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志五十五
Treatise 55
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地理二十七
Geography 27
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西藏
Tibet
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西藏：禹貢三危之地。 在四川、雲南徼外，至京師萬有四千餘里。 周為西戎，漢為西羌。 唐為吐蕃，其君長號贊普。 至宋朝貢不絕。 元憲宗始於河州置吐蕃宣慰司都元帥府，四川徼外置碉門、魚通、黎雅、長河、西寧等處宣撫司。 世祖時，復置烏斯藏，郡縣其地。 明為烏斯藏，賜封號，設指揮、宣慰等司，以示羈縻。 宣德、成化間，又累加封號。 其地有僧號達賴喇嘛，居拉薩之布達拉廟，號為前藏； 有班禪喇嘛，居日喀則城之札什倫布廟，號為後藏。 太宗崇德七年，有達賴喇嘛及班禪，重譯來貢。 未幾，為蒙古顧實汗所據。 四傳至曾孫拉藏汗，而準噶爾並之。 康熙五十九年，官兵西討，殲偽藏王，以西藏地賜達賴喇嘛，使蒙古舊臣頗羅鼐等五人分守。 乾隆四年，敕封頗羅鼐為郡王，領藏事。 至其子襲封，以罪誅，遂除西藏王爵。 所有輔國公三，一等台吉一，噶布倫四，戴琫五，碟巴三，堪布一。 設駐藏辦事、幫辦大臣，分駐前後藏以轄之。 其俗稱國曰圖伯特，又曰唐古忒。 近因藏民不遵光緒十六年與英所定條約，辱其邊務大臣，致英兵入拉薩，要挾西藏立約十條，主權盡失。 光緒三十一年，特派員至印度與英協商，其新改條約：一，西藏路礦電線，由中、英兩國妥議辦理，他國不得干預； 二，西藏用人權，概歸英員與駐藏大臣會議辦理； 三，西藏有亂，中政府須與英協商後派兵彈壓； 四，西藏增設商埠，由中、英兩國會同辦理； 五，西藏土地，非得中、英兩國承辦，不得租借轉賣。 據條約觀之，西藏蓋為兩屬之國矣。
Tibet was the region of Sanwei recorded in the Tribute of Yu. It lies beyond the borders of Sichuan and Yunnan, more than fourteen thousand li from the capital. Under the Zhou it was known as the Western Rong; under the Han, as the Western Qiang. In the Tang it was Tubo, and its chieftain was called zanpu. Through the Song dynasty tribute never ceased. In the Yuan, Emperor Xianzong first established the Tubo Pacification Commissioner's Office and Grand Marshal's Headquarters at Hezhou, and beyond the Sichuan frontier set up pacification commissions at Diaomen, Yutong, Liya, Changhe, Xining, and elsewhere. Under Shizu, Wusizang was restored and the territory was brought under prefectural and county administration. In the Ming it was Wusizang; honorific titles were granted and command, pacification, and other offices were established as a form of loose-rein control. During the Xuande and Chenghua reigns, additional titles were repeatedly bestowed. The territory has a monk known as the Dalai Lama, who lives at the Potala Temple in Lhasa and is called Front Tibet; and the Panchen Lama, who resides at the Tashilhunpo Temple in Shigatse and is called Rear Tibet. In the seventh year of Chongde under Taizong, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen presented tribute with a fresh translation of the scriptures. Before long the region was seized by the Mongol Güshi Khan. After four generations, when the great-grandson Lha-bzang Khan ruled, the Dzungars annexed the territory. In the fifty-ninth year of Kangxi, government forces campaigned westward, destroyed the false king of Tibet, granted Tibetan territory to the Dalai Lama, and assigned five former Mongol officials including Polhané to share in its defense. In the fourth year of Qianlong, Polhané was enfeoffed as a commandery prince and put in charge of Tibetan affairs. When his son inherited the title he was executed for a crime, and the princely rank of Tibet was abolished. The establishment included three fuguo gong, one first-rank taiji, four kaloṇ, five taibe, three díba, and one khenpo. Resident commissioners for Tibet and assistant commissioners were appointed, stationed in Front and Rear Tibet respectively to govern the region. In local usage the country is called Tubote, also known as Tangut. Recently, because Tibetans failed to observe the treaty concluded with Britain in the sixteenth year of Guangxu and insulted the frontier affairs commissioner, British forces entered Lhasa and compelled Tibet to agree to a ten-article treaty by which sovereignty was entirely lost. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu an envoy was specially sent to India to negotiate with Britain; under the revised treaty: first, roads, mines, and telegraph lines in Tibet shall be arranged by agreement between China and Britain, and no other country may intervene; second, the power to appoint officials in Tibet shall in general be exercised jointly by British officials and the resident commissioner for Tibet; third, if unrest breaks out in Tibet, the Chinese government must consult with Britain before sending troops to suppress it; fourth, additional trading ports in Tibet shall be established jointly by China and Britain; fifth, Tibetan land may not be leased or sold except with the joint approval of China and Britain. Judging from these treaty provisions, Tibet had effectively become a country under dual suzerainty.
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境內分四部：曰衛，曰康，曰藏，曰阿里。 東界四川，東南界雲南，西界西域回部大沙海，北界青海及回部。 廣六千餘里，袤五千餘里。 北極高三十度三十五分，京師偏西二十四度十五分。
Within its borders the territory is divided into four parts: Wei, Kang, Zang, and Ali. It borders Sichuan to the east, Yunnan to the southeast, the great desert sea of the Muslim Western Regions to the west, and Qinghai and the Muslim frontier to the north. It measures more than six thousand li across and more than five thousand li from north to south. Its latitude is 30°35′ N; it lies 24°15′ west of the capital meridian.
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衛：一曰前藏，即古之危，亦稱中藏，即烏斯藏也。 乾隆十五年，設大臣鎮守。 其城曰布達拉城。 有坐床，為達賴喇嘛所駐，協理藏事。 東界喀木，西界後藏，南界不丹，北界青海及新疆。 轄城二十八。 喇薩城即布達拉，在打箭爐西北三千四百八十里。 札什城在喇薩南七里。 德慶城在喇薩東南三十八里。 柰布東城在喇薩東南二百二十里。 桑里城在喇薩東南二百五十一里。 垂佳普郎城在喇薩東南二百六十里。 野而古城在喇薩東南三百一十里。 達克匝城在喇薩東南三百三十七里。 則庫城在喇薩東南三百四十里。 滿撮納城在喇薩東南四百四十里。 拉巴隨城在喇薩東南四百四十里。 札木達城在喇薩東南五百四十里。 達喇馬宗城在喇薩東南五百六十里。 古魯納木吉牙城在喇薩東南六百二十里。 碩噶城在喇薩東南六百四十里。 硃木宗城在喇薩東南七百五十里。 東順城在喇薩東南七百七十里。 則布拉岡城在喇薩東南八百七十里。 納城在喇薩東南九百六十里。 吉尼城在喇薩東南九百八十里。 日噶牛城在喇薩西南三十里。 楚舒爾城在喇薩西南百十五里。 日喀爾城在喇薩西南百二十里。 公喀爾城在喇薩西南百四十里，為衛地最大之城。 岳吉牙來雜城在喇薩西南三百三十里。 多宗城在喇薩西南四百二十里。 僧格宗城在喇薩西南四百三十里。 董郭爾城在喇薩西二十五里。 第巴達克匝城在喇薩東北九十二里。 倫硃布宗城在喇薩東北一百二十里。 墨魯恭噶城在喇薩東北百五十里。 蓬多城在喇薩東北百七十里。 設大汛為護防。 藏地凡大汛四，一在前藏城，一在後藏。 又台站二，自打箭爐至此有站五。 魚通即打箭爐、里塘、巴塘，均屬四川有。 前藏者二。 曰察木多，曰拉里。 城西南：巴則山。 西：招拉筆洞山。 又布達拉山，高百餘丈。 又西：東噶爾山，高約四百餘丈，為西藏要隘。 南：牛魔山，高二百餘丈。 東北：郎路山、薩木多嶺。 北：布克沙克河，源出噶爾占古察嶺，南流，西合沙克河。 又東南流，西受庫蘭河，北受布克河。 又東南，入喀喇烏蘇。 雅魯藏布江，即大金沙江，古之跋布川也。 源出藏西界卓書特部西北達木楚克哈巴布山，三源，俱東北流而合，折東流，枯木岡前山水自西南來會。 又東北，江加蘇木拉河自西北沙苦牙拉麻拉山東南流來會。 又東，阿拉楚河北自沙拉木岡前山水會而南流，又東稍北，拉烏克藏布必拉自東北桑里池西南流，合數水來會。 又東南，郭永河自東南昂則嶺東北流，合數水來會。 又東，薩楚藏布河自東北合諸水來會。 又東，甕出河、式爾的河、滿楚藏布河、薩克藏布河，合諸水來會。 又東南，加木租池水北自章阿布林城合東一水南流來注之。 又東南，受西南來一水，又正北流，折向西北，受西北隆左池水。 又東北，莽噶拉河南自那拉古董察山來注之。 又東北，鍾里山水自東南來注之。 又東北，經章拉則城北，又東北，鄂宜楚藏布河自西北札木楚克池合諸水東南流來注之。 又北流，戒忒楚河、札克北朋楚河自北來注之。 又東南，會薩普楚河。 又東逕普冬廟前，烏雨克河自拉公山來注之。 又東過薩喇硃噶鐵索橋，逕林奔城北，龍前河自南合二水來注之。 又東北，捏木河自西北來注之。 折東南流，逕拜的城北岸山北，受西北來一小水，東北過鐵索橋，逕楚舒爾城南，東南至日喀爾公喀爾城北，噶爾招木倫江自東北合諸水，西南流逕衛地喇薩來會，疑即古吐蕃之臧河也。 雅魯藏布江既會噶爾招木倫江，東南流，至打格布衣那城北，共八百里。 年褚河自北合諸水來會。 又東經叉母哈廟北，受東北薩母龍拉嶺水，南流入羅喀布占國。 穆楚河合柰楚河，南流入哲孟雄。 滕格里池，在境西北，藏地日喀則城東北，隔山即潞江源之布喀諸池。 其北隔山即大流沙也。 池廣六百餘里，周一千餘里，東西甚長，南北稍狹，蒙古呼天為「滕格里」，言水色同天青。 其東有三水流入，皆名查哈蘇太河。 西有二水流入，北曰羅薩河，南曰打爾古藏布河，合西來數池水，東流入此池。 次曰牙母魯克於木卒池，中有三山，水成五色。 曰馬品木達賴池，郎噶池，即狼楚河也。 次曰布喀池，潞江源也。 東噶爾山上有關。
Wei: one division is Front Tibet, the ancient land of Wei, also called Central Tibet—that is, Wusizang. In the fifteenth year of Qianlong a resident commissioner was appointed to guard the region. Its principal city is Potala City. There is a throne seat where the Dalai Lama resides and assists in the administration of Tibetan affairs. It borders Kham to the east, Rear Tibet to the west, Bhutan to the south, and Qinghai and Xinjiang to the north. It administers twenty-eight cities. Lhasa City is Potala, lying three thousand four hundred eighty li northwest of Dajianlu. Zhashi City lies seven li south of Lhasa. Deqing City lies thirty-eight li southeast of Lhasa. Naibudong City lies two hundred twenty li southeast of Lhasa. Sangli City lies two hundred fifty-one li southeast of Lhasa. Chuijiapulang City lies two hundred sixty li southeast of Lhasa. Ye'ergu City lies three hundred ten li southeast of Lhasa. Dakeza City lies three hundred thirty-seven li southeast of Lhasa. Zeku City lies three hundred forty li southeast of Lhasa. Manzhuona City lies four hundred forty li southeast of Lhasa. Labasui City lies four hundred forty li southeast of Lhasa. Zhamuda City lies five hundred forty li southeast of Lhasa. Dalimazong City lies five hundred sixty li southeast of Lhasa. Gulunamujiya City lies six hundred twenty li southeast of Lhasa. Shuoga City lies six hundred forty li southeast of Lhasa. Zhumuzong City lies seven hundred fifty li southeast of Lhasa. Dongshun City lies seven hundred seventy li southeast of Lhasa. Zebulagang City lies eight hundred seventy li southeast of Lhasa. Na City lies nine hundred sixty li southeast of Lhasa. Jini City lies nine hundred eighty li southeast of Lhasa. Riganiu City lies thirty li southwest of Lhasa. Chushu'er City lies one hundred fifteen li southwest of Lhasa. Rika'er City lies one hundred twenty li southwest of Lhasa. Gongka'er City lies one hundred forty li southwest of Lhasa and is the largest city in the Wei region. Yuejiyalaiza City lies three hundred thirty li southwest of Lhasa. Duozong City lies four hundred twenty li southwest of Lhasa. Senggezong City lies four hundred thirty li southwest of Lhasa. Dongguo'er City lies twenty-five li west of Lhasa. Dibadakeza City lies ninety-two li northeast of Lhasa. Lunzhubuzong City lies one hundred twenty li northeast of Lhasa. Molugongga City lies one hundred fifty li northeast of Lhasa. Pengduo City lies one hundred seventy li northeast of Lhasa. A major garrison post was established for defense. Throughout Tibetan territory there are four major garrison posts in all, one in Front Tibet and one in Rear Tibet. There are also two relay stations; five stations lie along the route from Dajianlu to this point. Yutong comprises Dajianlu, Litang, and Batang, all of which belong to Sichuan. In Front Tibet there are two. They are Chamdo and Lhari. Southwest of the city: Mount Baze. To the west: Mount Zhaolabidong. Also Mount Potala, rising more than one hundred zhang. Farther west: Mount Dongga'er, about four hundred zhang high, a strategic pass of Tibet. To the south: Mount Niumo, more than two hundred zhang high. To the northeast: Mount Langlu and Samduo Ridge. To the north: the Bukeshake River rises from Ga'erzhangucha Ridge, flows south, and joins the Shake River from the west. It continues southeast, receiving the Kulan River from the west and the Buke River from the north. It continues southeast and enters the Kala Wusu. The Yarlung Tsangpo River is the great Jinsha River, known in antiquity as the Babu River. It rises at Damuchukehababu Mountain northwest of the Zhuoshute Department on Tibet's western frontier; three headstreams flow northeast and merge, then turn east, where the Kumugangqianshan River joins from the southwest. Farther northeast, the Jiangjiasumula River flows southeast from Shakuyalama Mountain in the northwest to join it. Farther east, the Alachu River's northern branch joins the Shalamugangqianshan River and flows south; farther east and slightly north, the Lawukezangbubila flows southwest from Sangli Pool in the northeast, merging with several tributaries. Farther southeast, the Guoyong River flows northeast from Angze Ridge in the southeast, merging with several tributaries. Farther east, the Sachuzangbu River joins from the northeast, having gathered several tributaries. Farther east, the Wengchu, Shierde, Manchuzangbu, and Sakazangbu rivers join it, each having gathered tributaries along the way. Farther southeast, the northern outlet of Jiamuzu Pool flows south from Zhang'abulin City, merging with an eastern stream flowing south to feed the main river. Farther southeast, it receives a stream from the southwest, then flows due north, turns northwest, and receives the waters of Longzuo Pool from the northwest. Farther northeast, the Manggala River enters from the south, flowing down from Nalagudongcha Mountain. Farther northeast, the Zhonglishan River joins from the southeast. Farther northeast, it passes north of Zhanglaze City; farther northeast, the Eyichuzangbu River flows southeast from Zhamuchuke Pool in the northwest, having gathered several tributaries, and joins the main stream. It continues northward, receiving the Jietechu River and Zhakebeipengchu River from the north. Farther southeast it joins the Sapuchu River. Farther east it passes before Pudong Temple, where the Wuyuke River joins from Lagong Mountain. Farther east it crosses the Salazhuga iron-chain bridge, passes north of Linben City, and the Longqian River joins from the south, having merged two tributaries. Farther northeast, the Niemu River joins from the northwest. It turns southeast, passes north of the mountains along Baidi City's northern bank, receives a small stream from the northwest, crosses an iron-chain bridge to the northeast, passes south of Chushu'er City, and reaches north of Rika'er Gongka'er City; the Ga'erzhaomulun River, having gathered tributaries from the northeast, flows southwest through the Wei region of Lhasa to join it—likely the ancient Zang River of Tubo. After the Yarlung Tsangpo joins the Ga'erzhaomulun River, it flows southeast to north of Dagebuyina City, covering eight hundred li in all. The Nianchu River joins from the north, having gathered several tributaries. Farther east it passes north of Chamuha Temple, receives waters from Samulongla Ridge in the northeast, and flows south into the country of Luobuzhan. The Muchu River joins the Naichu River and flows south into Zhemengxiong. Tenggeli Pool lies in the northwest of the territory, northeast of Shigatse City in Tibetan lands; beyond the mountains lie the Buka pools that form the source of the Lujiang. To its north, beyond the mountains, lies the great shifting desert. The pool measures more than six hundred li across and over one thousand li in circumference, very long east to west and somewhat narrower north to south; Mongols call heaven tenggeli, saying the water's color matches the blue of the sky. On its east three rivers flow in, all called the Chahasutai River. On its west two rivers flow in: the Luosa River to the north and the Da'erguzangbu River to the south; they merge with waters from several western pools and flow east into this lake. Next is Yamulukeyumuzu Pool, which contains three mountains and whose waters display five colors. Known as Mapinmudalai Pool and Langga Pool—the latter being the Langchu River. Next is Buka Pool, the source of the Lujiang. Dongga'er Mountain has a strategic pass.
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康：一曰喀木。 要寨曰察木多。 在前藏東千二百五十里，東界四川，南界珞瑜境及英屬阿薩密，西界衛地，北界青海。 喀木今曰昌都，亦稱前藏，本屬呼圖克圖。 康熙五十八年始納款。 設台站，置糧員一。 有土城。 西南有羅隆宗、舒班多、達隆宗，西北有類伍齊等部落，其南有乍丫。 康熙五十八年招撫。 又南有江卡，雍正元年招撫，設有官寨。 東：達蓋喇山、沖得喇山。 南：安靜大山，與川、滇分界。 西：嘉松古木山。 東南：奪布喇山、鼎各喇山。 西南：魚別喇山、里角大山，冬春積雪。 又巴貢山、蒙堡山、擦瓦山、雲山、雪山、白奪山、納奪山、黃雲山、隱山、喇貢山。 東有列木喇嶺。 羅隆宗東有得貢喇山，山勢陡峻。 西：得噶喇山。 舒班多東有章喇山。 西南：吾抵喇山、巴喇山。 西：朔馬喇山，即賽瓦合山。 達隆宗西有必達喇山，沙貢喇山、魯貢喇山，兩山相連。 類伍齊西南有瓦合大山，山大而峻，冬春積雪。 又有擦噶喇山、葉達喇山。 察木多左有昂楮河，源出中壩，因通雲南，亦名雲河。 右有雜楮河，源出九茹，因通四川，亦名川河。 二水合流，入雲南。 瀾滄江二源，一源發於匝坐里岡城西北格爾吉匝噶那山，名匝楚河，一源發於匝坐里岡城西北巴喇克拉丹蘇克山，名鄂穆楚河，俱東南流，至匝坐里岡城東北察木多廟前，二水合流，名拉楚河，南流至包敦入乍丫。 又南流至察瓦寺，甲倉河東北來會。 又東南，左受色爾恭河，折南流，至角占，受左貢河。 又東南流，逕茶利大雪山入雲南，始名瀾滄江。 潞江在瀾滄西，發源於衛地之布喀大澤，淵澄黝黑，又多伏流，蒙古呼黑為「喀喇」，水為「烏蘇」，故名喀喇烏蘇。 逕拉薩北，有池名布喀，橢圜形，廣六十里，袤一百五十里，從此池西北流出，入額爾吉根池，轉東北，入衣達池，又折東南流，入喀喇池。 三池俱縱廣五六十里。 中有三山，四池環抱。 復從喀喇池東南出，納布倫河，又東受北來二小水，折南轉東，至喀喇烏蘇，為西寧進藏大道，皮船為渡。 轉東北流，逕蒙古三十九族地，至伊庫山，沙克河西北來會。 又東北流，逕蘇圖克土司，索克河自北來會。 折南流，左右各受一小水，轉西南會衛楚河。 折而東，受雄楚河。 又東納沙隆錫河，轉東南流，類烏齊河自北來會。 又東南逕必蚌山，至嘉玉橋，為滇、蜀入藏之大道。 又東南流，江陽為巴克碩游牧，江陰為波密野番。 又東南流，逕桑昂曲宗入江卡。 江之外為怒夷，故名怒江。 又東南，入雲南維西廳，折而南下，逕雲龍州西徼，右納扞江，入保山乃名潞江。 南流逕潞江安撫司。 又南流少東，左納沙河，轉西南至遮放土司，從此出滇境入緬甸。 羅隆宗西有偶楮河，源出噶爾藏骨岔海子，海合瀾滄江南峽。 隆喜楮河源出噶喇山，東流，合偶楮河。 舒班多有納碩布楚河，源出中義溝，北流，逕舒班多城西，合三溪，東北流，入喀喇烏蘇。 又柱嗎郎錯河，源出噶喇山，胄楮河，源出吾抵山，均流歸偶楮河。 達隆宗北有撒楮河，源出朔馬喇山。 東南：邊楮河，流合胄楮河。 有俄楮河，源出沙貢喇山，流合葉楮河。 類烏齊東北有扎楮河，即昂楮河下流。 乍丫有勒楮河，源出昂喇山。 樂楮河，源出作喇山。 又有甲倉河，源出官角，西南流，逕草里工，又西南，至洛隆宗，合洛楚河，又西南至乍丫寺前。 與猛楚河合。 有色楮河，源出上納，奪流入察木多大河。
Kang: one division is Kham. Its principal stronghold is Chamdo. It lies one thousand two hundred fifty li east of Front Tibet, bordering Sichuan to the east, the Luoyu region and British Assam to the south, the Wei territory to the west, and Qinghai to the north. Kham is now called Changdu, also known as Front Tibet; it originally belonged to a khutukhtu. In the fifty-eighth year of Kangxi it first submitted to the court. Relay stations were established and one grain officer was appointed. It has an earthen walled city. To the southwest lie Luolongzong, Shubanduo, and Dalongzong; to the northwest are tribes such as Leiwuqi; to its south is Zhaya. In the fifty-eighth year of Kangxi they were brought under imperial control. Farther south is Jiangka, brought under control in the first year of Yongzheng, where an official stockade was established. To the east: Mount Dagaila and Mount Chongdela. To the south: the great Anjing Mountain, which forms the boundary with Sichuan and Yunnan. To the west: Mount Jiasonggumu. To the southeast: Mount Duobula and Mount Dinggela. To the southwest: Mount Yubiela and the great Lijiao Mountain, snow-covered through winter and spring. Also Mount Bagong, Mount Mengbao, Mount Cawa, Mount Yun, Mount Xue, Mount Baiduo, Mount Naduo, Mount Huangyun, Mount Yin, and Mount Lagong. To the east lies Liemula Ridge. East of Luolongzong stands Mount Degongla, whose slopes are steep and precipitous. To the west: Mount Degala. East of Shubanduo lies Mount Zhangla. To the southwest: Mount Wudila and Mount Bala. To the west: Mount Shuomala, also known as Mount Saiwahe. West of Dalongzong are Mount Bidaola, Mount Shagongla, and Mount Lugongla, the last two linked together. Southwest of Leiwuqi stands the great Wahe Mountain, large and precipitous, snow-covered through winter and spring. There are also Mount Cagala and Mount Yedala. To the left of Chamdo is the Angchu River, rising from Zhongba; because it leads to Yunnan it is also called the Yun River. To the right is the Zazhu River, rising from Jiuru; because it leads to Sichuan it is also called the Chuan River. The two rivers merge and flow into Yunnan. The Lancang River has two sources: one rises northwest of Zazuoligang City at Ge'erjizhagana Mountain and is called the Zachu River; the other rises northwest of Zazuoligang City at Balakeladansuke Mountain and is called the Emuchu River; both flow southeast to Chamdo Temple northeast of Zazuoligang City, where they merge as the Lachu River and flow south to Baodun and into Zhaya. It continues south to Chawa Temple, where the Jiacang River joins from the northeast. Farther southeast it receives the Se'ergong River on the left, turns south to Jiaozhan, and receives the Zuogong River. It continues southeast, passes the great Chali Snow Mountain, enters Yunnan, and is first called the Lancang River. The Lujiang lies west of the Lancang, rising from the great Buka marsh in the Wei territory; its waters are deep, clear, and dark, with many underground channels; Mongols call black kala and water usu, hence the name Kala Usu. It passes north of Lhasa, where there is an oval pool called Buka, sixty li wide and one hundred fifty li long; from this pool it flows northwest into E'erjigen Pool, turns northeast into Yida Pool, then turns southeast into Kala Pool. All three pools measure fifty or sixty li in length and breadth. Three mountains stand within, embraced by four pools. It emerges southeast from Kala Pool, receives the Bulun River, then two small streams from the north, turns south and east to Kala Usu—the main road from Xining into Tibet, where hide boats serve as ferries. It turns northeast, passes through the territory of the Mongol thirty-nine tribes to Yiku Mountain, where the Shake River joins from the northwest. It continues northeast, passes the Sutuke chieftaincy, and the Suoke River joins from the north. It turns south, receives a small stream on each side, turns southwest, and joins the Weichu River. It turns east and receives the Xiongchu River. Farther east it receives the Shalongxi River, turns southeast, and the Leiwuqi River joins from the north. Farther southeast it passes Bibang Mountain to Jiayu Bridge, the main route from Yunnan and Sichuan into Tibet. It continues southeast; the sunny bank is Bakshuo nomadic pasture, the shady bank the wild tribes of Bomi. It continues southeast, passes Sang'angquzong, and enters Jiangka. Beyond the river live the Nu tribes, hence its name, the Nu River. Farther southeast it enters Weixi Subprefecture in Yunnan, turns south, passes the western frontier of Yunlong Prefecture, receives the Han River on the right, and upon reaching Baoshan is named the Lujiang. It flows south past the Lujiang Pacification Commission. It continues south slightly east, receives the Sha River on the left, turns southwest to Zhefang Chieftaincy, and from there leaves Yunnan and enters Burma. West of Luolongzong is the Ouchu River, rising from the Ga'ercanggucha lake, which connects to the southern gorge of the Lancang. The Longxichu River rises from Gala Mountain, flows east, and joins the Ouchu River. At Shubanduo is the Nashuobuchu River, rising from Zhongyigou, flowing north past the west of Shubanduo City, merging three streams, and flowing northeast into Kala Usu. Also the Zhumaolangcuo River rises from Gala Mountain, and the Zhouzhu River from Wudi Mountain; both flow into the Ouchu River. North of Dalongzong is the Sazhu River, rising from Shuomala Mountain. To the southeast: the Bianzhu River flows and joins the Zhouzhu River. There is the Ezhu River, rising from Shagongla Mountain, which flows and joins the Yezhu River. Northeast of Leiwuqi is the Zhazhu River, the lower course of the Angchu River. At Zhaya is the Lezhu River, rising from Angla Mountain. The Lezhu River rises from Zuola Mountain. Also the Jiacang River rises from Guanjiao, flows southwest past Caoligong, continues southwest to Luolongzong, joins the Luochu River, and continues southwest to Zhaya Temple. It joins the Mengchu River. There is the Sezhu River, rising from Shangna, which cuts across and enters the great Chamdo River.
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拉里：一名喇里。 在前藏東五百九十里，察木多西六百六十里，達隆宗西北。 康熙五十五年，其地有黑喇嘛，附於準噶爾。 尋討平之，以地屬前藏。 設台站，置糧員一。 無城。 西南有工布江達。 江達稱沃壤。 亦平西藏時就撫。 又其南有達克，東北有西藏大臣所屬三十九土司。 亦有入甘肅西寧界者，皆喀喇烏蘇番眾也。 拉里有拉里大山，勢如龍，上下險峻，四時積雪。 西南有瓦子山，番人呼為卓拉大山，延亙數百里，多積雪。 江達西有鹿馬嶺，高約四十里，為西藏要隘。 拉里東有同妥楮河，源出魯貢喇山，流合得楮河。 有熱水塘，四時常溫，番人呼為擦楮卡。 江達有岡布藏布河，自衛地東納東北察拉嶺水，又東南，有危楚河自東北來會。 又東南，有牛楚河自西北來會。 東流過打克拉崩橋，又東，受東北二水，又南，逕的牙爾山西，入岡布部落。 至撇皮唐他拉東喀木境內，有薄藏布河自東北來會，土人曰喀克布必拉。 逕噶克布衣書里東城西，又南，逕塞母龍拉嶺東，朵格拉岡里山西，出岡布境。 逕公拉岡里山西，又南入羅喀布占國，下流入雅魯藏布江。 匝楚藏布江，即年渚必拉江，源出沙羽克岡拉山，即喀爾靼廟東南山也。 有水東流，曰馬木楚河，與南來巴拉嶺之巴隆楚河會。 又東北，與北來烏山之烏斯江會。 又東，逕鹿馬嶺，至順達，有水曰佳囊河，發源過拉松多，東南流，逕江達城東，折而南流，合東二小水來會。 又東南曲曲流，至工布什噶城南，有水東北自巴麻穆池南流，合東一水來會。 又折而西南，有西來齊布山之牛楚河，合而南流，至工布珠穆宗城東、底穆宗城西，又東南至布拉岡城東，合於雅魯藏布江。 又桑楚河，南流，有雅隆布河出舒班多南境來注之，是為薄藏布河，又南入羅喀布占國，注雅魯藏布江。
Lhari: also known as Lali. It lies five hundred ninety li east of Front Tibet, six hundred sixty li west of Chamdo, northwest of Dalongzong. In the fifty-fifth year of Kangxi a Black Lama in the region allied himself with the Dzungars. It was soon pacified by military campaign, and the territory was assigned to Front Tibet. Relay stations were established and one grain officer was appointed. There is no walled city. To the southwest lies Gongbujiangda. Jiangda is known as fertile land. It was also brought under imperial control when Tibet was pacified. Farther south is Dake; to the northeast are the thirty-nine chieftaincies under the Tibetan commissioner. Some also extend into Xining territory in Gansu; all are Kala Usu Tibetan peoples. At Lhari stands the great Lhari Mountain, shaped like a dragon, steep on all sides, snow-covered year-round. To the southwest is Wazi Mountain, which Tibetans call the great Zhuola Mountain; it extends several hundred li and is heavily snow-covered. West of Jiangda is Luma Ridge, about forty li high, a strategic pass of Tibet. East of Lhari is the Tongtuochu River, rising from Lugongla Mountain, which flows and joins the Dezhu River. There is a hot spring pool, warm year-round; Tibetans call it Cazhuka. At Jiangda is the Gangbuzangbu River, which from the Wei territory east receives waters from Chala Ridge in the northeast; farther southeast the Weichu River joins from the northeast. Farther southeast, the Niuchu River joins from the northwest. It flows east past Dakelabeng Bridge, receives two streams from the northeast, continues south past the west of Diya'er Mountain, and enters Gangbu territory. At Piepitangtala in eastern Kham territory, the Bozangbu River joins from the northeast; locals call it Kakebubila. It passes east of Gakebuyishuli East City, continues south past Samulongla Ridge and west of Duogelagangli Mountain, and leaves Gangbu territory. It passes west of Gonglagangli Mountain, enters the country of Luobuzhan to the south, and its lower course flows into the Yarlung Tsangpo River. The Zachuzangbu River is the Nianzhubila River, rising from Shayukegangla Mountain southeast of the Ka'ertan Temple. A stream flows east as the Mamuchu River and joins the Balongchu River from Bala Ridge in the south. Farther northeast it joins the Wusi River from Wushan Mountain in the north. Farther east it passes Luma Ridge to Shunda, where the Jianang River rises past Lasongduo, flows southeast past the east of Jiangda City, turns south, and merges with two small eastern streams. It winds southeast to south of Gongbushiga City, where a stream flows south from Bamamu Pool in the northeast and merges with an eastern tributary. It turns southwest, where the Niuchu River from Qibu Mountain in the west joins and flows south to east of Gongbuzhumuzong City and west of Dimuzong City, then southeast to east of Bulagang City, where it joins the Yarlung Tsangpo River. Also the Sangchu River flows south; the Yalongbu River from the southern border of Shubanduo joins it—forming the Bozangbu River—which continues south into the country of Luobuzhan and enters the Yarlung Tsangpo River.
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藏：即後藏，一曰喀齊。 在前藏西南五百餘里地，曰札什倫布，即古之藏也。 南界尼泊爾，東界衛地，西界阿里，北界新疆。 乾隆十五年，設大臣鎮守。 其城曰札什倫布城，有坐床，為班禪額爾德尼所駐，協理藏事。 有汛三：在本城一； 外二，曰江孜，曰定日。 西境彭錯嶺。 北境那木嶺。 北有雅魯藏布江，出阿里西南界山，東流，有郭永河東北流注之。 又受那烏克藏布河、薩布楚河、薩爾格藏布河，又近城北會多克楚河，至城西會南來之當出河，又逕布克什里山南，江至此已行二千五百餘里，又東入前藏界。 北有打爾古藏布河，流入前藏，瀦為騰格里池，廣六百餘里。
Zang: that is, Rear Tibet, also known as Kaqi. More than five hundred li southwest of Front Tibet lies Tashilhunpo, the ancient land of Zang. It borders Nepal to the south, the Wei territory to the east, Ali to the west, and Xinjiang to the north. In the fifteenth year of Qianlong a resident commissioner was appointed to guard the region. Its principal city is Tashilhunpo City, where a throne seat is maintained for the Panchen Erdeni, who resides there and assists in the administration of Tibetan affairs. There are three garrison posts: one in the city itself; and two outside, at Jiangzi and Dingri. On the western border lies Pengcuo Ridge. On the northern border lies Namu Ridge. To the north is the Yarlung Tsangpo River, rising from the southwestern border mountains of Ali and flowing east, where the Guoyong River joins from the northeast. It also receives the Nawukezangbu, Sabuchu, and Sa'ergezangbu rivers; near the city's north it joins the Duokechu River; at the city's west it joins the Dangchu River from the south; it passes south of Bukeshili Mountain; by this point the river has traveled more than two thousand five hundred li and continues east into Front Tibet. To the north is the Da'erguzangbu River, which flows into Front Tibet and forms Tenggeli Pool, more than six hundred li across.
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江孜：在札什倫布城南二百里。 駐守備一。 南有帕裡邊寨，東連布魯克巴，西通哲孟雄，外接西洋部落噶里噶達。 東有千壩，南有宗木小部落，西南有定結，北有拉孜，皆有官寨。 東南：珠布拉大雪山。 西南：喀木巴拉山及薩木嶺。 定結之西有朋出藏布河，源有三，一西出書爾木藏拉山，一東出西爾中馬山，一東南出瓜查嶺。 合而東南流，受西一小水。 又南曰朋必拉，又南，有一水南自綽爾猛通那岡里山來會，折東流，受南北水各一。 又東南流，受西南涿失岡千山、阿巴拉山之水二，又東流，受南一水，又東北至羅西喀爾城南，有一河，即西北拉喀拉布山二水，合東南流，逕城北。 羅楚河自北納三水，南流合焉。 又東北，羅藏布河自西北來注之。 又東繞岡龍前山之北，折南流，受西來之牛藏布河。 又東南，受帕里藏布河。 又西南，牛楚河西自年爾木城合數水來會。 又東南流，出藏南境，過硃拉拉依部落，入厄訥特克國界，下流入雅魯藏布江。 汛西有年楚河，源有二，一出硃母拉母山東北，一出其東順拉嶺下。 泉池十數，匯為一水，北流，名章魯河，又東北，至娘娘廟東，有八水從東北喀魯嶺諸山，又南札木長山、社山來，合而西南流來會。 轉西北流，過江孜城西，又西北過白滿城西，受四水來注。 又北，始名年楚河。 經日喀則城東南，過蘇木佳石橋，長七十丈，有十九洞，為藏地橋樑之冠。 又北流，入雅魯藏布江，源長共八百餘里。 西有帕里藏布河，有一水西南流，匯為噶爾撮池，南流而西，又為查木蘇池，又西南流，折向東南，合東北來一水，又西南，會西北來之噶拉嶺水，又西逕帕里城西，又西南受二水，土人名藏曲大河，西流入朋楚河。
Jiangzi lies two hundred li south of Tashilhunpo City. One garrison commander is stationed there. To the south is the Pali frontier stockade, connected east to Bhutan, west to Zhemengxiong, and beyond to the Western tribe of Kaligada. To the east is Qianba; to the south the small Zongmu tribe; to the southwest Dingjie; to the north Lazi—all with official stockades. To the southeast: the great Zhubla Snow Mountain. To the southwest: Mount Kamubala and Samu Ridge. West of Dingjie is the Pengchuzangbu River with three sources: one west from Shu'ermuzangla Mountain, one east from Xi'erzhongma Mountain, and one southeast from Guacha Ridge. They merge and flow southeast, receiving a small western tributary. Farther south it is called Pengbila; farther south a stream joins from Chuomengtongnagangli Mountain in the south; it turns east, receiving one tributary each from north and south. It continues southeast, receives two streams from Zhuoshigangqian Mountain and Abola Mountain in the southwest, continues east and receives a southern stream, then northeast to south of Luoxika'er City, where two streams from Lakalabu Mountain in the northwest merge and flow southeast past the city's north. The Luochu River from the north gathers three tributaries and flows south to join it. Farther northeast, the Luozangbu River joins from the northwest. Farther east it circles north of Ganglongqianshan Mountain, turns south, and receives the Niuzangbu River from the west. Farther southeast it receives the Palizangbu River. Farther southwest, the Niuchu River from west of Nian'ermu City joins, having gathered several tributaries. It continues southeast, leaves southern Tibetan territory, passes the Zhulalayi tribe, enters Enateke country, and its lower course flows into the Yarlung Tsangpo River. West of the garrison post is the Nianchu River with two sources: one northeast of Zhumulamu Mountain, one below Shunla Ridge to its east. More than ten springs and pools gather into one stream flowing north as the Zhanglu River; farther northeast to east of Niangniang Temple, eight streams from Kalu Ridge and other mountains in the northeast, and from Zhamuchang Mountain and She Mountain to the south, merge and flow southwest to join it. It turns northwest, passes west of Jiangzi City, continues northwest past west of Baiman City, and receives four tributaries. Farther north it is first called the Nianchu River. It passes southeast of Shigatse City, crosses Sumujia Stone Bridge—seventy zhang long with nineteen arches—the finest bridge in Tibetan territory. It continues north into the Yarlung Tsangpo River; its entire course from source totals more than eight hundred li. To the west is the Palizangbu River; a stream flows southwest into Ga'ercuo Pool, continues south then west as Chamusu Pool, flows southwest, turns southeast, joins a northeastern tributary, continues southwest to merge with waters from Gala Ridge in the northwest, passes west of Pali City, receives two streams from the southwest; locals call it the Zangqu Great River, which flows west into the Pengchu River.
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定日：在札什倫布城西南七百餘里。 駐守備一。 有汛。 城三面距邊，南有糹戎轄，西南有聶拉木，西有濟嚨，西北有宗喀。 絨轄之東南有喀達，喀達之西南有陽布，俱接廓爾喀界。 宗喀之南有布陵，南近廓爾喀，北接拉達克汗部落。 其西北有薩喀，又西北極邊有阿里。 以上各地俱有營官。 東：崇烏拉山、甲錯山。 西南：嘉汭大山。 西：通拉山。 喀達之西有霞烏拉山。 宗喀之東有鞏塘拉山。 布陵境內有岡底斯山，在阿里之達克喇城東北，直陝西西寧府西南五千五百九十餘里。 其山高五百五十餘丈，周一百四十餘里，四面峰巒陡絕，高出眾山百餘丈，積雪如懸崖，浩然潔白。 頂上有泉，流注至山麓，即伏流地下。 前後環繞諸山，皆巉岩峭峻，奇峰拱列。 按其地勢，出西南徼外，以漸而高，至此而極。 山脈蜿蜒，分幹向西北者，為僧格喀巴布、岡里木孫諸山，繞阿里而北，入西域之和闐南山及蔥嶺諸山。 向東北者，為札布列斜而充、角烏爾充、年前唐拉、薩木坦岡、匝諾莫渾烏巴什、巴顏哈喇諸山。 環衛地，竟青海，連延而下，六千餘里，至陝西西寧等處邊界。 向西南者，為悶那克尼兒、薩木泰岡諸山，亙阿里之南，入厄訥特克國。 向東南者，為達木楚克喀巴布岡、噶爾沙彌、弩金岡蒼諸山，歷藏、衛達喀木，至雲南、四川之境。 康熙五十六年，遣喇嘛楚兒沁藏布蘭木占巴、理籓院主事勝住等，繪畫西海、西藏輿圖，測量地形，以此地為天下之脊，眾山之脈，皆由此起雲。 水經註：「阿耨達山，西南有水名遙奴； 山西南少東，有水名薩罕； 少東，有水名恆伽。 此三水同出一山，俱入恆水。」 今阿里為藏中極西南地，近古天竺境。 此山西出狼楚、拉楚、麻楚三大水皆西流，轉東而南，合為岡噶江，入南海。 疑此即阿耨達山也。 又有打母硃喀巴珀山，山形似馬。 郎千喀巴珀山，山形似象。 生格喀巴珀山，山形似獅。 馬珀家喀巴珀山，山形似孔雀。 皆與岡底斯山相連。 岡噶江即出郎千喀巴珀山北麓，泉出匯為池，西北流，合東北來一水，又西而東北，公生池水伏而復出，合北來三水，西南流來會，為馬品木達賴池。 自西流出為郎噶池，受東北來一水，從西流出，折向西南，曰狼楚河，曲曲二百餘里，有楚噶拉河自東北來注之。 又西折北而東北，逕古格札什魯木布則城之西、則布龍城之東，折西北而西南流，逕則布龍城西南，又折而西北流，拉楚河自西北來會。 三水既會，始名曰岡噶江。 又東南流，出阿里界，逕馬木巴柞木郎部落，至厄訥特克入南海。 朋出藏布河在定日北，東南流，納結楚河、隆崗河，入定結。 有牛楚河，出喜拉岡參山，東南流，合東北岡布紇山水，又東南，逕濟嚨城南境，受北來查母硃山一水，始曰牛楚必拉。 又東流，逕年爾母城北境，折而東南，又轉而東北流，會朋出藏布河。 薩喀境內有鹽池。 阿里東北九百餘里有達魯克池，隆布河與納鞠河皆入焉。
Dingri lies more than seven hundred li southwest of Tashilhunpo City. One garrison commander is stationed there. There is a garrison post. The city borders the frontier on three sides; to the south is Rongxia; to the southwest Nielamu; to the west Jilong; to the northwest Zongka. Southeast of Rongxia is Kada; southwest of Kada is Yangbu—both border the Gurkha frontier. South of Zongka is Buling, near the Gurkha border to the south and bordering the Ladakh Khan tribe to the north. To its northwest is Saka; at the extreme northwestern border lies Ali. All the above places have camp officials. To the east: Mount Chongwula and Mount Jiacuo. To the southwest: the great Jianai Mountain. To the west: Mount Tongla. West of Kada lies Mount Xiawula. East of Zongka lies Mount Gongtangla. Within Buling territory stands Mount Gangdise, northeast of Dakela City in Ali, directly more than five thousand five hundred ninety li southwest of Xining Prefecture in Shaanxi. The mountain rises more than five hundred fifty zhang, with a circumference of more than one hundred forty li; peaks on all four sides are steep and precipitous, towering more than one hundred zhang above the surrounding mountains; snow clings to the slopes like cliffs, vast and brilliantly white. On the summit is a spring that flows down to the foot of the mountain and then disappears underground. Mountains surrounding it on all sides are jagged cliffs and steep peaks, with strange summits arrayed around it. Judging by its terrain, the land rises gradually from beyond the southwestern frontier and reaches its highest point here. The mountain range winds onward; its northwestern branch becomes Senggekabubu, Ganglimusun, and other ranges, circling north of Ali and entering the southern mountains of Khotan in the Western Regions and the Congling ranges. To the northeast extend Zhabulie'erchong, Jiaowu'erchong, Nianqiantangla, Samutangang, Zhanuomohunwubashi, Bayanhala, and other ranges. It encircles the Wei territory, reaches Qinghai, and extends downward more than six thousand li to the borderlands of Xining in Shaanxi and beyond. To the southwest extend Mennakeni'er, Samutaigang, and other ranges, spanning south of Ali and entering Enateke country. To the southeast extend Damuchukekabugang, Ga'ershami, Nujingangcang, and other ranges, passing through Zang, Wei, and Kham to the borders of Yunnan and Sichuan. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi, the lama Chuerqinzangbulanmuzhanba, Lifanyuan clerk Shengzhu, and others were dispatched to survey and map the Western Sea and Tibet; they identified this place as the backbone of the world, whence the veins of all mountains arise. The Commentary on the Water Classic states: "Mount Anouda; to its southwest is a stream called Yaonu; slightly east of south from the mountain is a stream called Sahan; slightly farther east is a stream called Hengjia. These three streams issue from the same mountain and all flow into the Ganges." Today Ali is the extreme southwestern territory within Tibet, near the ancient land of India. From this mountain west issue the three great rivers Langchu, Lachu, and Machu, all flowing west, then turning east and south to unite as the Gangga River and enter the Southern Sea. This is likely Mount Anouda. Also Damuzhukababo Mountain, shaped like a horse. Langqiankababo Mountain, shaped like an elephant. Shenggekababo Mountain, shaped like a lion. Mapojiakababo Mountain, shaped like a peacock. All are connected to Mount Gangdise. The Gangga River rises from the northern foot of Langqiankababo Mountain; springs gather into a pool and flow northwest, joining a northeastern tributary, then west and northeast; Gongsheng Pool's waters go underground and re-emerge, merging with three northern streams flowing southwest to form Mapinmudalai Pool. It flows out west as Langga Pool, receives a northeastern tributary, emerges from the west, turns southwest as the Langchu River, winding more than two hundred li, where the Chugala River joins from the northeast. Farther west it turns north then northeast, passes west of Gugezhashilumubuzecheng City and east of Zebulong City, turns northwest and flows southwest past southwest of Zebulong City, turns northwest again, and the Lachu River joins from the northwest. After the three rivers unite, it is first called the Gangga River. It continues southeast, leaves Ali territory, passes the Mamubazhamulang tribe, reaches Enateke, and enters the Southern Sea. The Pengchuzangbu River lies north of Dingri, flows southeast, receives the Jiechu and Longgang rivers, and enters Dingjie. The Niuchu River rises from Xilagangcan Mountain, flows southeast, merges with waters from Gangbuheishan in the northeast, continues southeast past the southern border of Jilong City, receives a stream from Chamuzhu Mountain in the north, and is first called Niuchubila. It continues east past the northern border of Nian'ermu City, turns southeast, then northeast, and joins the Pengchuzangbu River. Within Saka territory there is a salt lake. More than nine hundred li northeast of Ali lies Daluke Pool, into which both the Longbu River and Naju River flow.