1
志七十
Treatise 70
2
樂二
Music, Part Two
3
十二律呂尺度
The Pitches and Scales of the Twelve Lü
4
黃鍾古尺徑三分三釐八豪五絲一忽,長九寸,積八百一十分。 今尺徑二分七釐四豪一絲九忽,長七寸二分九釐,積四百三十分四百六十七釐二百一十豪。 容黍一千二百粒。
For Huangzhong (Yellow Bell), the ancient standard pipe measured three fen, three li, eight hao, five si, and one hu in diameter, nine cun in length, and eight hundred and ten fen in cubic volume. By the present standard, its diameter was two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu; its length seven cun, two fen, and nine li; and its volume four hundred and thirty fen, four hundred and sixty-seven li, and two hundred and ten hao. It held one thousand two hundred grains of millet.
5
大呂古尺徑三分三釐八豪五絲一忽,長八寸四分二釐七豪二百四十三分豪之二百三十九,積七百五十八分五百一十八釐五百一十八豪奇。 今尺徑二分七釐四豪一絲九忽,長六寸八分二釐六豪三分豪之二,積四百零三分一百零七釐八百四十豪。 容黍一千二十四粒。
For Dalü, the ancient pipe shared the same diameter as Huangzhong; its length was eight cun, four fen, two li, seven hao, plus two hundred thirty-nine parts of two hundred forty-three fen-hao; its volume was seven hundred fifty-eight fen, five hundred eighteen li, and five hundred eighteen hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Dalü measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; six cun, eight fen, two li, six hao, and two-thirds of a fen-hao in length; and four hundred three fen, one hundred seven li, and eight hundred forty hao in volume. It held one thousand twenty-four grains of millet.
6
太簇古尺徑三分三釐八亳五絲一忽,長八寸,積七百二十分。 今尺徑二分七釐四豪一絲九忽,長六寸四分八釐積三百八十二分六百三十七釐五百二十豪。 容黍一千零六十七粒。
For Taicu, the ancient pipe measured three fen, three li, eight hao, five si, and one hu in diameter, eight cun in length, and seven hundred twenty fen in volume. By the present standard, Taicu had a diameter of two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu; a length of six cun, four fen, and eight li; and a volume of three hundred eighty-two fen, six hundred thirty-seven li, and five hundred twenty hao. It held one thousand sixty-seven grains of millet.
7
夾鍾古尺徑三分三釐八豪五絲一忽,長七寸四分九釐一豪二千一百八十七分豪之一千一百八十三,積六百七十四分二百三十八釐六百八十三豪奇。 今尺徑二分七釐四豪一絲九忽,長六寸0分六釐八豪二十七分豪之四,積三百五十八分三百一十八釐零八十豪。 容黍九百九十九粒。
For Jiazhong, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was seven cun, four fen, nine li, one hao, plus one thousand one hundred eighty-three parts of two thousand one hundred eighty-seven fen-hao; its volume was six hundred seventy-four fen, two hundred thirty-eight li, and six hundred eighty-three hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Jiazhong measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; six cun, six li, eight hao, and four twenty-sevenths of a fen-hao in length; and three hundred fifty-eight fen, three hundred eighteen li, and eighty hao in volume. It held nine hundred ninety-nine grains of millet.
8
姑洗古尺徑三分三釐八豪五絲一忽,長七寸一分一釐一豪九分豪之一,積六百四十分。 今尺徑二分七釐四豪一絲九忽,長五寸七分六釐,積三百四十分一百二十二釐二百四十豪。 容黍九百四十八粒。
For Guxian, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was seven cun, one fen, one li, one hao, and one-ninth of a fen-hao; its volume was six hundred forty fen. By the present standard, Guxian measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; five cun, seven fen, and six li in length; and three hundred forty fen, one hundred twenty-two li, and two hundred forty hao in volume. It held nine hundred forty-eight grains of millet.
9
仲呂古尺徑三分三釐八豪五絲一忽,長六寸六分五釐九豪一萬九千六百八十三分豪之二千九百零三,積五百九十九分三百二十三釐二百七十三豪奇。 今尺徑二分七釐四豪一絲九忽,長五寸三分九釐三豪二百四十三分豪之二百二十一,積三百一十八分五百零四釐九百六十豪。 容黍八百八十八粒。
For Zhonglü, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was six cun, six fen, five li, nine hao, plus two thousand nine hundred three parts of ten thousand nine hundred eighty-three fen-hao; its volume was five hundred ninety-nine fen, three hundred twenty-three li, and two hundred seventy-three hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Zhonglü measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; five cun, three fen, nine li, three hao, and two hundred twenty-one parts of two hundred forty-three fen-hao in length; and three hundred eighteen fen, five hundred four li, and nine hundred sixty hao in volume. It held eight hundred eighty-eight grains of millet.
10
蕤賓古尺徑三分三釐八豪五絲一忽,長六寸三分二釐0豪之八十一分豪之八十,積五百六十八分八百八十八釐八百八十八豪奇。 今尺徑二分七釐四豪一絲九忽,長五寸一分二釐,積三百零二分三百三十釐八百八十豪。 容黍八百四十三粒。
For Ruibin, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was six cun, three fen, two li, plus eighty parts of eighty-one fen-hao; its volume was five hundred sixty-eight fen, eight hundred eighty-eight li, and eight hundred eighty-eight hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Ruibin measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; five cun, one fen, and two li in length; and three hundred two fen, three hundred thirty li, and eight hundred eighty hao in volume. It held eight hundred forty-three grains of millet.
11
林鍾古尺徑三分三釐八豪五絲一忽,長六寸,積五百四十分。 今尺徑二分七釐四豪一絲九忽,長四寸八分六釐,積二百八十六分九百七十八釐一百四十豪。 容黍八百粒。
For Linzhong, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter, a length of six cun, and a volume of five hundred forty fen. By the present standard, Linzhong measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; four cun, eight fen, and six li in length; and two hundred eighty-six fen, nine hundred seventy-eight li, and one hundred forty hao in volume. It held eight hundred grains of millet.
12
夷則古尺徑三分三釐八豪五絲一忽,長五寸六分一釐八豪七百二十九分豪之四百七十八,積五百零五分六百七十九釐零一十二豪奇。 今尺徑二分七釐四豪一絲九忽,長四寸五分五釐一豪九分豪之一,積二百六十八分七百三十八釐五百六十豪。 容黍七百四十九粒。
For Yize, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was five cun, six fen, one li, eight hao, plus four hundred seventy-eight parts of seven hundred twenty-nine fen-hao; its volume was five hundred five fen, six hundred seventy-nine li, and twelve hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Yize measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; four cun, five fen, five li, one hao, and one-ninth of a fen-hao in length; and two hundred sixty-eight fen, seven hundred thirty-eight li, and five hundred sixty hao in volume. It held seven hundred forty-nine grains of millet.
13
南呂古尺徑三分三釐八豪五絲一忽,長五寸三分三釐三豪三分豪之一,積四百八十分。 今尺徑二分七釐四豪一絲九忽,長四寸三分二釐,積二百五十五分零九十一釐六百八十豪。 容黍七百一十一粒。
For Nanlü, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was five cun, three fen, three li, three hao, and one-third of a fen-hao; its volume was four hundred eighty fen. By the present standard, Nanlü measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; four cun, three fen, and two li in length; and two hundred fifty-five fen, ninety-one li, and six hundred eighty hao in volume. It held seven hundred eleven grains of millet.
14
無射古尺徑三分三釐八豪五絲一忽,長四寸九分九釐四豪六千五百六十一分豪之二千二百六十六,積四百四十九分四百九十二釐四百五十五豪奇。 今尺徑二分七釐四豪一絲九忽,長四寸0分四釐五豪八十一分豪之三十五,積二百三十八分八百七十八釐七百二十豪。 容黍六百六十六粒。
For Wushe, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was four cun, nine fen, nine li, four hao, plus two thousand two hundred sixty-six parts of six thousand five hundred sixty-one fen-hao; its volume was four hundred forty-nine fen, four hundred ninety-two li, and four hundred fifty-five hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Wushe measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; four cun, four li, five hao, and thirty-five parts of eighty-one fen-hao in length; and two hundred thirty-eight fen, eight hundred seventy-eight li, and seven hundred twenty hao in volume. It held six hundred sixty-six grains of millet.
15
應鍾古尺徑三分三釐八豪五絲一忽,長四寸七分四釐0豪二十七分豪之二十,積四百二十六分六百六十六釐六百六十六豪奇。 今尺徑二分七釐四豪一絲九忽,長三寸八分四釐,積二百二十六分七百四十八釐一百六十豪。 容黍六百三十二粒。
For Yingzhong, the ancient pipe had the standard diameter; its length was four cun, seven fen, four li, plus twenty parts of twenty-seven fen-hao; its volume was four hundred twenty-six fen, six hundred sixty-six li, and six hundred sixty-six hao, with a fractional remainder. By the present standard, Yingzhong measured two fen, seven li, four hao, one si, and nine hu in diameter; three cun, eight fen, and four li in length; and two hundred twenty-six fen, seven hundred forty-eight li, and one hundred sixty hao in volume. It held six hundred thirty-two grains of millet.
16
七音清濁
The Seven Tones in Clear and Muddy Registers
17
倍蕤賓下徵乙字倍林鍾清下徵高乙字
At double Ruibin: the lower fifth degree (zhi), notated yi; at double Linzhong (clear): the raised lower fifth, notated high yi.
18
倍夷則下羽上字倍南呂清下羽高上字
At double Yize: the lower sixth degree (yu), notated shang; at double Nanlü (clear): the raised lower sixth, notated high shang.
19
倍無射變宮尺字倍應鍾清變宮高尺字
At double Wushe: the altered leading tone (bian gong), notated chi; at double Yingzhong (clear): the raised altered leading tone, notated high chi.
20
黃鍾宮聲工字大呂清宮高工字
At Huangzhong: the tonic (gong), notated gong; at Dalü (clear): the raised tonic, notated high gong.
21
太簇商聲凡字夾鍾清商高凡字
At Taicu: the second degree (shang), notated fan; at Jiazhong (clear): the raised second, notated high fan.
22
姑洗角聲六字仲呂清角高六字
At Guxian: the third degree (jue), notated liu; at Zhonglü (clear): the raised third, notated high liu.
23
蕤賓變徵五字林鍾清變徵高五字
At Ruibin: the altered fourth (bian zhi), notated wu; at Linzhong (clear): the raised altered fourth, notated high wu.
24
夷則徵聲乙字南呂清徵高乙字
At Yize: the fifth degree (zhi), notated yi; at Nanlü (clear): the raised fifth, notated high yi.
25
無射羽聲上字應鍾清羽高上字
At Wushe: the sixth degree (yu), notated shang; at Yingzhong (clear): the raised sixth, notated high shang.
26
半黃鍾變宮尺字半大呂清變宮高尺字
At half Huangzhong: the altered leading tone, notated chi; at half Dalü (clear): the raised altered leading tone, notated high chi.
27
半太簇少宮工字半夾鍾清少宮高工字
At half Taicu: the lesser tonic (shao gong), notated gong; at half Jiazhong (clear): the raised lesser tonic, notated high gong.
28
半姑洗少商凡字半仲呂清少商高凡字
At half Guxian: the lesser second (shao shang), notated fan; at half Zhonglü (clear): the raised lesser second, notated high fan.
29
黃鍾同形管聲同形管周徑積分表繁,詳正義,不列。
The full tables for Huangzhong pipes of uniform form—covering tone, pipe form, circumference, diameter, and volumetric fractions—are too extensive to reproduce here; see the main commentary for the details.
30
八倍黃鍾之管黃鍾宮聲工字正黃鍾之管
The pipe eight times the length of Huangzhong gives the Huangzhong tonic (gong), notated gong—this is the pipe of true Huangzhong.
31
七倍黃鍾之管大呂清宮高工黃鍾八分之七之管
The pipe seven times Huangzhong yields Dalü (clear) tonic, notated high gong—the pipe at seven-eighths of Huangzhong.
32
六倍黃鍾之管太簇商聲凡字黃鍾八分之六之管
The pipe six times Huangzhong yields the Taicu second (shang), notated fan—the pipe at six-eighths of Huangzhong.
33
五倍黃鍾之管夾鍾清商高凡黃鍾八分之五之管
The pipe five times Huangzhong yields Jiazhong (clear) second, notated high fan—the pipe at five-eighths of Huangzhong.
34
四倍黃鍾之管姑洗角聲六字黃鍾八分之四即二分之一之管
The pipe four times Huangzhong yields the Guxian third (jue), notated liu—the pipe at four-eighths, or one-half, of Huangzhong.
35
三倍半黃鍾之管仲呂清角高六黃鍾八分之三分半之管
The pipe three and a half times Huangzhong yields Zhonglü (clear) third, notated high liu—the pipe at three and a half-eighths of Huangzhong.
36
三倍黃鍾之管蕤賓變徵五字黃鍾八分之三之管
The pipe three times Huangzhong yields the Ruibin altered fourth, notated wu—the pipe at three-eighths of Huangzhong.
37
二倍半黃鍾之管林鍾清變徵高五黃鍾八分之二分半之管
The pipe two and a half times Huangzhong yields Linzhong (clear) altered fourth, notated high wu—the pipe at two and a half-eighths of Huangzhong.
38
二倍黃鍾之管南呂清徵高乙黃鍾八分之二即四分之一之管
The pipe two times Huangzhong yields Nanlü (clear) fifth, notated high yi—the pipe at two-eighths, or one-quarter, of Huangzhong.
39
正加四分之三黃鍾之管無射羽聲上字黃鍾八分之一又加此一分之四分之三之管
The pipe at true Huangzhong plus three-quarters yields the Wushe sixth (yu), notated shang—a pipe one-eighth of Huangzhong plus three-quarters of that fraction.
40
正加半黃鍾之管應鍾清羽高上黃鍾八分之一又加此一分之四分之二之管
The pipe at true Huangzhong plus one-half yields Yingzhong (clear) sixth, notated high shang—a pipe one-eighth of Huangzhong plus two-quarters of that fraction.
41
正加四分之一黃鍾之管半黃鍾變宮尺字黃鍾八分之一又加此一分之四分之一之管
The pipe at true Huangzhong plus one-quarter yields the half-Huangzhong altered leading tone, notated chi—a pipe one-eighth of Huangzhong plus one-quarter of that fraction.
42
正加八分之一黃鍾之管半大呂清變宮高尺黃鍾八分之一又加此一分之八分之一之管
The pipe at true Huangzhong plus one-eighth yields half Dalü (clear) altered leading tone, notated high chi—a pipe one-eighth of Huangzhong plus one-eighth of that fraction.
43
正黃鍾之管半太簇宮聲工字黃鍾八分之一之管
The pipe of true Huangzhong yields the half-Taicu tonic, notated gong—the pipe at one-eighth of Huangzhong.
44
樂之節奏,成於聲調,聲也者,五聲二變之七音; 調也者,所以調七音而互相為用者也。 聲調之原,本自旋宮,因管律弦度七音取分之不同而旋宮異。 古旋宮之法,合竹與絲並著之。 自隋以來,獨以弦音發明五聲之分,律呂旋宮,遂失其傳。 夫旋宮者,十二律呂皆可為宮,立一均之主,各統七聲,而十二律呂皆可為五聲二變也。 聲調者,聲自為聲,調自為調,而調又有主調、起調、轉調之異,故以轉調合旋宮言之,名為宮調。 五聲二變旋於清濁二均之一十四聲,則成九十八聲,此全音也。 然調雖以宮為主,而宮又自為宮,調又自為調。 如宮立一均之主,而下羽之聲,又大於宮,故為調之首,古所謂宮逐羽音是也。 羽主調,宮立宮,一均七聲之位定,則當二變者不起調,而與調首音不合者亦不起調。 蓋以羽起調,徵在其前,變宮居其後。 二音與羽相近,得聲淆雜,而變徵為第六音,亦與羽首音不合。 此所以當二變之位,與五正聲當徵位者,俱不得起調也。 至於止調,亦取本調相合,可以起調之聲終之。 當二變與徵位者,亦不用焉。 其立羽位調首之音,自本聲起者,即為本調。 首音與五音為羽,與角次相合。 首音與三音為羽,與宮又次相合,且均調相應。 首音與四音為羽,與商轉相合可出入。 故本調為一調,自宮位起者為一調,自角位起者為一調,自商位起者復為一調。 自羽位、宮位、角位起者為正,自商位起者為假借,故曰可出入,如曲中所謂與某宮某調相出入者是也。 轉相合者,下羽之調首至角為第五位,商之第三音至正羽第八音亦五位也。 一均四調,七均二十八調,合清濁之一十四均,則為五十六調。 樂工度曲,七調相轉之法,四字起四為正調,樂工轉調,皆用四字調為準,以四乙上尺工凡六七列位,視某字當四字位者,名為某調。 一如五聲二變遞轉旋宮之法,以四字當羽位為起調處也。 乙字起四為乙字調,上字起四為上字調,尺字起四為尺字調,工字起四為工字調,凡字起四為凡字調,合字起四為合字調。 此指笛孔言。 四字調乙、凡不用,乙字調上、六不用,上字調尺、五不用,尺字調工、乙不用,工字調凡、上不用,凡字調合、尺不用,合字調五、工不用,即如羽聲主調,當變宮、變徵聲者不用也。 又四字調乙、凡不得起調,而六字亦不得起調,即如羽聲當羽位主調,二變不得起調,而徵聲亦不得起調也。 此七調之七字相轉,即五聲二變之旋相為宮,宮調聲字,實為一體。 析而言之,則有四科:一曰七聲定位,以五聲二變立一定之位,自下羽至正羽,共列為八,顯明隔八相生之理,視下羽位聲字律呂,知其為某宮之某調,視宮位聲字律呂,知其為某調之某宮,視二變位,知某聲字、某律呂之當避。 二曰旋宮主調,以五聲二變旋於七聲定位之下,亦分八位,如羽聲立下羽之下,宮聲立宮位之下,則為宮聲立宮而羽聲主調。 又如商聲立下羽之下,變徵立宮位之下,則為變徵立宮而商聲主調。 三曰和聲起調,以十二律呂兼倍半以備用,按所生之音,各隨其均序於旋宮之下,仍以調主相和之聲所起各調注本律、本呂之下,以正各調之名。 如黃鍾立宮,則夷則立下羽之位以主調,倍無射、正蕤賓當二變不起調,正夷則立徵位亦不起調,故用倍夷則起調者為正羽調,起黃鍾宮聲為正宮,起太簇商聲為正商,起姑洗角聲為正角,此正宮之四調也。 大呂立宮,則倍南呂立下羽之位主調,用以起調者為清羽調,起大呂宮聲為清宮,起夾鍾商聲為清商,起仲呂角聲為清角,此清宮之四調也。 其餘立宮主調,皆依此例。 四曰樂音字色,以律呂簫笛所命字色,隨聲調而序其次,列於律呂之下。 如黃鍾為工字,而簫應黃鍾者為工字,笛應黃鍾者為五字,皆注於黃鍾本律之下,大呂為高工字,而簫之高工、笛之高五亦皆注於大呂本律之下。 其立羽位之字,即為主調,其立宮位之字,即為立宮,其當二變之位,則不用當徵位者亦不以起調。 以此四科列為表,旋宮、轉聲、主調、起調之理犁然矣。
Musical rhythm arises from the interplay of tone and mode: by "tone" is meant the seven notes—the five principal degrees together with their two alterations. "Mode" is what regulates the seven notes and sets them to work upon one another. Tone and mode ultimately derive from circular transposition; differences in how pipes, lü standards, and string lengths divide the seven notes produce different systems of transposition. In antiquity, circular transposition was explained with bamboo pipes and silk strings treated together. Since the Sui, scholars relied on string pitch alone to explain the five degrees, and the tradition of lü-based circular transposition was lost. In circular transposition, any of the twelve lü may become the tonic: once one pitch is set as master of a key and governs seven notes, each of the twelve lü can in turn serve as the five principal degrees and their two alterations. Tone and mode each have their own nature, yet modes further divide into governing, opening, and shifting types; when shifting mode is considered together with circular transposition, the composite is called gongdiao—the tonal mode system. Rotating the five degrees and two alterations through the fourteen pitches of the clear and muddy registers yields ninety-eight notes—the full complement of the scale. Although mode is said to be governed by the tonic (gong), gong remains gong in its own right and mode remains mode in its own right. When the tonic establishes the master of a key, the lower sixth (yu) still ranks above the tonic in governing power and thus heads the mode—what the ancients called "the tonic yielding to the sixth." With the sixth governing the mode and the tonic fixing the key, once the seven-note positions are set, neither the two altered degrees nor any pitch incompatible with the opening note may begin a mode. When the mode opens on the sixth, the fifth lies before it and the altered leading tone behind it. These two pitches sit too close to the sixth and blur the opening tone; altered zhi, as the sixth degree, likewise cannot serve as the opening note of a sixth-based mode. That is why neither the two altered degrees nor the standard fifth degree, when it occupies the opening position, may begin a mode. To close a mode, one ends on a note native to that mode—one that could also have opened it. The two altered degrees and the fifth degree in the opening position are likewise excluded. When the opening pitch at the sixth degree starts from its own native note, the result is the native mode. The opening note and the fifth degree are both sixths; they next accord with the third. The opening note and the third degree are both sixths; they next accord with the tonic, and key and mode align accordingly. The opening note and the fourth degree are both sixths; they shift into accord with the second and may move in or out of the mode. Thus there is the native mode; a mode opened from the tonic degree; one opened from the third; and another opened from the second. Modes opened from the sixth, tonic, or third are proper; that opened from the second is borrowed—hence the language of entering and exiting, as when a piece is said to move in and out of a given tonic and mode. In shifting accord, the distance from the lower-sixth opening to the third is five degrees; from the second degree's third note to the upper sixth at the eighth degree is likewise five. One key supports four modes; seven keys yield twenty-eight; across the fourteen clear and muddy keys, there are fifty-six modes in all. In composition, the seven-mode shifting method treats opening on the note si as the standard mode; musicians take the si-mode as their reference, lining up si, yi, shang, chi, gong, fan, liu, and wu—whichever solfège syllable falls on the si position names the mode. This mirrors circular transposition among the five degrees and two alterations: si at the sixth degree marks where the mode opens. When yi opens on si, the mode is the yi-mode; when shang opens on si, the shang-mode; and likewise for chi, gong, fan, and he. This describes the finger-holes of the transverse flute. Each mode excludes certain solfège syllables—the si-mode omits yi and fan, the yi-mode shang and liu, and so on—just as, when the sixth governs the mode, the two altered degrees are omitted. In the si-mode, neither yi nor fan may open the mode, nor may liu—just as, when the sixth governs at the sixth degree, neither altered degree nor the fifth may serve as the opening note. The shifting of these seven solfège syllables among seven modes is nothing other than circular transposition of the five degrees and two alterations—mode, pitch, and notation form a single system. The subject divides into four topics. First, fixing the seven-note positions: the five degrees and two alterations are assigned fixed places from lower sixth to upper sixth in eight steps, illustrating generation at the octave; from the lower-sixth position one identifies tonic and mode, from the tonic position mode and tonic, and from the two altered positions which notes and lü to avoid. Second, circular transposition and the governing mode: the five degrees and two alterations rotate beneath the fixed seven-note scheme in eight positions—when the sixth is placed under lower sixth and the tonic under the tonic degree, the tonic fixes the key while the sixth governs the mode. Similarly, when the second is placed under lower sixth and altered fourth under the tonic degree, the altered fourth fixes the key while the second governs the mode. Third, harmonized openings: all twelve lü, including doubled and halved forms, are kept in reserve; each generated note takes its place in the key beneath the transposition scheme, and each mode opened by a pitch harmonized with the governing degree is labeled under its native lü to fix the mode's proper name. When Huangzhong fixes the tonic, Yize at lower sixth governs the mode; double Wushe and true Ruibin, as the two altered degrees, cannot open modes, nor can true Yize at the fifth degree; thus opening on double Yize yields the proper sixth mode, on Huangzhong the proper tonic mode, on Taicu the proper second, and on Guxian the proper third—the four modes of the proper tonic key. When Dalü fixes the tonic, double Nanlü at lower sixth governs the mode; the clear sixth mode opens the set; opening on Dalü gives clear tonic, on Jiazhong clear second, on Zhonglü clear third—the four modes of the clear tonic key. Every other tonic-and-mode pairing follows the same rule. Fourth, musical notation: the solfège characters assigned to each lü by the pitch pipes, xiao, and flute are arranged by tone and mode and listed under the corresponding lü. Huangzhong is notated gong; the xiao sounding Huangzhong is gong, the flute sounding Huangzhong is wu—both noted under native Huangzhong. Dalü is high gong, with the xiao's high gong and flute's high wu noted under native Dalü. The character at the sixth degree governs the mode; that at the tonic fixes the key; characters at the two altered positions are omitted, as is the fifth degree when it would open the mode. Set out in tables under these four headings, the principles of transposition, tonal shifting, governing mode, and opening mode become fully transparent.
45
黃鍾宮聲立宮,倍夷則下羽主調為上字調。
With Huangzhong tonic and double Yize governing at lower sixth, the mode is the shang-character mode.
46
七聲定位旋宮主調律管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, vertical-flute solfège, transverse-flute solfège, and opening mode name.
47
下羽下羽倍夷則上凡正羽調
At lower sixth, transposed on lower sixth with double Yize governing, the xiao reads shang and the flute fan—the proper sixth mode opens here.
48
變宮變宮倍無射尺合不起調
The altered tonic degree, transposed on altered tonic under double Wushe, uses chi on xiao and he on flute but cannot open a mode.
49
宮宮黃鍾工四正宮
At the tonic degree, transposed on tonic with Huangzhong as standard, gong on xiao and si on flute yield the proper tonic mode.
50
商商太簇凡乙正商
At the second degree, transposed on second with Taicu governing, fan on xiao and yi on flute yield the proper second mode.
51
角角姑洗合上正角
At the third degree, transposed on third with Guxian governing, he on xiao and shang on flute yield the proper third mode.
52
變徵變徵蕤賓四尺不起調
The altered fourth degree, transposed on altered fourth under Ruibin, uses si and chi but cannot open a mode.
53
徵徵夷則乙工不起調
The fifth degree, transposed on fifth under Yize, uses yi and gong but cannot open a mode.
54
羽羽無射上凡同調首
At the sixth degree, transposed on sixth under Wushe, shang on xiao and fan on flute match the mode head.
55
大呂清宮立宮,倍南呂清下羽主調,為高上調。
When Dalü clear tonic fixes the key and double Nanlü clear governs at lower sixth, the result is the high shang mode.
56
七聲定位旋宮主調呂管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode.
57
下羽清下羽倍南呂上凡清羽調
Clear lower sixth, transposed on clear lower sixth with double Nanlü governing, shang and fan on the flutes—the clear sixth mode.
58
變宮清變宮倍應鍾尺六不起調
Clear altered tonic, transposed on clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, chi and liu assigned but no opening mode available.
59
宮清宮大呂工五清宮
Clear tonic degree, transposed on clear tonic with Dalü as standard, gong on xiao and wu on flute—the clear tonic mode.
60
商清商夾鍾凡乙清商
Clear second degree, transposed on clear second with Jiazhong governing, fan and yi—the clear second mode.
61
角清角仲呂六上清角
Clear third degree, transposed on clear third with Zhonglü governing, liu on xiao and shang on flute—the clear third mode.
62
變徵清變徵林鍾五尺不起調
Clear altered fourth, transposed on clear altered fourth under Linzhong, wu and chi noted but cannot open a mode.
63
徵清徵南呂乙工不起調
Clear fifth degree, transposed on clear fifth under Nanlü, yi and gong assigned but no mode opens here.
64
羽清羽應鍾上凡同調首
Clear sixth degree, transposed on clear sixth under Yingzhong, shang and fan match the head of the mode.
65
太簇商聲立宮,倍無射變宮主調,為尺字調。
With Taicu second fixing the key and double Wushe altered tonic governing the mode, the result is the chi-character mode.
66
七聲定位旋宮主調律管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
67
下羽變宮倍無射尺合變宮調
Lower sixth placed at altered tonic, double Wushe governing, chi on xiao and he on flute—the altered-tonic mode.
68
變宮宮黃鍾工四不起調
Altered tonic at the tonic degree, Huangzhong standard, gong and si assigned but this row cannot open a mode.
69
宮商太簇凡乙商宮
Tonic degree transposed on second with Taicu governing, fan on xiao and yi on flute—the shang-tonic composite mode.
70
商角姑洗合上姑洗商
Second degree transposed on third with Guxian governing, he and shang—the Guxian-second mode.
71
角變徵蕤賓四尺商角
Third degree transposed on altered fourth with Ruibin governing, si and chi—the shang-third composite mode.
72
變徵徵夷則乙工不起調
Altered fourth at the fifth degree under Yize, yi and gong noted but cannot open a mode.
73
徵羽無射上凡不起調
Fifth degree transposed on sixth under Wushe, shang and fan assigned but no opening mode.
74
羽變宮倍無射半黃鍾尺六同調首
Sixth degree at altered tonic under double Wushe, half Huangzhong standard, chi and liu matching the mode head.
75
夾鍾清商立宮,倍應鍾清變宮主調,為高尺調。
When Jiazhong clear second fixes the key and double Yingzhong clear altered tonic governs the mode, the result is the high chi mode.
76
七聲定位旋宮主調呂管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode.
77
下羽清變宮倍應鍾尺六清變宮調
Clear lower sixth at clear altered tonic, double Yingzhong governing, chi and liu—the clear altered-tonic mode.
78
變宮清宮大呂工五不起調
Clear altered tonic at clear tonic degree, Dalü standard, gong and wu assigned but cannot open a mode.
79
宮清商夾鍾凡乙清商宮
Clear tonic transposed on clear second with Jiazhong governing, fan and yi—the clear shang-tonic mode.
80
商清角仲呂六上仲呂商
Clear second transposed on clear third with Zhonglü governing, liu and shang—the Zhonglü-second mode.
81
角清變徵林鍾五尺清商角
Clear third transposed on clear altered fourth with Linzhong governing, wu and chi—the clear shang-third mode.
82
變徵清徵南呂乙工不起調
Clear altered fourth at clear fifth under Nanlü, yi and gong noted but cannot open a mode.
83
徵清羽應鍾上凡不起調
Clear fifth transposed on clear sixth under Yingzhong, shang and fan assigned but no opening mode.
84
羽清變宮倍應鍾半大呂尺六同調首
Clear sixth at clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, half Dalü standard, chi and liu matching the mode head.
85
姑洗角聲立宮,黃鍾宮聲主調,為工字調。
With Guxian third fixing the key and Huangzhong tonic governing the mode, the result is the gong-character mode.
86
七聲定位旋宮主調律管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
87
下羽宮黃鍾工四宮調
Lower sixth placed at tonic with Huangzhong governing, gong on xiao and si on flute—the tonic mode.
88
變宮商太簇凡乙不起調
Altered tonic at the second degree under Taicu, fan and yi assigned but cannot open a mode.
89
宮角姑洗合上角宮
Tonic degree transposed on third with Guxian governing, he and shang—the jue-tonic composite mode.
90
商變徵蕤賓四尺角商
Second degree transposed on altered fourth with Ruibin governing, si and chi—the jue-second composite mode.
91
角徵夷則乙工夷則角
Third degree transposed on fifth with Yize governing, yi and gong—the Yize-third mode.
92
變徵羽無射上凡不起調
Altered fourth at the sixth degree under Wushe, shang and fan noted but cannot open a mode.
93
徵變宮倍無射半黃鍾尺六不起調
Fifth degree at altered tonic under double Wushe, half Huangzhong standard, chi and liu assigned but no opening mode.
94
羽宮黃鍾工五同調首
Sixth degree at tonic under Huangzhong, gong on xiao and wu on flute matching the mode head.
95
仲呂清角立宮,大呂清宮主調,為高工調。
When Zhonglü clear third fixes the key and Dalü clear tonic governs the mode, the result is the high gong mode.
96
七聲定位旋宮主調呂管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode.
97
下羽清宮大呂工五清宮調
Clear lower sixth at clear tonic with Dalü governing, gong and wu—the clear tonic mode.
98
變宮清商夾鍾凡乙不起調
Clear altered tonic at clear second under Jiazhong, fan and yi assigned but cannot open a mode.
99
宮清角仲呂六上清角宮
Clear tonic transposed on clear third with Zhonglü governing, liu and shang—the clear jue-tonic mode.
100
商清變徵林鍾五尺清角商
Clear second transposed on clear altered fourth with Linzhong governing, wu and chi—the clear jue-second mode.
101
角清徵南呂乙工南呂角
Clear third transposed on clear fifth with Nanlü governing, yi and gong—the Nanlü-third mode.
102
變徵清羽應鍾上凡不起調
Clear altered fourth at clear sixth under Yingzhong, shang and fan noted but cannot open a mode.
103
徵清變宮倍應鍾半大呂尺六不起調
Clear fifth at clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, half Dalü standard, chi and liu assigned but no opening mode.
104
羽清宮大呂工五同調首
Clear sixth at clear tonic under Dalü, gong and wu matching the head of the mode.
105
蕤賓變徵立宮,太簇商聲主調,為凡字調。
With Ruibin altered fourth fixing the key and Taicu second governing the mode, the result is the fan-character mode.
106
七聲定位旋宮主調律管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
107
下羽商太簇凡乙商調
Lower sixth placed at second with Taicu governing, fan on xiao and yi on flute—the second mode.
108
變宮角姑洗合上不起調
Altered tonic at the third degree under Guxian, he and shang assigned but cannot open a mode.
109
宮變徵蕤賓四尺變徵宮
Tonic degree transposed on altered fourth with Ruibin governing, si and chi—the altered-fourth-tonic mode.
110
商徵夷則乙工變徵商
Second degree transposed on fifth with Yize governing, yi and gong—the altered-fourth-second mode.
111
角羽無射上凡變徵角
Third degree transposed on sixth with Wushe governing, shang and fan—the altered-fourth-third mode.
112
變徵變宮倍無射半黃鍾尺六不起調
Altered fourth at altered tonic under double Wushe, half Huangzhong standard, chi and liu noted but cannot open a mode.
113
徵宮黃鍾工五不起調
Fifth degree at tonic under Huangzhong, gong and wu assigned but no opening mode.
114
羽商太簇凡乙同調首
Sixth degree at second under Taicu, fan and yi matching the mode head.
115
林鍾清變徵立宮,夾鍾清商主調,為高凡調。
When Linzhong clear altered fourth fixes the key and Jiazhong clear second governs the mode, the result is the high fan mode.
116
七聲定位旋宮主調呂管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode.
117
下羽清商夾鍾凡乙清商調
Clear lower sixth at clear second with Jiazhong governing, fan and yi—the clear second mode.
118
變宮清角仲呂六上不起調
Clear altered tonic at clear third under Zhonglü, liu and shang assigned but cannot open a mode.
119
宮清變徵林鍾五尺清變徵宮
Clear tonic transposed on clear altered fourth with Linzhong governing, wu and chi—the clear altered-fourth-tonic mode.
120
商清徵南呂乙工清變徵商
Clear second transposed on clear fifth with Nanlü governing, yi and gong—the clear altered-fourth-second mode.
121
角清羽應鍾上凡清變徵角
Clear third transposed on clear sixth with Yingzhong governing, shang and fan—the clear altered-fourth-third mode.
122
變徵清變宮倍應鍾半大呂尺六不起調
Clear altered fourth at clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, half Dalü standard, chi and liu noted but cannot open a mode.
123
徵清宮大呂工五不起調
Clear fifth at clear tonic under Dalü, gong and wu assigned but no opening mode.
124
羽清商夾鍾凡乙同調首
Clear sixth at clear second under Jiazhong, fan and yi matching the mode head.
125
夷則徵聲立宮,姑洗角聲主調,為合字調。
With Yize fifth fixing the key and Guxian third governing the mode, the result is the he-character mode.
126
七聲定位旋宮主調律管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
127
下羽角姑洗合上角調
Lower sixth placed at third with Guxian governing, he on xiao and shang on flute—the third mode.
128
變宮變徵蕤賓四尺不起調
Altered tonic at altered fourth under Ruibin, si and chi assigned but cannot open a mode.
129
宮徵夷則乙工徵宮
Tonic degree transposed on fifth with Yize governing, yi and gong—the fifth-tonic composite mode.
130
商羽無射上凡徵商
Second degree transposed on sixth with Wushe governing, shang and fan—the fifth-second composite mode.
131
角變宮倍無射半黃鍾尺六徵角
Third degree at altered tonic under double Wushe, half Huangzhong standard, chi and liu—the fifth-third mode.
132
變徵宮黃鍾工五不起調
Altered fourth at tonic under Huangzhong, gong and wu noted but cannot open a mode.
133
徵商太簇凡乙不起調
Fifth degree at second under Taicu, fan and yi assigned but no opening mode.
134
羽角姑洗六上同調首
Sixth degree at third under Guxian, liu on xiao and shang on flute matching the mode head.
135
南呂清徵立宮,仲呂清角主調,為高六調。
When Nanlü clear fifth fixes the key and Zhonglü clear third governs the mode, the result is the high liu mode.
136
七聲定位旋宮主調呂管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pipe standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
137
下羽清角仲呂六上清角調
Lower sixth placed at clear third with Zhonglü governing, liu on xiao and shang on flute—the clear third mode.
138
變宮清變徵林鍾五尺不起調
Altered tonic at clear altered fourth under Linzhong, wu and chi noted but cannot open a mode.
139
宮清徵南呂乙工清徵宮
Tonic degree transposed on clear fifth with Nanlü governing, yi and gong—the clear zhi-tonic composite mode.
140
商清羽應鍾上凡清徵商
Second degree transposed on clear sixth with Yingzhong governing, shang and fan—the clear zhi-second composite mode.
141
角清變宮倍應鍾半大呂尺六清徵角
Third degree at clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, half Dalü standard, chi and liu—the clear zhi-third mode.
142
變徵清宮大呂工五不起調
Altered fourth at clear tonic under Dalü, gong and wu assigned but cannot open a mode.
143
徵清商夾鍾凡乙不起調
Fifth degree at clear second under Jiazhong, fan and yi assigned but no opening mode.
144
羽清角仲呂六上同調首
Sixth degree at clear third under Zhonglü, liu on xiao and shang on flute matching the mode head.
145
無射羽聲立宮,蕤賓變徵主調,為四字調。
When Wushe sixth fixes the key and Ruibin altered fourth governs the mode, the result is the si-character mode.
146
七聲定位旋宮主調律管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
147
下羽變徵蕤賓四尺變徵調
Lower sixth placed at altered fourth with Ruibin governing, si on xiao and chi on flute—the altered-fourth mode.
148
變宮徵夷則乙工不起調
Altered tonic at the fifth degree under Yize, yi and gong assigned but cannot open a mode.
149
宮羽無射上凡羽宮
Tonic degree transposed on sixth with Wushe governing, shang and fan—the sixth-tonic composite mode.
150
商變宮倍無射半黃鍾尺六羽商
Second degree at altered tonic under double Wushe, half Huangzhong standard, chi and liu—the sixth-second mode.
151
角宮黃鍾工五羽角
Third degree transposed on tonic with Huangzhong governing, gong and wu—the sixth-third mode.
152
變徵商太簇凡乙不起調
Altered fourth at the second degree under Taicu, fan and yi noted but cannot open a mode.
153
徵角姑洗六上不起調
Fifth degree at third under Guxian, liu and shang assigned but no opening mode.
154
羽變徵蕤賓五尺同調首
Sixth degree at altered fourth under Ruibin, wu and chi matching the head of the mode.
155
應鍾清羽立宮,林鍾清變徵主調,為高五調。
When Yingzhong clear sixth fixes the key and Linzhong clear altered fourth governs the mode, the result is the high wu mode.
156
七聲定位旋宮主調呂管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pipe standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
157
下羽清變徵林鍾五尺清變徵調
Lower sixth placed at clear altered fourth with Linzhong governing, wu and chi—the clear altered-fourth mode.
158
變宮清徵南呂乙工不起調
Altered tonic at clear fifth under Nanlü, yi and gong assigned but cannot open a mode.
159
宮清羽應鍾上凡清羽宮
Tonic degree transposed on clear sixth with Yingzhong governing, shang and fan—the clear yu-tonic composite mode.
160
商清變宮倍應鍾半大呂尺六清羽商
Second degree at clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, half Dalü standard, chi and liu—the clear yu-second mode.
161
角清宮大呂工五清羽角
Third degree transposed on clear tonic with Dalü governing, gong and wu—the clear yu-third mode.
162
變徵清商夾鍾凡乙不起調
Altered fourth at clear second under Jiazhong, fan and yi noted but cannot open a mode.
163
徵清角仲呂六上不起調
Fifth degree at clear third under Zhonglü, liu and shang assigned but no opening mode.
164
羽清變徵林鍾五尺同調首
Sixth degree at clear altered fourth under Linzhong, wu and chi matching the mode head.
165
倍無射變宮立宮,夷則徵聲主調,為乙字調。
When double Wushe altered tonic fixes the key and Yize fifth governs the mode, the result is the yi-character mode.
166
七聲定位旋宮主調律管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, pitch standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
167
下羽徵夷則乙工徵調
Lower sixth placed at fifth with Yize governing, yi on xiao and gong on flute—the fifth mode.
168
變宮羽無射上凡不起調
Altered tonic at the sixth degree under Wushe, shang and fan assigned but cannot open a mode.
169
宮變宮倍無射半黃鍾尺六變宮宮
Tonic degree at altered tonic under double Wushe, half Huangzhong standard, chi and liu—the altered-tonic composite mode.
170
商宮黃鍾工五變宮商
Second degree transposed on tonic with Huangzhong governing, gong and wu—the altered-tonic second mode.
171
角商太簇凡乙變宮角
Third degree transposed on second with Taicu governing, fan and yi—the altered-tonic third mode.
172
變徵角姑洗六上不起調
Altered fourth at third under Guxian, liu and shang noted but cannot open a mode.
173
徵變徵蕤賓五尺不起調
Fifth degree at altered fourth under Ruibin, wu and chi assigned but no opening mode.
174
羽徵夷則乙工同調首
Sixth degree at fifth under Yize, yi and gong matching the head of the mode.
175
倍應鍾清變宮立宮,南呂清徵主調,為高乙調。
When double Yingzhong clear altered tonic fixes the key and Nanlü clear fifth governs the mode, the result is the high yi mode.
176
七聲定位旋宮主調呂管簫笛起調
Table columns: degree placement, transposition pitch, governing mode, lü pipe standard, xiao solfège, flute solfège, and opening mode name.
177
下羽清徵南呂乙工清徵調
Lower sixth placed at clear fifth with Nanlü governing, yi on xiao and gong on flute—the clear fifth mode.
178
變宮清羽應鍾上凡不起調
Altered tonic at clear sixth under Yingzhong, shang and fan assigned but cannot open a mode.
179
宮清變宮倍應鍾半大呂尺六清變宮宮
Tonic degree at clear altered tonic under double Yingzhong, half Dalü standard, chi and liu—the clear altered-tonic composite mode.
180
商清宮大呂工五清變宮商
Second degree transposed on clear tonic with Dalü governing, gong and wu—the clear altered-tonic second mode.
181
角清商夾鍾凡乙清變宮角
Third degree transposed on clear second with Jiazhong governing, fan and yi—the clear altered-tonic third mode.
182
變徵清角仲呂六上不起調
Altered fourth at clear third under Zhonglü, liu and shang noted but cannot open a mode.
183
徵清變徵林鍾五尺不起調
Fifth degree at clear altered fourth under Linzhong, wu and chi assigned but no opening mode.
184
羽清徵南呂乙工同調首
Sixth degree at clear fifth under Nanlü, yi and gong matching the head of the mode.
185
弦音合律呂立論者,始自淮南子,淮南本之管子,管子曰:「凡將起五音凡首,先主一而三之,四開以合九九,以是生黃鍾小素之首以成宮。 三分而益之以一,為百有八為徵,不無有三分而去其乘適足,以是生商; 有三分而復於其所,以是成羽; 有三分去其乘適足,以是成角。」 夫審弦音,無論某弦之全分,定為首音,因而半之,平分為二。 其聲既與首音相合而為第八音矣,次以首音之全分,因而四之,去其一分而用其三分,其聲應於全分首音之第四音。 此度乃全分首音與半分八音之間,又平分為二分之度。 是即管子所謂「凡將起五音凡首,先主一而三之,四開以合九九」者也。 先主一而三之者,以全分首音一分度為主,而以三因之,其數大於全分為三倍也。 四開以合九九者,以三倍全分之數,四分而取其一,以合九九八十一之度,為宮聲之分也。 小素雲者,素,白練,乃熟絲,即小弦之謂,言此度之聲立為宮位,其小於此弦之他弦,皆以是為主,故曰以是生黃鍾小素之首以成宮也。 以八十一三分益一為百有八為徵,乃此弦首音全分之度,此宮弦上生下徵之數。 於是以百有八,三分去一,為七十二,是為商。 商七十二,三分益一,為九十六,是為羽。 羽九十六,三分去一,為六十四,是為角。 司馬氏律書:徵羽之數小於宮,而管子徵羽之數大於宮者,用徵羽之倍數,所謂下徵、下羽也。 首弦起於下徵,即白虎通弦音尚徵之義。 今由三分損益之法詳推其數,黃鍾正徵上生皆得七十二,為正商; 正商上生得九十六,為下羽; 下生得四十八,為正羽; 下羽、正羽皆得六十四,為正角; 正角上生得八十五,小餘三三。 為下於宮音之變宮; 下生得四十二,小餘六六。 為高於羽音之變宮; 下於宮音之變宮,高於羽音之變宮,皆得五十六,小餘八八。 為變徵:是為濁均。 變徵上生得七十五,小餘八五。 為清宮; 清宮上生得一百有一,小餘一三。 為清下徵:下生得五十,小餘五六。 為清徵; 清下徵清徵皆得六十七,小餘四二。 為清商; 清商上生得八十九,小餘八九。 為清下羽; 下生得四十四,小餘九四。 為清羽; 清下羽、清羽皆得五十九,小餘九三。 為清角; 上生得七十九,小餘九一。 為下於清宮之清變宮; 下生得三十九,小餘三三。 為高於清羽之清變宮; 下於清宮之清變宮、高於清羽之清變宮皆得五十三,小餘二七。 為清變徵:是為清均。 凡宮至商,商至角,角至變徵,徵至羽,羽至變宮,皆得全分,而變徵至徵,變宮至宮,則祗半分。 管子起音篇,司馬氏律書皆五聲之正,淮南子始載二變之數,但不當以十二律呂名之。 尤足取者,則二變之度分,與二變之比於正音,一為和、一為謬之說也。 所謂應鍾,即弦音之變宮度也,所謂蕤賓,即弦音之變徵度也。 弦音變宮之在下徵第一弦為第三音,居第三位,即如宮弦之角聲第三位,音雖不同,而分則恰值正聲之度,故曰姑洗生應鍾,比於正音為和也。 變徵之在下徵第一弦為第七音,居第七位,即如宮弦之變宮第七位,音亦不同,而分則皆為變聲之度,故曰應鍾生蕤賓,不比正音為繆也。 五聲二變之清濁,定弦音各分之等差,今列於表:
The doctrine that string pitches accord with the pitch pipes begins in the Huainanzi, which follows the Guanzi. The Guanzi says: "When raising the five tones from the fundamental head, first take one and triple it, then quarter it to make eighty-one, and thereby generate the Huangzhong fundamental of the thin string to establish the tonic. Add one-third to make one hundred eight for the fifth degree; likewise subtract one-third to the exact measure, thereby producing the second degree; Add one-third back to its place, thereby completing the sixth degree; Subtract one-third to the exact measure, thereby completing the third degree." Examining string tones, take the full length of any string as the head pitch, then halve it, dividing it equally in two. That pitch already harmonizes with the head note as the octave; next, take the full length of the head string, multiply by four, discard one part and keep three—the resulting pitch matches the fourth degree above the full-length head note. This degree falls between the full-length head pitch and the half-length octave, and is again divided equally into two parts. This is exactly what the Guanzi means by "when raising the five tones from the fundamental head, first take one and triple it, then quarter it to make eighty-one." "First take one and triple it" means taking one degree-unit of the full-length head pitch as the basis and multiplying by three—a number three times the full length. "Quarter it to make eighty-one" means taking the tripled full length, dividing by four and keeping one part, to obtain the eighty-one degree-units that constitute the tonic pitch. The "small plain string" refers to fine boiled silk—the thin string. The pitch at this degree is set as the tonic position, and all thinner strings take it as their standard; hence the Guanzi says that thereby the Huangzhong fundamental of the thin string is generated to establish the tonic. From eighty-one, add one-third to make one hundred eight for the fifth degree—this is the full-length degree of the head pitch on this string, the number for ascending to the lower fifth on the tonic string. Then from one hundred eight, subtract one-third to get seventy-two—this is the second degree. From seventy-two for the second degree, add one-third to get ninety-six—this is the sixth degree. From ninety-six for the sixth degree, subtract one-third to get sixty-four—this is the third degree. Sima Qian's Treatise on Pitch Standards gives fifth and sixth degrees smaller than the tonic, whereas the Guanzi gives them larger—the Guanzi uses the doubled fifth and sixth, the so-called lower fifth and lower sixth. The head string starts from the lower fifth—this is the meaning of the Baihu tong's preference for the fifth degree in string theory. Calculating in detail by the three-part excess-and-deficit method, ascending generation from Huangzhong proper fifth yields seventy-two—the proper second degree; Ascending from the proper second yields ninety-six—the lower sixth; Descending generation yields forty-eight—the proper sixth; Both the lower sixth and proper sixth yield sixty-four—the proper third degree; Ascending from the proper third yields eighty-five, with a remainder of thirty-three. This is the altered leading tone below the tonic; Descending generation yields forty-two, with a remainder of sixty-six. This is the altered leading tone above the sixth degree; Both the altered leading tone below the tonic and that above the sixth yield fifty-six, with a remainder of eighty-eight. This is the altered fourth—the muddy temperament. Ascending from the altered fourth yields seventy-five, with a remainder of eighty-five. This is the clear tonic; Ascending from the clear tonic yields one hundred one, with a remainder of thirteen. This is the clear lower fifth; descending generation yields fifty, with a remainder of fifty-six. This is the clear fifth degree; Both the clear lower fifth and clear fifth yield sixty-seven, with a remainder of forty-two. This is the clear second degree; Ascending from the clear second yields eighty-nine, with a remainder of eighty-nine. This is the clear lower sixth; Descending generation yields forty-four, with a remainder of ninety-four. This is the clear sixth degree; Both the clear lower sixth and clear sixth yield fifty-nine, with a remainder of ninety-three. This is the clear third degree; Ascending generation yields seventy-nine, with a remainder of ninety-one. This is the clear altered leading tone below the clear tonic; Descending generation yields thirty-nine, with a remainder of thirty-three. This is the clear altered leading tone above the clear sixth; Both the clear altered leading tone below the clear tonic and that above the clear sixth yield fifty-three, with a remainder of twenty-seven. This is the clear altered fourth—the clear temperament. From tonic to second, second to third, third to altered fourth, fifth to sixth, and sixth to altered leading tone—all are full degree-intervals; but from altered fourth to fifth and altered leading tone to tonic, only half degrees apply. The Guanzi's chapter on raising tones and Sima Qian's Treatise on Pitch Standards cover only the five proper degrees; the Huainanzi first gives the numbers for the two altered degrees, but these should not be labeled with the twelve lü pitch names. What is especially valuable is the treatment of the degree-intervals of the two altered degrees, and the argument that one of the two altered degrees stands in harmonious ratio to a proper tone while the other does not. The pitch called Yingzhong corresponds to the altered leading-tone degree on the string; the pitch called Ruibin corresponds to the altered fourth degree on the string. The altered leading tone on the lower-fifth head string falls at the third position—analogous to the third degree on the tonic string. The pitches differ, but the degree-intervals exactly match those of the proper tones; hence Guxian is said to generate Yingzhong, and its ratio to a proper tone is harmonious. The altered fourth on the lower-fifth head string falls at the seventh position—analogous to the seventh degree on the tonic string. The pitches differ, but the intervals all belong to the altered degrees; hence Yingzhong is said to generate Ruibin, and its ratio to a proper tone is inharmonious. The clear and muddy variants of the five proper degrees and two altered degrees, with the equal step-intervals for each string pitch fixed—the table follows:
186
首弦首音起於下徵,全度一百八分。 二音下羽,得全度一百八分之九十六。 三音變宮,得全度一百八分之八十五。 小餘三三。 四音正宮,得全度一百八分之八十一。 五音正商,得全度一百八分之七十二。 六音正角,得全度一百八分之六十四。 七音變徵,得全度一百八分之五十六。 小餘八八。 八音正徵,得全度一百八分之半。 為五十四。
On the head string, the opening pitch starts from the lower fifth; the full length is one hundred eight degree-units. The second degree, lower sixth, yields ninety-six one-hundred-eighths of the full length. The third degree, altered leading tone, yields eighty-five one-hundred-eighths of the full length. With a remainder of thirty-three. The fourth degree, proper tonic, yields eighty-one one-hundred-eighths of the full length. The fifth degree, proper second, yields seventy-two one-hundred-eighths of the full length. The sixth degree, proper third, yields sixty-four one-hundred-eighths of the full length. The seventh degree, altered fourth, yields fifty-six one-hundred-eighths of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The eighth degree, proper fifth, yields half the full length of one hundred eight. That is fifty-four.
187
首弦首音起清下徵,全度一百一分。 小餘一三。 二音清下羽,得全度一百一分之八十九。 小餘八九。 三音清變宮,得全度一百一分之七十九。 小餘九一。 四音清宮,得全度一百一分之七十五。 小餘八五。 五音清商,得全度一百一分之六十七。 小餘四二。 六音清角,得全度一百一分之五十九。 小餘九三。 七音清變徵,得全度一百一分之五十三。 小餘二七。 八音清徵,得全度一百一分之半。 為五十,小餘五六。
On the head string, the opening pitch starts from the clear lower fifth; the full length is one hundred one degree-units. With a remainder of thirteen. The second degree, clear lower sixth, yields eighty-nine one-hundred-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-nine. The third degree, clear altered leading tone, yields seventy-nine one-hundred-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-one. The fourth degree, clear tonic, yields seventy-five one-hundred-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-five. The fifth degree, clear second, yields sixty-seven one-hundred-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of forty-two. The sixth degree, clear third, yields fifty-nine one-hundred-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-three. The seventh degree, clear altered fourth, yields fifty-three one-hundred-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The eighth degree, clear fifth, yields half the full length of one hundred one. That is fifty, with a remainder of fifty-six.
188
二弦首音起於下羽,全度九十六分。 二音變宮,得全度九十六分之八十五。 小餘三三。 三音正宮,得全度九十六分之八十一。 四音正商,得全九十六分之七十二。 五音正角,得全度九十六分之六十四。 六音變徵,得全度九十六分之五十六。 小餘八八。 七音正徵,得全度九十六分之五十四。 八音正羽,得全度九十六分之半。 為四十八。
On the second string, the opening pitch starts from the lower sixth; the full length is ninety-six degree-units. The second degree, altered leading tone, yields eighty-five ninety-sixths of the full length. With a remainder of thirty-three. The third degree, proper tonic, yields eighty-one ninety-sixths of the full length. The fourth degree, proper second, yields seventy-two ninety-sixths of the full length. The fifth degree, proper third, yields sixty-four ninety-sixths of the full length. The sixth degree, altered fourth, yields fifty-six ninety-sixths of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The seventh degree, proper fifth, yields fifty-four ninety-sixths of the full length. The eighth degree, proper sixth, yields half the full length of ninety-six. That is forty-eight.
189
二弦首音起清下羽,全度八十九分。 小餘八九。 二音清變宮,得全度八十九分之七十九。 小餘九一。 三音清宮,得全度八十九分之七十五。 小餘八五。 四音清商,得全度八十九分之六十七。 小餘四二。 五音清角,得全度八十九分之五十九。 小餘九三。 六音清變徵,得全度八十九分之五十三。 小餘二七。 七音清徵,得全度八十九分之五十。 小餘五六。 八音清羽,得全度八十九分之半。 為四十四,小餘九四。
On the second string, the opening pitch starts from the clear lower sixth; the full length is eighty-nine degree-units. With a remainder of eighty-nine. The second degree, clear altered leading tone, yields seventy-nine eighty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-one. The third degree, clear tonic, yields seventy-five eighty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-five. The fourth degree, clear second, yields sixty-seven eighty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of forty-two. The fifth degree, clear third, yields fifty-nine eighty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-three. The sixth degree, clear altered fourth, yields fifty-three eighty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The seventh degree, clear fifth, yields fifty eighty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of fifty-six. The eighth degree, clear sixth, yields half the full length of eighty-nine. That is forty-four, with a remainder of ninety-four.
190
三弦首音起於變宮,全度八十五分。 小餘三三。 二音正宮,得全度八十五分之八十一。 三音正商,得全度八十五分之七十二。 四音正角,得全度八十五分之六十四。 五音變徵,得全度八十五分之五六。 小餘八八。 六音正徵,得全度八十五分之五十四。 七音正羽,得全度八十五分之四十八。 八音少變宮,得全度八十五分之半。 為四十二,小餘六六。
On the third string, the opening pitch starts from the altered leading tone; the full length is eighty-five degree-units. With a remainder of thirty-three. The second degree, proper tonic, yields eighty-one eighty-fifths of the full length. The third degree, proper second, yields seventy-two eighty-fifths of the full length. The fourth degree, proper third, yields sixty-four eighty-fifths of the full length. The fifth degree, altered fourth, yields fifty-six eighty-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The sixth degree, proper fifth, yields fifty-four eighty-fifths of the full length. The seventh degree, proper sixth, yields forty-eight eighty-fifths of the full length. The eighth degree, lesser altered leading tone, yields half the full length of eighty-five. That is forty-two, with a remainder of sixty-six.
191
三弦首音起清變宮,全度七十九分。 小餘九一。 二音清宮,得全度七十九分之七十五。 小餘八五。 三音清商,得全度七十九分之六十七。 小餘四二。 四音清角,得全度七十九分之五十九。 小餘九三。 五音清變徵,得全度七十九分之五十三。 小餘二七。 六音清徵,得全度七十九分之五十。 小餘五六。 七音清羽,得全度七十九分之四十四。 小餘九四。 八音清少變宮,得全度七十九分之半。 為三十九,小餘九五。
On the third string, the opening pitch starts from the clear altered leading tone; the full length is seventy-nine degree-units. With a remainder of ninety-one. The second degree, clear tonic, yields seventy-five seventy-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-five. The third degree, clear second, yields sixty-seven seventy-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of forty-two. The fourth degree, clear third, yields fifty-nine seventy-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-three. The fifth degree, clear altered fourth, yields fifty-three seventy-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The sixth degree, clear fifth, yields fifty seventy-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of fifty-six. The seventh degree, clear sixth, yields forty-four seventy-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-four. The eighth degree, clear lesser altered leading tone, yields half the full length of seventy-nine. That is thirty-nine, with a remainder of ninety-five.
192
四弦首音起於正宮,全度八十一分。 二音正商,得全度八十一分之七十二。 三音正角,得全度八十一分之六十四。 四音變徵,得全度八十一分之五十六。 小餘八八。 五音正徵,得全度八十一分之五十四。 六音正羽,得全度八十一分之四十八。 七音少變宮,得全度八十一分之四十二。 小餘六六。 八音少宮,得全度八十一分之半。 為四十,小餘五。
On the fourth string, the opening pitch starts from the proper tonic; the full length is eighty-one degree-units. The second degree, proper second, yields seventy-two eighty-firsts of the full length. The third degree, proper third, yields sixty-four eighty-firsts of the full length. The fourth degree, altered fourth, yields fifty-six eighty-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The fifth degree, proper fifth, yields fifty-four eighty-firsts of the full length. The sixth degree, proper sixth, yields forty-eight eighty-firsts of the full length. The seventh degree, lesser altered leading tone, yields forty-two eighty-firsts of the full length. With a remainder of sixty-six. The eighth degree, lesser tonic, yields half the full length of eighty-one. That is forty, with a remainder of five.
193
四弦首音起於清宮,全度七十五分。 小餘八五。 二音清商,得全度七十五分之六十七。 小餘四二。 三音清角,得全度七十五分之五十九。 小餘九三。 四音清變徵,得全度七十五分之五十三。 小餘二七。 五音清徵,得全度七十五分之五十。 小餘五六。 六音清羽,得全度七十五分之四十四。 小餘九四。 七音清少變宮,得全度七十五分之三十九。 小餘九五。 八音清少宮,得全度七十五分之半。 為三十七,小餘九二。
On the fourth string, the opening pitch starts from the clear tonic; the full length is seventy-five degree-units. With a remainder of eighty-five. The second degree, clear second, yields sixty-seven seventy-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of forty-two. The third degree, clear third, yields fifty-nine seventy-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-three. The fourth degree, clear altered fourth, yields fifty-three seventy-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The fifth degree, clear fifth, yields fifty seventy-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of fifty-six. The sixth degree, clear sixth, yields forty-four seventy-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-four. The seventh degree, clear lesser altered leading tone, yields thirty-nine seventy-fifths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-five. The eighth degree, clear lesser tonic, yields half the full length of seventy-five. That is thirty-seven, with a remainder of ninety-two.
194
五弦首音起於正商,全度七十二分。 二音正角,得全度七十二分之六十四。 三音變徵,得全度七十二分之五十六。 小餘八八。 四音正徵,得全度七十二分之五十四。 五音正羽,得全度七十二分之四十八。 六音少變宮,得全度七十二分之四十二。 小餘六六。 七音少宮,得全度七十二分之四十。 小餘五。 八音少商,得全度七十二分之半。 為三十六。
On the fifth string, the opening pitch starts from the proper second; the full length is seventy-two degree-units. The second degree, proper third, yields sixty-four seventy-seconds of the full length. The third degree, altered fourth, yields fifty-six seventy-seconds of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The fourth degree, proper fifth, yields fifty-four seventy-seconds of the full length. The fifth degree, proper sixth, yields forty-eight seventy-seconds of the full length. The sixth degree, lesser altered leading tone, yields forty-two seventy-seconds of the full length. With a remainder of sixty-six. The seventh degree, lesser tonic, yields forty seventy-seconds of the full length. With a remainder of five. The eighth degree, lesser second, yields half the full length of seventy-two. That is thirty-six.
195
五弦首音起於清商,全度六十七分。 小餘四二。 二音清角,得全度六十七分之五十九。 小餘九三。 三音清變徵,得全度六十七分之五十三。 小餘二七。 四音清徵,得全度六十七分之五十。 小餘五六。 五音清羽,得全度六十七分之四十四。 小餘九四。 六音清少變宮,得全度六十七分之三十九。 小餘九五。 七音清少宮,得全度六十七分之三十七。 小餘九二。 八音清少商,得全度六十七分之半。 為三十三,小餘七一。
On the fifth string, the opening pitch starts from the clear second; the full length is sixty-seven degree-units. With a remainder of forty-two. The second degree, clear third, yields fifty-nine sixty-sevenths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-three. The third degree, clear altered fourth, yields fifty-three sixty-sevenths of the full length. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The fourth degree, clear fifth, yields fifty sixty-sevenths of the full length. With a remainder of fifty-six. The fifth degree, clear sixth, yields forty-four sixty-sevenths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-four. The sixth degree, clear lesser altered leading tone, yields thirty-nine sixty-sevenths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-five. The seventh degree, clear lesser tonic, yields thirty-seven sixty-sevenths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-two. The eighth degree, clear lesser second, yields half the full length of sixty-seven. That is thirty-three, with a remainder of seventy-one.
196
六弦首音起於正角,全度六十四分。 二音變徵,得全度六十四分之五十六。 小餘八八。 三音正徵,得全度六十四分之五十四。 四音正羽,得全度六十四分之四十八。 五音少變宮,得全度六十四分之四十二。 小餘六六。 六音少宮,得全度六十四分之四十。 小餘五。 七音少商,得全度六十四分之三十六。 八音少角,得全度六十四分之半。 為三十二。
On the sixth string, the opening pitch starts from the proper third; the full length is sixty-four degree-units. The second degree, altered fourth, yields fifty-six sixty-fourths of the full length. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The third degree, proper fifth, yields fifty-four sixty-fourths of the full length. The fourth degree, proper sixth, yields forty-eight sixty-fourths of the full length. The fifth degree, lesser altered leading tone, yields forty-two sixty-fourths of the full length. With a remainder of sixty-six. The sixth degree, lesser tonic, yields forty sixty-fourths of the full length. With a remainder of five. The seventh degree, lesser second, yields thirty-six sixty-fourths of the full length. The eighth degree, lesser third, yields half the full length of sixty-four. That is thirty-two.
197
六弦首音起於清角,全度五十九分。 小餘九三。 二音清變徵,得全度五十九分之五十三。 小餘二七。 三音清徵,得全度五十九分之五十。 小餘五六。 四音清羽,得全度五十九分之四十四。 小餘九四。 五音清少變宮,得全度五十九分之三十九。 小餘九五。 六音清少宮,得全度五十九分之三十七。 小餘九二。 七音清少商,得全度五十九分之三十三。 小餘七一。 八音清少角,得全度五十九分之半。 為二十九,小餘九六。
On the sixth string, the opening pitch starts from the clear third; the full length is fifty-nine degree-units. With a remainder of ninety-three. The second degree, clear altered fourth, yields fifty-three fifty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The third degree, clear fifth, yields fifty fifty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of fifty-six. The fourth degree, clear sixth, yields forty-four fifty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-four. The fifth degree, clear lesser altered leading tone, yields thirty-nine fifty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-five. The sixth degree, clear lesser tonic, yields thirty-seven fifty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-two. The seventh degree, clear lesser second, yields thirty-three fifty-ninths of the full length. With a remainder of seventy-one. The eighth degree, clear lesser third, yields half the full length of fifty-nine. That is twenty-nine, with a remainder of ninety-six.
198
七弦首音起於變徵,全度五十六分。 小餘八八。 二音正徵,得全度五十六分之五十四。 三音正羽,得全度五十六分之四十八。 四音少變宮,得全度五十六分之四十二。 小餘六六。 五音少宮,得全度五十六分之四十。 小餘五。 六音少商,得全度五十六分之三十六。 七音少角,得全度五十六分之三十二。 八音少變徵,得全度五十六分之半。 為二十八,小餘四四。
On the seventh string, the opening pitch starts from the altered fourth; the full length is fifty-six degree-units. With a remainder of eighty-eight. The second degree, proper fifth, yields fifty-four fifty-sixths of the full length. The third degree, proper sixth, yields forty-eight fifty-sixths of the full length. The fourth degree, lesser altered leading tone, yields forty-two fifty-sixths of the full length. With a remainder of sixty-six. The fifth degree, lesser tonic, yields forty fifty-sixths of the full length. With a remainder of five. The sixth degree, lesser second, yields thirty-six fifty-sixths of the full length. The seventh degree, lesser third, yields thirty-two fifty-sixths of the full length. The eighth degree, lesser altered fourth, yields half the full length of fifty-six. That is twenty-eight, with a remainder of forty-four.
199
七弦首音起於清變徵,全度五十三分。 小餘二七。 二音清徵,得全度五十三分之五十。 小餘五六。 三音清羽,得全度五十三分之四十四。 小餘九四。 四音清少變宮,得全度五十三分之三十七。 小餘九五。 五音清少宮,得全度五十三分之三十七。 小餘九二。 六音清少商,得全度五十三分之三十三。 小餘七一。 七音清少角,得全度五十三分之二十九。 小餘九六。 八音清少變徵,得全度五十三分之半。 為二十六,小餘六三。
On the seventh string, the opening pitch starts from the clear altered fourth; the full length is fifty-three degree-units. With a remainder of twenty-seven. The second degree, clear fifth, yields fifty fifty-thirds of the full length. With a remainder of fifty-six. The third degree, clear sixth, yields forty-four fifty-thirds of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-four. The fourth degree, clear lesser altered leading tone, yields thirty-seven fifty-thirds of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-five. The fifth degree, clear lesser tonic, yields thirty-seven fifty-thirds of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-two. The sixth degree, clear lesser second, yields thirty-three fifty-thirds of the full length. With a remainder of seventy-one. The seventh degree, clear lesser third, yields twenty-nine fifty-thirds of the full length. With a remainder of ninety-six. The eighth degree, clear lesser altered fourth, yields half the full length of fifty-three. That is twenty-six, with a remainder of sixty-three.
200
弦音旋宮轉調,其要有四:一,定弦音應某律呂聲字,即得某弦度分。 如倍無射之律變宮合字定弦,則得徵弦之分; 黃鍾之律宮聲四字定弦,則得羽弦之分; 太簇之律商聲乙字定弦,則得變宮弦之分; 姑洗之律角聲上字定弦,則得宮弦之分; 蕤賓之律變徵尺字定弦,則得商弦之分; 夷則之律徵聲宮字定弦,則得羽弦之分; 無射之律羽聲凡字定弦,則得變徵弦之分。 此陽律一均七聲定弦之正分也。 陰呂定弦七聲之分亦如之。
In the circulation of modes and shifting of keys on string instruments, four essentials apply. First: when a tuned string pitch matches the note character of a given pitch standard, one obtains the degree-parts for that string. For example, tuning to the "he" note of the doubled Wushe pipe's altered leading tone yields the fifth-string degree-parts. Tuning to the "si" note of Huangzhong's tonic yields the sixth-string degree-parts. Tuning to the "yi" note of Taicu's second yields the altered-leading-tone string's degree-parts. Tuning to the "shang" note of Guxian's third yields the tonic string's degree-parts. Tuning to the "chi" note of Ruibin's altered fourth yields the second-string degree-parts. Tuning to the "gong" note of Yize's fifth yields the sixth-string degree-parts; Tuning to the "fan" note of Wushe's sixth yields the altered-fourth string's degree-parts. These are the standard degree-parts for tuning all seven tones across one yang-pipe octave. The same principle applies to degree-parts for tuning the seven yin-pipe tones.
201
一,弦音轉調不能依次遞遷,必以宮調為準,故七聲因之而變。 如琴之正調為宮調,其商調以七弦遞高一音,但六弦、七弦太急易,或變宮調以七弦遞下一音,則一弦、二弦又慢不成聲,故宮調七弦立准,轉調則七弦內有更者,有不更者,有宜緊者,有宜慢者,弦之轉移間,宮調旋焉。 如一弦、三弦、六弦俱慢下管律一音,在弦度為半分,而餘弦不移,即轉為商調。 蓋正宮調一弦、六弦定倍無射之律; 變宮合字得徵弦分者,下為倍夷則之律; 羽聲凡字轉角弦之分,三弦定姑洗之律; 角聲上字得宮弦分者,下為太簇之律,商聲乙字轉羽弦之分,其二弦、四弦、五弦、七弦不移者,仍應本律。 但二弦、七弦原得羽弦分者,轉為徵弦之分; 四弦原得商弦分者,轉為宮弦之分; 五弦原得角弦分者,轉為商弦之分。 其倍無射之律,變宮合字為徵弦分者,轉變徵應於倍應鍾之呂,清變宮高六,應姑洗之律; 角聲上字為宮弦分者,轉變宮應於仲呂之呂,清角高上,此二分當二變不用。 因三弦定太簇之律,商聲乙字得羽弦之分以起調,四弦原得商弦之分者,轉為宮弦之分以立宮,故曰商調。 如二弦、四弦、五弦、七弦俱緊上管律半音,在弦度亦為半分,而餘弦不移,即轉為角調。 蓋正宮調二弦、七弦定黃鍾之律,宮聲四字得羽弦分者,上為大呂之呂,清宮高五轉徵弦之分。 四弦定蕤賓之律,變徵尺字得商弦分者,上為林鍾之呂,清變徵高尺轉宮弦之分。 五弦定夷則之律,徵聲工字得角弦分者,上為南呂之呂,清徵高工轉商弦之分。 其一弦、三弦、六弦不移,仍應本律,但一弦、六弦轉為角分,三弦轉為羽分,而轉變徵、變宮者不用。 因三弦應姑洗之律,角聲上字得羽弦之分以起調,四弦原得商弦之分者,上為角弦之分,轉宮弦之分以立宮,故曰角調。 如獨緊五弦管律半音,在弦度亦為半分,即轉為變徵調。 四弦應蕤賓之律,變徵尺字得羽弦之分以起調。 五弦原得角弦之分者,上為變徵之分,轉為宮弦之分以立宮,故曰變徵調。 如獨慢三弦管律一音,在弦度為半分,即轉為徵調,因五弦應夷則之律,徵聲工字得羽弦之分以起調,一弦、六弦原得徵弦之分者,轉為宮弦之分以立宮,故曰徵調。 如以一弦、三弦、六弦慢下管律一音,四弦慢下管律半音,在弦度俱為半分,即轉為羽調,因一弦、六弦應倍夷則之律,羽聲凡字得羽弦之分以起調,二弦、七弦原得羽弦分者,上為變宮之分,轉宮弦之分以立宮,故曰變宮調也。
First: transposing string tones cannot simply proceed step by step through the scale; the tonic mode must serve as the reference, and the seven tones shift accordingly. Take the qin: in standard tonic tuning, the second-mode transposition raises every string a whole step—but the sixth and seventh strings grow painfully tight and break. Lowering only the seventh string to reach altered-leading-tone mode leaves the first and second too slack to sound. The seven strings of tonic mode must therefore anchor all transpositions: some strings change, some stay fixed, some must be tightened, others loosened—and as strings are retuned, the tonic frame itself rotates. For instance, if the first, third, and sixth strings are each loosened one pitch-pipe degree—half a string-part—while the rest stay put, the instrument becomes shang mode. In standard tonic mode, the first and sixth strings are tuned to the doubled Wushe pipe; and where altered-gong's "he" note gives fifth-string degree-parts, lowering produces the doubled Yize pipe; the "fan" note of the sixth, now yielding third-string degree-parts—the third string set to Guxian; the "shang" note of the third, yielding tonic-string parts, lowered to Taicu; the "yi" note of the second, now yielding sixth-string parts. The second, fourth, fifth, and seventh strings, left unchanged, still sound their original pipes. But the second and seventh strings, originally at sixth-string pitch, now take fifth-string degree-parts; the fourth, originally at second-string pitch, becomes tonic-string pitch; and the fifth, originally at third-string pitch, becomes second-string pitch. On the doubled Wushe standard, where altered-gong's "he" serves as fifth-string pitch, altered-fourth moves to doubled Yingzhong; raised altered-gong "liu" answers to Guxian; where the third's "shang" note serves as tonic-string pitch, altered-leading-tone shifts to Zhonglü; raised third "shang"—these two degree-parts map to the altered tones and are set aside. Since the third string is set to Taicu, the second's "yi" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, opens the mode; the fourth, formerly at second-string pitch, becomes tonic-string pitch to establish the tonic—hence shang mode. If the second, fourth, fifth, and seventh strings are each tightened a half pitch-pipe degree—half a string-part—while the others stay put, the instrument becomes jue mode. In standard tonic mode, the second and seventh strings are tuned to Huangzhong; where the tonic's "si" note gives sixth-string pitch, raising to Dalü and the raised tonic "wu" yields fifth-string degree-parts. The fourth string is set to Ruibin; where altered-fourth's "chi" note gives second-string pitch, raising to Linzhong and the raised altered-fourth "chi" yields tonic-string degree-parts. The fifth string is set to Yize; where the fifth's "gong" note gives third-string pitch, raising to Nanlü and the raised fifth "gong" yields second-string degree-parts. The first, third, and sixth strings stay put and still sound their original pipes, but the first and sixth now yield third-string parts, the third yields sixth-string parts, while the shifted altered-fourth and altered-leading-tone are set aside. Since the third string answers to Guxian, the third's "shang" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, opens the mode; the fourth, formerly at second-string pitch, rises to third-string pitch and becomes tonic-string pitch to establish the tonic—hence jue mode. If only the fifth string is tightened a half pitch-pipe degree—half a string-part—the instrument becomes altered-fourth mode. The fourth string answers to Ruibin; altered-fourth's "chi" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, opens the mode. The fifth, originally at third-string pitch, rises to altered-fourth pitch and becomes tonic-string pitch to establish the tonic—hence altered-fourth mode. If only the third string is loosened one pitch-pipe degree—half a string-part—the instrument becomes fifth mode; since the fifth string answers to Yize, the fifth's "gong" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, opens the mode; the first and sixth, originally at fifth-string pitch, become tonic-string pitch to establish the tonic—hence fifth mode. If the first, third, and sixth strings are loosened one pitch-pipe degree and the fourth a half degree—all half string-parts—the instrument becomes sixth mode; since the first and sixth answer to doubled Yize, the sixth's "fan" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, opens the mode; the second and seventh, originally at sixth-string pitch, rise to altered-leading-tone pitch and become tonic-string pitch to establish the tonic—hence altered-leading-tone mode.
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一,弦音諸調雖無二變,而定弦取音,必審二變之聲,必計二變之分。 如陽律一均,即徵弦七聲之分言之,散聲為全分首音,其二音與羽弦應者為羽分,三音與變宮弦應者為變宮分,至七音與變徵弦應者為變徵分,八音仍與全弦應,故為旋於首音。 其各分與各弦相應,亦自與各律相應。 計其分,則首音徵至二音羽,三音羽至三音變宮,皆得全分。 三音變宮至四音宮,祗得半分。 四音宮至五音商,五音商至六音角,六音角至七音變徵,皆得全分。 七音變徵至八音徵,亦得半分。 以宮弦七聲之分言之,散聲為全半首音,其二音與商弦應者為商分,與角弦應者為角分,三至七音與變宮弦應者為變宮分,八音仍與全弦應。 而四音變徵至五音徵,七音變宮至八音宮,皆祗半分。 蓋太簇商聲乙字所應之弦分至姑洗角聲上字所應之弦分,與無射羽聲凡字所應之弦分至半黃鍾變宮合字所應之弦分,其間必為半分,故各弦七聲之分不移,而所應聲律有間雜之別。 各分全半之間,宮調旋焉。 以宮調七弦為準,據每調徵弦七聲言之,商調之徵,乃宮調之羽轉而為徵分者也。 宮弦之羽,全弦首音為羽,其變宮變徵在二音、六音,是二音至三音,六音至七音,為半分也。 今全弦轉為徵,則變宮、變徵在三音、七音,是三音至四音,七音至八音,為半分矣。 故全弦定黃鍾之律宮聲四字者不移,二音即應太簇之律商聲乙字,其間得全分三音。 若取姑洗之律角聲上字,則二音至三音為半分,仍與宮調之羽同,是以必取仲呂之呂清角高上,其間弦度始得全分,其四音仍應蕤賓之律變徵尺字。 蓋太簇乙字至姑洗上字為半分,加仲呂高上之半分,得一全分,而仲呂高上至蕤賓尺字為半分,此所以二音至三音得全分,為羽至變宮,而三音至四音為半分,乃變宮至宮分也。 五音仍應夷則之律徵聲工字,六音仍應無射之律羽聲凡字,此四音至五音,五音至六音,亦得全分。 至七音若取半黃鍾之律變宮合字,則六音至七音為半分,亦與宮調之羽同,必取半大呂之呂清變宮高六,其間弦度始得全分,其八音仍與首音同應黃鍾之律宮聲四字。 蓋無射凡字至半黃鍾合字為半分,加半大呂高六之半分,得一全分,而半大呂高六至黃鍾四字為半分,此所以六音至七音得全分,為角至變徵,而七音至八音為半分,乃變徵至徵分也。 角調之徵,乃宮調之變宮與清宮調之羽相雜而為徵分者也。 宮調之變宮全弦首音即變宮,而變徵在五音,是首音至二音,五音至六音,為半分也。 清商調之羽全弦首音為清羽,其清變宮、清變徵在二音、六音,是又二音至三音,六音至七音,為半分也,今全弦轉為徵,則三音至四音,七音至八音,為半分矣。 首音若仍定太簇之律商聲乙字,則首音徵至二音羽所得全分,必當取於仲呂之呂清角高上,其本調羽弦,則亦應仲呂之呂清角高上,是清角調非正角調矣。 因取姑洗之律角聲上字為正角調,故起調於羽弦者,必取姑洗正角聲,而徵弦羽分亦當應姑洗之律。 是以角調徵弦散聲首音,反比正宮調變宮弦之散聲首音下半音,取清宮調之羽弦散聲,大呂之呂清宮高五,其分始合,蓋因本調羽聲得正角之律故也。 二音應姑洗之律角聲上字為羽分,三音應蕤賓之律變徵尺字為變宮分,四音應林鍾之呂清變徵高尺為宮分,五音應南呂之呂清徵高工為商分,六音應半黃鍾之律正變宮六字為角分,七音應黃鍾之律正宮四字為變徵分,八音仍應大呂之呂清宮高五,是則三音蕤賓至四音林鍾為半分,七音黃鍾至八音大呂為半分,正為本調徵弦之變宮至宮,變徵至徵之二半分也。 變徵調之徵,乃宮調之宮轉而徵分者也。 宮調之宮,變徵、變宮在四音、七音,是四音至五音,七音至八音,為半分也。 今全弦轉為徵,則三音至四音,七音至八音,為半分,移宮調之宮四音至五音半分,為三音至四音半分,則四音取南呂之呂清徵高工,三音夷則至四音南呂為半分,七音太簇至八音姑洗為半分。 徵調之徵,乃宮調之商轉而為徵者也。 宮調之商,變徵、變宮在三音、六音,是三音至四音,六音至七音,為半分也。 今全弦轉為徵,則三音至四音,七音至八音,為半分,移宮調之商六音至七音半分,為七音至八音半分,則七音取仲呂之呂清角高上,三音無射至四音半黃鍾為半分,七音仲呂至八音蕤賓為半分。 羽調之徵,乃宮調之角轉而為徵分者也。 宮調之角,變徵、變宮在六音、五音,是二音至三音,五音至六音,為半分也。 今全弦轉為徵,則三音至四音,七音至八音,為半分也。 移宮調之商二音至三音半分、五音至六音半分,為三音至四音半分、七音至八音半分,則三音取半大呂之呂清變宮高五,六音取仲呂之呂清角高上,七音取林鍾之呂清變徵高尺,三音半大呂至四音黃鍾為半分,七音林鍾至八音夷則為半分。 變宮調之徵,乃宮調之變徵與清宮調之角相雜而為徵分者也。 宮調之變徵、變宮在首音四音,是首音至二音,四音至五音,為半分。 清宮調之角,變徵變宮在二音、五音,是又二音至三音,五音至六音,為半分也。 今全弦轉為徵,則三音至四音,七音至八音,為半分。 爰定南呂之呂清徵高工為散聲首音,三音黃鍾至四音大呂為半分,七音夷則至八音南呂為半分,此弦音定陽律七調旋相為用之法也。 定陰呂七調立調之羽分,亦必以陰呂為主,其各弦各分陰陽間用亦如之。
First: even when a string mode omits the two altered tones in performance, tuning and pitch-taking must still account for those altered tones and their degree-parts. Within one yang-pipe octave, consider the fifth-string's seven-tone degree-parts: the open string is the whole-part root; the second tone, matching the sixth string, is the sixth part; the third, matching the altered-leading-tone string, is the altered-leading-tone part; the seventh, matching the altered-fourth string, is the altered-fourth part; the eighth returns to the full string—completing the cycle at the root. Each degree-part aligns with its string and, in turn, with its pitch standard. Measured in parts: from the root fifth to the second sixth, and from the third sixth to the third altered leading tone, each span equals a whole part. From the third altered leading tone to the fourth tonic, only half a part is obtained. From the fourth tonic to the fifth second, from the fifth second to the sixth third, and from the sixth third to the seventh altered fourth, each span equals a whole part. From the seventh altered fourth to the eighth fifth, likewise only half a part is obtained. On the tonic string's seven-tone degree-parts, the open string is the whole-and-half root; the second tone, matching the second string, is the second part; matching the third string, the third part; tones three through seven, matching the altered-leading-tone string, are the altered-leading-tone part; the eighth returns to the full string. But from the fourth altered fourth to the fifth fifth, and from the seventh altered leading tone to the eighth tonic, each span is only half a part. Between the string parts for Taicu's "yi" and Guxian's "shang", and between those for Wushe's "fan" and half-Huangzhong altered-gong's "he", the intervals must be half parts; thus each string's seven-tone layout stays fixed, while the pitch standards they answer to vary in their mixed whole- and half-step spacing. In the alternation of whole and half parts, the tonic mode rotates into place. With tonic mode's seven strings as the reference, consider each mode's fifth-string seven tones: in shang mode, the fifth is tonic mode's sixth retuned to fifth-string degree-parts. On the tonic string as sixth, the open string is the sixth; altered leading tone and altered fourth fall on the second and sixth degrees—so the second-to-third and sixth-to-seventh spans are half parts. When that string is retuned as fifth, altered leading tone and altered fourth move to the third and seventh degrees—so the third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth spans become half parts. The open string, still tuned to Huangzhong tonic "si", stays put; the second degree answers to Taicu second "yi", and the span to the third yields a whole part. If one used Guxian third "shang", the second-to-third span would be a half part—as in tonic mode's sixth—so one must take Zhonglü's raised third "shang" to obtain a whole string-part; the fourth degree still answers to Ruibin altered-fourth "chi". From Taicu "yi" to Guxian "shang" is a half part; add Zhonglü raised "shang"'s half part and one whole part results; from Zhonglü raised "shang" to Ruibin "chi" is another half part—hence the second-to-third span is a whole part (sixth to altered leading tone), while the third-to-fourth is a half part (altered leading tone to tonic). The fifth degree still answers to Yize fifth "gong", the sixth to Wushe sixth "fan"—the fourth-to-fifth and fifth-to-sixth spans likewise yield whole parts. For the seventh degree, if one used half-Huangzhong altered-gong "he", the sixth-to-seventh span would be a half part—as in tonic mode's sixth—so one must take half-Dalü's raised altered-gong "liu" to obtain a whole string-part; the eighth returns with the root to Huangzhong tonic "si". From Wushe "fan" to half-Huangzhong "he" is a half part; add half-Dalü raised "liu"'s half part and one whole part results; from half-Dalü raised "liu" to Huangzhong "si" is another half part—hence the sixth-to-seventh span is a whole part (third to altered fourth), while the seventh-to-eighth is a half part (altered fourth to fifth). In jue mode, the fifth combines tonic mode's altered leading tone with raised-tonic mode's sixth to form fifth-string degree-parts. In tonic mode's altered-leading-tone string, the open string is altered leading tone and altered fourth falls on the fifth degree—so the first-to-second and fifth-to-sixth spans are half parts. On raised-second mode's sixth string, the open note is raised sixth; raised altered leading tone and raised altered fourth fall on the second and sixth degrees—again making the second-to-third and sixth-to-seventh spans half parts; retuned as fifth, the third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth spans become half parts. If the root stayed at Taicu second "yi", the whole part from fifth to sixth would have to come from Zhonglü's raised third "shang"—and the home-mode sixth string would answer to that same note—making it raised-third mode, not standard third mode. Since Guxian third "shang" defines standard third mode, opening the mode on the sixth string requires Guxian's standard third—and the fifth string's sixth part must answer to Guxian as well. Hence the open root of jue mode's fifth string sits a semitone below standard tonic mode's altered-leading-tone open string; one takes raised-tonic mode's sixth-string open note—Dalü raised tonic "wu"—and only then do the parts align, since the home-mode sixth must sound the standard third pipe. The second answers to Guxian third "shang" as the sixth part; the third to Ruibin altered-fourth "chi" as altered-leading-tone part; the fourth to Linzhong raised altered-fourth "chi" as tonic part; the fifth to Nanlü raised fifth "gong" as second part; the sixth to half-Huangzhong standard altered-gong "liu" as third part; the seventh to Huangzhong standard tonic "si" as altered-fourth part; the eighth returns to Dalü raised tonic "wu"—Ruibin-to-Linzhong and Huangzhong-to-Dalü are half parts, exactly this mode's fifth-string half steps from altered leading tone to tonic and from altered fourth to fifth. In altered-fourth mode, the fifth is tonic mode's tonic retuned to fifth-string degree-parts. In tonic mode's tonic string, altered fourth and altered leading tone fall on the fourth and seventh degrees—so the fourth-to-fifth and seventh-to-eighth spans are half parts. Retuned as fifth, the third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth spans become half parts; tonic mode's tonic fourth-to-fifth half step moves to third-to-fourth—the fourth takes Nanlü raised fifth "gong"; Yize-to-Nanlü and Taicu-to-Guxian are each half parts. In fifth mode, the fifth is tonic mode's second retuned to fifth-string pitch. In tonic mode's second string, altered fourth and altered leading tone fall on the third and sixth degrees—so the third-to-fourth and sixth-to-seventh spans are half parts. Retuned as fifth, the third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth spans become half parts; tonic mode's second sixth-to-seventh half step moves to seventh-to-eighth—the seventh takes Zhonglü raised third "shang"; Wushe-to-half-Huangzhong and Zhonglü-to-Ruibin are each half parts. In sixth mode, the fifth is tonic mode's third retuned to fifth-string degree-parts. In tonic mode's third string, altered fourth and altered leading tone fall on the sixth and fifth degrees—so the second-to-third and fifth-to-sixth spans are half parts. Retuned as fifth, the third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth spans become half parts. Tonic mode's second-string second-to-third and fifth-to-sixth half steps move to third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth—the third takes half-Dalü raised altered-gong "wu", the sixth Zhonglü raised third "shang", the seventh Linzhong raised altered-fourth "chi"; half-Dalü-to-Huangzhong and Linzhong-to-Yize are each half parts. In altered-leading-tone mode, the fifth combines tonic mode's altered fourth with raised-tonic mode's third to form fifth-string degree-parts. In tonic mode, altered fourth and altered leading tone fall on the root and fourth degrees—so the first-to-second and fourth-to-fifth spans are half parts. In raised-tonic mode's third string, altered fourth and altered leading tone fall on the second and fifth degrees—again making the second-to-third and fifth-to-sixth spans half parts. Retuned as fifth, the third-to-fourth and seventh-to-eighth spans become half parts. Nanlü raised fifth "gong" is set as the open root; Huangzhong-to-Dalü and Yize-to-Nanlü are half parts—this is how string tuning binds the seven yang-pipe modes into a rotating system. For the seven yin-pipe modes, the sixth degree-part that opens each mode must likewise be anchored in yin pipes; the yin-yang alternation across strings and parts follows the same rule.
203
一,弦音諸調,惟宮與商徵得與律呂相和為用,宮調各弦之七聲,皆應陽律一均。 二變七聲之分亦然。 清宮調各弦七聲及二變七聲之分,皆應陰呂一均,此弦音宮調所以得與律呂相和。 商調各弦之五正聲,皆應陽律,惟二變聲轉陰呂,清商調亦惟二變雜入陽律,此商調五正聲所以得與律呂相和。 徵調各弦之五正聲變宮聲皆應陽律,惟變徵一聲取陰呂,清徵調亦惟變徵一聲雜入陽律,此又徵調五正聲變宮聲得與律呂相和也。 至角調五正聲內,徵弦、宮弦、商弦皆應陰呂,而二變反得陽律。 且商聲乙字、羽聲凡字,各弦各分皆不得用,遺此二聲字與宮調同,清角聲五聲二變陰陽相雜亦然。 是角調不可與律呂相和,變徵調五正聲內宮弦應陰呂,二變亦得陽律,羽聲凡字各弦各分皆不得用,清變徵調亦宮弦雜入陽律,是變徵調不可與律呂相和,然祗借一音,即與宮調聲字為同,較角調則為正也。 羽調五正聲內角弦應陰呂,二變應陰呂,清羽調角弦二變應陽律,是雖不可與律呂相和,然據弦音猶為七聲俱備之一調。 變宮調五正聲內徵弦宮弦皆應陰呂,而二變反得陽律。 且商聲乙字、羽聲凡字,各弦各分皆不得用,遺此二聲字與角調同,清變宮五聲二變陰陽相雜亦然,是亦不可與律呂相和也。
First: of all string modes, only tonic, second, and fifth can fully harmonize with the pitch-pipe system; in tonic mode, every string's seven tones answer to one yang-pipe octave. The same holds for the two altered tones and their seven-tone degree-parts. Raised-tonic mode's seven tones on every string, including the two altered tones, all answer to one yin-pipe octave—this is how string tonic mode achieves full pitch-pipe harmony. In second mode, each string's five standard tones answer to yang pipes; only the two altered tones borrow yin pipes; raised-second mode similarly mixes only its altered tones into yang pipes—hence second mode's five standard tones can harmonize with the pitch-pipe system. In fifth mode, each string's five standard tones and altered leading tone answer to yang pipes; only altered fourth borrows a yin pipe; raised-fifth mode similarly mixes only altered fourth into yang pipes—hence fifth mode's five standard tones and altered leading tone can harmonize with the pitch-pipe system. In third mode's five standard tones, the fifth, tonic, and second strings answer to yin pipes, while the two altered tones borrow yang pipes instead. Moreover, the second's "yi" and sixth's "fan" notes are unavailable on every string and part—leaving these two out as in tonic mode; raised-third mode's five tones and two altered tones similarly mix yin and yang pipes. Thus third mode cannot harmonize with the pitch-pipe system; in altered-fourth mode's five standard tones the tonic string answers to yin pipes while the altered tones borrow yang pipes, the sixth's "fan" is unavailable everywhere, and raised altered-fourth mode likewise mixes its tonic string into yang pipes—so altered-fourth mode too cannot fully harmonize; yet by borrowing only one tone its note characters align with tonic mode, making it sounder than third mode. In sixth mode's five standard tones the third string answers to yin pipes and both altered tones to yin pipes; raised-sixth mode's third string and altered tones answer to yang pipes—so though it cannot fully harmonize with the pitch-pipe system, as a string mode it still possesses all seven tones. In altered-leading-tone mode's five standard tones, the fifth and tonic strings answer to yin pipes, while the two altered tones borrow yang pipes instead. Moreover, the second's "yi" and sixth's "fan" notes are unavailable everywhere—leaving these two out as in third mode; raised altered-leading-tone mode's five tones and altered tones similarly mix yin and yang pipes—so it too cannot harmonize with the pitch-pipe system.
204
宮調
Tonic Mode
205
徵一弦,定倍無射之律,變宮合字,得下徵之分。
Fifth string, first: tuned to doubled Wushe, altered-leading-tone "he" note, yielding lower fifth-string degree-parts.
206
羽二弦,定黃鍾之律,宮聲四字,得下羽之分。
Sixth string, second: tuned to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, yielding lower sixth-string degree-parts.
207
應太簇之律,商聲乙字,為變宮之分。
Answers to Taicu, second "yi" note, as altered-leading-tone degree-parts.
208
宮三弦,定姑洗之律,角聲上字,得宮弦之分。
Tonic string, third: tuned to Guxian, third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string degree-parts.
209
商四弦,定蕤賓之律,變徵尺字,得商弦之分。
Second string, fourth: tuned to Ruibin, altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string degree-parts.
210
角五弦,定夷則之律,徵聲工字,得角弦之分。
Third string, fifth: tuned to Yize, fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string degree-parts.
211
應無射之律,羽聲凡字,為變徵之分。
Answers to Wushe, sixth "fan" note, as altered-fourth degree-parts.
212
徵六弦,定半黃鍾之律,變宮六字,得徵弦之分。
Fifth string, sixth: tuned to half-Huangzhong, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string degree-parts.
213
羽七弦,定半太簇之律,宮聲五字,得羽弦之分。
Sixth string, seventh: tuned to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, yielding sixth-string degree-parts.
214
清宮調
Raised Tonic Mode
215
徵一弦,定倍應鍾之呂,清變宮高六,得下徵之分。
Fifth string, first: tuned to doubled Yingzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding lower fifth-string degree-parts.
216
羽二弦,定大呂之呂,清宮高五,得下羽之分。
Sixth string, second: tuned to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string degree-parts.
217
應夾鍾之呂,清商高乙,為變宮之分。
Answers to Jiazhong, raised second "yi" note, as altered-leading-tone degree-parts.
218
宮三弦,定仲呂之呂,清角高上,得宮弦之分。
Tonic string, third: tuned to Zhonglü, raised third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string degree-parts.
219
商四弦,定林鍾之呂,清變徵高尺,得商弦之分。
Second string, fourth: tuned to Linzhong, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string degree-parts.
220
角五弦,定南呂之呂,清徵高工,得角弦之分。
Third string, fifth: tuned to Nanlü, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string degree-parts.
221
應應鍾之呂,清羽高凡,為變徵之分。
Answers to Yingzhong, raised sixth "fan" note, as altered-fourth degree-parts.
222
徵六弦,定半大呂之呂,清變宮高六,得徵弦之分。
Fifth string, sixth: tuned to half-Dalü, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string degree-parts.
223
羽七弦,定半夾鍾之呂,清宮高五,得羽弦之分。
Sixth string, seventh: tuned to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding sixth-string degree-parts.
224
商調
Second Mode
225
角慢一弦,定倍夷則之律,下羽凡字,得變徵之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, first (slackened): tuned to doubled Yize, lower-sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now third-string pitch.
226
應倍無射之律,得倍應鍾之呂,變宮合字,清變宮高六,為下徵之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to doubled Wushe, taking doubled Yingzhong, altered-leading-tone "he" note, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, as lower fifth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
227
徵二弦,定黃鍾之律,宮聲四字,得下羽之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, second: tuned to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
228
羽慢三弦,定太簇之律,商聲乙字,得變宮之分,轉羽弦之分。
Sixth string, third (slackened): tuned to Taicu, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
229
應姑洗之律,得仲呂之呂,角聲上字,清角高上,為宮弦之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to Guxian, taking Zhonglü, third "shang" note, raised third "shang" note, as tonic-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
230
宮四弦,定蕤賓之律,變徵尺字,得商弦之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, fourth: tuned to Ruibin, altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
231
商五弦,定夷則之律,徵聲工字,得角弦之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, fifth: tuned to Yize, fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
232
角慢六弦,定無射之律,羽聲凡字,得變徵之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, sixth (slackened): tuned to Wushe, sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now third-string pitch.
233
應半黃鍾之律,得半大呂之呂,變宮六字,清變宮高六,為徵弦之分,轉變弦之分。
Answers to half-Huangzhong, taking half-Dalü, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, as fifth-string pitch, now altered-tone string pitch.
234
徵七弦,定半太簇之律,宮聲五字,得羽弦之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, seventh: tuned to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
235
清商調
Raised Second Mode
236
角慢一弦,定倍南呂之呂,清下羽高凡,得變徵之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, first (slackened): tuned to doubled Nanlü, raised lower-sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now third-string pitch.
237
應倍應鍾之呂,得黃鍾之律,清變宮高六,宮聲四字,為下徵之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to doubled Yingzhong, taking Huangzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, tonic "si" note, as lower fifth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
238
徵二弦,定大呂之呂,清宮高五,得下羽之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, second: tuned to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
239
羽慢三弦,定夾鍾之呂,清商高乙,得變宮之分,轉羽弦之分。
Sixth string, third (slackened): tuned to Jiazhong, raised second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
240
應仲呂之呂,得蕤賓之律,清角高上,變徵尺字,為宮弦之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to Zhonglü, taking Ruibin, raised third "shang" note, altered-fourth "chi" note, as tonic-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
241
宮四弦,定林鍾之呂,清變徵高尺,得商弦之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, fourth: tuned to Linzhong, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
242
商五弦,定南呂之呂,清徵高工,得角弦之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, fifth: tuned to Nanlü, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
243
角慢六弦,定應鍾之呂,清羽高凡,得變徵之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, sixth (slackened): tuned to Yingzhong, raised sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now third-string pitch.
244
應半大呂之呂,得半太簇之律,清變宮高六,宮聲五字,為下徵之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to half-Dalü, taking half-Taicu, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, tonic "wu" note, as lower fifth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
245
徵七弦,定半夾鍾之呂,清宮高五,得羽弦之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, seventh: tuned to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
246
角調
Third Mode
247
角一弦,定倍無射之律,變宮合字,得下徵之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, first: tuned to doubled Wushe, altered-leading-tone "he" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
248
應黃鍾之律,宮聲四字,為下羽之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, as lower sixth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
249
徵緊二弦,應太簇之律,得大呂之呂,商聲乙字,清宮高五,得變宮之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, second (tightened): answers to Taicu, taking Dalü, second "yi" note, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
250
羽三弦,定姑洗之律,角聲上字,得宮弦之分,轉羽弦之分。
Sixth string, third: tuned to Guxian, third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
251
應蕤賓之律,變徵尺字,為商弦之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to Ruibin, altered-fourth "chi" note, as second-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
252
宮緊四弦,應夷則之律,得林鍾之呂,徵聲工字,清變徵高尺,得角弦之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, fourth (tightened): answers to Yize, taking Linzhong, fifth "gong" note, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding third-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
253
商緊五弦,應無射之律,得南呂之呂,羽聲凡字,清徵高工,得變徵之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, fifth (tightened): answers to Wushe, taking Nanlü, sixth "fan" note, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now second-string pitch.
254
角六弦,定半黃鍾之律,變宮六字,得徵弦之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, sixth: tuned to half-Huangzhong, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
255
應半太簇之律,宮聲五字,為羽弦之分,轉變徵之分。 主徵緊七弦,應半姑洗之律,得半夾鍾之呂,商聲乙字,清宮高五,得變宮之分,轉徵弦之分。
Answers to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, as sixth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch. Fifth string, seventh (master, tightened): answers to half-Guxian, taking half-Jiazhong, second "yi" note, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
256
清角調
Raised Third Mode
257
角一弦,定倍應鍾之呂,清變宮高六,得下徵之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, first: tuned to doubled Yingzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
258
應大呂之呂,清宮高五,為下羽之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, as lower sixth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
259
徵緊二弦,應夾鍾之呂,得太簇之律,清商高乙,商聲乙字,得變宮之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, second (tightened): answers to Jiazhong, taking Taicu, raised second "yi" note, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
260
羽三弦,定仲呂之呂,清角高上,得宮弦之分,轉羽弦之分。
Sixth string, third: tuned to Zhonglü, raised third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
261
應林鍾之呂,清變徵高尺,為商弦之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to Linzhong, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, as second-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
262
宮緊四弦,應南呂之呂,得夷則之律,清徵高工,徵聲工字,得角弦之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, fourth (tightened): answers to Nanlü, taking Yize, raised fifth "gong" note, fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
263
商緊五弦,應應鍾之呂,得無射之律,清羽高凡,羽聲凡字,得變徵之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, fifth (tightened): answers to Yingzhong, taking Wushe, raised sixth "fan" note, sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now second-string pitch.
264
角六弦,定半大呂之呂,清變宮高六,得徵弦之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, sixth: tuned to half-Dalü, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
265
應半夾鍾之呂,清宮高五,為羽弦之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, as sixth-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
266
徵緊七弦,應半仲呂之呂,得半姑洗之律,清商高乙,商聲乙字,得變宮之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, seventh (tightened): answers to half-Zhonglü, taking half-Guxian, raised second "yi" note, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
267
變徵調
Altered-Fourth Mode
268
商一弦,定倍無射之律,變宮合字,得下徵之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, first: tuned to doubled Wushe, altered-leading-tone "he" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
269
角二弦,定黃鍾之律,宮聲四字,得下羽之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, second: tuned to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
270
應太簇之律,商聲乙字,為變宮之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to Taicu, second "yi" note, as altered-leading-tone pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
271
徵三弦,定姑洗之律,角聲上字,得宮弦之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, third: tuned to Guxian, third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
272
羽四弦,定蕤賓之律,變徵尺字,得商弦之分,轉羽弦之分。
Sixth string, fourth: tuned to Ruibin, altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
273
應夷則之律,徵聲工字,為角弦之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to Yize, fifth "gong" note, as third-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
274
宮緊五弦,應無射之律,得南呂之呂,羽聲凡字,清徵高工,得變徵之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, fifth (tightened): answers to Wushe, taking Nanlü, sixth "fan" note, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
275
商六弦,定半黃鍾之律,變宮六字,得徵弦之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, sixth: tuned to half-Huangzhong, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
276
角七弦,定半太簇之律,宮聲五字,得羽弦之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, seventh: tuned to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
277
清變徵調
Raised Altered-Fourth Mode
278
商一弦,定倍應鍾之呂,清變宮高六,得下徵之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, first: tuned to doubled Yingzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
279
角二弦,定大呂之呂,清宮高五,得下羽之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, second: tuned to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
280
應夾鍾之呂,清商高乙,為變宮之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to Jiazhong, raised second "yi" note, as altered-leading-tone pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
281
徵三弦,定仲呂之呂,清角高上,得宮弦之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, third: tuned to Zhonglü, raised third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
282
羽四弦,定林鍾之呂,清變徵高尺,得商弦之分,轉羽弦之分。
Sixth string, fourth: tuned to Linzhong, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
283
應南呂之呂,清徵高工,為角弦之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to Nanlü, raised fifth "gong" note, as third-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
284
宮緊五弦,應應鍾之呂,得無射之律,清羽高凡,羽聲凡字,得變徵之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, fifth (tightened): answers to Yingzhong, taking Wushe, raised sixth "fan" note, sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
285
商六弦,定半大呂之呂,清變宮高六,得徵弦之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, sixth: tuned to half-Dalü, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
286
角七弦,定半夾鍾之呂,清宮高五,得羽弦之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, seventh: tuned to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding sixth-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
287
徵調
Fifth Mode
288
宮一弦,定倍無射之律,變宮合字,得下徵之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, first: tuned to doubled Wushe, altered-leading-tone "he" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
289
商二弦,定黃鍾之律,宮聲四字,得下羽之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, second: tuned to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
290
角慢三弦,定太簇之律,商聲乙字,得變宮之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, third (slackened): tuned to Taicu, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now third-string pitch.
291
應姑洗之律,得仲呂之呂,角聲上字,清角高上,為宮弦之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to Guxian, taking Zhonglü, third "shang" note, raised third "shang" note, as tonic-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
292
徵四弦,定蕤賓之律,變徵尺字,得商弦之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, fourth: tuned to Ruibin, altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
293
羽五弦,定夷則之律,徵聲工字,得角弦之分,轉羽弦之分。
Sixth string, fifth: tuned to Yize, fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
294
應無射之律,羽聲凡字,為變徵之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to Wushe, sixth "fan" note, as altered-fourth pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
295
宮六弦,定半黃鍾之律,變宮六字,得徵弦之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, sixth: tuned to half-Huangzhong, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
296
商七弦,定半太簇之律,宮聲五字,得下羽之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, seventh: tuned to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
297
清徵調
Raised Fifth Mode
298
宮一弦,定倍應鍾之呂,清變宮高六,得下徵之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, first: tuned to doubled Yingzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
299
商二弦,定大呂之呂,清宮高五,得下羽之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, second: tuned to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
300
角慢三弦,定夾鍾之呂,清商高乙,得變宮之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, third (slackened): tuned to Jiazhong, raised second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now third-string pitch.
301
應仲呂之呂,得蕤賓之律,清角高上,變徵尺字,為宮弦之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to Zhonglü, taking Ruibin, raised third "shang" note, altered-fourth "chi" note, as tonic-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
302
徵四弦,定林鍾之呂,清變徵高尺,得商弦之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, fourth: tuned to Linzhong, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
303
羽五弦,定南呂之呂,清徵高工,得角弦之分,轉羽弦之分。
Sixth string, fifth: tuned to Nanlü, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
304
應應鍾之呂,清羽高凡,為變徵之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to Yingzhong, raised sixth "fan" note, as altered-fourth pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
305
宮六弦,定半大呂之呂,清變宮高六,得徵弦之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, sixth: tuned to half-Dalü, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
306
商七弦,定半夾鍾之呂,清宮高五,得下羽之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, seventh: tuned to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
307
羽調
Sixth Mode
308
羽慢一弦,定倍夷則之律,下羽凡字,得變徵之分,轉下羽之分。
Sixth string, first (slackened): tuned to doubled Yize, lower-sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now lower-sixth pitch.
309
應倍無射之律,得倍應鍾之呂,變宮合字,清變宮高六,為下徵之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to doubled Wushe, taking doubled Yingzhong, altered-leading-tone "he" note, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, as lower fifth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
310
宮二弦,定黃鍾之律,宮聲四字,得下羽之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, second: tuned to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
311
商慢三弦,定太簇之律,商聲乙字,得變宮之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, third (slackened): tuned to Taicu, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now second-string pitch.
312
角慢四弦,應姑洗之律,得仲呂之呂,角聲上字,清角高上,得宮弦之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, fourth (slackened): answers to Guxian, taking Zhonglü, third "shang" note, raised third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
313
應蕤賓之律,得林鍾之呂,變徵尺字,清變徵高尺,為商弦之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to Ruibin, taking Linzhong, altered-fourth "chi" note, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, as second-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
314
徵五弦,定夷則之呂,徵聲工字,得角弦之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, fifth: tuned to Yize, fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
315
羽慢六弦,定無射之律,羽聲凡字,得變徵之分,轉羽弦之分。
Sixth string, sixth (slackened): tuned to Wushe, sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
316
應半黃鍾之律,得半大呂之呂,變宮六字,清變宮高六,為徵弦之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to half-Huangzhong, taking half-Dalü, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, as fifth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
317
宮七弦,定半太簇之律,宮聲五字,得下羽之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, seventh: tuned to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
318
清羽調
Raised Sixth Mode
319
羽慢一弦,定倍南呂之呂,清下羽高凡,得變徵之分,轉下羽之分。
Sixth string, first (slackened): tuned to doubled Nanlü, raised lower-sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now lower-sixth pitch.
320
應倍應鍾之呂,得黃鍾之律,清變宮高六,宮聲四字,為下徵之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to doubled Yingzhong, taking Huangzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, tonic "si" note, as lower fifth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
321
宮二弦,定大呂之呂,清宮高五,得下羽之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, second: tuned to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
322
商慢三弦,定夾鍾之呂,清商高乙,得變弦之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, third (slackened): tuned to Jiazhong, raised second "yi" note, yielding altered-tone string pitch, now second-string pitch.
323
角慢四弦,應仲呂之呂,得蕤賓之律,清角高上,變徵尺字,得宮弦之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, fourth (slackened): answers to Zhonglü, taking Ruibin, raised third "shang" note, altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
324
應林鍾之呂,得夷則之律,清變徵高尺,徵聲工字,為商弦之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to Linzhong, taking Yize, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, fifth "gong" note, as second-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
325
徵五弦,定南呂之呂,清徵高工,得角弦之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, fifth: tuned to Nanlü, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding third-string pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
326
羽慢六弦,定應鍾之呂,清羽高凡,得變徵之分,轉羽弦之分。
Sixth string, sixth (slackened): tuned to Yingzhong, raised sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
327
應半大呂之呂,得半太簇之律,清變宮高六,宮聲四字,為下徵之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to half-Dalü, taking half-Taicu, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, tonic "si" note, as lower fifth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
328
宮七弦,定半夾鍾之呂,清宮高五,得下羽之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, seventh: tuned to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding lower sixth-string pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
329
變宮調
Altered-Leading-Tone Mode
330
羽一弦,定倍無射之律,變宮合字,得下徵之分,轉下羽之分。
Sixth string, first: tuned to doubled Wushe, altered-leading-tone "he" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now lower-sixth pitch.
331
應黃鍾之律,宮聲四字,為下羽之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to Huangzhong, tonic "si" note, as lower sixth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
332
宮緊二弦,應太簇之律,得大呂之呂,商聲乙字,清宮高五,得變宮之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, second (tightened): answers to Taicu, taking Dalü, second "yi" note, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
333
商三弦,定姑洗之律,角聲上字,得宮弦之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, third: tuned to Guxian, third "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
334
角四弦,定蕤賓之律,變徵尺字,得商弦之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, fourth: tuned to Ruibin, altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
335
應夷則之律,徵聲工字,為角弦之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to Yize, fifth "gong" note, as third-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
336
徵緊五弦,應無射之律,得南呂之呂,羽聲凡字,清徵高工,得變徵之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, fifth (tightened): answers to Wushe, taking Nanlü, sixth "fan" note, raised fifth "gong" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
337
羽六弦,定半黃鍾之律,變宮六字,得徵弦之分,轉羽弦之分。
Sixth string, sixth: tuned to half-Huangzhong, altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
338
應半太簇之律,宮聲五字,為羽弦之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to half-Taicu, tonic "wu" note, as sixth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
339
宮緊七弦,應半姑洗之律,得半夾鍾之呂,商聲乙字,清宮高五,得變宮之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, seventh (tightened): answers to half-Guxian, taking half-Jiazhong, second "yi" note, raised tonic "wu" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
340
清變宮調
Raised Altered-Leading-Tone Mode
341
羽一弦,定倍應鍾之呂,清變宮高六,得下徵之分,轉下羽之分。
Sixth string, first: tuned to doubled Yingzhong, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding lower fifth-string pitch, now lower-sixth pitch.
342
應大呂之呂,清宮高五,為下羽之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to Dalü, raised tonic "wu" note, as lower sixth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
343
宮緊二弦,應夾鍾之呂,得太簇之律,清商高乙,商聲乙字,得變宮之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, second (tightened): answers to Jiazhong, taking Taicu, raised second "yi" note, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
344
商三弦,定仲呂之呂,清商高上,得宮弦之分,轉商弦之分。
Second string, third: tuned to Zhonglü, raised second "shang" note, yielding tonic-string pitch, now second-string pitch.
345
角四弦,定林鍾之呂,清變徵高尺,得商弦之分,轉角弦之分。
Third string, fourth: tuned to Linzhong, raised altered-fourth "chi" note, yielding second-string pitch, now third-string pitch.
346
應南呂之呂,清徵高工,為角弦之分,轉變徵之分。
Answers to Nanlü, raised fifth "gong" note, as third-string pitch, now altered-fourth pitch.
347
徵緊五弦,應應鍾之呂,得無射之律,清羽高凡,羽聲凡字,得變徵之分,轉徵弦之分。
Fifth string, fifth (tightened): answers to Yingzhong, taking Wushe, raised sixth "fan" note, sixth "fan" note, yielding altered-fourth pitch, now fifth-string pitch.
348
羽六弦,定半大呂之呂,清變宮高六,得徵弦之分,轉羽弦之分。
Sixth string, sixth: tuned to half-Dalü, raised altered-leading-tone "liu" note, yielding fifth-string pitch, now sixth-string pitch.
349
應半夾鍾之呂,清宮高五,為羽弦之分,轉變宮之分。
Answers to half-Jiazhong, raised tonic "wu" note, as sixth-string pitch, now altered-leading-tone pitch.
350
宮緊七弦,應半仲呂之呂,得半姑洗之律,清商高乙,商聲乙字,得變宮之分,轉宮弦之分。
Tonic string, seventh (tightened): answers to half-Zhonglü, taking half-Guxian, raised second "yi" note, second "yi" note, yielding altered-leading-tone pitch, now tonic-string pitch.
351
右弦音旋宮轉調,就琴弦立論,以羽弦起調為主,故旋宮首徵黃鍾定二弦羽位為宮調。 律呂后編以七音立論,立宮為主,黃鍾為宮,則弦之宮分聲應黃鍾,商分應太簇,角分應姑洗,變徵分應蕤賓,徵分應夷則,羽分應無射,變宮分應半黃鍾。 即倍無射。 大呂為宮,七音之分應陰呂亦然。 以分言,則宮分應黃鍾者即黃鍾之分,商分即太簇之分,角分即姑洗之分,變徵分即蕤賓之分。 至徵分應夷則者,則非夷則之分,而為林鍾之分。 羽分應無射者,亦非無射之分,而為南呂之分。 變宮分應半黃鍾者,非半黃鍾之分,而為應鍾之分。 大呂為宮,變徵分則為變林鍾之分,徵分則為夷則之分,羽分則為無射之分,變宮分則為變黃鍾之分。 其陰陽各七均,均各七弦,有表詳樂問,不備載。
The string transpositions and mode shifts above are framed from the qin strings themselves, with the sixth string as the primary opening tone; thus in the rotating system Huangzhong is first marked by fixing the second string's sixth position as tonic mode. The lü section below adopts the seven-tone framework with tonic as foundation: when Huangzhong serves as tonic, the string's tonic part answers to Huangzhong, the second to Taicu, the third to Guxian, altered fourth to Ruibin, fifth to Yize, sixth to Wushe, and altered leading tone to half Huangzhong. That is, doubled Wushe. When Dalü serves as tonic, the seven tone degree-parts answer to yin pipes in the same way. In terms of degree-parts alone, the tonic part answering to Huangzhong is the Huangzhong part, the second the Taicu part, the third the Guxian part, and the altered fourth the Ruibin part. Yet the fifth part that answers to Yize is not the Yize part but the Linzhong part. The sixth part answering to Wushe is likewise not the Wushe part but the Nanlü part. The altered leading-tone part answering to half Huangzhong is not the half-Huangzhong part but the Yingzhong part. When Dalü serves as tonic, the altered-fourth part becomes the altered Linzhong part, the fifth the Yize part, the sixth the Wushe part, and the altered leading tone the altered Huangzhong part. Yin and yang each comprise seven octaves, and each octave seven strings; the tables in Le Wen give full detail, which is not reproduced here.
352
二倍加四分之一黃鍾之管夷則徵聲乙字黃鍾八分之二又加此一分之四分之一之管
The pipe two times Huangzhong plus one-quarter yields the Yize fifth (zhi), notated yi—the pipe at two-eighths of Huangzhong plus one-quarter of that fraction.