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卷95 志七十 乐二 十二律吕尺度

Volume 95 Treatises 70: Music 2, Shi Er Lv Lv Chi Du

Chapter 95 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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1
Treatise 70
2
Music, Part Two
3
The Pitches and Scales of the Twelve Lü
4
For Huangzhong (Yellow Bell), the ancient standard pipe measured three fen, three li, eight hao, five si, and one hu in diameter, nine cun in length, and eight hundred and ten fen in cubic volume. By the present standard, its diameter was two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu; its length seven cun, two fen, and nine li; and its volume four hundred and thirty fen, four hundred and sixty-seven li, and two hundred and ten hao. It held one thousand two hundred grains of millet.
5
For Dalü, the ancient pipe shared the same diameter as Huangzhong; its length was eight cun, four fen, two li, seven hao, plus two hundred thirty-nine parts of two hundred forty-three fen-hao; its volume was seven hundred fifty-eight fen, five hundred eighteen li, and five hundred eighteen hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Dalü measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; six cun, eight fen, two li, six hao, and two-thirds of a fen-hao in length; and four hundred three fen, one hundred seven li, and eight hundred forty hao in volume. It held one thousand twenty-four grains of millet.
6
For Taicu, the ancient pipe measured three fen, three li, eight hao, five si, and one hu in diameter, eight cun in length, and seven hundred twenty fen in volume. By the present standard, Taicu had a diameter of two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu; a length of six cun, four fen, and eight li; and a volume of three hundred eighty-two fen, six hundred thirty-seven li, and five hundred twenty hao. It held one thousand sixty-seven grains of millet.
7
For Jiazhong, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was seven cun, four fen, nine li, one hao, plus one thousand one hundred eighty-three parts of two thousand one hundred eighty-seven fen-hao; its volume was six hundred seventy-four fen, two hundred thirty-eight li, and six hundred eighty-three hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Jiazhong measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; six cun, six li, eight hao, and four twenty-sevenths of a fen-hao in length; and three hundred fifty-eight fen, three hundred eighteen li, and eighty hao in volume. It held nine hundred ninety-nine grains of millet.
8
For Guxian, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was seven cun, one fen, one li, one hao, and one-ninth of a fen-hao; its volume was six hundred forty fen. By the present standard, Guxian measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; five cun, seven fen, and six li in length; and three hundred forty fen, one hundred twenty-two li, and two hundred forty hao in volume. It held nine hundred forty-eight grains of millet.
9
For Zhonglü, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was six cun, six fen, five li, nine hao, plus two thousand nine hundred three parts of ten thousand nine hundred eighty-three fen-hao; its volume was five hundred ninety-nine fen, three hundred twenty-three li, and two hundred seventy-three hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Zhonglü measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; five cun, three fen, nine li, three hao, and two hundred twenty-one parts of two hundred forty-three fen-hao in length; and three hundred eighteen fen, five hundred four li, and nine hundred sixty hao in volume. It held eight hundred eighty-eight grains of millet.
10
For Ruibin, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was six cun, three fen, two li, plus eighty parts of eighty-one fen-hao; its volume was five hundred sixty-eight fen, eight hundred eighty-eight li, and eight hundred eighty-eight hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Ruibin measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; five cun, one fen, and two li in length; and three hundred two fen, three hundred thirty li, and eight hundred eighty hao in volume. It held eight hundred forty-three grains of millet.
11
For Linzhong, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter, a length of six cun, and a volume of five hundred forty fen. By the present standard, Linzhong measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; four cun, eight fen, and six li in length; and two hundred eighty-six fen, nine hundred seventy-eight li, and one hundred forty hao in volume. It held eight hundred grains of millet.
12
For Yize, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was five cun, six fen, one li, eight hao, plus four hundred seventy-eight parts of seven hundred twenty-nine fen-hao; its volume was five hundred five fen, six hundred seventy-nine li, and twelve hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Yize measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; four cun, five fen, five li, one hao, and one-ninth of a fen-hao in length; and two hundred sixty-eight fen, seven hundred thirty-eight li, and five hundred sixty hao in volume. It held seven hundred forty-nine grains of millet.
13
For Nanlü, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was five cun, three fen, three li, three hao, and one-third of a fen-hao; its volume was four hundred eighty fen. By the present standard, Nanlü measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; four cun, three fen, and two li in length; and two hundred fifty-five fen, ninety-one li, and six hundred eighty hao in volume. It held seven hundred eleven grains of millet.
14
For Wushe, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was four cun, nine fen, nine li, four hao, plus two thousand two hundred sixty-six parts of six thousand five hundred sixty-one fen-hao; its volume was four hundred forty-nine fen, four hundred ninety-two li, and four hundred fifty-five hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Wushe measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; four cun, four li, five hao, and thirty-five parts of eighty-one fen-hao in length; and two hundred thirty-eight fen, eight hundred seventy-eight li, and seven hundred twenty hao in volume. It held six hundred sixty-six grains of millet.
15
For Yingzhong, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was four cun, seven fen, four li, plus twenty parts of twenty-seven fen-hao; its volume was four hundred twenty-six fen, six hundred sixty-six li, and six hundred sixty-six hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Yingzhong measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; three cun, eight fen, and four li in length; and two hundred twenty-six fen, seven hundred forty-eight li, and one hundred sixty hao in volume. It held six hundred thirty-two grains of millet.
16
The Seven Tones in Clear and Muddy Registers
17
At double Ruibin: the lower fifth degree (zhi), notated yi; at double Linzhong (clear): the raised lower fifth, notated high yi.
18
At double Yize: the lower sixth degree (yu), notated shang; at double Nanlü (clear): the raised lower sixth, notated high shang.
19
At double Wushe: the altered leading tone (bian gong), notated chi; at double Yingzhong (clear): the raised altered leading tone, notated high chi.
20
At Huangzhong: the tonic (gong), notated gong; at Dalü (clear): the raised tonic, notated high gong.
21
At Taicu: the second degree (shang), notated fan; at Jiazhong (clear): the raised second, notated high fan.
22
At Guxian: the third degree (jue), notated liu; at Zhonglü (clear): the raised third, notated high liu.
23
At Ruibin: the altered fourth (bian zhi), notated wu; at Linzhong (clear): the raised altered fourth, notated high wu.
24
At Yize: the fifth degree (zhi), notated yi; at Nanlü (clear): the raised fifth, notated high yi.
25
At Wushe: the sixth degree (yu), notated shang; at Yingzhong (clear): the raised sixth, notated high shang.
26
At half Huangzhong: the altered leading tone, notated chi; at half Dalü (clear): the raised altered leading tone, notated high chi.
27
At half Taicu: the lesser tonic (shao gong), notated gong; at half Jiazhong (clear): the raised lesser tonic, notated high gong.
28
At half Guxian: the lesser second (shao shang), notated fan; at half Zhonglü (clear): the raised lesser second, notated high fan.
29
The full tables for Huangzhong pipes of uniform form—covering tone, pipe form, circumference, diameter, and volumetric fractions—are too extensive to reproduce here; see the main commentary for the details.
30
The pipe eight times the length of Huangzhong gives the Huangzhong tonic (gong), notated gong—this is the pipe of true Huangzhong.
31
The pipe seven times Huangzhong yields Dalü (clear) tonic, notated high gong—the pipe at seven-eighths of Huangzhong.
32
The pipe six times Huangzhong yields the Taicu second (shang), notated fan—the pipe at six-eighths of Huangzhong.
33
The pipe five times Huangzhong yields Jiazhong (clear) second, notated high fan—the pipe at five-eighths of Huangzhong.
34
The pipe four times Huangzhong yields the Guxian third (jue), notated liu—the pipe at four-eighths, or one-half, of Huangzhong.
35
The pipe three and a half times Huangzhong yields Zhonglü (clear) third, notated high liu—the pipe at three and a half-eighths of Huangzhong.
36
The pipe three times Huangzhong yields the Ruibin altered fourth, notated wu—the pipe at three-eighths of Huangzhong.
37
The pipe two and a half times Huangzhong yields Linzhong (clear) altered fourth, notated high wu—the pipe at two and a half-eighths of Huangzhong.
38
The pipe two times Huangzhong yields Nanlü (clear) fifth, notated high yi—the pipe at two-eighths, or one-quarter, of Huangzhong.
39
The pipe at true Huangzhong plus three-quarters yields the Wushe sixth (yu), notated shang—a pipe one-eighth of Huangzhong plus three-quarters of that fraction.
40
The pipe at true Huangzhong plus one-half yields Yingzhong (clear) sixth, notated high shang—a pipe one-eighth of Huangzhong plus two-quarters of that fraction.
41
The pipe at true Huangzhong plus one-quarter yields the half-Huangzhong altered leading tone, notated chi—a pipe one-eighth of Huangzhong plus one-quarter of that fraction.
42
The pipe at true Huangzhong plus one-eighth yields half Dalü (clear) altered leading tone, notated high chi—a pipe one-eighth of Huangzhong plus one-eighth of that fraction.
43
The pipe of true Huangzhong yields the half-Taicu tonic, notated gong—the pipe at one-eighth of Huangzhong.
44
調 調調 調 調調調調調調調調調 調調調 調 調調調調 調 調 調調調 調調 調 調調調調調 調 調 調調調 調調調調調 調 調調調調調調 調調調調調調調調 調調調調調調 調調 調調 調調 調 調調調調 調調調調調調 調調調調 調 調 調調 調調
Musical rhythm arises from the interplay of tone and mode: by "tone" is meant the seven notes—the five principal degrees together with their two alterations. "Mode" is what regulates the seven notes and sets them to work upon one another. Tone and mode ultimately derive from circular transposition; differences in how pipes, lü standards, and string lengths divide the seven notes produce different systems of transposition. In antiquity, circular transposition was explained with bamboo pipes and silk strings treated together. Since the Sui, scholars relied on string pitch alone to explain the five degrees, and the tradition of lü-based circular transposition was lost. In circular transposition, any of the twelve lü may become the tonic: once one pitch is set as master of a key and governs seven notes, each of the twelve lü can in turn serve as the five principal degrees and their two alterations. Tone and mode each have their own nature, yet modes further divide into governing, opening, and shifting types; when shifting mode is considered together with circular transposition, the composite is called gongdiao—the tonal mode system. Rotating the five degrees and two alterations through the fourteen pitches of the clear and muddy registers yields ninety-eight notes—the full complement of the scale. Although mode is said to be governed by the tonic (gong), gong remains gong in its own right and mode remains mode in its own right. When the tonic establishes the master of a key, the lower sixth (yu) still ranks above the tonic in governing power and thus heads the mode—what the ancients called "the tonic yielding to the sixth." With the sixth governing the mode and the tonic fixing the key, once the seven-note positions are set, neither the two altered degrees nor any pitch incompatible with the opening note may begin a mode. When the mode opens on the sixth, the fifth lies before it and the altered leading tone behind it. These two pitches sit too close to the sixth and blur the opening tone; altered zhi, as the sixth degree, likewise cannot serve as the opening note of a sixth-based mode. That is why neither the two altered degrees nor the standard fifth degree, when it occupies the opening position, may begin a mode. To close a mode, one ends on a note native to that mode—one that could also have opened it. The two altered degrees and the fifth degree in the opening position are likewise excluded. When the opening pitch at the sixth degree starts from its own native note, the result is the native mode. The opening note and the fifth degree are both sixths; they next accord with the third. The opening note and the third degree are both sixths; they next accord with the tonic, and key and mode align accordingly. The opening note and the fourth degree are both sixths; they shift into accord with the second and may move in or out of the mode. Thus there is the native mode; a mode opened from the tonic degree; one opened from the third; and another opened from the second. Modes opened from the sixth, tonic, or third are proper; that opened from the second is borrowed—hence the language of entering and exiting, as when a piece is said to move in and out of a given tonic and mode. In shifting accord, the distance from the lower-sixth opening to the third is five degrees; from the second degree's third note to the upper sixth at the eighth degree is likewise five. One key supports four modes; seven keys yield twenty-eight; across the fourteen clear and muddy keys, there are fifty-six modes in all. In composition, the seven-mode shifting method treats opening on the note si as the standard mode; musicians take the si-mode as their reference, lining up si, yi, shang, chi, gong, fan, liu, and wu—whichever solfège syllable falls on the si position names the mode. This mirrors circular transposition among the five degrees and two alterations: si at the sixth degree marks where the mode opens. When yi opens on si, the mode is the yi-mode; when shang opens on si, the shang-mode; and likewise for chi, gong, fan, and he. This describes the finger-holes of the transverse flute. Each mode excludes certain solfège syllables—the si-mode omits yi and fan, the yi-mode shang and liu, and so on—just as, when the sixth governs the mode, the two altered degrees are omitted. In the si-mode, neither yi nor fan may open the mode, nor may liu—just as, when the sixth governs at the sixth degree, neither altered degree nor the fifth may serve as the opening note. The shifting of these seven solfège syllables among seven modes is nothing other than circular transposition of the five degrees and two alterations—mode, pitch, and notation form a single system. The subject divides into four topics. First, fixing the seven-note positions: the five degrees and two alterations are assigned fixed places from lower sixth to upper sixth in eight steps, illustrating generation at the octave; from the lower-sixth position one identifies tonic and mode, from the tonic position mode and tonic, and from the two altered positions which notes and lü to avoid. Second, circular transposition and the governing mode: the five degrees and two alterations rotate beneath the fixed seven-note scheme in eight positions—when the sixth is placed under lower sixth and the tonic under the tonic degree, the tonic fixes the key while the sixth governs the mode. Similarly, when the second is placed under lower sixth and altered fourth under the tonic degree, the altered fourth fixes the key while the second governs the mode. Third, harmonized openings: all twelve lü, including doubled and halved forms, are kept in reserve; each generated note takes its place in the key beneath the transposition scheme, and each mode opened by a pitch harmonized with the governing degree is labeled under its native lü to fix the mode's proper name. When Huangzhong fixes the tonic, Yize at lower sixth governs the mode; double Wushe and true Ruibin, as the two altered degrees, cannot open modes, nor can true Yize at the fifth degree; thus opening on double Yize yields the proper sixth mode, on Huangzhong the proper tonic mode, on Taicu the proper second, and on Guxian the proper third—the four modes of the proper tonic key. When Dalü fixes the tonic, double Nanlü at lower sixth governs the mode; the clear sixth mode opens the set; opening on Dalü gives clear tonic, on Jiazhong clear second, on Zhonglü clear third—the four modes of the clear tonic key. Every other tonic-and-mode pairing follows the same rule. Fourth, musical notation: the solfège characters assigned to each lü by the pitch pipes, xiao, and flute are arranged by tone and mode and listed under the corresponding lü. Huangzhong is notated gong; the xiao sounding Huangzhong is gong, the flute sounding Huangzhong is wu—both noted under native Huangzhong. Dalü is high gong, with the xiao's high gong and flute's high wu noted under native Dalü. The character at the sixth degree governs the mode; that at the tonic fixes the key; characters at the two altered positions are omitted, as is the fifth degree when it would open the mode. Set out in tables under these four headings, the principles of transposition, tonal shifting, governing mode, and opening mode become fully transparent.
45
調調
With Huangzhong tonic and double Yize governing at lower sixth, the mode is the shang-character mode.
46
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, vertical-flute solfège, transverse-flute solfège, and opening mode name.
47
調
At lower sixth, transposed on lower sixth with double Yize governing, the xiao reads shang and the flute fan—the proper sixth mode opens here.
48
調
The altered tonic degree, transposed on altered tonic under double Wushe, uses chi on xiao and he on flute but cannot open a mode.
49
At the tonic degree, transposed on tonic with Huangzhong as standard, gong on xiao and si on flute yield the proper tonic mode.
50
At the second degree, transposed on second with Taicu governing, fan on xiao and yi on flute yield the proper second mode.
51
At the third degree, transposed on third with Guxian governing, he on xiao and shang on flute yield the proper third mode.
52
調
The altered fourth degree, transposed on altered fourth under Ruibin, uses si and chi but cannot open a mode.
53
調
The fifth degree, transposed on fifth under Yize, uses yi and gong but cannot open a mode.
54
調
At the sixth degree, transposed on sixth under Wushe, shang on xiao and fan on flute match the mode head.
55
調調
When Dalü clear tonic fixes the key and double Nanlü clear governs at lower sixth, the result is the high shang mode.
56
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode.
57
調
Clear lower sixth, transposed on clear lower sixth with double Nanlü governing, shang and fan on the flutes—the clear sixth mode.
58
調
Clear altered tonic, transposed on clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, chi and liu assigned but no opening mode available.
59
Clear tonic degree, transposed on clear tonic with Dalü as standard, gong on xiao and wu on flute—the clear tonic mode.
60
Clear second degree, transposed on clear second with Jiazhong governing, fan and yi—the clear second mode.
61
Clear third degree, transposed on clear third with Zhonglü governing, liu on xiao and shang on flute—the clear third mode.
62
調
Clear altered fourth, transposed on clear altered fourth under Linzhong, wu and chi noted but cannot open a mode.
63
調
Clear fifth degree, transposed on clear fifth under Nanlü, yi and gong assigned but no mode opens here.
64
調
Clear sixth degree, transposed on clear sixth under Yingzhong, shang and fan match the head of the mode.
65
調調
With Taicu second fixing the key and double Wushe altered tonic governing the mode, the result is the chi-character mode.
66
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
67
調
Lower sixth placed at altered tonic, double Wushe governing, chi on xiao and he on flute—the altered-tonic mode.
68
調
Altered tonic at the tonic degree, Huangzhong standard, gong and si assigned but this row cannot open a mode.
69
Tonic degree transposed on second with Taicu governing, fan on xiao and yi on flute—the shang-tonic composite mode.
70
Second degree transposed on third with Guxian governing, he and shang—the Guxian-second mode.
71
Third degree transposed on altered fourth with Ruibin governing, si and chi—the shang-third composite mode.
72
調
Altered fourth at the fifth degree under Yize, yi and gong noted but cannot open a mode.
73
調
Fifth degree transposed on sixth under Wushe, shang and fan assigned but no opening mode.
74
調
Sixth degree at altered tonic under double Wushe, half Huangzhong standard, chi and liu matching the mode head.
75
調調
When Jiazhong clear second fixes the key and double Yingzhong clear altered tonic governs the mode, the result is the high chi mode.
76
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode.
77
調
Clear lower sixth at clear altered tonic, double Yingzhong governing, chi and liu—the clear altered-tonic mode.
78
調
Clear altered tonic at clear tonic degree, Dalü standard, gong and wu assigned but cannot open a mode.
79
Clear tonic transposed on clear second with Jiazhong governing, fan and yi—the clear shang-tonic mode.
80
Clear second transposed on clear third with Zhonglü governing, liu and shang—the Zhonglü-second mode.
81
Clear third transposed on clear altered fourth with Linzhong governing, wu and chi—the clear shang-third mode.
82
調
Clear altered fourth at clear fifth under Nanlü, yi and gong noted but cannot open a mode.
83
調
Clear fifth transposed on clear sixth under Yingzhong, shang and fan assigned but no opening mode.
84
調
Clear sixth at clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, half Dalü standard, chi and liu matching the mode head.
85
調調
With Guxian third fixing the key and Huangzhong tonic governing the mode, the result is the gong-character mode.
86
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
87
調
Lower sixth placed at tonic with Huangzhong governing, gong on xiao and si on flute—the tonic mode.
88
調
Altered tonic at the second degree under Taicu, fan and yi assigned but cannot open a mode.
89
Tonic degree transposed on third with Guxian governing, he and shang—the jue-tonic composite mode.
90
Second degree transposed on altered fourth with Ruibin governing, si and chi—the jue-second composite mode.
91
Third degree transposed on fifth with Yize governing, yi and gong—the Yize-third mode.
92
調
Altered fourth at the sixth degree under Wushe, shang and fan noted but cannot open a mode.
93
調
Fifth degree at altered tonic under double Wushe, half Huangzhong standard, chi and liu assigned but no opening mode.
94
調
Sixth degree at tonic under Huangzhong, gong on xiao and wu on flute matching the mode head.
95
調調
When Zhonglü clear third fixes the key and Dalü clear tonic governs the mode, the result is the high gong mode.
96
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode.
97
調
Clear lower sixth at clear tonic with Dalü governing, gong and wu—the clear tonic mode.
98
調
Clear altered tonic at clear second under Jiazhong, fan and yi assigned but cannot open a mode.
99
Clear tonic transposed on clear third with Zhonglü governing, liu and shang—the clear jue-tonic mode.
100
Clear second transposed on clear altered fourth with Linzhong governing, wu and chi—the clear jue-second mode.
101
Clear third transposed on clear fifth with Nanlü governing, yi and gong—the Nanlü-third mode.
102
調
Clear altered fourth at clear sixth under Yingzhong, shang and fan noted but cannot open a mode.
103
調
Clear fifth at clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, half Dalü standard, chi and liu assigned but no opening mode.
104
調
Clear sixth at clear tonic under Dalü, gong and wu matching the head of the mode.
105
調調
With Ruibin altered fourth fixing the key and Taicu second governing the mode, the result is the fan-character mode.
106
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
107
調
Lower sixth placed at second with Taicu governing, fan on xiao and yi on flute—the second mode.
108
調
Altered tonic at the third degree under Guxian, he and shang assigned but cannot open a mode.
109
Tonic degree transposed on altered fourth with Ruibin governing, si and chi—the altered-fourth-tonic mode.
110
Second degree transposed on fifth with Yize governing, yi and gong—the altered-fourth-second mode.
111
Third degree transposed on sixth with Wushe governing, shang and fan—the altered-fourth-third mode.
112
調
Altered fourth at altered tonic under double Wushe, half Huangzhong standard, chi and liu noted but cannot open a mode.
113
調
Fifth degree at tonic under Huangzhong, gong and wu assigned but no opening mode.
114
調
Sixth degree at second under Taicu, fan and yi matching the mode head.
115
調調
When Linzhong clear altered fourth fixes the key and Jiazhong clear second governs the mode, the result is the high fan mode.
116
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode.
117
調
Clear lower sixth at clear second with Jiazhong governing, fan and yi—the clear second mode.
118
調
Clear altered tonic at clear third under Zhonglü, liu and shang assigned but cannot open a mode.
119
Clear tonic transposed on clear altered fourth with Linzhong governing, wu and chi—the clear altered-fourth-tonic mode.
120
Clear second transposed on clear fifth with Nanlü governing, yi and gong—the clear altered-fourth-second mode.
121
Clear third transposed on clear sixth with Yingzhong governing, shang and fan—the clear altered-fourth-third mode.
122
調
Clear altered fourth at clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, half Dalü standard, chi and liu noted but cannot open a mode.
123
調
Clear fifth at clear tonic under Dalü, gong and wu assigned but no opening mode.
124
調
Clear sixth at clear second under Jiazhong, fan and yi matching the mode head.
125
調調
With Yize fifth fixing the key and Guxian third governing the mode, the result is the he-character mode.
126
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
127
調
Lower sixth placed at third with Guxian governing, he on xiao and shang on flute—the third mode.
128
調
Altered tonic at altered fourth under Ruibin, si and chi assigned but cannot open a mode.
129
Tonic degree transposed on fifth with Yize governing, yi and gong—the fifth-tonic composite mode.
130
Second degree transposed on sixth with Wushe governing, shang and fan—the fifth-second composite mode.
131
Third degree at altered tonic under double Wushe, half Huangzhong standard, chi and liu—the fifth-third mode.
132
調
Altered fourth at tonic under Huangzhong, gong and wu noted but cannot open a mode.
133
調
Fifth degree at second under Taicu, fan and yi assigned but no opening mode.
134
調
Sixth degree at third under Guxian, liu on xiao and shang on flute matching the mode head.
135
調調
When Nanlü clear fifth fixes the key and Zhonglü clear third governs the mode, the result is the high liu mode.
136
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pipe standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
137
調
Lower sixth placed at clear third with Zhonglü governing, liu on xiao and shang on flute—the clear third mode.
138
調
Altered tonic at clear altered fourth under Linzhong, wu and chi noted but cannot open a mode.
139
Tonic degree transposed on clear fifth with Nanlü governing, yi and gong—the clear zhi-tonic composite mode.
140
Second degree transposed on clear sixth with Yingzhong governing, shang and fan—the clear zhi-second composite mode.
141
Third degree at clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, half Dalü standard, chi and liu—the clear zhi-third mode.
142
調
Altered fourth at clear tonic under Dalü, gong and wu assigned but cannot open a mode.
143
調
Fifth degree at clear second under Jiazhong, fan and yi assigned but no opening mode.
144
調
Sixth degree at clear third under Zhonglü, liu on xiao and shang on flute matching the mode head.
145
調調
When Wushe sixth fixes the key and Ruibin altered fourth governs the mode, the result is the si-character mode.
146
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
147
調
Lower sixth placed at altered fourth with Ruibin governing, si on xiao and chi on flute—the altered-fourth mode.
148
調
Altered tonic at the fifth degree under Yize, yi and gong assigned but cannot open a mode.
149
Tonic degree transposed on sixth with Wushe governing, shang and fan—the sixth-tonic composite mode.
150
Second degree at altered tonic under double Wushe, half Huangzhong standard, chi and liu—the sixth-second mode.
151
Third degree transposed on tonic with Huangzhong governing, gong and wu—the sixth-third mode.
152
調
Altered fourth at the second degree under Taicu, fan and yi noted but cannot open a mode.
153
調
Fifth degree at third under Guxian, liu and shang assigned but no opening mode.
154
調
Sixth degree at altered fourth under Ruibin, wu and chi matching the head of the mode.
155
調調
When Yingzhong clear sixth fixes the key and Linzhong clear altered fourth governs the mode, the result is the high wu mode.
156
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pipe standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
157
調
Lower sixth placed at clear altered fourth with Linzhong governing, wu and chi—the clear altered-fourth mode.
158
調
Altered tonic at clear fifth under Nanlü, yi and gong assigned but cannot open a mode.
159
Tonic degree transposed on clear sixth with Yingzhong governing, shang and fan—the clear yu-tonic composite mode.
160
Second degree at clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, half Dalü standard, chi and liu—the clear yu-second mode.
161
Third degree transposed on clear tonic with Dalü governing, gong and wu—the clear yu-third mode.
162
調
Altered fourth at clear second under Jiazhong, fan and yi noted but cannot open a mode.
163
調
Fifth degree at clear third under Zhonglü, liu and shang assigned but no opening mode.
164
調
Sixth degree at clear altered fourth under Linzhong, wu and chi matching the mode head.
165
調調
When double Wushe altered tonic fixes the key and Yize fifth governs the mode, the result is the yi-character mode.
166
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
167
調
Lower sixth placed at fifth with Yize governing, yi on xiao and gong on flute—the fifth mode.
168
調
Altered tonic at the sixth degree under Wushe, shang and fan assigned but cannot open a mode.
169
Tonic degree at altered tonic under double Wushe, half Huangzhong standard, chi and liu—the altered-tonic composite mode.
170
Second degree transposed on tonic with Huangzhong governing, gong and wu—the altered-tonic second mode.
171
Third degree transposed on second with Taicu governing, fan and yi—the altered-tonic third mode.
172
調
Altered fourth at third under Guxian, liu and shang noted but cannot open a mode.
173
調
Fifth degree at altered fourth under Ruibin, wu and chi assigned but no opening mode.
174
調
Sixth degree at fifth under Yize, yi and gong matching the head of the mode.
175
調調
When double Yingzhong clear altered tonic fixes the key and Nanlü clear fifth governs the mode, the result is the high yi mode.
176
調調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pipe standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
177
調
Lower sixth placed at clear fifth with Nanlü governing, yi on xiao and gong on flute—the clear fifth mode.
178
調
Altered tonic at clear sixth under Yingzhong, shang and fan assigned but cannot open a mode.
179
Tonic degree at clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, half Dalü standard, chi and liu—the clear altered-tonic composite mode.
180
Second degree transposed on clear tonic with Dalü governing, gong and wu—the clear altered-tonic second mode.
181
Third degree transposed on clear second with Jiazhong governing, fan and yi—the clear altered-tonic third mode.
182
調
Altered fourth at clear third under Zhonglü, liu and shang noted but cannot open a mode.
183
調
Fifth degree at clear altered fourth under Linzhong, wu and chi assigned but no opening mode.
184
調
Sixth degree at clear fifth under Nanlü, yi and gong matching the head of the mode.
185
The doctrine that string pitches accord with the pitch pipes begins in the Huainanzi, which follows the Guanzi. The Guanzi says: "When raising the five tones from the fundamental head, first take one and triple it, then quarter it to make eighty-one, and thereby generate the Huangzhong fundamental of the thin string to establish the tonic. Add one-third to make one hundred eight for the fifth degree; likewise subtract one-third to the exact measure, thereby producing the second degree; Add one-third back to its place, thereby completing the sixth degree; Subtract one-third to the exact measure, thereby completing the third degree." Examining string tones, take the full length of any string as the head pitch, then halve it, dividing it equally in two. That pitch already harmonizes with the head note as the octave; next, take the full length of the head string, multiply by four, discard one part and keep three—the resulting pitch matches the fourth degree above the full-length head note. This degree falls between the full-length head pitch and the half-length octave, and is again divided equally into two parts. This is exactly what the Guanzi means by "when raising the five tones from the fundamental head, first take one and triple it, then quarter it to make eighty-one." "First take one and triple it" means taking one degree-unit of the full-length head pitch as the basis and multiplying by three—a number three times the full length. "Quarter it to make eighty-one" means taking the tripled full length, dividing by four and keeping one part, to obtain the eighty-one degree-units that constitute the tonic pitch. The "small plain string" refers to fine boiled silk—the thin string. The pitch at this degree is set as the tonic position, and all thinner strings take it as their standard; hence the Guanzi says that thereby the Huangzhong fundamental of the thin string is generated to establish the tonic. From eighty-one, add one-third to make one hundred eight for the fifth degree—this is the full-length degree of the head pitch on this string, the number for ascending to the lower fifth on the tonic string. Then from one hundred eight, subtract one-third to get seventy-two—this is the second degree. From seventy-two for the second degree, add one-third to get ninety-six—this is the sixth degree. From ninety-six for the sixth degree, subtract one-third to get sixty-four—this is the third degree. Sima Qian's Treatise on Pitch Standards gives fifth and sixth degrees smaller than the tonic, whereas the Guanzi gives them larger—the Guanzi uses the doubled fifth and sixth, the so-called lower fifth and lower sixth. The head string starts from the lower fifth—this is the meaning of the Baihu tong's preference for the fifth degree in string theory. Calculating in detail by the three-part excess-and-deficit method, ascending generation from Huangzhong proper fifth yields seventy-two—the proper second degree; Ascending from the proper second yields ninety-six—the lower sixth; Descending generation yields forty-eight—the proper sixth; Both the lower sixth and proper sixth yield sixty-four—the proper third degree; Ascending from the proper third yields eighty-five, with a remainder of thirty-three. This is the altered leading tone below the tonic; Descending generation yields forty-two, with a remainder of sixty-six. This is the altered leading tone above the sixth degree; Both the altered leading tone below the tonic and that above the sixth yield fifty-six, with a remainder of eighty-eight. This is the altered fourth—the muddy temperament. Ascending from the altered fourth yields seventy-five, with a remainder of eighty-five. This is the clear tonic; Ascending from the clear tonic yields one hundred one, with a remainder of thirteen. This is the clear lower fifth; descending generation yields fifty, with a remainder of fifty-six. This is the clear fifth degree; Both the clear lower fifth and clear fifth yield sixty-seven, with a remainder of forty-two. This is the clear second degree; Ascending from the clear second yields eighty-nine, with a remainder of eighty-nine. This is the clear lower sixth; Descending generation yields forty-four, with a remainder of ninety-four. This is the clear sixth degree; Both the clear lower sixth and clear sixth yield fifty-nine, with a remainder of ninety-three. This is the clear third degree; Ascending generation yields seventy-nine, with a remainder of ninety-one. This is the clear altered leading tone below the clear tonic; Descending generation yields thirty-nine, with a remainder of thirty-three. This is the clear altered leading tone above the clear sixth; Both the clear altered leading tone below the clear tonic and that above the clear sixth yield fifty-three, with a remainder of twenty-seven. This is the clear altered fourth—the clear temperament. From tonic to second, second to third, third to altered fourth, fifth to sixth, and sixth to altered leading tone—all are full degree-intervals; but from altered fourth to fifth and altered leading tone to tonic, only half degrees apply. The Guanzi's chapter on raising tones and Sima Qian's Treatise on Pitch Standards cover only the five proper degrees; the Huainanzi first gives the numbers for the two altered degrees, but these should not be labeled with the twelve lü pitch names. What is especially valuable is the treatment of the degree-intervals of the two altered degrees, and the argument that one of the two altered degrees stands in harmonious ratio to a proper tone while the other does not. The pitch called Yingzhong corresponds to the altered leading-tone degree on the string; the pitch called Ruibin corresponds to the altered fourth degree on the string. The altered leading tone on the lower-fifth head string falls at the third position—analogous to the third degree on the tonic string. The pitches differ, but the degree-intervals exactly match those of the proper tones; hence Guxian is said to generate Yingzhong, and its ratio to a proper tone is harmonious. The altered fourth on the lower-fifth head string falls at the seventh position—analogous to the seventh degree on the tonic string. The pitches differ, but the intervals all belong to the altered degrees; hence Yingzhong is said to generate Ruibin, and its ratio to a proper tone is inharmonious. The clear and muddy variants of the five proper degrees and two altered degrees, with the equal step-intervals for each string pitch fixed—the table follows:
186
On the head string, the opening pitch starts from the lower fifth; the full length is one hundred eight degree-units. The second degree, lower sixth, yields ninety-six one-hundred-eighths of the full length. The third degree, altered leading tone, yields eighty-five one-hundred-eighths of the full length. With a remainder of thirty-three. The fourth degree, proper tonic, yields eighty-one one-hundred-eighths of the full length. The fifth degree, proper second, yields seventy-two one-hundred-eighths of the full length. The sixth degree, proper third, yields sixty-four one-hundred-eighths of the full length. The seventh degree, altered fourth, yields fifty-six one-hundred-eighths of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The eighth degree, proper fifth, yields half the full length of one hundred eight. That is fifty-four.
187
On the head string, the opening pitch starts from the clear lower fifth; the full length is one hundred one degree-units. With a remainder of thirteen. The second degree, clear lower sixth, yields eighty-nine one-hundred-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-nine. The third degree, clear altered leading tone, yields seventy-nine one-hundred-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-one. The fourth degree, clear tonic, yields seventy-five one-hundred-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-five. The fifth degree, clear second, yields sixty-seven one-hundred-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of forty-two. The sixth degree, clear third, yields fifty-nine one-hundred-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-three. The seventh degree, clear altered fourth, yields fifty-three one-hundred-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The eighth degree, clear fifth, yields half the full length of one hundred one. That is fifty, with a remainder of fifty-six.
188
On the second string, the opening pitch starts from the lower sixth; the full length is ninety-six degree-units. The second degree, altered leading tone, yields eighty-five ninety-sixths of the full length. With a remainder of thirty-three. The third degree, proper tonic, yields eighty-one ninety-sixths of the full length. The fourth degree, proper second, yields seventy-two ninety-sixths of the full length. The fifth degree, proper third, yields sixty-four ninety-sixths of the full length. The sixth degree, altered fourth, yields fifty-six ninety-sixths of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The seventh degree, proper fifth, yields fifty-four ninety-sixths of the full length. The eighth degree, proper sixth, yields half the full length of ninety-six. That is forty-eight.
189
On the second string, the opening pitch starts from the clear lower sixth; the full length is eighty-nine degree-units. With a remainder of eighty-nine. The second degree, clear altered leading tone, yields seventy-nine eighty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-one. The third degree, clear tonic, yields seventy-five eighty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-five. The fourth degree, clear second, yields sixty-seven eighty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of forty-two. The fifth degree, clear third, yields fifty-nine eighty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-three. The sixth degree, clear altered fourth, yields fifty-three eighty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The seventh degree, clear fifth, yields fifty eighty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of fifty-six. The eighth degree, clear sixth, yields half the full length of eighty-nine. That is forty-four, with a remainder of ninety-four.
190
On the third string, the opening pitch starts from the altered leading tone; the full length is eighty-five degree-units. With a remainder of thirty-three. The second degree, proper tonic, yields eighty-one eighty-fifths of the full length. The third degree, proper second, yields seventy-two eighty-fifths of the full length. The fourth degree, proper third, yields sixty-four eighty-fifths of the full length. The fifth degree, altered fourth, yields fifty-six eighty-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The sixth degree, proper fifth, yields fifty-four eighty-fifths of the full length. The seventh degree, proper sixth, yields forty-eight eighty-fifths of the full length. The eighth degree, lesser altered leading tone, yields half the full length of eighty-five. That is forty-two, with a remainder of sixty-six.
191
On the third string, the opening pitch starts from the clear altered leading tone; the full length is seventy-nine degree-units. With a remainder of ninety-one. The second degree, clear tonic, yields seventy-five seventy-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-five. The third degree, clear second, yields sixty-seven seventy-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of forty-two. The fourth degree, clear third, yields fifty-nine seventy-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-three. The fifth degree, clear altered fourth, yields fifty-three seventy-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The sixth degree, clear fifth, yields fifty seventy-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of fifty-six. The seventh degree, clear sixth, yields forty-four seventy-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-four. The eighth degree, clear lesser altered leading tone, yields half the full length of seventy-nine. That is thirty-nine, with a remainder of ninety-five.
192
On the fourth string, the opening pitch starts from the proper tonic; the full length is eighty-one degree-units. The second degree, proper second, yields seventy-two eighty-firsts of the full length. The third degree, proper third, yields sixty-four eighty-firsts of the full length. The fourth degree, altered fourth, yields fifty-six eighty-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The fifth degree, proper fifth, yields fifty-four eighty-firsts of the full length. The sixth degree, proper sixth, yields forty-eight eighty-firsts of the full length. The seventh degree, lesser altered leading tone, yields forty-two eighty-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of sixty-six. The eighth degree, lesser tonic, yields half the full length of eighty-one. That is forty, with a remainder of five.
193
On the fourth string, the opening pitch starts from the clear tonic; the full length is seventy-five degree-units. With a remainder of eighty-five. The second degree, clear second, yields sixty-seven seventy-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of forty-two. The third degree, clear third, yields fifty-nine seventy-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-three. The fourth degree, clear altered fourth, yields fifty-three seventy-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The fifth degree, clear fifth, yields fifty seventy-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of fifty-six. The sixth degree, clear sixth, yields forty-four seventy-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-four. The seventh degree, clear lesser altered leading tone, yields thirty-nine seventy-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-five. The eighth degree, clear lesser tonic, yields half the full length of seventy-five. That is thirty-seven, with a remainder of ninety-two.
194
On the fifth string, the opening pitch starts from the proper second; the full length is seventy-two degree-units. The second degree, proper third, yields sixty-four seventy-seconds of the full length. The third degree, altered fourth, yields fifty-six seventy-seconds of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The fourth degree, proper fifth, yields fifty-four seventy-seconds of the full length. The fifth degree, proper sixth, yields forty-eight seventy-seconds of the full length. The sixth degree, lesser altered leading tone, yields forty-two seventy-seconds of the full length. With a remainder of sixty-six. The seventh degree, lesser tonic, yields forty seventy-seconds of the full length. With a remainder of five. The eighth degree, lesser second, yields half the full length of seventy-two. That is thirty-six.
195
On the fifth string, the opening pitch starts from the clear second; the full length is sixty-seven degree-units. With a remainder of forty-two. The second degree, clear third, yields fifty-nine sixty-sevenths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-three. The third degree, clear altered fourth, yields fifty-three sixty-sevenths of the full length. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The fourth degree, clear fifth, yields fifty sixty-sevenths of the full length. With a remainder of fifty-six. The fifth degree, clear sixth, yields forty-four sixty-sevenths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-four. The sixth degree, clear lesser altered leading tone, yields thirty-nine sixty-sevenths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-five. The seventh degree, clear lesser tonic, yields thirty-seven sixty-sevenths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-two. The eighth degree, clear lesser second, yields half the full length of sixty-seven. That is thirty-three, with a remainder of seventy-one.
196
On the sixth string, the opening pitch starts from the proper third; the full length is sixty-four degree-units. The second degree, altered fourth, yields fifty-six sixty-fourths of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The third degree, proper fifth, yields fifty-four sixty-fourths of the full length. The fourth degree, proper sixth, yields forty-eight sixty-fourths of the full length. The fifth degree, lesser altered leading tone, yields forty-two sixty-fourths of the full length. With a remainder of sixty-six. The sixth degree, lesser tonic, yields forty sixty-fourths of the full length. With a remainder of five. The seventh degree, lesser second, yields thirty-six sixty-fourths of the full length. The eighth degree, lesser third, yields half the full length of sixty-four. That is thirty-two.
197
On the sixth string, the opening pitch starts from the clear third; the full length is fifty-nine degree-units. With a remainder of ninety-three. The second degree, clear altered fourth, yields fifty-three fifty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The third degree, clear fifth, yields fifty fifty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of fifty-six. The fourth degree, clear sixth, yields forty-four fifty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-four. The fifth degree, clear lesser altered leading tone, yields thirty-nine fifty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-five. The sixth degree, clear lesser tonic, yields thirty-seven fifty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-two. The seventh degree, clear lesser second, yields thirty-three fifty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of seventy-one. The eighth degree, clear lesser third, yields half the full length of fifty-nine. That is twenty-nine, with a remainder of ninety-six.
198
On the seventh string, the opening pitch starts from the altered fourth; the full length is fifty-six degree-units. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The second degree, proper fifth, yields fifty-four fifty-sixths of the full length. The third degree, proper sixth, yields forty-eight fifty-sixths of the full length. The fourth degree, lesser altered leading tone, yields forty-two fifty-sixths of the full length. With a remainder of sixty-six. The fifth degree, lesser tonic, yields forty fifty-sixths of the full length. With a remainder of five. The sixth degree, lesser second, yields thirty-six fifty-sixths of the full length. The seventh degree, lesser third, yields thirty-two fifty-sixths of the full length. The eighth degree, lesser altered fourth, yields half the full length of fifty-six. That is twenty-eight, with a remainder of forty-four.
199
On the seventh string, the opening pitch starts from the clear altered fourth; the full length is fifty-three degree-units. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The second degree, clear fifth, yields fifty fifty-thirds of the full length. With a remainder of fifty-six. The third degree, clear sixth, yields forty-four fifty-thirds of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-four. The fourth degree, clear lesser altered leading tone, yields thirty-seven fifty-thirds of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-five. The fifth degree, clear lesser tonic, yields thirty-seven fifty-thirds of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-two. The sixth degree, clear lesser second, yields thirty-three fifty-thirds of the full length. With a remainder of seventy-one. The seventh degree, clear lesser third, yields twenty-nine fifty-thirds of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-six. The eighth degree, clear lesser altered fourth, yields half the full length of fifty-three. That is twenty-six, with a remainder of sixty-three.
200
調
In the circulation of modes and shifting of keys on string instruments, four essentials apply. First: when a tuned string pitch matches the note character of a given pitch standard, one obtains the degree-parts for that string. For example, tuning to the "he" note of the doubled Wushe pipe's altered leading tone yields the fifth-string degree-parts. Tuning to the "si" note of Huangzhong's tonic yields the sixth-string degree-parts. Tuning to the "yi" note of Taicu's second yields the altered-leading-tone string's degree-parts. Tuning to the "shang" note of Guxian's third yields the tonic string's degree-parts. Tuning to the "chi" note of Ruibin's altered fourth yields the second-string degree-parts. Tuning to the "gong" note of Yize's fifth yields the sixth-string degree-parts; Tuning to the "fan" note of Wushe's sixth yields the altered-fourth string's degree-parts. These are the standard degree-parts for tuning all seven tones across one yang-pipe octave. The same principle applies to degree-parts for tuning the seven yin-pipe tones.
201
調調 調調調調調調調 調 調 調調 調 調 調調 調 調 調 調調調 調調調
First: transposing string tones cannot simply proceed step by step through the scale; the tonic mode must serve as the reference, and the seven tones shift accordingly. Take the qin: in standard tonic tuning, the second-mode transposition raises every string a whole step—but the sixth and seventh strings grow painfully tight and break. Lowering only the seventh string to reach altered-leading-tone mode leaves the first and second too slack to sound. The seven strings of tonic mode must therefore anchor all transpositions: some strings change, some stay fixed, some must be tightened, others loosened—and as strings are retuned, the tonic frame itself rotates. For instance, if the first, third, and sixth strings are each loosened one pitch-pipe degree—half a string-part—while the rest stay put, the instrument becomes shang mode. In standard tonic mode, the first and sixth strings are tuned to the doubled Wushe pipe; and where altered-gong's "he" note gives fifth-string degree-parts, lowering produces the doubled Yize pipe; the "fan" note of the sixth, now yielding third-string degree-parts—the third string set to Guxian; the "shang" note of the third, yielding tonic-string parts, lowered to Taicu; the "yi" note of the second, now yielding sixth-string parts. The second, fourth, fifth, and seventh strings, left unchanged, still sound their original pipes. But the second and seventh strings, originally at sixth-string pitch, now take fifth-string degree-parts; the fourth, originally at second-string pitch, becomes tonic-string pitch; and the fifth, originally at third-string pitch, becomes second-string pitch. On the doubled Wushe standard, where altered-gong's "he" serves as fifth-string pitch, altered-fourth moves to doubled Yingzhong; raised altered-gong "liu" answers to Guxian; where the third's "shang" note serves as tonic-string pitch, altered-leading-tone shifts to Zhonglü; raised third "shang"—these two degree-parts map to the altered tones and are set aside. Since the third string is set to Taicu, the second's "yi" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, opens the mode; the fourth, formerly at second-string pitch, becomes tonic-string pitch to establish the tonic—hence shang mode. If the second, fourth, fifth, and seventh strings are each tightened a half pitch-pipe degree—half a string-part—while the others stay put, the instrument becomes jue mode. In standard tonic mode, the second and seventh strings are tuned to Huangzhong; where the tonic's "si" note gives sixth-string pitch, raising to Dalü and the raised tonic "wu" yields fifth-string degree-parts. The fourth string is set to Ruibin; where altered-fourth's "chi" note gives second-string pitch, raising to Linzhong and the raised altered-fourth "chi" yields tonic-string degree-parts. The fifth string is set to Yize; where the fifth's "gong" note gives third-string pitch, raising to Nanlü and the raised fifth "gong" yields second-string degree-parts. The first, third, and sixth strings stay put and still sound their original pipes, but the first and sixth now yield third-string parts, the third yields sixth-string parts, while the shifted altered-fourth and altered-leading-tone are set aside. Since the third string answers to Guxian, the third's "shang" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, opens the mode; the fourth, formerly at second-string pitch, rises to third-string pitch and becomes tonic-string pitch to establish the tonic—hence jue mode. If only the fifth string is tightened a half pitch-pipe degree—half a string-part—the instrument becomes altered-fourth mode. The fourth string answers to Ruibin; altered-fourth's "chi" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, opens the mode. The fifth, originally at third-string pitch, rises to altered-fourth pitch and becomes tonic-string pitch to establish the tonic—hence altered-fourth mode. If only the third string is loosened one pitch-pipe degree—half a string-part—the instrument becomes fifth mode; since the fifth string answers to Yize, the fifth's "gong" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, opens the mode; the first and sixth, originally at fifth-string pitch, become tonic-string pitch to establish the tonic—hence fifth mode. If the first, third, and sixth strings are loosened one pitch-pipe degree and the fourth a half degree—all half string-parts—the instrument becomes sixth mode; since the first and sixth answer to doubled Yize, the sixth's "fan" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, opens the mode; the second and seventh, originally at sixth-string pitch, rise to altered-leading-tone pitch and become tonic-string pitch to establish the tonic—hence altered-leading-tone mode.
202
調 調 調調調調 調 調 調調調 調 調 調調調 調調 調調調調 調 調調 調 調 調調 調 調 調調 調 調 調調調 調 調 調 調調
First: even when a string mode omits the two altered tones in performance, tuning and pitch-taking must still account for those altered tones and their degree-parts. Within one yang-pipe octave, consider the fifth-string's seven-tone degree-parts: the open string is the whole-part root; the second tone, matching the sixth string, is the sixth part; the third, matching the altered-leading-tone string, is the altered-leading-tone part; the seventh, matching the altered-fourth string, is the altered-fourth part; the eighth returns to the full string—completing the cycle at the root. Each degree-part aligns with its string and, in turn, with its pitch standard. Measured in parts: from the root fifth to the second sixth, and from the third sixth to the third altered leading tone, each span equals a whole part. From the third altered leading tone to the fourth tonic, only half a part is obtained. From the fourth tonic to the fifth second, from the fifth second to the sixth third, and from the sixth third to the seventh altered fourth, each span equals a whole part. From the seventh altered fourth to the eighth fifth, likewise only half a part is obtained. On the tonic string's seven-tone degree-parts, the open string is the whole-and-half root; the second tone, matching the second string, is the second part; matching the third string, the third part; tones three through seven, matching the altered-leading-tone string, are the altered-leading-tone part; the eighth returns to the full string. But from the fourth altered fourth to the fifth fifth, and from the seventh altered leading tone to the eighth tonic, each span is only half a part. Between the string parts for Taicu's "yi" and Guxian's "shang", and between those for Wushe's "fan" and half-Huangzhong altered-gong's "he", the intervals must be half parts; thus each string's seven-tone layout stays fixed, while the pitch standards they answer to vary in their mixed whole- and half-step spacing. In the alternation of whole and half parts, the tonic mode rotates into place. With tonic mode's seven strings as the reference, consider each mode's fifth-string seven tones: in shang mode, the fifth is tonic mode's sixth retuned to fifth-string degree-parts. On the tonic string as sixth, the open string is the sixth; altered leading tone and altered fourth fall on the second and sixth degrees—so the second-to-third and sixth-to-seventh spans are half parts. When that string is retuned as fifth, altered leading tone and altered fourth move to the third and seventh degrees—so the third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth spans become half parts. The open string, still tuned to Huangzhong tonic "si", stays put; the second degree answers to Taicu second "yi", and the span to the third yields a whole part. If one used Guxian third "shang", the second-to-third span would be a half part—as in tonic mode's sixth—so one must take Zhonglü's raised third "shang" to obtain a whole string-part; the fourth degree still answers to Ruibin altered-fourth "chi". From Taicu "yi" to Guxian "shang" is a half part; add Zhonglü raised "shang"'s half part and one whole part results; from Zhonglü raised "shang" to Ruibin "chi" is another half part—hence the second-to-third span is a whole part (sixth to altered leading tone), while the third-to-fourth is a half part (altered leading tone to tonic). The fifth degree still answers to Yize fifth "gong", the sixth to Wushe sixth "fan"—the fourth-to-fifth and fifth-to-sixth spans likewise yield whole parts. For the seventh degree, if one used half-Huangzhong altered-gong "he", the sixth-to-seventh span would be a half part—as in tonic mode's sixth—so one must take half-Dalü's raised altered-gong "liu" to obtain a whole string-part; the eighth returns with the root to Huangzhong tonic "si". From Wushe "fan" to half-Huangzhong "he" is a half part; add half-Dalü raised "liu"'s half part and one whole part results; from half-Dalü raised "liu" to Huangzhong "si" is another half part—hence the sixth-to-seventh span is a whole part (third to altered fourth), while the seventh-to-eighth is a half part (altered fourth to fifth). In jue mode, the fifth combines tonic mode's altered leading tone with raised-tonic mode's sixth to form fifth-string degree-parts. In tonic mode's altered-leading-tone string, the open string is altered leading tone and altered fourth falls on the fifth degree—so the first-to-second and fifth-to-sixth spans are half parts. On raised-second mode's sixth string, the open note is raised sixth; raised altered leading tone and raised altered fourth fall on the second and sixth degrees—again making the second-to-third and sixth-to-seventh spans half parts; retuned as fifth, the third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth spans become half parts. If the root stayed at Taicu second "yi", the whole part from fifth to sixth would have to come from Zhonglü's raised third "shang"—and the home-mode sixth string would answer to that same note—making it raised-third mode, not standard third mode. Since Guxian third "shang" defines standard third mode, opening the mode on the sixth string requires Guxian's standard third—and the fifth string's sixth part must answer to Guxian as well. Hence the open root of jue mode's fifth string sits a semitone below standard tonic mode's altered-leading-tone open string; one takes raised-tonic mode's sixth-string open note—Dalü raised tonic "wu"—and only then do the parts align, since the home-mode sixth must sound the standard third pipe. The second answers to Guxian third "shang" as the sixth part; the third to Ruibin altered-fourth "chi" as altered-leading-tone part; the fourth to Linzhong raised altered-fourth "chi" as tonic part; the fifth to Nanlü raised fifth "gong" as second part; the sixth to half-Huangzhong standard altered-gong "liu" as third part; the seventh to Huangzhong standard tonic "si" as altered-fourth part; the eighth returns to Dalü raised tonic "wu"—Ruibin-to-Linzhong and Huangzhong-to-Dalü are half parts, exactly this mode's fifth-string half steps from altered leading tone to tonic and from altered fourth to fifth. In altered-fourth mode, the fifth is tonic mode's tonic retuned to fifth-string degree-parts. In tonic mode's tonic string, altered fourth and altered leading tone fall on the fourth and seventh degrees—so the fourth-to-fifth and seventh-to-eighth spans are half parts. Retuned as fifth, the third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth spans become half parts; tonic mode's tonic fourth-to-fifth half step moves to third-to-fourth—the fourth takes Nanlü raised fifth "gong"; Yize-to-Nanlü and Taicu-to-Guxian are each half parts. In fifth mode, the fifth is tonic mode's second retuned to fifth-string pitch. In tonic mode's second string, altered fourth and altered leading tone fall on the third and sixth degrees—so the third-to-fourth and sixth-to-seventh spans are half parts. Retuned as fifth, the third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth spans become half parts; tonic mode's second sixth-to-seventh half step moves to seventh-to-eighth—the seventh takes Zhonglü raised third "shang"; Wushe-to-half-Huangzhong and Zhonglü-to-Ruibin are each half parts. In sixth mode, the fifth is tonic mode's third retuned to fifth-string degree-parts. In tonic mode's third string, altered fourth and altered leading tone fall on the sixth and fifth degrees—so the second-to-third and fifth-to-sixth spans are half parts. Retuned as fifth, the third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth spans become half parts. Tonic mode's second-string second-to-third and fifth-to-sixth half steps move to third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth—the third takes half-Dalü raised altered-gong "wu", the sixth Zhonglü raised third "shang", the seventh Linzhong raised altered-fourth "chi"; half-Dalü-to-Huangzhong and Linzhong-to-Yize are each half parts. In altered-leading-tone mode, the fifth combines tonic mode's altered fourth with raised-tonic mode's third to form fifth-string degree-parts. In tonic mode, altered fourth and altered leading tone fall on the root and fourth degrees—so the first-to-second and fourth-to-fifth spans are half parts. In raised-tonic mode's third string, altered fourth and altered leading tone fall on the second and fifth degrees—again making the second-to-third and fifth-to-sixth spans half parts. Retuned as fifth, the third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth spans become half parts. Nanlü raised fifth "gong" is set as the open root; Huangzhong-to-Dalü and Yize-to-Nanlü are half parts—this is how string tuning binds the seven yang-pipe modes into a rotating system. For the seven yin-pipe modes, the sixth degree-part that opens each mode must likewise be anchored in yin pipes; the yin-yang alternation across strings and parts follows the same rule.
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調調 調調 調調調 調調調 調 調 調調調調調調 調調調 調 調
First: of all string modes, only tonic, second, and fifth can fully harmonize with the pitch-pipe system; in tonic mode, every string's seven tones answer to one yang-pipe octave. The same holds for the two altered tones and their seven-tone degree-parts. Raised-tonic mode's seven tones on every string, including the two altered tones, all answer to one yin-pipe octave—this is how string tonic mode achieves full pitch-pipe harmony. In second mode, each string's five standard tones answer to yang pipes; only the two altered tones borrow yin pipes; raised-second mode similarly mixes only its altered tones into yang pipes—hence second mode's five standard tones can harmonize with the pitch-pipe system. In fifth mode, each string's five standard tones and altered leading tone answer to yang pipes; only altered fourth borrows a yin pipe; raised-fifth mode similarly mixes only altered fourth into yang pipes—hence fifth mode's five standard tones and altered leading tone can harmonize with the pitch-pipe system. In third mode's five standard tones, the fifth, tonic, and second strings answer to yin pipes, while the two altered tones borrow yang pipes instead. Moreover, the second's "yi" and sixth's "fan" notes are unavailable on every string and part—leaving these two out as in tonic mode; raised-third mode's five tones and two altered tones similarly mix yin and yang pipes. Thus third mode cannot harmonize with the pitch-pipe system; in altered-fourth mode's five standard tones the tonic string answers to yin pipes while the altered tones borrow yang pipes, the sixth's "fan" is unavailable everywhere, and raised altered-fourth mode likewise mixes its tonic string into yang pipes—so altered-fourth mode too cannot fully harmonize; yet by borrowing only one tone its note characters align with tonic mode, making it sounder than third mode. In sixth mode's five standard tones the third string answers to yin pipes and both altered tones to yin pipes; raised-sixth mode's third string and altered tones answer to yang pipes—so though it cannot fully harmonize with the pitch-pipe system, as a string mode it still possesses all seven tones. In altered-leading-tone mode's five standard tones, the fifth and tonic strings answer to yin pipes, while the two altered tones borrow yang pipes instead. Moreover, the second's "yi" and sixth's "fan" notes are unavailable everywhere—leaving these two out as in third mode; raised altered-leading-tone mode's five tones and altered tones similarly mix yin and yang pipes—so it too cannot harmonize with the pitch-pipe system.
204
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Tonic Mode
205
Fifth string, first: tuned to doubled Wushe, altered-leading-tone "he" note, yielding lower fifth-string degree-parts.
206
Sixth string, second: tuned to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, yielding lower sixth-string degree-parts.
207
Answers to Taicu, second "yi" note, as altered-leading-tone degree-parts.
208
Tonic string, third: tuned to Guxian, third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string degree-parts.
209
Second string, fourth: tuned to Ruibin, altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string degree-parts.
210
Third string, fifth: tuned to Yize, fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string degree-parts.
211
Answers to Wushe, sixth "fan" note, as altered-fourth degree-parts.
212
Fifth string, sixth: tuned to half-Huangzhong, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string degree-parts.
213
Sixth string, seventh: tuned to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, yielding sixth-string degree-parts.
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Raised Tonic Mode
215
Fifth string, first: tuned to doubled Yingzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding lower fifth-string degree-parts.
216
Sixth string, second: tuned to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string degree-parts.
217
Answers to Jiazhong, raised second "yi" note, as altered-leading-tone degree-parts.
218
Tonic string, third: tuned to Zhonglü, raised third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string degree-parts.
219
Second string, fourth: tuned to Linzhong, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string degree-parts.
220
Third string, fifth: tuned to Nanlü, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string degree-parts.
221
Answers to Yingzhong, raised sixth "fan" note, as altered-fourth degree-parts.
222
Fifth string, sixth: tuned to half-Dalü, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string degree-parts.
223
Sixth string, seventh: tuned to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding sixth-string degree-parts.
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Second Mode
225
Third string, first (slackened): tuned to doubled Yize, lower-sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now third-string pitch.
226
Answers to doubled Wushe, taking doubled Yingzhong, altered-leading-tone "he" note, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, as lower fifth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
227
Fifth string, second: tuned to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
228
Sixth string, third (slackened): tuned to Taicu, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
229
Answers to Guxian, taking Zhonglü, third "shang" note, raised third "shang" note, as tonic-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
230
Tonic string, fourth: tuned to Ruibin, altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
231
Second string, fifth: tuned to Yize, fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
232
Third string, sixth (slackened): tuned to Wushe, sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now third-string pitch.
233
Answers to half-Huangzhong, taking half-Dalü, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, as fifth-string pitch, now altered-tone string pitch.
234
Fifth string, seventh: tuned to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
235
調
Raised Second Mode
236
Third string, first (slackened): tuned to doubled Nanlü, raised lower-sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now third-string pitch.
237
Answers to doubled Yingzhong, taking Huangzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, tonic "si" note, as lower fifth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
238
Fifth string, second: tuned to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
239
Sixth string, third (slackened): tuned to Jiazhong, raised second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
240
Answers to Zhonglü, taking Ruibin, raised third "shang" note, altered-fourth "chi" note, as tonic-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
241
Tonic string, fourth: tuned to Linzhong, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
242
Second string, fifth: tuned to Nanlü, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
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Third string, sixth (slackened): tuned to Yingzhong, raised sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now third-string pitch.
244
Answers to half-Dalü, taking half-Taicu, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, tonic "wu" note, as lower fifth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
245
Fifth string, seventh: tuned to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
246
調
Third Mode
247
Third string, first: tuned to doubled Wushe, altered-leading-tone "he" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
248
Answers to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, as lower sixth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
249
Fifth string, second (tightened): answers to Taicu, taking Dalü, second "yi" note, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
250
Sixth string, third: tuned to Guxian, third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
251
Answers to Ruibin, altered-fourth "chi" note, as second-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
252
Tonic string, fourth (tightened): answers to Yize, taking Linzhong, fifth "gong" note, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding third-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
253
Second string, fifth (tightened): answers to Wushe, taking Nanlü, sixth "fan" note, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now second-string pitch.
254
Third string, sixth: tuned to half-Huangzhong, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
255
Answers to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, as sixth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch. Fifth string, seventh (master, tightened): answers to half-Guxian, taking half-Jiazhong, second "yi" note, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
256
調
Raised Third Mode
257
Third string, first: tuned to doubled Yingzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
258
Answers to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, as lower sixth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
259
Fifth string, second (tightened): answers to Jiazhong, taking Taicu, raised second "yi" note, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
260
Sixth string, third: tuned to Zhonglü, raised third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
261
Answers to Linzhong, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, as second-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
262
Tonic string, fourth (tightened): answers to Nanlü, taking Yize, raised fifth "gong" note, fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
263
Second string, fifth (tightened): answers to Yingzhong, taking Wushe, raised sixth "fan" note, sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now second-string pitch.
264
Third string, sixth: tuned to half-Dalü, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
265
Answers to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, as sixth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
266
Fifth string, seventh (tightened): answers to half-Zhonglü, taking half-Guxian, raised second "yi" note, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
267
調
Altered-Fourth Mode
268
Second string, first: tuned to doubled Wushe, altered-leading-tone "he" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
269
Third string, second: tuned to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
270
Answers to Taicu, second "yi" note, as altered-leading-tone pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
271
Fifth string, third: tuned to Guxian, third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
272
Sixth string, fourth: tuned to Ruibin, altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
273
Answers to Yize, fifth "gong" note, as third-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
274
Tonic string, fifth (tightened): answers to Wushe, taking Nanlü, sixth "fan" note, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
275
Second string, sixth: tuned to half-Huangzhong, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
276
Third string, seventh: tuned to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
277
調
Raised Altered-Fourth Mode
278
Second string, first: tuned to doubled Yingzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
279
Third string, second: tuned to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
280
Answers to Jiazhong, raised second "yi" note, as altered-leading-tone pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
281
Fifth string, third: tuned to Zhonglü, raised third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
282
Sixth string, fourth: tuned to Linzhong, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
283
Answers to Nanlü, raised fifth "gong" note, as third-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
284
Tonic string, fifth (tightened): answers to Yingzhong, taking Wushe, raised sixth "fan" note, sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
285
Second string, sixth: tuned to half-Dalü, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
286
Third string, seventh: tuned to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
287
調
Fifth Mode
288
Tonic string, first: tuned to doubled Wushe, altered-leading-tone "he" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
289
Second string, second: tuned to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
290
Third string, third (slackened): tuned to Taicu, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now third-string pitch.
291
Answers to Guxian, taking Zhonglü, third "shang" note, raised third "shang" note, as tonic-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
292
Fifth string, fourth: tuned to Ruibin, altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
293
Sixth string, fifth: tuned to Yize, fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
294
Answers to Wushe, sixth "fan" note, as altered-fourth pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
295
Tonic string, sixth: tuned to half-Huangzhong, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
296
Second string, seventh: tuned to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
297
調
Raised Fifth Mode
298
Tonic string, first: tuned to doubled Yingzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
299
Second string, second: tuned to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
300
Third string, third (slackened): tuned to Jiazhong, raised second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now third-string pitch.
301
Answers to Zhonglü, taking Ruibin, raised third "shang" note, altered-fourth "chi" note, as tonic-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
302
Fifth string, fourth: tuned to Linzhong, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
303
Sixth string, fifth: tuned to Nanlü, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
304
Answers to Yingzhong, raised sixth "fan" note, as altered-fourth pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
305
Tonic string, sixth: tuned to half-Dalü, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
306
Second string, seventh: tuned to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
307
調
Sixth Mode
308
Sixth string, first (slackened): tuned to doubled Yize, lower-sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now lower-sixth pitch.
309
Answers to doubled Wushe, taking doubled Yingzhong, altered-leading-tone "he" note, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, as lower fifth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
310
Tonic string, second: tuned to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
311
Second string, third (slackened): tuned to Taicu, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now second-string pitch.
312
Third string, fourth (slackened): answers to Guxian, taking Zhonglü, third "shang" note, raised third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
313
Answers to Ruibin, taking Linzhong, altered-fourth "chi" note, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, as second-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
314
Fifth string, fifth: tuned to Yize, fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
315
Sixth string, sixth (slackened): tuned to Wushe, sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
316
Answers to half-Huangzhong, taking half-Dalü, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, as fifth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
317
Tonic string, seventh: tuned to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
318
調
Raised Sixth Mode
319
Sixth string, first (slackened): tuned to doubled Nanlü, raised lower-sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now lower-sixth pitch.
320
Answers to doubled Yingzhong, taking Huangzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, tonic "si" note, as lower fifth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
321
Tonic string, second: tuned to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
322
Second string, third (slackened): tuned to Jiazhong, raised second "yi" note, yielding altered-tone string pitch, now second-string pitch.
323
Third string, fourth (slackened): answers to Zhonglü, taking Ruibin, raised third "shang" note, altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
324
Answers to Linzhong, taking Yize, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, fifth "gong" note, as second-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
325
Fifth string, fifth: tuned to Nanlü, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
326
Sixth string, sixth (slackened): tuned to Yingzhong, raised sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
327
Answers to half-Dalü, taking half-Taicu, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, tonic "si" note, as lower fifth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
328
Tonic string, seventh: tuned to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
329
調
Altered-Leading-Tone Mode
330
Sixth string, first: tuned to doubled Wushe, altered-leading-tone "he" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now lower-sixth pitch.
331
Answers to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, as lower sixth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
332
Tonic string, second (tightened): answers to Taicu, taking Dalü, second "yi" note, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
333
Second string, third: tuned to Guxian, third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
334
Third string, fourth: tuned to Ruibin, altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
335
Answers to Yize, fifth "gong" note, as third-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
336
Fifth string, fifth (tightened): answers to Wushe, taking Nanlü, sixth "fan" note, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
337
Sixth string, sixth: tuned to half-Huangzhong, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
338
Answers to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, as sixth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
339
Tonic string, seventh (tightened): answers to half-Guxian, taking half-Jiazhong, second "yi" note, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
340
調
Raised Altered-Leading-Tone Mode
341
Sixth string, first: tuned to doubled Yingzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now lower-sixth pitch.
342
Answers to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, as lower sixth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
343
Tonic string, second (tightened): answers to Jiazhong, taking Taicu, raised second "yi" note, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
344
Second string, third: tuned to Zhonglü, raised second "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
345
Third string, fourth: tuned to Linzhong, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
346
Answers to Nanlü, raised fifth "gong" note, as third-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
347
Fifth string, fifth (tightened): answers to Yingzhong, taking Wushe, raised sixth "fan" note, sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
348
Sixth string, sixth: tuned to half-Dalü, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
349
Answers to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, as sixth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
350
Tonic string, seventh (tightened): answers to half-Zhonglü, taking half-Guxian, raised second "yi" note, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
351
調調調
The string transpositions and mode shifts above are framed from the qin strings themselves, with the sixth string as the primary opening tone; thus in the rotating system Huangzhong is first marked by fixing the second string's sixth position as tonic mode. The lü section below adopts the seven-tone framework with tonic as foundation: when Huangzhong serves as tonic, the string's tonic part answers to Huangzhong, the second to Taicu, the third to Guxian, altered fourth to Ruibin, fifth to Yize, sixth to Wushe, and altered leading tone to half Huangzhong. That is, doubled Wushe. When Dalü serves as tonic, the seven tone degree-parts answer to yin pipes in the same way. In terms of degree-parts alone, the tonic part answering to Huangzhong is the Huangzhong part, the second the Taicu part, the third the Guxian part, and the altered fourth the Ruibin part. Yet the fifth part that answers to Yize is not the Yize part but the Linzhong part. The sixth part answering to Wushe is likewise not the Wushe part but the Nanlü part. The altered leading-tone part answering to half Huangzhong is not the half-Huangzhong part but the Yingzhong part. When Dalü serves as tonic, the altered-fourth part becomes the altered Linzhong part, the fifth the Yize part, the sixth the Wushe part, and the altered leading tone the altered Huangzhong part. Yin and yang each comprise seven octaves, and each octave seven strings; the tables in Le Wen give full detail, which is not reproduced here.
352
The pipe two times Huangzhong plus one-quarter yields the Yize fifth (zhi), notated yi—the pipe at two-eighths of Huangzhong plus one-quarter of that fraction.
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