Volume 87 Treatises 62: Rites 6, Ji Liliu

志六十二

Treatise 62

禮六（吉禮六）

Rites 6 ( Auspicious Rites 6)

昭忠祠諭曰：「周禮有司勛之官，凡有功者，書名太常，祭於大烝。祭法，『以死勤事則祀之』。於以崇德報功，風厲忠節。自太祖創業後，將帥之臣，守土之官，沒身捍國，良可嘉憫。允宜立祠京邑，世世血食。其偏裨士卒殉難者，亦附祀左右。褒崇表闡，俾遠近觀聽，勃然可生忠義之心，並為立傳垂永久。」於是建祠崇文門內，歲春、秋仲月，諏吉，遣官致祭。王公大臣位正殿，陳案七，羊一、豕一。左三案，共羊豕各一。右如之。每案素帛一、爵三、果盤五。諸臣位兩配樓暨後正室，各設案五，兩廡各設案三，皆羊豕各一，為通數。兵士附祀，案三十有六，案設豕肉一盤、爵三、果品二。太常卿承祭，配樓後室司官分獻。六年，祠成，命曰「昭忠」，頒御書額，曰「表獎忠勛」。

On the Temple of Manifest Loyalty, an imperial edict declared: "The Rites of Zhou provide for a Director of Merits: anyone who has performed meritorious service has his name entered in the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and receives offerings at the great seasonal sacrifice. The Rules of Sacrifice state that "those who die in the diligent discharge of their duties shall receive sacrificial rites." Thus virtue is honored and merit rewarded, and loyalty and integrity are held up as an example to inspire others. Since the Taizu founded the dynasty, countless generals and regional officials have laid down their lives for the state—deeds truly worthy of commemoration and compassion. It is altogether fitting to establish temples in the capital where they may receive sacrificial offerings in perpetuity. Subordinate officers and soldiers who died in the line of duty shall likewise be enshrined in subsidiary positions on either side. By honoring them publicly and making their deeds known, observers near and far may be stirred to loyalty and righteousness; biographies shall also be composed so that their memory endures." Accordingly a temple was erected inside Chongwen Gate. Each year in the second month of spring and of autumn, an auspicious day was chosen and an official was sent to conduct the sacrifice. In the main hall, where princes, dukes, and senior ministers were enshrined, seven offering tables were laid, each with one sheep and one pig. On the left, three tables shared one sheep and one pig among them. The arrangement on the right was the same. Each table bore one piece of plain silk, three libation vessels, and five trays of fruit. Officials enshrined in the two side halls and the rear main chamber each had five offering tables; the two wings each had three tables, every table furnished with one sheep and one pig as the standard offering. Soldiers enshrined in subsidiary positions had thirty-six tables in all; each table held one platter of pork, three libation vessels, and two kinds of fruit. The Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices presided at the sacrifice, while officials of the side halls and rear chamber presented offerings in turn. In the sixth year the temple was completed and named the Temple of Manifest Loyalty; the court bestowed an imperial inscription reading "Commending Loyal Merit."

明年，循序定位，前殿正中祀敬謹庄親王尼堪，英誠武勛王揚古利，定南武壯王孔有德，贈忠勇王黃芳度，武襄公巴爾堪，凡五人。東次龕祀安北將軍佟國綱，一等公佟養正、達福、西哈，一等侯馬得功，一等伯巴什太，都統宜理布、巴都里，議政大臣程尼、穆和琳，大學士張泰，議政大臣羅沙，三等伯王之鼎，總督范承謨，額駙托柏，大學士龍西、色思泰，總督額倫特，尚書查弼納、圖捫，太子太保佟濟，倉場侍郎王秉仁，巡撫傅弘烈，都統博波圖，議政大臣雅賚、道禪、名蓋，參贊內大臣馬爾薩，凡二十八人。西次龕祀續順公沈瑞，輔國公巴賽，大學士莫洛，尚書布顏岱，「十六大臣」綽和諾，巡撫柯永升，都統沙裡布，巡撫馬雄鎮，總督甘文焜、佟養甲，侍郎朝哈爾，鹽運使高天爵，參領費揚古，統領圖魯錫、喀爾他拉、喀爾護吉，副都統海蘭、蘇圖，統領胡裡布、哈克三，佐領葉喜，侍郎永國，統領阿爾岱，提督孫定遼，凡二十有四人。東又次龕統領劉哈，副都統盧錫、科布蘇、阿喀倪、納爾特、錫密賚、科爾坤、多頗洛、戴豪、渾錦、魏正、羅濟、阿什圖、覺羅阿克善、常祿、阿爾護、吉三、巴雅思虎朗，凡十有八人。西又次龕提督段應舉，副都統穆舒、孟魁、白，原任巡撫賈維鑰，副都統邁圖，參領葛思特，巡撫硃國治、張文衡，侍郎馬如璧，糧道葉映榴，巡道陳啟泰，通政使莫洛渾，一等子穆克覃阿、納達、代音布，巡道陳丹赤，一等子覺羅莫洛渾，數亦如之。東末龕總兵吳萬福、徐勇、費雅達、硃天貴、張存福，都督僉事洪徵，總兵阿爾泰、歐陽凱，兵備道李懋祖，總兵楊佐，統領張廷輔，游擊楊光祖，統領定壽，總兵王承業，侍衛錫喇巴，布政使遲變龍，凡十有六人。西末龕參領郭色，統領新泰，提督康泰，二等子覺羅顧納岱，總兵司九經，二等子拜蘭，總兵郝效忠、劉良臣，三等子巴郎、都爾莽鼐，副將楊虎，參將趙登舉，守備紀法，參將甘應龍，副將蔡隆，二等子拜三，一等男路什，總兵康海，凡十有七人。後室、配樓、左右次龕、又次龕、兩廡暨各次龕，祀官千五百餘人。東西房附祀兵士萬三百有奇。

The following year their positions were fixed in order. Enshrined in the center of the front hall were Prince Jingjinzhuang Niken, Prince Yingchengwuxun Yangguli, Prince Dingnanwuzhuang Kong Youde, the posthumously enfeoffed Prince Zhongyong Huang Fangdu, and Duke Wuxiang Barkan—five in all. The eastern secondary niche enshrined General Anbei Tong Guogang; Dukes of the First Rank Tong Yangzheng, Dafu, and Xiha; Marquis of the First Rank Ma Degong; Baron of the First Rank Basitai; Commanders-in-Chief Yilibu and Baduli; Grand Ministers Cheng Ni and Mu Helin; Grand Secretary Zhang Tai; Grand Minister Luosha; Baron of the Third Rank Wang Zhiding; Governors-General Fan Chengmo and Elente; Imperial Son-in-Law Tuobai; Grand Secretaries Long Xi and Sise Tai; Ministers Chabina and Tumun; Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent Tong Ji; Granary Commissioner Wang Bingren; Governor Fu Honglie; Commander-in-Chief Bobotu; Grand Ministers Yazai, Daoshan, and Minggai; and Grand Minister Consultant Maersa—twenty-eight in all. The western secondary niche enshrined Duke Xushun Shen Rui, Duke Fuguo Basi, Grand Secretary Moluo, Minister Buyandai, Chuohenuo of the "Sixteen Grand Ministers," Governors Ke Yongsheng and Ma Xiongzhen, Commander-in-Chief Shalibu, Governors-General Gan Wenkun and Tong Yangjia, Vice Minister Chaohaer, Salt Transport Commissioner Gao Tianjue, Company Commander Feiyanggu, commanders Tuluxi, Kaertala, and Kaerhuji, Vice Commanders-in-Chief Hailan and Sutu, commanders Hulibu and Hakesan, Assistant Commander Yexi, Vice Minister Yongguo, Commander Aerdai, and Provincial Military Commander Sun Dingliao—twenty-four in all. The eastern tertiary niche enshrined Commander Liu Ha and Vice Commanders-in-Chief Luxi, Kebusu, Akeni, Naerte, Ximibai, Keerkun, Duopoluo, Daihao, Hunjin, Weizheng, Luoji, Ashitu, the Aisin Gioro Akeshan, Changlu, Arhu, Jisan, and Bayasihulang—eighteen in all. The western tertiary niche enshrined Provincial Military Commander Duan Yingju; Vice Commanders-in-Chief Mushu, Mengkui, and Bai; former Governor Jia Weiyao; Vice Commander-in-Chief Maitu; Company Commander Gesite; Governors Zhu Guozhi and Zhang Wenheng; Vice Minister Ma Rubi; Grain Intendant Ye Yingliu; Circuit Intendants Chen Qitai and Chen Danchi; Commissioner of the Office of Transmission Moluohun; Viscounts of the First Rank Mukedzanga, Nada, and Daiyinbu; and the Aisin Gioro Moluohun—the count was the same. The eastern rearmost niche enshrined Regional Commanders Wu Wanfu, Xu Yong, Feiyada, Zhu Tiangui, and Zhang Cunfu; Regional Vice Commander Hong Zheng; Regional Commanders Aertai and Ouyang Kai; Military Intendant Li Maozu; Regional Commander Yang Zuo; commanders Zhang Tingfu and Dingshou; Brigadier Yang Guangzu; Regional Commander Wang Chengye; Bodyguard Xilaba; and Provincial Administration Commissioner Chi Bianlong—sixteen in all. The western rearmost niche enshrined Company Commander Guose, Commander Xintai, Provincial Military Commander Kang Tai, the Aisin Gioro Second-Rank Viscount Gunadai, Regional Commander Si Jiujing, Second-Rank Viscount Bailan, Regional Commanders Hao Xiaozhong and Liu Liangchen, Third-Rank Viscounts Balang and Duermangnai, Vice General Yang Hu, Assistant Generals Zhao Dengju and Gan Yinglong, Garrison Commander Ji Fa, Vice General Cai Long, Second-Rank Viscount Baisan, First-Rank Baron Lushi, and Regional Commander Kang Hai—seventeen in all. In the rear chamber, side halls, secondary and tertiary niches on either side, both wings, and the various subsidiary niches, more than fifteen hundred officials were enshrined. In the eastern and western chambers, more than ten thousand three hundred soldiers were enshrined in subsidiary positions.

八年，定制以滿尚書、都統一人承祭，後室、兩廡，太常官分獻。十一年，令子孫居京秩者隨祭。，諭祀陣亡總兵任舉、侍衛丹泰，旋令征金川陣沒將士併入之。十五年，祀都統傅清、左都御史拉布敦。十八年，追封巴爾堪、巴賽並為簡親王。移巴爾堪位揚古利上，巴賽位孔有德上。初，前室左右各三龕，止序爵秩，不系時代。至是定議，自天命以來，按代序官，同代同官序年月，依賢良祠例，按時班爵為序。其兵士設位，分前、後廡，以橫板隔別之。

In the eighth year regulations fixed that one Manchu minister or commander-in-chief should preside at the sacrifice, while officials of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices presented offerings separately in the rear chamber and both wings. In the eleventh year descendants who held office in the capital were required to attend the sacrifice. An edict directed that the fallen Regional Commander Ren Ju and Bodyguard Dantai be enshrined; shortly afterward officers and soldiers killed in the Jinchuan campaign were added as well. In the fifteenth year Commanders-in-Chief Fu Qing and Censor-in-Chief of the Left Labudun were added to the temple. In the eighteenth year Barkan and Basi were both posthumously enfeoffed as Princes Jian. Barkan's tablet was moved to a position above Yangguli's, and Basi's above Kong Youde's. Initially the front chamber had three niches on each side, arranged solely by rank and title, without regard to historical period. It was then decided that from the Tianming era onward officials should be arranged by reign; within the same reign and rank, by year and month; following the precedent of the Temple of Worthies, by the order of their titles at the time. Soldiers' positions were divided between the front and rear wings and separated by horizontal partitions.

中葉以後入祀者，將軍班第、明瑞、溫福，都統滿福、扎拉豐阿，參贊大臣鄂容安，統領觀音保、烏三太、台斐音阿，提督許世亨，副都統呼爾起阿、第木保、覺羅明善，總兵王玉廷、李全、德福、貴林、張朝龍，而海蘭察以病沒，端濟布以傷，亦併入之。至典史溫模死守通渭，從容就義，特予入祠。且有取義捨生，賞延於世，褒諭流外微官，獲邀䘏廕，茂典也。

Those enshrined in the mid-dynasty period included Generals Bandi, Mingrui, and Wenfu; Commanders-in-Chief Manfu and Zhalafeng'a; Grand Minister Consultant Erong'an; commanders Guanyinbao, Wusantai, and Taifei'ina; Provincial Military Commander Xu Shiheng; Vice Commanders-in-Chief Hu'erqi'a, Dimubao, and the Aisin Gioro Mingshan; and Regional Commanders Wang Yuting, Li Quan, Defu, Guilin, and Zhang Chaolong; Hailancha, who died of illness, and Duanjibu, who died of wounds, were added as well. The district clerk Wen Mo, who held Tongwei to the death and met his end with composure, was specially granted a place in the temple. Because he chose righteousness over life, his reward extended to his descendants; the court issued a commendation for this low-ranking official from outside the regular bureaucracy, granting posthumous honors—a splendid precedent indeed.

嘉慶朝，祀大學士福康安、將軍德楞泰、提督花連布、總兵多爾濟札普、知縣強克捷。先是，康熙間，巡撫曹申吉已入祠，至是以阿附吳三桂按實，奪之。時各省言沒王事者，奏報猥雜，龕位不給，於是詔建各省昭忠祠。其京祠定文三品、武二品以上，及八旗官弁為限，已祀者如故。嗣是卑官預祀，視特旨行。故事，承祭官循例朝服，今改蟒袍補服，示別壇廟也。

During the Jiaqing reign the temple received Grand Secretary Fukang'an, General Delin Tai, Provincial Military Commander Hualianbu, Regional Commander Duo'erjizhake, and District Magistrate Qiang Kejie. Earlier, during the Kangxi reign, Governor Cao Shenji had been enshrined; now, having been found to have sided with Wu Sangui, his place in the temple was revoked. Memorials from the provinces reporting officials who had died in the ruler's service had become so numerous and disorderly that niche space in the capital temple was exhausted; the court therefore ordered Temples of Manifest Loyalty to be built in each province. The capital temple was limited to civil officials of the third rank and above, military officials of the second rank and above, and Banner officers; those already enshrined were not affected. Thereafter, enshrinement of lower-ranking officials required a special imperial directive. By precedent the presiding official wore standard court dress; this was changed to python robe with rank badge to distinguish this altar from other temples.

道光初元，以國初殉難副將楊祖光等入祀，厥後賡入者，都統巴彥巴圖、烏凌阿、印登額，參贊大臣慶祥，總督裕謙，提督海凌阿、關天培、陳化成，副都統海齡、長喜，總兵萬建功、祥福、葛雲飛、鄭國鴻、王錫朋、謝朝恩、江繼芸、慶和、吳喜，副將烏大魁、馬韜、周承恩、劉大忠、陳連升、硃貴、瑪隆阿、伊克坦布等。其卑秩中，如知縣楊延亮、縣丞方振聲、守備馬步衢、把總陳玉威，亦足多者。

At the opening of the Daoguang reign Vice General Yang Zuguang and others who had died defending the dynasty in its early years were enshrined; those added later included Commanders-in-Chief Bayanbatu, Wuling'a, and Yindeng'e, Grand Minister Consultant Qingxiang, Governor-General Yu Qian, Provincial Military Commanders Hailing'a, Guan Tianpei, and Chen Huacheng, Vice Commanders-in-Chief Hailing and Changxi, Regional Commanders Wan Jiangong, Xiangfu, Ge Yunfei, Zheng Guohong, Wang Xipeng, Xie Chao'en, Jiang Jiyun, Qinghe, and Wu Xi, and Vice Generals Wudakui, Ma Tao, Zhou Chengen, Liu Dazhong, Chen Liansheng, Zhu Gui, Malong'a, Yiketanbu, and others. Among the lower ranks as well—District Magistrate Yang Yanliang, Assistant Magistrate Fang Zhensheng, Garrison Commander Ma Buqi, and Platoon Commander Chen Yuwei—there were many equally deserving of honor.

雍正初，各省立忠義祠，凡已旌表者，設位祠中，春、秋展祀。乾隆四十一年，定明代殉國諸臣，既邀諡典，並許入祠。又諸生、韋布、山樵、市隱者流，遂志成仁，亦如前例。嘉慶七年，始令各省府城建昭忠祠，或附祀關帝及城隍廟，凡陣亡文武官暨兵士、鄉勇，按籍入祀。八旗二品以上官已祀京祠者，仍許陣亡所在地祠祀，合五十人一龕，位祀正中，兵勇則百人或數十人一位，分列兩旁，駐防位綠營上。春、秋二奠，有司親蒞，用少牢，果品、上香、薦帛、三獻如儀。同治二年，允曾國籓請，江寧建昭忠祠，祀湖南水陸師陣亡員弁。已復抗節官紳亦許崇祀，並建專祠。婦女殉難者，亦別立貞烈祠雲。

Early in the Yongzheng reign each province established Temples of Loyalty and Righteousness; all who had received official commendation were given places in the temples and honored with spring and autumn sacrifices. In the forty-first year of the Qianlong reign it was decided that Ming officials who had died for their country, having already received posthumous titles, should also be permitted enshrinement. Licentiates, commoners, hill woodcutters, and marketplace recluses who fulfilled their resolve and died for their principles were likewise treated under the same precedent. In the seventh year of Jiaqing each provincial capital was ordered to build a Temple of Manifest Loyalty, or to attach the rites to temples of Lord Guan or the City God; all civil and military officials, soldiers, and local militia killed in battle were to be enshrined according to the rolls. Banner officials of the second rank and above already enshrined in the capital might still be honored in the provincial temple where they fell: fifty men per niche, centered in the shrine; soldiers and militia shared positions of a hundred or several dozen each, arranged on either side, with garrison troops placed above Green Standard troops. For the spring and autumn sacrifices local officials attended in person, using the lesser tai lao offering, with fruit, incense, silk presentation, and three libations performed according to ritual. In the second year of Tongzhi, at Zeng Guofan's request, a Temple of Manifest Loyalty was built at Jiangning to honor officers of the Hunan land and naval forces killed in battle. Officials and local gentry who had upheld their integrity were also permitted honored enshrinement, and dedicated temples were built for them as well. Women who died in the line of duty were likewise honored in separate Temples of Chaste Martyrs.

賢良祠雍正八年詔曰：「古者大烝之祭，凡法施於民，以勞定國者，皆列祀典，受明禋。我朝開國以後，名臣碩輔，先後相望。或勛垂節鉞，或節厲冰霜，既樹羽儀，宜隆俎豆。俾世世為臣者，觀感奮發，知所慕效。庶明良喜起，副予厚期。京師宜擇地建祠，命曰『賢良』，春、秋展祀，永光盛典。」乃營廟宇在地安門外西偏，正殿、後室各五楹，東、西廡，歲春、秋仲月，諏吉，遣官致祭。前殿案各素帛一、羊一、豕一、果五盤。後室果品同，唯牲、帛共案而具一。承祭官蟒服，二跪六叩三獻。餘如常儀。

The Temple of Worthies. In the eighth year of Yongzheng an edict declared: "In antiquity, at the great seasonal sacrifice, all whose laws benefited the people and whose labor secured the state were entered in the sacrificial canon and received bright offerings. Since our dynasty was founded, eminent ministers and great statesmen have succeeded one another in an unbroken line. Some left their merit on the battlefield; others held their integrity firm as frost and ice; having already served as models of statesmanship, they deserve the highest sacrificial honors. So that officials in every generation, moved by their example, may be stirred to worthy service and know whom to emulate. Thus may ruler and minister flourish together in mutual trust, fulfilling my deepest hopes. A site should be chosen in the capital to build a temple named the Temple of Worthies, with sacrifices in spring and autumn, so that this splendid rite may endure forever." Accordingly a temple was erected on the western side outside Di'an Gate, with five bays each in the main hall and rear chamber and eastern and western wings; each year in the second month of spring and of autumn an auspicious day was chosen and an official was sent to conduct the sacrifice. Each table in the front hall bore one piece of plain silk, one sheep, one pig, and five trays of fruit. The rear chamber had the same fruit offerings, but the sacrificial animals and silk were shared on a single table with one set only. The presiding official wore a python robe, knelt twice, kowtowed six times, and presented three libations. All other rites followed the usual procedure.

於是僉議怡賢親王允祥，宗功元祀，宜居首。大學士、公圖海，公賴塔，大學士張英，尚書顧八代、馬爾漢、趙申喬，河道總督靳輔、齊蘇勒，總督楊宗仁，巡撫陳璸，咸列其選。自是先後賡續入祠者，大學士范文程、巴克什達海、阿蘭泰、李之芳、吳琠、張玉書、李光地、富寧安、張鵬翮、寧完我、魏裔介、額色黑、王熙，領侍衛內大臣福善、費揚古、尹德，尚書勵杜訥、徐潮、姚文然、魏象樞、湯斌，提督張勇、王進寶、孫思克、施琅，總督趙良棟、于成龍、傅臘塔、孟喬芳、李國英，都統馮國相、李國翰、根特，統領莽依圖，將軍阿爾納、愛星阿、佛尼埒，副都統褚庫巴圖魯。明年祠成，頒御書額曰「崇忠念舊」，設位為祭。前殿內大臣或散秩大臣、尚書、都統主之。後殿用太常寺長官。入祠日，子孫咸與行禮，春、秋遣官陪祀同。

All agreed that Prince Yixian Yunxiang, whose service to the imperial clan was foundational, should occupy the foremost position. Grand Secretary and Duke Tu Hai, Duke Laita, Grand Secretary Zhang Ying, Ministers Gu Badai, Ma Erhan, and Zhao Shenqiao, Directors-General of Rivers Jin Fu and Qisuole, Governor-General Yang Zongren, and Governor Chen Bin were all chosen for enshrinement. Thereafter those added in succession included Grand Secretaries Fan Wencheng, Bakshi Dahai, Alantai, Li Zhifang, Wu Qi, Zhang Yushu, Li Guangdi, Funing'an, Zhang Penghe, Ning Wanwo, Wei Yijie, Esehei, and Wang Xi; Chief Grand Ministers Fushan, Feiyanggu, and Yinde; Ministers Li Dun'e, Xu Chao, Yao Wenran, Wei Xiangju, and Tang Bin; Provincial Military Commanders Zhang Yong, Wang Jinbao, Sun Sike, and Shi Lang; Governors-General Zhao Liangdong, Yu Chenglong, Fulata, Meng Qiaofang, and Li Guoying; Commanders-in-Chief Feng Guoxiang, Li Guohan, and Gent; Commander Mangyitu; Generals A'erna, Aixing'a, and Fonilie; and Vice Commander-in-Chief Chukubaturu. The following year the temple was completed; the court bestowed an imperial inscription reading "Honoring Loyalty and Cherishing the Past," and tablets were installed for worship. The front hall sacrifice was presided over by a Grand Minister of the Imperial Bodyguard, a Minister without regular rank, a Minister, or a Commander-in-Chief. The rear hall sacrifice was conducted by the chief official of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. On the day of enshrinement all descendants took part in the rites; in spring and autumn dispatched officials assisted at the sacrifice in the same way.

十二年，祀大學士田從典、高其位。乾隆元年，命入祀諸臣未予諡者悉追予。是歲祀尚書銜兼祭酒楊名時，大學士硃軾，內大臣哈世屯，尚書米思翰。五年，祀總督李衛。明年，祀尚書徐元夢，巡撫徐士林。十年，釐定祠位，前殿正中祀怡賢親王，後室諸臣合一龕。首世次最先者，餘分左右行，按世序爵，大學士居前，次領侍衛內大臣、尚書、都統、將軍、總督、前鋒護軍統領、提督、侍郎、巡撫、副都統，以次分列。至世爵有子、男授尚書、都統者，有侯、伯為侍郎、副都統者，仍視官秩為差。

In the twelfth year Grand Secretaries Tian Congdian and Gao Qiwei were added to the temple. In the first year of Qianlong all enshrined officials who had not received posthumous titles were granted them retroactively. That year the temple received Yang Mingshi, Minister by title and concurrent Chancellor of the National University, Grand Secretary Zhu Shi, Grand Minister Hashitun, and Minister Misihan. In the fifth year Governor-General Li Wei was added to the temple. The following year Minister Xu Yuanmeng and Governor Xu Shilin were added to the temple. In the tenth year the arrangement of tablets was fixed: Prince Yixian occupied the center of the front hall, while all other officials in the rear chamber shared a single niche. The earliest generation came first; the rest were arranged in left and right rows by generation and rank—Grand Secretaries first, then Chief Grand Ministers, Ministers, Commanders-in-Chief, Generals, Governors-General, Vanguard and Guard commanders, Provincial Military Commanders, Vice Ministers, Governors, and Vice Commanders-in-Chief, each rank in its proper order. When hereditary nobles held concurrent offices—viscounts and barons as Ministers or Commanders-in-Chief, marquises and earls as Vice Ministers or Vice Commanders-in-Chief—they were still ranked according to their official posts.

嗣是入祀，則超勇親王策凌，列怡賢親王左次龕。名臣則大學士馬齊、伊桑阿、福敏、黃廷桂、蔣溥、史貽直、梁詩正、來保、傅恆、尹繼善、陳宏謀、劉綸、劉統勛、舒赫德、高晉、英廉、徐本、高斌，協辦大學士兆惠，左都御史拉布敦，尚書汪由敦、李元亮、阿里袞，尚書銜錢陳群，都統傅清，將軍和起、伊勒圖、奎林，總督那蘇圖、陳大受、喀爾吉善、鶴年、吳達善、何煟、袁守侗、方觀承、薩載、提督許世亨，巡撫潘思榘、鄂弼、李湖、傅弘烈。弘烈自雍正時，拉布敦、傅清自乾隆時，併入昭忠祠，今再祀賢良者也。

Those added later included Prince Chaoyong Celeng, placed in the secondary niche to the left of Prince Yixian. Among eminent ministers enshrined were Grand Secretaries Ma Qi, Yisang'a, Fumin, Huang Tinggui, Jiang Pu, Shi Yizhi, Liang Shizheng, Laibao, Fu Heng, Yin Jishan, Chen Hongmou, Liu Lun, Liu Tongxun, Suhede, Gao Jin, Yinglian, Xu Ben, and Gao Bin; Associate Grand Secretary Zhaohui; Censor-in-Chief of the Left Labudun; Ministers Wang Youdun, Li Yuanliang, and Aligun; Qian Chenqun by Minister's title; Commander-in-Chief Fu Qing; Generals Heqi, Yiletu, and Kuilin; Governors-General Nasutu, Chen Dashou, Ka'erjishan, Henian, Wu Dashan, He Wei, Yuan Shoutong, Fang Guancheng, and Sazai; Provincial Military Commander Xu Shiheng; and Governors Pan Sirong, Ebi, Li Hu, and Fu Honglie. Fu Honglie had been enshrined in the Temple of Manifest Loyalty since the Yongzheng reign, and Labudun and Fu Qing since Qianlong; now they were honored again in the Temple of Worthies.

嘉慶朝，則祀大學士福康安、阿桂、劉墉、王傑、硃珪、戴衢亨、董誥，尚書董邦達、彭元瑞、奉寬，總督鄂輝。道光朝，則祀大學士富俊、曹振鏞、托津、長齡、盧廕溥、文孚、王鼎，協辦大學士汪廷珍、陳官俊，尚書黃鉞、隆文，將軍玉麟，總督楊遇春、陶澍，河道總督黎世序。咸豐朝，則祀大學士潘世恩、文慶、裕誠，協辦大學士杜受田，侍郎杜堮，巡撫胡林翼。同治朝，則祀大學士桂良、祁俊藻、官文、倭仁、曾國籓、瑞常、賈楨，大學士銜翁心存，協辦大學士駱秉章，總督沈兆霖、馬新貽。其光緒朝入祀者，恭忠親王奕訢。名臣大學士文祥、英桂、全慶、載齡、左宗棠、靈桂、寶鋆、恩承、福錕、張之萬、麟書、額勒和布、李鴻章、榮祿、裕德、昆岡、崇禮、敬信，協辦大學士沈桂芬、李鴻藻，將軍長順，總督沈葆楨、丁寶楨、岑毓英、曾國荃、劉坤一，提督宋慶，巡撫張曜也。宣統初入祀者，止大學士王文韶、張之洞、孫家鼐、鹿傳霖，協辦大學士戴鴻慈五人而已。

During the Jiaqing reign the temple received Grand Secretaries Fukang'an, Agui, Liu Yong, Wang Jie, Zhu Gui, Dai Quheng, and Dong Gao; Ministers Dong Bangda, Peng Yuanrui, and Feng Kuan; and Governor-General E Hui. During the Daoguang reign the temple received Grand Secretaries Fujun, Cao Zhenyong, Tuojin, Changling, Lu Yinpu, Wen Fu, and Wang Ding; Associate Grand Secretaries Wang Tingzhen and Chen Guanjun; Ministers Huang Yue and Long Wen; General Yulin; Governors-General Yang Yuchun and Tao Shu; and Director-General of Rivers Li Shixu. During the Xianfeng reign the temple received Grand Secretaries Pan Shien, Wen Qing, and Yu Cheng; Associate Grand Secretary Du Shoutian; Vice Minister Du E; and Governor Hu Linyi. During the Tongzhi reign the temple received Grand Secretaries Gui Liang, Qi Junzao, Guan Wen, Woren, Zeng Guofan, Ruichang, and Jia Zhen; Weng Xincun by Grand Secretary's title; Associate Grand Secretary Luo Bingzhang; and Governors-General Shen Zhaolin and Ma Xinyi. Those enshrined during the Guangxu reign included Prince Gongzhong Yixin. Among eminent ministers were Grand Secretaries Wen Xiang, Yinggui, Quanqing, Zailing, Zuo Zongtang, Linggui, Baojun, Encheng, Fukun, Zhang Zhiwan, Linshu, Elehebu, Li Hongzhang, Ronglu, Yude, Kungang, Chongli, and Jingxin; Associate Grand Secretaries Shen Guifen and Li Hongzao; General Changshun; Governors-General Shen Baozhen, Ding Baozhen, Cen Yuying, Zeng Guoquan, and Liu Kunyi; Provincial Military Commander Song Qing; and Governor Zhang Yao. Those enshrined at the beginning of the Xuantong reign were only five in all: Grand Secretaries Wang Wenshao, Zhang Zhidong, Sun Jianai, and Lu Chuanlin, and Associate Grand Secretary Dai Hongci.

各省賢良祠，雍正十年，詔：「各省會地建祠宇，凡外任文武大臣，忠勇威愛，公論允翕者，俾膺祀典，用勸在官。如將軍蔡良，提督張起雲，總兵蘇大有、魏翥國，足稱斯選。」定制，春、秋祭日視京師，以知府承祭，品物儀節亦如之。

Provincial Temples of Worthies. In the tenth year of Yongzheng an edict declared: "A temple shall be built in each provincial capital; civil and military officials serving in the provinces who are loyal, brave, and beloved by the people, and whom public opinion unanimously approves, shall receive sacrificial honors to encourage those still in office. Such as General Cai Liang, Provincial Military Commander Zhang Qiyun, and Regional Commanders Su Dayou and Wei Zhuguo—fully worthy of this honor." By regulation the spring and autumn sacrifice days followed those of the capital; the prefect presided, and the offerings and ritual procedures were the same.

功臣專祠，詔為孔有德建祠，度地彰義門外三里，曰定南武壯王祠，二妃祔焉。，定春、秋展祀，其後建恪僖公祠安定門外，祀一等公遏必隆並縣?舒舒覺羅氏。嗣領侍衛內大臣尹德，尚書阿里袞暨其夫人，乾隆時並祔祀雲。

Dedicated temples for meritorious officials. An edict ordered a temple built for Kong Youde; a site three li outside Zhangyi Gate was chosen and named the Temple of Prince Dingnanwuzhuang, with his two consorts enshrined alongside him. Spring and autumn sacrifices were established; later the Temple of Duke Kexi was built outside Anding Gate to enshrine Duke of the First Rank Ebilun and his consort of the Sushu Gioro clan. Later Chief Grand Minister Yinde, Minister Aligun, and his wife were also added to the temple during the Qianlong reign.

其建自雍正朝者，朝陽門外勤襄公祠，祀定南將軍佟圖賴及其夫人，長子忠勇國綱、次子端純國維，皆以軍功祔祀。德勝門外文襄公祠，祀大學士圖海。安定門外與恪僖祠並峙者，為弘毅公祠，祀光祿大夫額亦都，並以夫人配。

Temples built from the Yongzheng reign included the Temple of Duke Qinxiang outside Chaoyang Gate, honoring Regional Commander of Dingnan Tuntu Lai and his wife, along with his eldest son Zhongyong Guogang and second son Duanchun Guowei—all enshrined for their military service. Outside Desheng Gate stands the Temple of Duke Wenxiang, dedicated to Grand Secretary Tu Hai. Outside Anding Gate, beside the Temple of Duke Kexi, stands the Temple of Duke Hongyi, honoring Grand Master of Splendid Happiness Ebidu and his consort.

建自乾隆朝者，東安門外恪僖公祠，祀內大臣哈世屯及其夫人，子承恩公米思翰、孫李榮保，其後曾孫大學士傅恆祔祀焉。崇文門內雙忠祠，祀左都御史拉布敦、都統傅清。合昭忠、賢良而復建專祠者，他無與比也。地安門外旌勇祠，祀將軍明瑞，而都統扎拉豐阿，統領觀音保，總兵李全、王玉廷、德福亦先後入祔。睿忠親王祠在朝陽門外，祀多爾袞並福晉六人。嘉慶時，建大學士福康安祠曰「獎忠」，在東安門外，都統額勒登保祠曰「褒忠」，在地安門外。光緒時，建科爾沁親王僧格林沁祠曰「顯忠」，在安定門內。大學士、伯李鴻章祠曰「表忠」，在崇文門內。宣統時，合祀立山、聯元祠在宣武門外。

Built in the Qianlong reign was the Temple of Duke Kexi outside Dong'an Gate, honoring Grand Minister Hashitun and his wife, his son Duke Chengen Misihan and grandson Li Rongbao; later their great-grandson Grand Secretary Fu Heng was added as well. Inside Chongwen Gate stands the Temple of Double Loyalty, dedicated to Censor-in-Chief of the Left Labudun and Commander-in-Chief Fu Qing. Those honored in both the Temple of Manifest Loyalty and the Temple of Worthies who then received their own dedicated temples were unmatched in this regard. Outside Di'an Gate stands the Temple of Commended Valor, dedicated to General Mingrui; Commanders-in-Chief Zhalafeng'a and Guanyinbao and Regional Commanders Li Quan, Wang Yuting, and Defu were later added as well. Outside Chaoyang Gate stands the Temple of Prince Ruizhong, honoring Dorgon and six of his consorts. During the Jiaqing reign a temple for Grand Secretary Fukang'an called "Commending Loyalty" was built outside Dong'an Gate, and a temple for Commander-in-Chief Ele Dengbao called "Praising Loyalty" outside Di'an Gate. During the Guangxu reign a temple for Khorchin Prince Sengge Rinchen called "Manifest Loyalty" was built inside Anding Gate. A temple for Grand Secretary and Earl Li Hongzhang called "Commending Loyalty" stood inside Chongwen Gate. In the Xuantong reign a combined temple for Lishan and Lian Yuan was erected outside Xuanwu Gate.

凡京師專祠，歲春、秋仲月吉日，遣太常卿分往致祭。用少牢一、果品五。唯佟圖賴、哈世屯兩祠，則少牢三，果品十有五。旌勇祠少牢如通常，果品亦十五雲。位各用帛一、爵三，諸祠並同。嘉慶七年，始定承祭官行禮用蟒袍補服。

For all dedicated temples in the capital, on an auspicious day in the second month of spring and of autumn the Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices was sent to conduct the sacrifice. Offerings consisted of one lesser tai lao and five trays of fruit. Only at the temples of Tuntu Lai and Hashitun were three lesser tai lao offered, with fifteen trays of fruit. At the Temple of Commended Valor the lesser tai lao followed the usual practice, with fifteen trays of fruit as well. Each position had one piece of silk and three libation vessels; the arrangement was the same at all temples. In the seventh year of Jiaqing it was first established that presiding officials should wear python robes with rank badges when performing the rites.

其在各省者，歲春、秋守土官致祭。茲紀其勛勞最著者。自湖廣建忠節祠以祀左都督徐勇，各省建專祠始此。康熙間，廣西建雙忠祠，祀馬雄鎮、傅弘烈，於是福建祀范承謨、陳啟泰、吳萬福、高天爵，雲南祀甘文焜。

In the provinces, local officials conducted the spring and autumn sacrifices. Recorded here are those whose meritorious service was most distinguished. Dedicated provincial temples began with the Temple of Loyal Integrity built in Huguang to honor Left Regional Commander Xu Yong. During the Kangxi reign Guangxi built the Temple of Double Loyalty for Ma Xiongzhen and Fu Honglie; Fujian then honored Fan Chengmo, Chen Qitai, Wu Wanfu, and Gao Tianjue, and Yunnan honored Gan Wenkun.

雍正間，清河祀靳輔、齊蘇勒，開封祀田文鏡。盛京祀怡賢親王。乾隆中，詔通達、武功、慧哲、宣獻四郡王，禮烈、饒餘、鄭獻、穎毅四親王併入之，改名賢王祠。已，睿忠、豫宣二親王，克勤郡王，亦均同祀。嵇曾筠、高斌，合祀清河靳輔等祠。伊犁祀班第、鄂容安，而拉布敦、傅清且建祠及西藏矣。

During the Yongzheng reign Qinghe honored Jin Fu and Qisuole, and Kaifeng honored Tian Wenjing. At Mukden Prince Yixian was honored. During Qianlong an edict incorporated the four princes of Tongda, Wugong, Huizhe, and Xuanxian and the four princes of Lilie, Raoyu, Zhengxian, and Yingyi into one temple, renamed the Temple of Worthy Princes. Later Prince Ruizhong, Prince Yuxuan, and the Prince of the Commandery of Keqin were all honored in the same temple. Ji Zengyun and Gao Bin were jointly honored in the Qinghe temple of Jin Fu and others. Ili honored Bandi and Erong'an, and temples for Labudun and Fu Qing were even built in Tibet.

嘉慶時，武威建雙烈祠，祀韓自昌、韓加業，同安祀李長庚，成都祀德楞泰，韓城、滑縣祀強克捷。

During Jiaqing Wuwei built the Temple of Double Martyrs for Han Zichang and Han Jiaye; Tong'an honored Li Changgeng, Chengdu honored Delin Tai, and Hancheng and Huaxian honored Qiang Kejie.

道光間，江南祀黎世序，台灣祀方振聲、馬步衢、陳玉威，趙城祀楊延亮，虎門祀關天培暨陳連升父子，鎮海祀裕謙，定海祀葛雲飛、鄭國鴻、王錫朋，京口祀海齡，寶山祀陳化成。

During Daoguang Jiangnan honored Li Shixu; Taiwan honored Fang Zhensheng, Ma Buqi, and Chen Yuwei; Zhaocheng honored Yang Yanliang; Humen honored Guan Tianpei and Chen Liansheng and his son; Zhenhai honored Yu Qian; Dinghai honored Ge Yunfei, Zheng Guohong, and Wang Xipeng; Jingkou honored Hailing; and Baoshan honored Chen Huacheng.

咸豐間，廣西祀長瑞、長壽暨阿爾精阿，西安、蘇州祀林則徐，安慶祀蔣文慶，廬州祀江忠源，瑞州祀劉騰鴻，江寧、蘇州祀向榮、張國樑，京口祀吉爾杭阿，附祀繃闊、劉存厚，揚州祀雙來、瞿騰龍，溧水、滸墅祀李坤元，天津祀佟鑒、謝子澄，長沙、九江祀塔齊布，湖廣、江西、安徽祀李續賓，江西、湖廣祀羅澤南，又與饒廷選合祀廣信，湘鄉復分祀澤南、王珍、劉騰鴻。湖南、江西祀蕭啟江，湖廣祀胡林翼，後安慶亦祀之。遵義祀羅繞典。

During Xianfeng Guangxi honored Changrui, Changshou, and Arjing'a; Xi'an and Suzhou honored Lin Zexu; Anqing honored Jiang Wenqing; Luzhou honored Jiang Zhongyuan; Ruizhou honored Liu Tenghong; Jiangning and Suzhou honored Xiang Rong and Zhang Guoliang; Jingkou honored Jierhang'a with Bengkuo and Liu Cunhou in attendance; Yangzhou honored Shuang Lai and Qu Tenglong; Lishui and Xushu honored Li Kunyuan; Tianjin honored Tong Jian and Xie Zicheng; Changsha and Jiujiang honored Taqibu; Huguang, Jiangxi, and Anhui honored Li Xubin; Jiangxi and Huguang honored Luo Zinan, also jointly honored with Rao Tingxuan at Guangxin; and Xiangxiang separately honored Zinan, Wang Zhen, and Liu Tenghong. Hunan and Jiangxi honored Xiao Qijiang; Huguang honored Hu Linyi, who was later honored at Anqing as well. Zunyi honored Luo Raodian.

同治間，湖北合祀官文、胡林翼，廬州祀李孟群，浙江祀瑞昌、王有齡、張玉良等，杭州祀羅遵殿，富陽祀熊建益，湖州祀趙景賢，陳州、安慶、臨淮、淮安祀袁甲三，南昌、青陽祀江忠義，安徽、湖廣祀李續宜，後復與多隆阿合祀潛山。安慶、蘇州、嘉興祀程學啟，河南、安徽、陝西、吉林祀多隆阿，後與林翼合祀安慶。江寧、安慶、吉安祀李臣典，湖南、福建、廣東祀張運蘭，曹州、天津、蒙城祀僧格林沁，後復祀奉天。湖南、江蘇、安徽祀彭毓橘，湖廣祀曹仁美等，四川、湖南祀駱秉章，陝、甘祀劉松山，江寧、安慶祀馬新貽，江寧、湖南、湖北、安徽、直隸祀曾國籓，後復與國荃合祀開封。長沙合祀張亮基、潘鐸，巴燕岱祀穆克登額，哈密祀扎薩克親王錫伯爾，南豐祀吳嘉賓，貴州祀蔣霨遠、黃潤昌等。於是禮部言：「各省專祠宜擇隙區曠土，毋侵民居，並禁改毀志乘名跡、聖賢祠墓。」報可。

During Tongzhi Hubei jointly honored Guan Wen and Hu Linyi; Luzhou honored Li Mengqun; Zhejiang honored Ruichang, Wang Youling, Zhang Yuliang, and others; Hangzhou honored Luo Zundian; Fuyang honored Xiong Jianyi; Huzhou honored Zhao Jingxian; Chenzhou, Anqing, Linhuai, and Huai'an honored Yuan Jiasan; Nanchang and Qingyang honored Jiang Zhongyi; Anhui and Huguang honored Li Xuyi, later jointly honored with Dolonga at Qianshan. Anqing, Suzhou, and Jiaxing honored Cheng Xueqi; Henan, Anhui, Shaanxi, and Jilin honored Dolonga, later jointly honored with Lin Yi at Anqing. Jiangning, Anqing, and Ji'an honored Li Chengdian; Hunan, Fujian, and Guangdong honored Zhang Yunlan; Caozhou, Tianjin, and Mengcheng honored Sengge Rinchen, later honored in Fengtian as well. Hunan, Jiangsu, and Anhui honored Peng Yuju; Huguang honored Cao Renmei and others; Sichuan and Hunan honored Luo Bingzhang; Shaanxi and Gansu honored Liu Songshan; Jiangning and Anhui honored Ma Xinyi; Jiangning, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Zhili honored Zeng Guofan, later jointly honored with Guoquan at Kaifeng. Changsha jointly honored Zhang Liangji and Pan Duo; Bayandai honored Mukedeng'e; Hami honored Jasak Prince Xiboer; Nanfeng honored Wu Jiabin; and Guizhou honored Jiang Weiyuan, Huang Runchang, and others. The Ministry of Rites then reported: "Dedicated provincial temples should be built on open ground without encroaching on private dwellings, and alteration or destruction of landmarks in local gazetteers or temples and tombs of sages is forbidden." The report was approved.

光緒間，揚州、黃州祀吳文鎔，安徽、江西、閩、浙、甘肅祀劉典，江南、江西、福建、台灣祀沈葆楨，江蘇、建福、山東、湖南祀郭松林，江、浙、直隸、山東、河南祀吳長慶，後復祀朝鮮。閩、浙、陝、甘、新疆、江寧祀左宗棠，四川、湖南、江西、安徽、江蘇祀鮑超，陝、甘、吉林祀金順，大理、鎮南祀楊玉科，江西、廣西、雲南、新寧祀劉長佑，雲、貴、廣西祀岑毓英，安徽、山東祀周盛波，後復與盛傳、戴宗騫合祀濟南。湖廣、江西、江寧、浙江西湖祀彭玉麟，荃，河南、安徽、湖北、直隸、甘、新祀張曜，安慶、江寧、青縣祀周盛傳，山東、江蘇祀陳國瑞，山東、陝西祀閻敬銘，湖南、甘、新祀劉錦棠，安徽、福建祀劉銘傳，山東、四川祀丁寶楨山東、陝西祀州、長沙、蘭州祀楊昌濬，江、浙、河南、直隸、山東祀李鴻章，直隸、奉天、河南、安徽祀宋慶，安徽及蘆台祀聶士成，湖南、江西、安徽、江寧祀劉坤一，廣西、雲、貴祀馮子材，安徽、湖南祀曾國華，甘、新祀陶模，直隸、安徽祀馬玉昆，安徽祀英翰，湖南、宣城祀鄧紹良，江南祀蕭孚泗，江寧祀陶澍、林則徐、鄒鳴鶴、福珠洪阿，清、淮、徐州祀吳棠，姚廣武等附之。徐州祀滕學義、唐定奎，淮安祀張之萬，杭州祀阮元、蔣益澧，淮、揚祀章合才，南昌祀吳坤修，東鄉祀羅思舉，河南祀倭仁，溫縣祀李棠階，西安祀劉蓉、曾望顏，天津祀怡賢親王、文謙、丁壽昌，靈壽、保定祀成肇麟，順天薊州祀吳可讀，寶坻祀潘祖廕，新疆祀金運昌，奉天建三賢祠，祀文祥、崇實、都興阿，又祀左寶貴、依克唐阿、長順。吉林祀金福、延茂、富俊、希元，福建台灣祀王凱泰，四川西充祀武肅親王豪格，臨桂祀陳宏謀，貴陽祀曾璧光、韓起、黎培敬。於時各省紛請立專祠，諭毋濫。

During Guangxu Yangzhou and Huangzhou honored Wu Wenrong; Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Gansu honored Liu Dian; Jiangnan, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Taiwan honored Shen Baozhen; Jiangsu, Jianfu, Shandong, and Hunan honored Guo Songlin; Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Zhili, Shandong, and Henan honored Wu Changqing, later honored in Korea as well. Fujian, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, and Jiangning honored Zuo Zongtang; Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Jiangsu honored Bao Chao; Shaanxi, Gansu, and Jilin honored Jin Shun; Dali and Zhennan honored Yang Yuke; Jiangxi, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Xinning honored Liu Changyou; Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi honored Cen Yuying; Anhui and Shandong honored Zhou Shengbo, later jointly honored with Shengchuan and Dai Zongqi at Jinan. Huguang, Jiangxi, Jiangning, and West Lake in Zhejiang honored Peng Yulin; Sichuan, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Zhili, Gansu, and Xinjiang honored Zhang Yao; Anqing, Jiangning, and Qingxian honored Zhou Shengchuan; Shandong and Jiangsu honored Chen Guorui; Shandong and Shaanxi honored Yan Jingming; Hunan, Gansu, and Xinjiang honored Liu Jintang; Anhui and Fujian honored Liu Mingchuan; Shandong and Sichuan honored Ding Baozhen; Changsha and Lanzhou honored Yang Changjun; Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan, Zhili, and Shandong honored Li Hongzhang; Zhili, Fengtian, Henan, and Anhui honored Song Qing; Anhui and Lutai honored Nie Shicheng; Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Jiangning honored Liu Kunyi; Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou honored Feng Zicai; Anhui and Hunan honored Zeng Guohua; Gansu and Xinjiang honored Tao Mo; Zhili and Anhui honored Ma Yukun; Anhui honored Ying Han; Hunan and Xuancheng honored Deng Shaoliang; Jiangnan honored Xiao Fusi; Jiangning honored Tao Shu, Lin Zexu, Zou Minghe, and Fuzhu Hong'a; Qingjiang, Huai'an, and Xuzhou honored Wu Tang, with Yao Guangwu and others in attendance. Xuzhou honored Teng Xueyi and Tang Dingkui; Huai'an honored Zhang Zhiwan; Hangzhou honored Ruan Yuan and Jiang Yili; Huai'an and Yangzhou honored Zhang Hecai; Nanchang honored Wu Kunxiu; Dongxiang honored Luo Siju; Henan honored Woren; Wenxian honored Li Tangjie; Xi'an honored Liu Rong and Zeng Wangyan; Tianjin honored Prince Yixian, Wen Qian, and Ding Shouchang; Lingshou and Baoding honored Cheng Zhaolin; Shuntian and Jizhou honored Wu Kedu; Baodi honored Pan Zuyin; Xinjiang honored Jin Yunchang; Fengtian built the Temple of Three Worthies for Wen Xiang, Chongshi, and Duxing'a, and also honored Zuo Baogui, Yiketang'a, and Changshun. Jilin honored Jin Fu, Yanmao, Fujun, and Xiyuan; Fujian and Taiwan honored Wang Kaitai; Xichong in Sichuan honored Prince Wusu Haoge; Lingui honored Chen Hongmou; Guiyang honored Zeng Biguang, Han Qi, and Li Peijing. At this time provinces repeatedly petitioned for dedicated temples; the court ordered that approval not be granted indiscriminately.

宣統享國未久，而湖北、安徽、陝、甘、奉天祀雷正綰，直隸、山東、河南、安徽祀程文炳，安徽及蒙古旗祀潘萬才，合肥祀董履高，渦陽祀牛師韓，杭州西湖祀徐用儀、許景澄、袁昶，號為「三忠」云。昶又祀蕪湖。自是聯元祀寶坻，張之洞祀武昌，王文韶祀長沙，馬維麒祀成都，丁體昌祀秦州，夏毓秀祀昆明，此皆舉其大者。其餘疆吏題請，禮臣議覆，事載實錄，年月可稽者，尚不一而足也。

Though the Xuantong reign was brief, Hubei, Anhui, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Fengtian honored Lei Zhengwan; Zhili, Shandong, Henan, and Anhui honored Cheng Wenbing; Anhui and the Mongol Banners honored Pan Wancai; Hefei honored Dong Lugao; Guoyang honored Niu Shihan; West Lake in Hangzhou honored Xu Yongyi, Xu Jingcheng, and Yuan Chang, known as the "Three Loyal Ones." Yuan Chang was also honored at Wuhu. Thereafter Lian Yuan was honored at Baodi, Zhang Zhidong at Wuchang, Wang Wenshao at Changsha, Ma Weilin at Chengdu, Ding Tichang at Qinzhou, and Xia Yuxiu at Kunming—the principal cases among them. Other petitions by frontier officials reviewed by the Ministry of Rites, with dates ascertainable in the Veritable Records, are still too numerous to count.

有清一代，從龍諸佐，蔚起關外。平三籓，漢將西北為多。靖三省教匪，蜀將競興。東南海寇橫，閩帥踵起。湘楚武臣，戡平粵亂。剿捻一役，參以皖將。其間完節死綏，祠祀尤夥。其功臣總祠，世宗朝，建忠勇祠蘭州。仁宗朝，建彰忠祠喀什噶爾。同治中興，湖南有表忠祠，湘鄉、平江有忠義祠，洞庭君山、湘鄉、桂陽有昭忠祠。他如湖口石鐘山水師，金陵湘軍陸師，楚軍水師，吳淞外海水師，台灣淮楚軍，蘇州、武昌、保定、廬州、巢湖、濟南、無錫各地淮軍，使凡轉戰糜軀者，莫不馨香血食，其為昭忠一也。此外江寧、京口旗營，金陵軍營官紳，武昌武毅軍，成都嵩武軍，錦州毅軍，各昭忠祠，與各州縣忠義、昭忠、慰忠、忠烈等祠，所以䘏死酬勛，不可勝紀。祭禮、祭品如前儀。

Throughout the Qing dynasty, founding assistants rose in great numbers from beyond the pass. In pacifying the Three Feudatories, Han generals from the northwest predominated. In suppressing the sectarian rebels across three provinces, generals from Shu rose in great numbers. When pirates ravaged the southeastern seas, commanders from Fujian arose one after another. Military men from Hunan and Hubei quelled the rebellion in Guangdong. In the campaign against the Nian rebels, Anhui generals played a major part. Those who preserved their integrity and died in office were honored with temples in especially great numbers. Collective temples to meritorious officials included the Temple of Loyal Courage built at Lanzhou in the Shizong reign. In the Renzong reign the Temple of Manifest Loyalty was built at Kashgar. During the Tongzhi restoration Hunan had the Temple of Commended Loyalty; Xiangxiang and Pingjiang had Temples of Loyalty and Righteousness; and Dongting's Junshan, Xiangxiang, and Guiyang had Temples of Manifest Loyalty. Elsewhere the naval forces at Shizhong Mountain on Lake Poyang, the Hunan land forces at Jinling, the Chu naval forces, the outer-sea naval forces at Wusong, the Huai-Chu forces in Taiwan, and Huai forces at Suzhou, Wuchang, Baoding, Luzhou, Chaohu, Jinan, Wuxi, and elsewhere—all who fell in battle received fragrant blood offerings; all were temples of manifest loyalty alike. Besides these were temples of manifest loyalty for the Jiangning and Jingkou garrisons, Jinling military officials and gentry, the Wuyi Army at Wuchang, the Songwu Army at Chengdu, the Yi Army at Jinzhou, and temples of loyalty, manifest loyalty, consoling loyalty, and loyal martyrs in counties and prefectures across the land—all to comfort the dead and reward merit—too numerous to record. Sacrificial rites and offerings followed the regulations described above.

宗室家廟崇德元年，定宗室封王者立家廟。順治五年，詔王無嗣，祔饗太廟後殿西廡。有子孫者，立廟別祭。四孟月、歲暮陪祭太廟，畢，歸府第行之。凡薦新，未獻太廟者，不得私獻家廟。於時庄親王立一廟，禮、巽、謙三親王合一廟，饒餘郡王、端重親王合一廟，穎親王、順承郡王合一廟，豫郡王一廟，克勤、衍禧二郡王合一廟。雍正九年，怡賢親王立一廟。

Ancestral Temples of the Imperial Clan. In the first year of Chongde it was established that enfeoffed princes of the imperial clan should establish ancestral temples. In the fifth year of Shunzhi an edict stated that when a prince died without heirs, he should be enshrined in the western wing of the rear hall of the Imperial Ancestral Temple. Those who left descendants established separate temples for their own line. In the four first months of the seasons and at year's end they first accompanied the sacrifice at the Imperial Ancestral Temple; when that was finished, the rites were performed at the princely residence. Offerings of new harvest could not be presented at the family temple until they had first been offered at the Imperial Ancestral Temple. At that time Prince Zhuang had one temple; Princes Li, Xun, and Qian shared one; the Prince of Raoyu and Prince Duanzhong shared one; Prince Ying and the Prince of Shuncheng shared one; the Prince of Yu had one; and the Princes of Keqin and Yanxi shared one. In the ninth year of Yongzheng Prince Yixian established one temple.

凡親王世子、郡王家祭，建廟七楹，中五為堂，左右牆隔之為夾室。堂後楣北五室，中奉始封王，世世不祧。高、曾、祖、禰依序為二昭二穆，昭東穆西，親盡則祧。由昭祧者，藏主東夾室，升二昭位於一室，以二室奉升祔主。由穆祧者，藏西夾室，升祔亦如之。南為中門，又南廟門，左右側門，庭分東、西廡，東藏衣冠，西則祭器、樂器。廟重檐，丹楹，采桷，綠瓦，紅堊壁。門內焚帛爐。外刲牲房，西鄉。歲以四時仲月諏吉，仲春出祧主合食。

For the heir of a prince or commandery prince performing family sacrifices, a temple of seven bays was built: the central five formed the hall, flanked by chambers partitioned by walls. Behind the hall, north of the lintel, were five chambers; the center held the first enfeoffed prince, never removed from worship. Great-great-grandfather, great-grandfather, grandfather, and father formed two zhao and two mu: zhao to the east, mu to the west; when the line of descent was exhausted, tablets were removed. Tablets removed from the zhao were stored in the eastern side chamber; the two zhao positions were combined into one chamber to receive ascending enshrined tablets. Tablets removed from the mu were stored in the western side chamber; ascending enshrinement followed the same rule. To the south stood the central gate and beyond it the temple gate, with side gates on either side; the courtyard had eastern and western wings—the east for robes and caps, the west for sacrificial and musical instruments. The temple had double eaves, vermilion pillars, painted rafter ends, green tiles, and red plastered walls. Inside the gate stood a furnace for burning silk offerings. Outside, to the west, was the slaughtering room. Each year on an auspicious day in the second month of each season, in mid-spring the removed tablets were brought out for a combined offering.

其禮，堂中始封祖專案，正位，南鄉。左東夾祧主共案，次二昭共案，東鄉。右西夾室祧主共案，次二穆共案，西鄉。少西設香帛案一，尊案一，每案羊、豕各一，鉶、簠、簋各二，籩、豆各八。位各帛一、爵三、樂器六。同祖所出子孫，成人以上，屆期會祭，府僚與陪，執事通贊、屬官為之。奉香、帛、爵則用子孫。先三日，主人齋外寢，眾咸齋。祀日昧爽，主人朝服入，位堂檐內正中，與祭伯叔輩位東階上，兄弟子孫位東階下，位以世差，世以齒序。官屬位西階下，序以爵。俱北面。質明，子弟長者二人詣世祖室，四人分詣東西夾室，昭、穆室，各奉主安幾。昭，考右妣左；穆，考左妣右。跪，一叩，興。主人盥，就位，迎神樂作。詣始祖位前三上香，以次詣各祧位前上香，率族屬行二跪六拜禮。奉帛、爵奠、獻、讀祝如儀。三獻訖，詣始祖位前跪受爵、受胙，三拜，徹饌，送神，二跪六拜。詣燎位視燎。禮成，奉主還室，退。分胙頒族屬。

In the hall the founding ancestor had a separate table at the central position, facing south. To the left, removed tablets from the eastern side chamber shared one table; next, the two zhao shared one table, facing east. To the right, removed tablets from the western side chamber shared one table; next, the two mu shared one table, facing west. Further west stood one table for incense and silk and one for libation vessels; each bore one sheep and one pig, two sets each of meat dishes and grain vessels, and eight each of baskets and stands. Each position had one piece of silk, three libation cups, and six musical instruments. Adult descendants of the same founding ancestor assembled for the sacrifice; household officials attended, with a master of ceremonies and subordinate officials directing the rites. Descendants presented the incense, silk, and libation cups. Three days beforehand the host fasted and slept outside the main quarters; all participants fasted as well. On the sacrifice day before dawn the host entered in court dress and stood in the center beneath the hall eaves; paternal uncles stood on the upper eastern steps, brothers and descendants on the lower, arranged by generation and age. Officials stood on the lower western steps, ordered by rank. All faced north. At daybreak two senior descendants went to the founding ancestor's chamber; four others went to the eastern and western side chambers and the zhao and mu chambers, each bearing a tablet to place on its table. In the zhao positions, the father was placed to the right and the mother to the left; in the mu positions, the father was placed to the left and the mother to the right. They knelt and kowtowed once, then rose. The host washed his hands and took his place as music sounded to welcome the spirits. He offered incense three times before the founding ancestor, then before each removed tablet in turn, and led the clan in two kneelings and six kowtows. Silk and libation cups were presented, offerings made, and the prayer read according to ritual. When the three offerings were complete, he knelt before the founding ancestor to receive the libation cup and sacrificial meat, kowtowed three times, withdrew the offerings, and sent off the spirits with two kneelings and six kowtows. He went to the burning place to oversee the burning of offerings. When the rites were complete, the tablets were returned to their chambers and all withdrew. Sacrificial meat was then distributed among the clan.

其時祭之禮，堂中設案五，始祖考、妣正位南鄉，高、曾、祖、禰，依昭穆為左右。案各羊一、豕一，餘如合食制。其時節薦新，屆日主人夙興，率子弟盛服入廟，潔堂宇，設案，陳果羞盤各六，每位箸二、盞三。啟室，以次詣各案前跪上香，三拜，子弟遍獻酒，主人二跪六拜，子弟隨行禮。畢，闔室，退。因事致告，薦果羞各四，禮同薦新。月朔望謁廟亦如之。

For sacrifices at that time five tables were set in the hall: the founding ancestor's father and mother at the central position facing south, with great-great-grandfather, great-grandfather, grandfather, and father arranged to left and right according to zhao and mu. Each table had one sheep and one pig; all else followed the combined feast regulations. For seasonal offerings of new harvest, on the appointed day the host rose early and led sons and younger brothers in full dress into the temple, cleaned the hall, set tables, and laid out six trays each of fruit and delicacies, with two pairs of chopsticks and three cups at each position. The chambers were opened; they knelt before each table in turn and offered incense, kowtowing three times; sons and younger brothers presented wine throughout; the host knelt twice and kowtowed six times, with the sons and younger brothers following. When finished, the chambers were closed and all withdrew. When reporting affairs, four trays each of fruit and delicacies were offered, following the same rites as for new harvest offerings. On the first and fifteenth of each month, visiting the temple followed the same practice.

貝勒、貝子、宗室公家祭廟五楹，三為堂。後楣北分室五，奉始封祖暨四代。兩旁夾室奉親盡祧主。廟不重檐，門不備采，餘如親王。合食，始祖專案，羊一、豕一，東夾室祧主暨二昭專案，羊豕各一。西夾室祧主暨二穆亦如之。時祭俱專案，昭穆各同牲，籩、豆視親王各減二，不用樂，一跪三拜。時節薦果盤各四，有事則告，朔望則謁。餘如親王儀。

For family sacrifices of beile, beizi, and imperial clan dukes, the temple had five bays, three forming the hall. North of the rear crossbeam were five divided chambers enshrining the first enfeoffed ancestor and four generations. Side chambers on either side held tablets removed when the line of descent was exhausted. The temple had no double eaves and the gates lacked painted brackets; otherwise it followed the princely model. For the combined feast the founding ancestor had a separate table with one sheep and one pig; the eastern side chamber's removed tablets and two zhao shared a table with one sheep and one pig. The western side chamber's removed tablets and two mu were arranged the same way. Seasonal sacrifices used separate tables; zhao and mu shared sacrificial animals; baskets and stands were each two fewer than for princes; no music was used; one kneeling and three kowtows. At seasonal festivals four trays of fruit were offered; affairs were reported when needed; on the first and fifteenth the temple was visited. All else followed the princely ritual.

品官士庶家祭凡品官家祭廟立居室東，一至三品廟五楹，三為堂，左右各一牆限之。北為夾室，南為房。庭兩廡，東藏衣物，西藏祭器。庭繚以垣。四至七品廟三楹，中為堂，左右夾室及房，有廡。八、九品廟三楹，中廣，左右狹，庭無廡。篋藏衣物、祭器，陳東西序。堂後四室，奉高、曾、祖，禰，左昭、右穆。妣以嫡配，南鄉。高祖以上，親盡則祧。由昭祧者，藏主東夾室；由穆祧者，藏主西夾室。遷室、祔廟，並依昭穆世次，東西序為祔位，伯叔祖父兄弟子姓成人無後者、殤者，以版按行輩墨書，男東女西，東西鄉。定牲器之數，一至三品，羊一、豕一，每案俎二，鉶、登各二，籩、豆各六。四至七品，特豕，案一俎，籩、豆各四。八品以下，豚肩不特殺，案一俎，籩、豆各二。

Family Sacrifices of Officials, Gentry, and Commoners. Officials established family temples east of the main residence; ranks one through three built temples of five bays, three forming the hall, partitioned by walls on either side. To the north were side chambers; to the south were rooms. The courtyard had eastern and western wings—the east for clothing, the west for sacrificial vessels. The courtyard was enclosed by a wall. For ranks four through seven the temple had three bays with the center as hall, side chambers and rooms on either side, and courtyard wings. For ranks eight and nine the temple had three bays, wide in the center and narrow at the sides, with no courtyard wings. Chests held clothing and sacrificial vessels, arranged in eastern and western rows. Behind the hall were four chambers for great-great-grandfather, great-grandfather, grandfather, and father, zhao to the left and mu to the right. Consorts were paired with the legitimate wife, all facing south. Ancestors above the great-great-grandfather were removed when the line of descent was exhausted. Those removed from the zhao were stored in the eastern side chamber; those removed from the mu were stored in the western side chamber. Moving chambers and enshrining in the temple followed zhao-mu order by generation; eastern and western rows held enshrined attendance; uncles, grandfathers, brothers, sons, and adult male kin without heirs, and those who died young, were recorded on tablets by generation in ink—males east, females west. Sacrificial animals and vessels were fixed by rank: ranks one through three had one sheep and one pig per table, two meat stands, two each of meat dishes and grain vessels, and six each of baskets and stands. Ranks four through seven used a pig alone, one meat stand per table, and four each of baskets and stands. Rank eight and below used a pork shoulder without special slaughter, one meat stand per table, and two each of baskets and stands.

歲祭以四時仲月諏吉，讀祝、贊禮、執爵皆子弟為之。子孫年及冠，皆會祭。前三日，主人暨在事者齋。祀日五鼓，主人朝服，眾盛服，入廟。主人俟東階下，族姓俟庭東西，順昭穆世次。主婦率諸婦盛服入，詣爨所視烹飪。羹定，入東房治籩、豆，陳鉶、登、匕、箸、醯、醬以俟。質明，子弟長者啟室，奉主陳之幾，昭位考右妣左，分薦者設東西祔位。主人升自東階，盥訖，詣中檐拜位立。族姓行尊者立兩階上，卑者立階下。咸北面。主人詣香案前跪，三上香，進奠爵，興，復位，率族姓一跪三拜。主人詣高祖案前獻爵，曾、祖、禰案前畢獻如儀，分薦者遍獻祔位酒，讀祝。每獻，主婦率諸婦致薦，一叩興。初獻匕箸醯醬，亞獻羹飯肉胾，三獻餅餌果蔬。卒獻，主人跪香案前，祝代祖考致嘏於主人，主人啐酒嘗食，反器於祝，一叩興，復位，送神，一跪三拜。視燎畢，與祭者出，主人率子弟納神主，上香行禮。徹祭器，闔門，退。日中而餕。

Annual sacrifices were held on auspicious days in the second month of each season; reading the prayer, assisting in the rites, and presenting libation cups were performed by sons and younger brothers. All descendants who had come of age assembled for the sacrifice. Three days beforehand the host and all participants fasted. On the sacrifice day at the fifth watch the host wore court dress, all wore formal attire, and entered the temple. The host waited below the eastern steps; clan members waited in the courtyard east and west, ordered by zhao-mu generation. The hostess led the women in formal attire to the kitchen to oversee the cooking. When the soup was ready, they entered the eastern room to prepare baskets and stands and arrange meat dishes, grain vessels, spoons, chopsticks, vinegar, and sauce. At daybreak senior sons opened the chambers and placed the tablets on the tables—at zhao positions the father to the right and mother to the left; enshrined attendance had tables in eastern and western rows. The host ascended the eastern steps; after washing his hands he stood at the bowing position beneath the central eaves. Senior clan members stood on the upper steps; junior members below. All faced north. The host knelt before the incense table, offered incense three times, presented the libation cup, rose, returned to his place, and led the clan in one kneeling and three kowtows. The host presented the libation cup at the great-great-grandfather's table, then at the great-grandfather's, grandfather's, and father's tables in the same manner; enshrined attendance received wine at all positions; the prayer was read. At each presentation the hostess led the women in offering, with one kowtow and rise. The first presentation brought spoons, chopsticks, vinegar, and sauce; the second soup, rice, meat, and sliced meat; the third cakes, pastries, and fruit. At the final presentation the host knelt before the incense table; the prayer reader conveyed the ancestors' blessings to the host; the host sipped wine and tasted the food, returned the vessels to the prayer reader, kowtowed once and rose, then sent off the spirits with one kneeling and three kowtows. When the burning was finished the participants withdrew; the host led sons and younger brothers to return the spirit tablets, offered incense, and performed the closing rites. Sacrificial vessels were removed, the doors closed, and all withdrew. The communal feast was held at midday.

三品以上，時祭遍舉。四至七品，春、秋二舉。八九品春一舉。與祭者，尊卑咸在。主人肅入席，酌尊者酒，子弟年長者離席酌主人，長幼獻酬交錯。已事，咸出。徹席，餕庖人、僕人必盡之。

Officials of rank three and above held seasonal sacrifices in all four seasons. Officials of ranks four through seven held sacrifices in spring and autumn only. Officials of ranks eight and nine held one sacrifice in spring. All participants, high and low, were present. The host took his seat with reverence and poured wine for honored elders; elder sons and younger brothers left their seats to pour for the host; young and old exchanged toasts in turn. When finished, all withdrew. When the feast was cleared, cooks and servants were to consume everything remaining.

令節薦新，一至三品，每案果、羞各四，四至七品，減果二，八、九品並減羞二，具羹飯則同。月朔望供茶，食案二器，儀同時薦。庶士家祭，設龕寢堂北，以版隔為四室，奉高、曾、祖、禰，妣配之，位如品官儀，南鄉。服親成人無後者，順行輩書紙為祔位，已事，焚之，不立版。每四時節日，出主以薦，粢盛二盤，肉食果蔬四器，羹二，飯二。先期致齋。薦之前夕，主婦在房治饌，逮明，主人吉服，率子弟奉主陳香案，昭東穆西，設祔位西序案，主人立東階下，眾按行東西立。主人上香畢，一跪三拜，興。主婦率諸婦出房薦匕箸醯醬，跪，叩，退。主人至案前，以次酌酒、薦熟，跪，叩，興。子弟薦祔位，畢，讀祭文。再獻，主婦薦飯羹，三獻薦餅餌時蔬。主人率族姓行禮訖，焚祭文及祭位，納主，徹退，日中而餕。春一舉，月朔望獻茶，有事則告，俱一跪三拜。

For festival offerings of new harvest, ranks one through three had four trays each of fruit and delicacies per table; ranks four through seven reduced fruit by two; ranks eight and nine reduced delicacies by two; soup and rice followed the same rules. On the first and fifteenth of each month tea was offered with two vessels on the food table, following seasonal offering rites. Common gentry established a shrine niche on the north side of the main hall, partitioned into four chambers for great-great-grandfather through father, with consorts paired, all facing south as for officials. Adult male kin without heirs were honored on paper tablets by generation; after the rites the paper was burned and no permanent tablet kept. At each seasonal festival the tablets were brought out: two trays of grain, four vessels of meat and vegetables, two soups, and two bowls of rice. Fasting was observed beforehand. On the evening before, the hostess prepared food; at dawn the host in auspicious dress led sons and younger brothers to place the tablets at the incense table—zhao east, mu west—with enshrined attendance at a western table; the host stood below the eastern steps, all arranged by generation. The host offered incense, knelt once and kowtowed three times, then rose. The hostess led the women to offer spoons, chopsticks, vinegar, and sauce; they knelt, kowtowed, and withdrew. The host went to the table, poured wine and offered cooked food in turn, knelt, kowtowed, and rose. Sons and younger brothers offered at enshrined attendance positions; when finished, the sacrificial text was read. At the second presentation the hostess offered rice and soup; at the third, cakes and seasonal vegetables. When the rites were complete, the sacrificial text and paper positions were burned, the tablets returned, and all withdrew; the feast was held at midday. One offering in spring; tea on the first and fifteenth; affairs reported when needed—all with one kneeling and three kowtows.

庶人家祭，設龕正寢北，奉高、曾、祖、禰位，逢節薦新，案不逾四器，羹飯具。其日夙興，主婦治饌，主人率子弟安主獻祭，一切禮如庶士而稍約。月朔望供茶，燃香、鐙行禮。告事亦如之。

Common households set a shrine on the north side of the main bedchamber for four generations; at festivals new harvest was offered with no more than four vessels on the table, together with soup and rice. On the appointed day they rose early; the hostess prepared food; the host led sons and younger brothers to install the tablets and sacrifice—all rites like common gentry but somewhat simpler. On the first and fifteenth tea was offered, incense and lamps lit, and the rites performed. Reporting affairs followed the same practice.

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