷水南入，右會達扶東西二溪水，東流，期頓、雞谷二水北流注之。又東，吐那孤、長門兩川南流入之。又東逕樂都城南，東流，又合來谷、乞斤二水，左會陽非、流溪、細谷三水，東逕破羌縣故城南，六穀水自南、破羌川自北，左右翼注之。又東逕小晉興城北，又東與閤門河合，即浩亹河也。又東逕允吾縣北，為鄭伯津，與澗水合。又東逕允街縣故城南，又東逕枝陽縣，逆水注之。」後漢書註：「湟水一名洛都水，西自吐谷渾界入，在今湟水縣。」元和志：「湟水一名湟河，亦謂之洛都水，出青海東北亂山中，東南流，至蘭州西南入黃河。」唐書吐蕃傳：「湟水至濛谷，抵龍泉，與黃河合。」《元史》河源附錄：「湟水源自祁連山下，正東流一千餘里，注浩亹河，與黃河合。」冊說：「西川河源出西塞外海夷部落，東流，由石峽入境，至衛西北，受北川河，又東合南川河，而經城北，名西寧河。又至衛東北，受沙塘川水，又東南經碾白堡，名湟河。又東南接庄浪所界，合西大通河。又東合庄浪河，又東南至蘭州西南入黃河。北川河，番名阿爾坦河，源出西寧邊外，北至阿爾坦山，南流，會二小水，入北川河。又南流，入西寧北川邊內。又東南流，至西寧城南，入湟河。南川河番名西喇苦特河，源出西寧邊外西南西喇苦特山，東北流，至西寧城西北入湟河。又喀喇河在西寧邊外西北湟河之東，源出察罕鄂波圖嶺，合二小水，東南流，入西寧邊內，又流五十餘里，入湟河。南右翼末旗顧實汗之裔。康熙三十六年封輔國公，晉固山貝子。雍正元年削爵。三年，授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地在黃河北岸，有錫尼諾爾。東至烏蘭布拉克，南至黃河舒爾古勒渡口，西至西拉珠爾格西山木魯，北至巴顏布拉克。錫尼諾爾在旗東界，其南岸與烏蘭河北入黃河之處相直。黃河自此北折，東逕貴德廳北，入西寧府界。西右翼後旗顧實汗之裔。雍正三年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地跨柴達木河。東至希昔，南至諾們罕木魯，西至烏拉斯台，北至柴達木。西左翼後旗顧實汗弟之裔。雍正三年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地跨柴達木河。東至巴彥陀羅海，南至桑陀羅海，西至烏爾圖，北至瑪尼圖沙納圖。

The Qinghai Khoshut's twenty-one banners descend seven generations from Genghis Khan's brother Khaidu Qasar to Aksagaltai, who had two sons. The elder son Arukteturul is ancestor of today's Inner Jasak Khorchin, Dorbed, Gorlos, Jasagt, Ar Khorchin, Four Sons Tribes, Maoming'an, and eight Urad banners. The younger son Uruktemur's line reached Khaninoyan Hongguo'er in ten generations; he had six sons. His fourth son Torobaikhu took the title Gushri Khan, and his line proliferated. Nineteen banners pastured in Qinghai. There are also the Alashan Banner in western Tao and a Khoshut Banner in Chahar. Gushri Khan's elder brother Khanak Tushitu; his descendants form the West Right Wing Middle Banner under the Qinghai Khoshut. Gushri Khan's youngest brother Selou Khatan Batur; his descendants form the West Right Wing Rear Banner under the Qinghai Khoshut. These two banners plus Gushri Khan's line make twenty-one banners in all. Gushri Khan's third brother Qundelen Ubashi; his line includes the Middle Khoshut Banner in Zhaosu and the New Khoshut Banner in Kobdo. The Qinghai Khoshut pasture beyond the Xining frontier. Northern latitude is 34°33′. It lies 15°14′ west of the capital meridian. West Front Banner: descended from a son of Gushri Khan. Enfeoffed as Defender Prince of the State in Kangxi year 42. Granted the jasagh in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. Eight banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies on the south bank of the Buka River. Its bounds run east to Wutuqi'er Shatoluohai, south to Xilakutu'er and Guokutu'er, west to Chahan Usu Hulugongna, and north to Nalingbuleng on the Buka River. The Panchen Shang Khenpo Lama's pasture lies south of Elechi water within the banner. Front Head Banner: descended from a grandson of Gushri Khan. Enfeoffed as Defender Prince in Kangxi year 40. Promoted to Prince of the State in year 56. Granted the jasagh in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. Eleven banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies along the Yellow River's southern bend; the Little Haliutu River flows into the Yellow River. Its bounds run east to Labuleng Xiladebusha, south to Hetuoguo'er Xilike, west to Ba'ebo Bayan Wula, and north to Erdeni Bu'uru Lebudaba. The Yellow River's source reappears on the eastern slopes of Mount Bayan Khara, where two springs run a few li, merge, and flow southeast as the Altan River. Altan means "gold" in Mongolian; the water's faint yellow hue resembles it. It flows northeast over three hundred li to Etun Tara, the ancient Sea of the Constellations—the History of Yuan's "Huodunnao'er"—some eleven hundred li southwest beyond the Xining frontier. The Sea of the Constellations lies ringed by mountains on level ground some three hundred li across, where thousands of springs burst forth at random, large and small, like scattered stars. The Altan River enters from the southwest and joins them all. After a hundred-odd li northeast, it turns southeast into Zhaling Sea. The sea measures over three hundred li around, elongated east-west and narrow north-south, with the river running through it. In Tibetan, "Zha" means white and "Ling" means long, for the water is white. It then flows southeast into Eling Sea. Eling Sea lies fifty-odd li east of Zhaling, also some three hundred li around, gourd-shaped and broad in the southwest, narrow in the northeast. In Tibetan, "E" means blue-green, describing the water's hue—the History of Yuan's "two great marshes united, called Arunao'er." Leaving the sea northeast, it bends southeast to the foot of Bayan Hun Ridge, then runs due south for a hundred fifty li before the water turns from green to yellow. It winds southeast for over seven hundred li along the southern flank of the Great Snow Mountain, the ancient Jishi Mountain. Its Tibetan name is Amuni Mazhen Musun Alin. Amuni means "ancestor," Mazhen "perilous," and Musun "ice"—in effect, "Great Ice Mountain." The range runs east from Bayan Khara along the Yellow River's north bank for over three hundred li, crowned by nine lofty peaks snow-capped year-round. It stands more than five hundred thirty li southwest beyond the Xining frontier. The History of Yuan calls it Yier Mabumola. The Yellow River runs east along the range's southern foothills, turns northeast, and three Kundulun rivers join it in succession from the southeast. Of the three Kundulun rivers, Dete Kundulun rises on Laichu Mountain, flows northwest over three hundred li into the Yellow River—the History of Yuan's "Nalin Hala River flowing north from White Dog Ridge." Duerdadou Kundulun rises on Nakduomujing Mountain, winds northwest for three hundred-odd li into the Yellow River where the main stream bends from south to northeast—the History of Yuan's "Qilimachu River flowing north from north of Min Mountain northwest of Weimao." Dola Kundulun rises on Gangmao Mountain, flows northwest six hundred-odd li into the Yellow River where the main stream turns northwest at the foot of Wulan Mangnai Mountain—the History of Yuan's "seven hundred li northwest of Pengza Mountain, passing Zhasaitadi to join the river." After absorbing these three tributaries the Yellow River swells greatly; at Mount Wulan Mangnai it turns northwest for two hundred li, where the Little Haliutu River joins from the northeast. The Little Haliutu rises on Luciabula Mountain in the northeast in two branches, runs southwest a hundred li to merge, then west into the river, between the western pastures, Torghut lands to the south, and the Front Banner to the east. Front Left Wing Head Banner: descended from a grandson of Gushri Khan. Enfeoffed as Defender Prince in Kangxi year 43. Promoted to Prince of the State in Yongzheng year 1; granted the jasagh in year 3 with hereditary succession. Nine banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies on the south bank of the Datong River. Its bounds run east to Amudalai Terrace, south to Shaketu north of Gu'erban Tara, west to Qichachani Buchule, and north to Bayan Bulak. The Datong River rises at Nannuo'er south of Mount Amuni Niku in northwest Qinghai, flows southeast as the Wulanmulun River. Farther east the Ha'erhun River joins from the north. It winds northeast, receives a southern tributary, then northeast again as the Manchuka River joins from the northwest. It runs east past the great tribal mountains beyond Gansu, flows southeast eight hundred li, takes six northern and five southern tributaries, reaches south of West Datong Fort, joins the Huangshui, and enters the Yellow River—the ancient Hao'ai River. North of the river lies the West Right Wing Front Banner's pasture. West Rear Banner: descended from Gushri Khan. Enfeoffed as Defender Prince in Kangxi year 55. Granted the jasagh in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. Nine banner assistant commanders. Pasturage spans the Chaiji River, whose waters flow north into the salt lake. Its bounds run east to Xila Yanhaizi and Chahan Tuoluohai, south to Heyue'er Ba'erke, west to the Bulongji'er headwaters, and north to Guokutu'er and Xilakutu'er. The salt lake lies southwest of Qinghai, over a hundred li around, and yields blue salt. Its Mongol name is Dabuxun Nu'er. The Mohe'er River from Mount Xila Kut'er and the Chahan Usu River from Bulake flow westward together into this lake. It flows out southeast from the lake and meets the Barhu River from the west. After another seventy-odd li the Chaiji River joins from the southeast—the Salt River. It continues southeast and disappears into Gong'e Pool. Qinghai Mongols, Xining's soldiers and civilians, and all local Tibetan and Hui communities draw their salt from this source. North Right Wing Banner: descended from a grandson of Gushri Khan. Enfeoffed as Bulwark Duke of the State in Kangxi year 44. Promoted to Prince in Yongzheng year 1, later reduced to Gushan Beizi. Granted the jasagh in year 3, with hereditary succession. Six banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies on Qinghai's north shore. Its bounds run east to Shalahajier, south to Kukunuo'er Qijin, west to Chuiji Wulitu Ala'er, and north to Wulan Heshuo. The Yike Wulan Heshuo and Baha Wulan Heshuo rivers in the banner's west run south over a hundred li from Mount Kudeli northwest into Kukunuo'er. North Left Wing Banner: descended from a grandson of Gushri Khan. Enfeoffed as Bulwark Duke of the State in Kangxi year 44. Promoted to Gushan Beizi in Yongzheng year 1. Granted the jasagh in year 3, with hereditary succession. Three banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies on the south bank of the Bulongji'er River. Its bounds run east to Halanu'er, south to Ke'erluke, west to Woguotu'er, and north to Yike Chaidamu. The Wulan Usu River rises in the southeastern sands, runs northwest over five hundred li, and enters Dabuxun Nu'er. South Left Wing Rear Banner: descended from Gushri Khan. Enfeoffed as Bulwark Duke of the State in Kangxi year 50. Granted the jasagh in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. One banner assistant commander. Pasturage lies on the Datong River's south bank, directly north of Qinghai. Its bounds run east to Jigasutai Elanbulake, south to Heluohai, west to Buduktu Wulan Heshuo, and north to Qinghai. North Front Banner: descended from Gushri Khan. Enfeoffed as Bulwark Duke of the State in Kangxi year 50. Granted the jasagh in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. Two banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies on Qinghai's west shore. Its bounds run east to Ke'ite Tuoluohai, south to Chaiji Xibalitai, west to Cheji, and north to Hadatu. South Right Wing Rear Banner: descended from Gushri Khan. Enfeoffed as Bulwark Duke of the State in Kangxi year 50. Granted the jasagh in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. Four banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies on Qinghai's east shore. Its bounds run east to He'er, south to Hashatu, west to Halasubuluhan, and north to Kukunuo'er. The Kundulun River rises from the twin sources of Mount Chahan Ebotu, joins as one stream, and flows south into the Xining River. An imperial stele bearing Emperor Shizong's inscription stands on the banner boundary. West Right Wing Middle Banner: descended from Gushri Khan's elder brother. In Yongzheng year 3 he assumed leadership as chief jasagh among the banner princes and was granted First-class Taiji, with hereditary succession. One banner assistant commander. Pasturage spans the Qaidam River. Its bounds run east to the Nomuhan River, south to Nomuhan Mulu, west to Taolai, and north to Xileyuan. The Shuha River rises from a nameless lake west of the banner and disappears northwest into the desert sands. The Qaidam River rises north of Tuoxun Nu'er at its headwaters and flows west to Xilazhu'ergetala, where the Alake Nu'er joins from the east; the united stream runs northwest as the Gede'ergu, Wulan Usu, and Bulongji'er rivers enter from the east, then it turns west and sinks into the sands. West Right Wing Front Banner: descended from Gushri Khan. Granted the jasagh and First-class Taiji in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. Two banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies on the north bank of the Datong River. Its bounds run east to Chahan Erji Yong'an, south to Yuehukou, west to Qaidam Chahan Bayan Tuoluohai, and north to Xili Yong'an. South Right Wing Middle Banner: descended from Gushri Khan. Enfeoffed as Bulwark Duke of the State in Kangxi year 59. Granted the jasagh in Yongzheng year 3. Demoted to First-class Taiji in Qianlong year 40, with hereditary succession. Five banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies west of Luchabula Mountain. Its bounds run east to Kukewusong, south to Qiketeni Nu'er, west to Sengketu Muqi, and north to the western mountains of Kukewusong. Luchabula Mountain—formerly written Luochapla—is the Xiqing Mountain of the Tribute of Yu; also called Xijiang Mountain or Gangtai Mountain, it lies more than three hundred thirty li southwest of Taozhou Department. The Records of the Grand Historian, Annals of Xia, says "the nine mountains are tracked," and the Collected Glosses states "the nine mountains were anciently divided into three ranges; Ma Rong placed Xiqing in the middle range. Zheng Kangcheng divided them into four ranges, placing Qian in the yin range and Xiqing next in the yin range." The Book of Han, Treatise on Geography, for Lintao in Longxi Commandery, records: "Mount Xiqing of the Tribute of Yu lies west of the county." The History of the Northern Dynasties, Monograph on Tuyuhun, states: "Acha ascended Mount Xijiang to view the source of the Tao River." The Commentary on the Waterways Classic says: "East of the mountain lies the source of the Tao River. Gangtai is another name for Mount Xiqing." The Universal Geography records: "Mount Xiqing is today's Gangtai Mountain, more than three hundred sixty-six li southwest of Lintan County in Taozhou." The Yuanhe Gazetteer states: "Gangtai Mountain lies more than three hundred li southwest of Lintan County." The Comprehensive Gazetteer states: "Mount Xiqing—called Luochapula Mountain in the tribal tongue—lies on the east bank where the Yellow River turns from east to northwest, extending more than a thousand li. Of all mountains south of the Yellow River, none is greater. The Tao River rises here." South Left Wing Middle Banner: descended from Gushri Khan. Enfeoffed as Bulwark Duke of the State in Kangxi year 50, promoted to Beizi and Beile, later reduced to jasagh First-class Taiji with hereditary succession. Four banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies along the west bank of the Yellow River. The Qiaketu River enters from the southeast. Its bounds run east to Bahatu'ergen, south to A'ertan Guo'er, west to Yiketu'ergen, and north to Bahatu'ergen. The Qiaketu River lies more than six hundred li west of Taozhou Department on the Yellow River's east bank. Rising on Mount Yiketu'ergen, it flows northeast, turns north to join waters from Mount Bahatu'ergen, then northwest more than a hundred li until waters from Mount Yixike merge from the northeast; it then enters the Yellow River northwest. The Shuo'erhun River—formerly written Shuo'erguo'er—lies north of the Qiaketu River. Rising on Mount Gu'erbantu'erha, it gathers three small streams and flows northwest into the Yellow River. North Left Rear Banner: descended from Gushri Khan. Granted jasagh First-class Taiji in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. Four banner assistant commanders. Pasturage extends east to Chaijiqin. Its bounds run south to Yanhai, west to Hatang Heshuo, and north to Heteke. North Right Rear Banner: descended from Gushri Khan. Granted the jasagh and First-class Taiji in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. Two banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies west of Sharnuo'er at the Buka River headwaters. Its bounds run east to Se'erkeke Daba, south to Chahan Tuoluohai, west to Sa'erluk, and north to Ku'erluk. The Buka River lies west of Qinghai. Rising south of Mount Amuni'eku in Qinghai's northwest—called the Kalaxina River—it flows south to join the Ying'e Pool waters. The pool measures more than a hundred fifty li around; its waters flow southeast into the Kalaxina River. Flowing on southeast to north of Tianqin Chahan Peak, it meets the Sharnuo'er waters—the pool called Shanchi. Sharnuo'er measures more than sixty li around; its waters flow east to Tianqin Chahan Peak and join the Kalaxina River, which then flows east taking the Luozi and Xi'erha rivers from the north. Farther east it takes the Jilama'ertai River from the north and becomes the Buka River. It flows east into Qinghai. Receiving six major tributaries, it runs broad and deep—impassable in summer. Of all rivers on either side of Qinghai, none is larger. East Upper Banner: descended from Gushri Khan's grandson. Granted the jasagh and First-class Taiji in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. One banner assistant commander. Pasturage lies on Qinghai's northeast shore. Its bounds run east to Alalai Dabamulu, south to Chaiji, west to Qinghai, and north to Wu'erken Xibalitai. South Left Wing Subordinate Banner: descended from Gushri Khan. Granted Assistant Taiji in Yongzheng year 3. Promoted to jasagh First-class Taiji in year 9, with hereditary succession. Shares nine banner assistant commanders with the Front Left Wing Head Banner. Pasturage contains salt pools. Its bounds run east to Shalatu, south to Haidake, west to Nukesun Mountain Exiqi, and north to the Wulan Mo'er River. Southwest of Qinghai lies a salt pool more than a hundred li around, yielding green salt. The Chaiji River flows in from the southeast. South Left Wing Rear Banner: descended from Gushri Khan. Enfeoffed as Prince in Kangxi year 36, later stripped of his title. Granted the jasagh and First-class Taiji in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. Two banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies at the Boluochongkeke River headwaters. Its bounds run east to Nangjilitu Barbuha, south to the Tulugen River, west to Qiaketu North Mountain Mulu, and north to the Qiaketu River. The Boluochongkeke River—formerly written Boluochongkeke—is the ancient Huangshui, also called the Luodu River. Beyond Xining Prefecture's northwest border, east of Qinghai, it rises on Garsang Ridge—the Yuan people's Qilian Mountains, the Reshui Mountain of the Ming gazetteer. Three springs rise here—Yikewulagu'ertai, Tu'ergenwulagu'ertai, and Chahawulagu'ertai—uniting southward as the Boluochongkeke River. East at Buhutu Ridge, two springs also merge from the south as the Kundulun River, which flows southeast, joins the Bahatu River, and enters the Boluochongkeke River. Flowing farther southeast to south of Dongke'er Temple, the Tu'ergenchahan River merges from the southwest and the stream grows mighty. It turns east into Zhenhai Camp on the Xining border—the Xining River, that is, the Huangshui. It flows east more than three hundred li and south of Jiangtang Fort in Zhuanglang Garrison enters the Datong River. The Book of Han, Treatise on Geography, for Linqiang in Jincheng Commandery, records: "Northwest to beyond the passes lie the Queen Mother of the West's stone chamber, Immortal Sea, and Salt Pool; north is where the Huangshui rises; east to Yunwu it enters the river." The Commentary on the Waterways Classic says: "The Huangshui rises beyond the passes, runs east past the Queen Mother of the West's stone chamber, flows southeast past Longyi City—the ancient land of Xiling. Farther southeast, north of Beiqo Qiang Sea, lies a salt pool that the world calls Qinghai. It flows east past north of Huangzhong—the land of the Lesser Yuezhi. Farther east, it takes four tributaries on the right from four brooks and flows northeast into the Huangshui. Farther east, it runs past north of Chicheng and turns east, passes Rong Pass, takes the Qiang River on the right, runs east past north of old Linqiang County, and receives Luxi Creek. It continues east past south of old Linqiang New County, takes Liuxi, Fuliu, Shidu, and Li's four brooks on the right, and meets Linqiang Creek on the left. Farther east, the Longju River joins it. Farther east, the Changning River joins it. Farther east, the Niuxin River joins it. It passes north of Xiping city, runs east past south of Tulou, and takes the Five Springs on the right. Farther east it joins Conggu River on the right, runs east past north of Dongting, emerges east from Qi Pass, and flows east taking Qigu Changxi on the right and Ganyi River on the left. Farther east, the Anyi River joins it. It runs east past old Anyi County. Farther east it takes Yichun River on the left, then receives Leqie Creek. Farther east, Chengliu Valley River enters from the left; Dafu East and West Brooks join on the right as it flows east, and Qidun and Jigu rivers enter from the north. Farther east, the Tuna'gu and Changmen rivers flow in from the south. It runs east past south of Ledu, takes Laigu and Qijin on the right and Yangfei, Liuxi, and Xigu on the left, passes south of old Poqiang County, and receives Liugu River from the south and Poqiang River from the north. Farther east it passes north of Xiao Jinxing and joins the Hemen River—the Hao'ai River. It runs east past north of Yunwu County to Zhengbo Ford and joins the Jian River. It passes south of old Yunjie County, runs east through Zhiyang County, and receives the Nishui River. The Later Han Book commentary states: "The Huangshui is also called the Luodu River; it enters from the Tuyuhun frontier in the west, in present-day Huangshui County." The Yuanhe Gazetteer states: "The Huangshui is also called the Huang River, also called the Luodu River; it rises in the rugged mountains northeast of Qinghai, flows southeast, and enters the Yellow River southwest of Lanzhou." The Tang Book, Biography of Tibet, states: "The Huangshui reaches Meng Valley, arrives at Longquan, and joins the Yellow River." The Yuan History, Appendix on the River Source, states: "The Huangshui rises below the Qilian Mountains, flows due east more than a thousand li, enters the Hao'ai River, and joins the Yellow River." The register states: "The Xichuan River rises in the maritime tribal lands beyond the western frontier, flows east through Shixia into the border, reaches northwest of the garrison, receives the Beichuan River, joins the Nanchuan River farther east, and passing north of the city is called the Xining River. Farther northeast of the garrison it receives Shatang River, flows southeast past Nianbai Fort, and is called the Huang River. It flows southeast to the Zhuanglang Station border and joins the West Datong River. It joins the Zhuanglang River farther east and flows southeast into the Yellow River southwest of Lanzhou. The Beichuan River—tribal name Altan River—rises beyond the Xining border, runs north to Altan Mountain, flows south, takes two small tributaries, and enters the Beichuan River. Flowing south, it enters the northern Beichuan border within Xining. It flows southeast to south of Xining city and enters the Huang River. The Nanchuan River—tribal name Xilakute River—rises beyond the Xining border southwest at Xilakute Mountain, flows northeast, and enters the Huang River northwest of Xining city. The Kala River lies beyond the Xining border northwest, east of the Huang River; rising on Chahan Ebotu Ridge, taking two small tributaries, it flows southeast into the Xining border and after more than fifty li enters the Huang River. South Right Wing Rear Banner: descended from Gushri Khan. Enfeoffed as Bulwark Duke of the State in Kangxi year 36 and promoted to Gushan Bezi. Stripped of his title in Yongzheng year 1. Granted the jasagh and First-class Taiji in year 3, with hereditary succession. One banner assistant commander. Pasturage lies on the Yellow River's north bank; it includes Xini Nuo'er. Its bounds run east to Wulan Bulak, south to the Yellow River at Shuer Gule Ford, west to Xilazhu'erge West Mountain Mulu, and north to Bayan Bulak. Xini Nuo'er lies on the banner's eastern border; its south bank lies directly opposite where the Wulan River enters the Yellow River. From here the Yellow River turns north, runs east past north of Guide Department, and enters Xining Prefecture. West Right Wing Rear Banner: descended from Gushri Khan. Granted the jasagh and First-class Taiji in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. One banner assistant commander. Pasturage spans the Qaidam River. Its bounds run east to Xixi, south to Nuomenhan Mulu, west to Wulasitai, and north to Qaidam. West Left Wing Rear Banner: descended from Gushri Khan's younger brother. Granted the jasagh and First-class Taiji in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. One banner assistant commander. Pasturage spans the Qaidam River. Its bounds run east to Bayantuoluo Sea, south to Sangtuoluo Sea, west to Wu'ertu, and north to Manitu Shanatu.

青海綽羅斯部二旗：本準噶爾族。乾隆十九年，準噶爾平，其族遂微。附牧賽音諾顏部者曰額魯特。附牧青海者曰綽羅斯。轄旗二：南右翼頭旗，北中旗。北極高三十六度十八分。京師偏西十五度四十二分。南右翼頭旗準噶爾族。康熙四十二年封多羅貝勒。雍正元年晉郡王。三年授札薩克。乾隆三十年降貝勒，世襲。佐領四。牧地當青海東南岸。東至博爾巴齊他爾、察罕鄂博、哈拉烏素，南至固爾班他拉貢諾爾，西至窩爾登諾爾、伊克察罕哈達，北至青海。察罕陀羅海，南有巴顏淖爾，東北有蒙古圖布拉克，會東來二水，又東北有烏蘭布拉克。二水合流而西，會南來之巴顏淖爾水，為和爾必拉，北入青海。北中旗準噶爾族。康熙五十五年授公品級一等台吉兼札薩克。雍正三年晉輔國公。乾隆十五年晉固山貝子，世襲。佐領二有半。牧地在青海西北岸。東至濟爾瑪爾台，南至布喀沿。西至西爾哈落薩。北至濟爾瑪爾台。西爾哈河，西北出槐滿阿林，東南流，又有羅色河，西北出庫得里阿林，西南流來合，南入布喀河。又西北，濟爾瑪爾台河，屈曲南入布喀河，其南岸即和碩特北前旗也。

The Qinghai Choros Department, two banners: originally of the Dzungar people. In Qianlong year 19 the Dzungars were pacified and the clan thereafter declined. Those pasturing with the Sayin Noyan Department are called Olot. Those pasturing in Qinghai are called Choros. It governs two banners: the South Right Wing Head Banner and the North Central Banner. Northern latitude 36°18′. 15°42′ west of the capital. South Right Wing Head Banner: Dzungar people. Enfeoffed as Doroi Beile in Kangxi year 42. Promoted to Prince of the State in Yongzheng year 1. Granted the jasagh in year 3. Reduced to Beile in Qianlong year 30, with hereditary succession. Four banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies on Qinghai's southeast shore. Its bounds run east to Bo'erbaqita'er, Chahan Ebo, and Hala Wusu, south to Gu'erban Tala Gong Nuo'er, west to Wo'erdeng Nuo'er and Yike Chahan Hada, and north to Qinghai. At Chahan Tuoluo Sea, Bayannao'er lies to the south and Menggu Tubulak to the northeast, where two eastern streams meet; Wulan Bulak lies farther northeast. The two streams unite and flow west, meet the Bayannao'er waters from the south to form He'erbila, and enter Qinghai from the north. North Central Banner: Dzungar people. Granted First-class Taiji of ducal rank and the jasagh in Kangxi year 55. Promoted to Bulwark Duke of the State in Yongzheng year 3. Promoted to Gushan Bezi in Qianlong year 15, with hereditary succession. Two and a half banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies on Qinghai's northwest shore. Its bounds run east to Ji'erma'ertai and south to the Buka shore. West to Xi'erhaluosa. North to Ji'erma'ertai. The Xi'erha River rises northwest from Huaiman Forest and flows southeast; the Luose River rises northwest from Kuderia Forest, flows southwest to join it, and both enter the Buka River from the south. Farther northwest, the Ji'erma'ertai River winds south into the Buka River; its south bank is the Khoshut North Front Banner.

青海輝特部南一旗：姓伊克明安。有卓哩克圖和碩齊者，其子號青諾顏，游牧青海。雍正元年來降。三年，授札薩克一等台吉。九年，晉輔國公，世襲。佐領一。牧地當巴彥諾爾之南。東至巴彥諾爾東山木魯，南至窩蘭布拉克、僧里鄂博、哈立噶圖，西至博爾楚爾、哈立噶圖河，北至納蘭薩蘭。北極高三十六度十八分。京師偏西十五度四十二分。巴彥諾爾在青海東南，周四十餘里。水西北流出，屈曲三百數十里，入和爾必拉。

The Qinghai Khoit Department, one southern banner: of the Ik Minggan clan. One Zhuoliketu Khoshchi had a son styled Qing Noyan who pastured in Qinghai. He submitted in Yongzheng year 1. Granted the jasagh and First-class Taiji in year 3. Promoted to Bulwark Duke of the State in year 9, with hereditary succession. One banner assistant commander. Pasturage lies south of Bayannuo'er. Its bounds run east to Bayannuo'er East Mountain Mulu, south to Wolan Bulak, Sengli Ebo, and Haligatu, west to Bo'erchu'er and the Haligatu River, and north to Nalan Salan. Northern latitude 36°18′. 15°42′ west of the capital. Bayannuo'er lies southeast of Qinghai, measuring more than forty li around. Its waters flow out northwest, winding three hundred-odd li into He'erbila.

青海土爾扈特部四旗：元臣翁罕，數傳至博第蘇克，自稱青海土爾扈特台吉。順治八年始通貢。雍正三年，編轄旗四。北極高三十五度十五分。京師偏西十七度十五分。南中旗翁罕之裔。雍正三年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領四。牧地當登努爾特達巴罕之陽，東至果庫圖爾，南至果庫圖爾山木庫爾，西至庫克烏松，北至袞阿爾台。西旗翁罕之裔。雍正三年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領四。牧地在阿屯齊老圖，有阿勒淖爾泊。東至袞阿爾台，南至黃河，西至哈爾古爾希立，北至庫克烏蘇唐素楞。南前旗翁罕之裔。雍正元年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領一。牧地當大哈柳圖河之南，小哈柳圖河之北。東至古魯半博爾齊沙拉圖，南至黃河，西至宗科爾，北至恰克圖。大哈柳圖河，蒙古曰伊克哈柳圖，在洮州廳西六百餘里黃河北岸，源出納莫哈山烏蘭俄爾吉嶺，當布庫吉爾地。三源，東流百餘里，折而西南，合流，又西北流，入黃河。小哈柳圖河，源出魯察布拉山，二源，西南流百里合，又西入河。當旗境東。察漢諾們罕喇嘛游牧在旗境東北。南後旗翁罕之裔。雍正三年授札薩克一等台吉，世襲。佐領三。牧地當碩羅巴顏哈拉山之陽，曰鄂博圖。東至莫古立源，南至袞阿爾台，西至庫克烏松木魯，北至登納吉爾尼。薩爾哈布齊海河，自西來屈曲而南，有哈爾渾舍里小河，舊以為阿爾坦河，自北來會，合而南入黃河。呼呼烏蘇河，在阿爾坦河之西北，源出蘇羅達巴罕，南入黃河。

The Qinghai Torghut Department, four banners: the Yuan minister Ong Khan—after several generations Bodi Suq styled himself Qinghai Torghut Taiji. Tribute was first established in Shunzhi year 8. In Yongzheng year 3 four banners were placed under jurisdiction. Northern latitude 35°15′. 17°15′ west of the capital. South Central Banner: descended from Ong Khan. Granted the jasagh and First-class Taiji in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. Four banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies on the sunny side of Dengnu'erte Dabahan; its bounds run east to Guokutu'er, south to Guokutu'er Mountain Mukur, west to Kukewusong, and north to Gun'a'ertai. West Banner: descended from Ong Khan. Granted the jasagh and First-class Taiji in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. Four banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies at Adunqilaotu, where Ale Nao'er Marsh stands. Its bounds run east to Gun'a'ertai, south to the Yellow River, west to Ha'ergu'erxili, and north to Kukewusu Tang Suleung. South Front Banner: descended from Ong Khan. Granted the jasagh and First-class Taiji in Yongzheng year 1, with hereditary succession. One banner assistant commander. Pasturage lies between the Great Halut River to the south and the Lesser Halut River to the north. Its bounds run east to Gulu Ban Bo'erqi Shalatu, south to the Yellow River, west to Zongke'er, and north to Chaktu. The Great Halut River—called Yike Halut in Mongolian—lies more than six hundred li west of Taozhou Subprefecture on the Yellow River's north bank, rising from the Wulan'e'erji Ridge of Namoha Mountain in the Bukujier district. It has three sources; after flowing east for more than a hundred li it turns southwest, the streams unite, then run northwest into the Yellow River. The Lesser Halut River rises on Luchabula Mountain; its two sources flow southwest for a hundred li, merge, then turn west and enter the river. It lies in the eastern part of the banner territory. The Chahan Nomunhan Lama pastures in the banner's northeast. South Rear Banner: descended from Ong Khan. Granted the jasagh and First-class Taiji in Yongzheng year 3, with hereditary succession. Three banner assistant commanders. Pasturage lies on the sunny southern slope of Shuoluo Bayan Hala Mountain at a place called Ebotu. Its bounds run east to Moguliyuan, south to Gun'a'ertai, west to Kukewusong Mulu, and north to Dengnaji'erni. The Sarhabuqihai River comes from the west and winds southward; the small Harihunsheli River—formerly taken for the Altan River—joins from the north, and the united stream flows south into the Yellow River. The Huhu Usu River lies northwest of the Altan River, rises on Suoluodabahan, and enters the Yellow River from the south.

青海喀爾喀部一旗：南右一旗。元太祖之裔。徙牧青海，隸和碩特族。雍正元年來歸。編旗一。乾隆三年，授公中札薩克一等台吉。佐領一。牧地在青海南岸。東至察罕哈達，南至南山木魯，西至烏蘭布拉克，北至青海。北極高三十六度三十五分。京師偏西十六度三十二分。自東而西，有阿木尼塞爾沁阿林、伊克哈圖達巴罕、巴哈哈圖達巴罕、巴哈察罕哈達、伊克察罕哈達諸山。東有和爾河。西，札哈蘇太河。中，無名河六。俱北流入青海。達賴商上堪布喇嘛牧場在柴積河南。以上各部共二十九旗及察罕諾門為一盟，不設盟長，歸西寧辦事大臣統轄。

The Qinghai Khalkha Department, one banner: the South Right First Banner. Descended from Genghis Khan. They moved their herds to Qinghai and were placed under the Khoshut clan. They submitted in Yongzheng year 1. One banner was organized. Granted chief jasagh among the banner princes and First-class Taiji in Qianlong year 3. One banner assistant commander. Pasturage lies on Qinghai's south shore. Its bounds run east to Chahan Hada, south to Nanshan Mulu, west to Wulan Bulak, and north to Qinghai. Northern latitude 36°35′. 16°32′ west of the capital. From east to west lie the Amuni Sai'erqin Forest, Yike Hatudabahan, Bahahatu Dabahan, Bahacha Han Hada, Yike Chahan Hada, and other mountains. The He'er River lies to the east. To the west is the Zhahasutai River. In the center are six nameless rivers. All flow north into Qinghai. The Dalai Shang Khenpo Lama's pasture lies south of the Qaidam River. All the departments above—twenty-nine banners together with Chahan Nomen—form one league without a league chief and are supervised by the Xining Resident Minister.

土司青海所屬凡四十：玉樹四司。一司、二司在木魯烏蘇河東。三司、四司在河西。阿拉克碩二司、白利、阿薩克、阿永，在河南。尼牙木錯、固察、拉布，在河北。札武三司在河東。隆布、吹冷多爾多，在布壘、布楚兩河間。上格爾吉在布楚河西。中格爾吉、下格爾吉、哈爾受、隆壩二司、隆東綽火爾、覺巴拉、蘇爾莽、葉爾吉、列旺、安圖、興巴、拉爾吉，俱在河北。桑色爾、巴顏囊謙，在河南。洞巴在河西。蘇魯克在索克河南。稱多在瑪楚河西。蒙古爾津、永河普，在黃河西。二阿里克，在齊普河東。西北境有阿克達木山、巴薩通拉木山，皆長數百里。極西北二十里，有錫津烏藍拖羅海山，託克託乃烏藍木倫河出其西南。為勒科爾烏藍達布遜山。喀齊烏藍木倫河，東流八百餘里，會烏蘇河，以下通稱木魯烏蘇河。有阿克達木河，出阿克達木山，屈曲流七八百里，北注之。折北流，會託克託乃烏藍木倫河。又轉東，受南來之布輝伯河。又東，受南來大水二，入玉樹司界。折西南，有那木齊圖烏蘭木倫河，出瀚海地，東流千餘里，折南注之。又南折東，逕拉瑪察喀山，北受齊齊爾納河。又東南為布壘河，入四川雅州所屬土司界，是為金沙江上源。阿克河出巴薩通拉木山，南流折東入喀喇烏蘇河。河自前藏東流入境，行三百餘里，折南流，有索克河出阿克達木山西，屈曲東流八百里而南注之，仍南入前藏界。布楚河上源曰格爾吉河，出上格爾司境，東南流，逕各司南，至洞巴司西，折南入前藏界，是為瀾滄江上源。瑪楚河出固察司東，東南流，入雅州土司界，是為雅龍江上源。黃河發源巴顏喀喇山東麓，名阿爾坦河，東北流，匯為大澤，名鄂端諾爾，即星宿海也。又東貫查靈海，南入鄂靈海，會西來烏蘭河，至永河普司東，又折東入額魯特界。齊普河上源有二，曰圖聲圖河，曰得爾多河，北流而合，環阿里克境，西北入黃河。以上納賦於西寧辦事大臣。

Qinghai has forty native-official jurisdictions in all, beginning with the four Yushu offices. The First and Second Offices lie east of the Mulu Usu River. The Third and Fourth Offices lie west of the river. Alakeshuo (two offices), Baili, Asake, and Ayong lie south of the river. Niyamucuo, Gucha, and Labu lie north of the river. The three Zha'wu offices lie east of the river. Longbu and Chuilengduo'erduo lie between the Bulei and Buchu rivers. Shang Ge'erji lies west of the Buchu River. Zhong Ge'erji, Xia Ge'erji, Ha'ershou, the two Longba offices, Longdong Chuo Huo'er, Juebala, Su'ermang, Ye'erji, Liewang, Antu, Xingba, and La'erji all lie north of the river. Sangse'er and Bayannangqian lie south of the river. Dongba lies west of the river. Suluke lies south of the Suoke River. Chengduo lies west of the Machu River. Menggu'erjin and Yonghepu lie west of the Yellow River. The two Alrike offices lie east of the Qipu River. On the northwestern frontier stand Akedamu Mountain and Basatonglaimu Mountain, each running for several hundred li. Twenty li from the extreme northwest lies Xijin Wulan Tuoluo Hai Mountain, from whose southwest the Tuoketuonai Wulan Mulun River issues. This is Leke'er Wulan Dabuxun Mountain. The Qaji Wulan Mulun River flows east for more than eight hundred li, joins the Usu River, and below their confluence is generally known as the Mulu Usu River. The Akedamu River rises on Akedamu Mountain, winds seven or eight hundred li, and enters it from the north. It turns north and meets the Tuoketuonai Wulan Mulun River. Turning east again, it receives the Buhuibo River from the south. Farther east it receives two great streams from the south and enters Yushu office territory. Turning southwest, the Namuqitu Wulan Mulun River rises in desert country, flows east for more than a thousand li, then turns south and joins it. It turns south and then east, passes Lama Chaka Mountain, and receives the Qiqierna River from the north. Farther southeast it becomes the Bulei River, enters native-official territory under Sichuan's Ya Prefecture, and forms the upper source of the Jinsha River. The Ake River rises on Basatonglaimu Mountain, flows south, turns east, and enters the Kala Usu River. The river enters from eastern Front Tibet, runs more than three hundred li, then turns south; the Suoke River rises west of Akedamu Mountain, winds east for eight hundred li and joins it from the south, then continues south back into Front Tibet. The Buchu River's upper source, the Ge'erji River, rises in Upper Ge'er office territory, flows southeast past the south of each office, reaches west of the Dongba office, turns south into Front Tibet, and forms the upper source of the Lancang River. The Machu River rises east of the Gucha office, flows southeast into Ya Prefecture native-official territory, and forms the upper source of the Yalong River. The Yellow River rises on the eastern slopes of Mount Bayan Khara as the Altan River; flowing northeast, it gathers into the great marsh of Eduan Nuo'er—the Sea of the Constellations. Farther east it runs through Zhaling Sea and south into Eling Sea, meets the Wulan River from the west, reaches east of the Yonghepu office, then turns east again into Olot territory. The Qipu River has two upper sources—the Tushengtu River and the De'erduo River—which flow north, unite, encircle Alrike territory, and enter the Yellow River from the northwest. All of the above render tribute levies to the Xining Resident Minister.

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