1
志七十九
Treatise 79
2
輿服三
This section covers Carriages and Dress, Part 3.
3
皇帝御寶皇后金寶太皇太后皇太后金寶玉寶附皇貴妃以下寶印知皇子親王以下寶印文武官印信關防條記
Imperial Seals of the Emperor; Golden Seals of the Empress; Golden and Jade Seals of the Grand Empress Dowager and Empress Dowager; with appended sections on seals and stamps from Imperial Noble Consort downward, seals of imperial sons and princes, and the seals, chops, and strip marks of civil and military officials.
4
清初設御寶於交泰殿,立尚寶司。 其後以內監典守,當用則內閣請而用之。 乾隆十一年,考定寶譜,藏之交泰殿者二十有五,藏之盛京者十。 交泰殿所藏:曰「大清受命之寶」,以章皇序。 白玉,方四寸四分,厚一寸。 盤龍紐,高二寸。 曰「皇帝奉天之寶」,以章奉若。 碧玉,方四寸四分,厚一寸一分。 盤龍紐,高三寸五分。 曰「大清嗣天子寶」,以章繼繩。 金,方二寸四分,厚八分。 交龍紐,高一寸七分。 曰「皇帝之寶」,以布詔赦。 青玉,方三寸九分,厚一寸。 交龍紐,高二寸一分。 曰「皇帝之寶」,以肅法駕。 栴檀香木,方四寸八分,厚一寸八分。 盤龍紐,高三寸五分。 曰「天子之寶」,以祀百神。 白玉,方二寸四分,厚八分。 交龍紐,高一寸三分。 曰「皇帝尊親之寶」,以薦徽號。 白玉,方二寸一分,厚七分。 盤龍紐,高一寸三分。 曰「皇帝親親之寶」,以展宗盟。 白玉,方二寸二分,厚一寸二分。 交龍紐,高一寸二分。 曰「皇帝行寶」,以頒賜賚。 碧玉,方四寸八分,厚一寸九分。 蹲龍紐,高二寸五分。 曰「皇帝信寶」,以徵戎伍。 白玉,方三寸三分,厚六分。 交龍紐,高一寸六分。 曰「天子行寶」,以冊外蠻。 碧玉,方四寸八分,厚一寸九分。 蹲龍紐,高二寸三分。 曰「天子信寶」,以命殊方。 青玉,方三寸八分,厚一寸三分。 交龍紐,高一寸七分。 曰「敬天勤民之寶」,以飭覲吏。 白玉,方三寸一分,厚一寸五分。 交龍紐,高一寸七分。 曰「制誥之寶」,以諭臣僚。 青玉,方四寸,厚二寸。 交龍紐,高二寸七分。 曰「敕命之寶」,以鈐誥敕。 碧玉,方三寸五分,厚一寸三分。 交龍紐,高一寸八分。 曰「垂訓之寶」,以揚國憲。 碧玉,方四寸,厚一寸五分。 交龍紐,高二寸。 曰「命德之寶」,以獎忠良。 青玉,方四寸,厚一寸四分。 交龍紐,高二寸一分。 曰「欽文之璽」,以重文教。 墨玉,方三寸六分,厚一寸五分。 交龍紐,高一寸六分。 曰「表章經史之寶」,以崇古訓。 碧玉,方四寸七分,厚二寸一分。 交龍紐,高二寸二分。 曰「巡狩天下之寶」,以從省方。 青玉,方四寸七分,厚二寸。 交龍紐,高二寸五分。 曰「討罪安民之寶」,以張征伐。 青玉,方四寸八分,厚二寸。 交龍紐,高二寸五分。 曰「制馭六師之寶」,以整戎行。 墨玉,方五寸三分,厚一寸四分。 交龍紐,高二寸二分。 曰「敕正萬邦之寶」,以誥外國。 青玉,方三寸八分,厚一寸五分。 盤龍紐,高二寸三分。 曰「敕正萬民之寶」,以誥四方。 青玉,方四寸一分,厚一寸五分。 交龍紐,高二寸。 曰「廣運之寶」,以謹封識。 墨玉,方六寸,厚二寸一分。 交龍紐,高二寸。
In the early Qing, the imperial seals were housed in the Hall of Union and Peace, and the Office of Imperial Seals was established. Later they were kept under the charge of eunuchs; when a seal was needed, the Grand Secretariat would request it for use. In the eleventh year of the Qianlong reign, the register of seals was codified: twenty-five were kept in the Hall of Union and Peace and ten in Mukden. Those kept in the Hall of Union and Peace include the "Great Qing Seal of Receiving the Mandate," used to proclaim the order of imperial succession. It is of white jade, four cun four fen square and one cun thick. Its knob is a coiled dragon two cun high. The "Emperor's Seal of Obeying Heaven" proclaims the ruler's obedience to Heaven's mandate. It is of green jade, four cun four fen square and one cun one fen thick. Its knob is a coiled dragon three cun five fen high. The "Great Qing Seal of the Heir to Heaven's Son" proclaims the continuation of the dynastic line. It is of gold, two cun four fen square and eight fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons one cun seven fen high. The "Emperor's Seal" is used to promulgate amnesties and edicts. It is of bluish jade, three cun nine fen square and one cun thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun one fen high. Another "Emperor's Seal" solemnizes the imperial procession. It is of sandalwood, four cun eight fen square and one cun eight fen thick. Its knob is a coiled dragon three cun five fen high. The "Son of Heaven's Seal" is used in sacrifices to the myriad spirits. It is of white jade, two cun four fen square and eight fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons one cun three fen high. The "Emperor's Seal of Honoring Kin" is used when presenting honorific titles. It is of white jade, two cun one fen square and seven fen thick. Its knob is a coiled dragon one cun three fen high. The "Emperor's Seal of Cherishing Kin" extends the bonds of the imperial clan. It is of white jade, two cun two fen square and one cun two fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons one cun two fen high. The "Emperor's Traveling Seal" is used to bestow gifts and largesse. It is of green jade, four cun eight fen square and one cun nine fen thick. Its knob is a crouching dragon two cun five fen high. The "Emperor's Seal of Trust" mobilizes the armed forces. It is of white jade, three cun three fen square and six fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons one cun six fen high. The "Son of Heaven's Traveling Seal" enfeoffs foreign tribes. It is of green jade, four cun eight fen square and one cun nine fen thick. Its knob is a crouching dragon two cun three fen high. The "Son of Heaven's Seal of Trust" issues commands to distant regions. It is of bluish jade, three cun eight fen square and one cun three fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons one cun seven fen high. The "Seal of Revering Heaven and Diligently Serving the People" admonishes officials who come to audience. It is of white jade, three cun one fen square and one cun five fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons one cun seven fen high. The "Seal of Proclamations and Edicts" instructs the civil and military officials. It is of bluish jade, four cun square and two cun thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun seven fen high. The "Seal of Commissioned Orders" impresses edicts of appointment and instruction. It is of green jade, three cun five fen square and one cun three fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons one cun eight fen high. The "Seal of Handing Down Instruction" proclaims the fundamental laws of the state. It is of green jade, four cun square and one cun five fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun high. The "Seal of Conferring Virtue" rewards the loyal and worthy. It is of bluish jade, four cun square and one cun four fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun one fen high. The "Imperial Seal of Literary Culture" gives weight to civil learning and culture. It is of black jade, three cun six fen square and one cun five fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons one cun six fen high. The "Seal of Commending the Classics and Histories" honors the teachings of antiquity. It is of green jade, four cun seven fen square and two cun one fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun two fen high. The "Seal of Touring and Hunting Throughout the Realm" accompanies imperial tours of inspection. It is of bluish jade, four cun seven fen square and two cun thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun five fen high. The "Seal of Punishing Crime and Pacifying the People" proclaims punitive expeditions. It is of bluish jade, four cun eight fen square and two cun thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun five fen high. The "Seal of Controlling the Six Armies" regulates the military formations. It is of black jade, five cun three fen square and one cun four fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun two fen high. The "Seal of Correcting the Ten Thousand States" issues instructions to foreign countries. It is of bluish jade, three cun eight fen square and one cun five fen thick. Its knob is a coiled dragon two cun three fen high. The "Seal of Correcting the Ten Thousand People" issues instructions to the four quarters of the realm. It is of bluish jade, four cun one fen square and one cun five fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun high. The "Seal of Vast Fortune" is used for careful sealing and identification. It is of black jade, six cun square and two cun one fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun high.
5
盛京所藏:曰「大清受命之寶」,碧玉,方四寸八分,厚一寸九分。 蹲龍紐,高二寸四分。 曰「皇帝之寶」,青玉,方四寸八分,厚一寸九分。 交龍紐,高二寸七分。 曰「皇帝之寶」,碧玉,方五寸,厚一寸八分。 盤龍紐,高三寸。 曰「皇帝之寶」,栴檀香木,方三寸八分,厚六分。 素龍紐,高五分。 曰「奉天之寶」,金,方三寸七分,厚九分。 交龍紐,高二寸。 曰「天子之寶」,金,方三寸七分,厚九分。 交龍紐,高二寸。 曰「奉天法祖親賢愛民」,碧玉,方四寸九分,厚一寸五分。 交龍紐,高二寸。 曰「丹符出驗四方」,青玉,方四寸七分,厚二寸。 交龍紐,高二寸二分。 曰「敕命之寶」,青玉,方三寸七分,厚一寸八分。 交龍紐,高二寸五分。 曰「廣運之寶」,金,方二寸四分,厚八分。 交龍紐,高一寸五分。
Those kept in Mukden include the "Great Qing Seal of Receiving the Mandate," of green jade, four cun eight fen square and one cun nine fen thick. Its knob is a crouching dragon two cun four fen high. The "Emperor's Seal" is of bluish jade, four cun eight fen square and one cun nine fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun seven fen high. Another "Emperor's Seal" is of green jade, five cun square and one cun eight fen thick. Its knob is a coiled dragon three cun high. Another "Emperor's Seal" is of sandalwood, three cun eight fen square and six fen thick. Its knob is a plain dragon five fen high. The "Seal of Obeying Heaven" is of gold, three cun seven fen square and nine fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun high. The "Son of Heaven's Seal" is of gold, three cun seven fen square and nine fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun high. The seal inscribed "Obeying Heaven, Following the Ancestors, Cherishing the Worthy, and Loving the People" is of green jade, four cun nine fen square and one cun five fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun high. The "Cinnabar Talisman Issued to Inspect the Four Quarters" is of bluish jade, four cun seven fen square and two cun thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun two fen high. The "Seal of Commissioned Orders" is of bluish jade, three cun seven fen square and one cun eight fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons two cun five fen high. The "Seal of Vast Fortune" is of gold, two cun four fen square and eight fen thick. Its knob is intertwined dragons one cun five fen high.
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高宗御制國朝傳寶記曰:「國朝受天命,采古制為璽。 掌以宮殿監正,襲以重盝,承以魨幾,設交泰殿中,以次左右列,當用則內閣請而用之。 其質有玉、有金、有栴檀木。 玉之品有白、有青、有碧。 紐有交龍、有盤龍、有蹲龍。 其文自太宗文皇帝以前,專用國書,既乃兼用古篆。 其大小自方六寸至二寸一分不一。 嘗考大清會典,載御寶二十有九,今交泰殿所貯三十有九。 會典又云:『宮內收貯者六,內庫收貯者二十有三。』 今則皆貯交泰殿,數與地皆失實。 至謂『皇帝奉天之寶』即傳國璽,兩郊大祀及聖節宮中告天青詞用之,此語尤誕謬。 大祀遵古禮,用祝版署名而不用寶。 聖節宮中未嘗有告天事,或道籙祝釐,時一行之,亦不過偶存其教耳,未嘗命文人為青詞,亦未嘗用寶。 且此璽孰非世之傳守,而專以一寶為傳國璽,亦不經。 蓋緣修會典諸臣無宿學卓識,復未嘗請旨取裁,僅沿明時內監所書冊檔,承譌襲謬,遂至於此。 甚矣紀載之難也。 且會典所不載者,復有『受命於天既壽永昌』一璽,不知何時附藏殿內,反置之正中。 按其詞雖類古所傳秦璽,而篆文拙俗,非李斯蟲鳥之舊明甚。 獨玉質瑩潔如截肪,方得黍尺四寸四分,厚得方之三。 以為良玉不易得則信矣,若論寶,無論非秦璽,即真秦璽,亦何足貴! 乾隆三年,高斌督河時奏進屬員濬寶應河所得玉璽,古澤可愛,又與輟耕錄載蔡仲平本頗合。 朕謂此好事者仿刻所為,貯之別殿,視為玩好舊器而已。 夫秦璽煨燼,古人論之詳矣。 即使尚存,政、斯之物,何得與本朝傳寶同貯? 於義未當。 又雍正年故大學士高其位進未刻碧玉寶,一文未刻,未成為寶,而與諸寶同貯,亦未當。 朕嘗論之,君人者在德不在寶。 寶雖重,一器耳。 明等威、徵信守,與車旗章服何異? 德之不足,則山河之險,土宇之富,拱手而授之他人,未有徒恃此區區尺璧,足以自固者。 誠能勤修令德,系屬人心,則言傳號渙,萬里奔走,珍非和璧,制不龍螭,篆不斯籀,孰敢不敬信承奉,尊為神明。 故寶器非寶,寶於有德。 古有得前代符寶,君臣動色矜耀,侈為瑞貺者。 我太宗文皇帝時,獲蒙古所傳元帝國寶,容而納之,初不藉以為受命之符。 由今思之,文皇帝之臣服函夏,垂統萬世,在德耶? 在寶耶? 不待智者而知之矣。 善夫唐梁肅之言曰:『鼎之輕重,璽之去來,視德之高下,位之安危。』 然則人君承祖宗付畀,思以永膺斯寶,引而勿替,其非什襲固守之謂。 謂夫日新厥德,居安慮危,凝受皇天大寶命,則德足重寶,而寶以愈重。 璽玉自古無定數,今交泰殿所貯,歷年既久,紀載失真,且有重複者。 爰加考正排次,定為二十有五,以符天數。 並著成譜,而序其大恉如此。」 又盛京尊藏寶譜序曰:「乾隆十一年春,閱交泰殿所貯諸寶,既詳定位置,為文記之。 其應別貯者,分別收貯。 至其文或複見,及國初行用者,為數凡十。 雖不同現用之寶,而未可與古玩並列。 因念盛京為國家發祥地,祖宗神爽,實所式憑。 朕既重繕列祖實錄,尊藏鳳凰樓上,覲揚光烈,傳示無疆。 想當開天之始,凝受帝命,寶符煥發,六服承式,璠興孚尹,手澤存焉。 記不云乎,『陳其宗器』,弘璧琬琰,陳之西序,崇世守也。 爰奉此十寶,齎送盛京,鐍而藏之,而著其緣起如此。」
In his imperial composition "Record of the Dynastic Transmission Seals," the Qianlong Emperor wrote: "Our dynasty received Heaven's mandate and fashioned seals according to ancient models. They are kept by the director of the Palace Directorate, stored in layered cases on cushion stands in the Hall of Union and Peace, arranged in order to left and right; when a seal is required, the Grand Secretariat requests it. They are made of jade, gold, or sandalwood. The jades vary in color: white, bluish, and green. The knobs may be intertwined dragons, coiled dragons, or crouching dragons. Before the Literary Emperor Taizong, only the Manchu script was used on them; afterward ancient seal script was added as well. Their dimensions range from six cun square down to as small as two cun one fen square. The Collected Statutes of the Great Qing list twenty-nine imperial seals, yet thirty-nine are now kept in the Hall of Union and Peace. The Statutes further state that six were kept within the palace and twenty-three in the inner storehouse. Today all are kept in the Hall of Union and Peace, so both the numbers and the storage locations given in the record are wrong. The claim that the "Emperor's Seal of Obeying Heaven" is the dynastic transmission seal, used at the great suburban sacrifices and for blue prayer texts to Heaven in the palace on imperial birthdays, is especially absurd. Great sacrifices follow ancient ritual and use signed prayer boards, not seals. The palace has never conducted announcements to Heaven on imperial birthdays; Daoist liturgies are performed only occasionally, as a vestige of the faith, and scholars have never been commissioned to write blue prayer texts, nor have seals been used for such purposes. Besides, every one of these seals is handed down through the generations; to designate a single seal alone as the dynastic transmission seal makes no sense. This happened because the compilers of the Statutes lacked deep scholarship and sound judgment and never sought the throne's ruling; they simply followed Ming eunuch ledgers, perpetuating errors until the record became what it is. How difficult accurate historical recording truly is! The Statutes also fail to mention a seal inscribed "Having Received the Mandate from Heaven, Long Life and Eternal Prosperity," which was placed in the hall at some unknown date and set in the central position. Its inscription resembles the Qin seal of legend, but the seal script is crude and vulgar and clearly not the insect-and-bird script of Li Si's day. Only the jade itself is lustrous and pure as sliced fat; the face measures four cun four fen on the standard foot, and the thickness is one-third of the width. Fine jade is indeed hard to come by, but as a treasure—even if it were not the Qin seal, and even if it were the genuine Qin seal—what would make it worth prizing? In Qianlong 3, while Gao Bin was supervising river works, he presented a jade seal dredged from the Bao-ying River by a subordinate; its ancient luster was appealing and it closely matched the Cai Zhongping version recorded in the Record of Cessation of Ploughing. I judged it the work of some enthusiast's imitation and ordered it kept in a separate hall as a mere antique curio. The ancients discussed at length how the Qin seal was burned to ashes. Even if it had survived, how could an object belonging to the First Emperor and Li Si be stored with our dynasty's transmitted seals? That would be improper in principle. Likewise, in the Yongzheng reign the late Grand Secretary Gao Qiwei presented an uncarved green jade block—not a single character cut, not yet a seal at all—yet it was stored with the other seals, which was also improper. I have often said that what matters for a ruler is virtue, not seals. Seals may be weighty symbols, but they are only objects. They display rank and attest to authority, no different from chariots, banners, regalia, and robes. Without sufficient virtue, even natural barriers and a rich realm are surrendered to others; no one has ever secured a dynasty by relying on a mere foot-square jade seal alone. If one diligently cultivates virtue and wins the people's hearts, a word proclaimed will bring men racing from ten thousand li to obey; whether the object is the He-shi jade or not, whether its form bears dragons or not, whether its script is ancient seal or not—who would dare not revere and obey it as sacred? Thus the seal itself is not the treasure; virtue is the true treasure. In antiquity, when a former dynasty's tally-seals were obtained, ruler and ministers would change countenance and boast, extravagantly calling them Heaven's auspicious gift. In the time of our Literary Emperor Taizong, the Yuan imperial seal transmitted by the Mongols was obtained and accepted, but from the outset it was not treated as proof of receiving Heaven's mandate. Looking back today, was the Literary Emperor's bringing all China to submission and establishing a line for ten thousand generations due to virtue? Or due to seals? No wise man is needed to know the answer. How apt are the words of Liang Su of Tang: "Whether the cauldron is heavy or light and whether the seal comes or goes depend on the ruler's virtue and the throne's security." When a ruler receives what his ancestors entrusted and seeks to hold this seal forever, extending the line without end, that does not mean merely wrapping it in many layers and guarding it in a box. It means renewing one's virtue daily, being mindful of peril in peace, and steadfastly receiving Heaven's great mandate—then virtue dignifies the seal, and the seal grows all the weightier. Imperial seals have never had a fixed number; those kept in the Hall of Union and Peace, after many years, are inaccurately recorded and include duplicates. I therefore examined, corrected, and arranged them, fixing the number at twenty-five to accord with Heaven's number. I also compiled a register and set forth its main purpose as above." The preface to the Register of Seals Reverently Stored in Mukden also states: "In the spring of Qianlong 11, after reviewing the seals in the Hall of Union and Peace and fixing their positions in detail, I wrote an account of them. Those that should be stored separately were placed in separate storage. Those with duplicate inscriptions or used at the dynasty's founding number ten in all. Though not the seals in current use, they cannot be classed with mere antique curios. Reflecting that Mukden is where the state arose and that the ancestral spirits are truly to be revered there, I have had the Veritable Records of successive ancestors recopied and reverently stored in the Phoenix Tower, displaying their glorious deeds for endless transmission. At the founding of the dynasty, they steadfastly received Heaven's mandate; the precious tally blazed forth, the six regions took their model, jade gleamed with inner light, and their touch still lingers on these objects. Does not the Record say, "Display the ancestral vessels"—great disks and fine jades set out in the western wing, honoring what is guarded through the generations? Therefore these ten seals were sent to Mukden, locked away for safekeeping, and their origin is recorded as above."
7
乾隆十三年九月,改鐫御寶,始用清篆文,左為清篆,右為漢篆。 高宗御題交泰殿寶譜序後曰:「寶譜成於乾隆十一年丙寅,越三年戊辰,始指授儒臣為清文各篆體書。 因思向之國寶,官印,漢文用篆書,而清文則用本字者,以國書篆體未備也。 今既定為篆法,當施之寶印,以昭畫一。 按譜內青玉『皇帝之寶』,本清字篆文,傳自太宗文皇帝時,自是而上四寶,均先代相承,傳為世守者,不敢輕易。 其檀香『皇帝之寶』以下二十有一,則朝儀綸綍所常用,宜從新制。 因敕所司一律改鐫,與漢篆文相配,並記之寶譜序後雲。」
In the ninth month of Qianlong 13, the imperial seals were recut to use Manchu seal script on the left and Han seal script on the right. The Qianlong Emperor inscribed after the register's preface: "The register was completed in Qianlong 11; three years later I first directed scholar-officials to write the Manchu text in the various seal-script forms. I reflected that formerly on state and official seals the Han text used seal script while the Manchu text used standard characters, because Manchu seal script had not yet been standardized. Now that seal script has been standardized, it should be applied to all seals to display uniformity. The bluish jade "Emperor's Seal" in the register originally bore Manchu seal script and dates from the Literary Emperor Taizong; the four seals above it were all dynastic heirlooms and could not be lightly altered. The twenty-one seals from the sandalwood "Emperor's Seal" downward are those commonly used in court ritual and edicts and should follow the new standard. I therefore ordered the responsible offices to recut them all uniformly, paired with the Han seal script, and recorded this after the register's preface."
8
乾隆四十五年八月,高宗七旬聖壽,用杜甫句刻「古稀天子之寶」,並御制古稀說,兼系以詩。 四十六年正月,用乾清宮西暖閣貯「敬天勤民寶」之例,貯「古稀天子之寶」於東暖閣。
In the eighth month of Qianlong 45, on the Qianlong Emperor's seventieth birthday, a line from Du Fu was carved as the "Seal of the Son of Heaven at Seventy," together with an imperial essay "On Being Seventy" and an appended poem. In the first month of Qianlong 46, following the precedent of keeping the "Seal of Revering Heaven and Diligently Serving the People" in the west warm chamber of the Palace of Heavenly Purity, the "Seal of the Son of Heaven at Seventy" was kept in the east warm chamber.
9
皇后金寶,清、漢文玉箸篆,交龍紐,平台,方四寸四分,厚一寸二分。
The empress's golden seal bears Manchu and Han jade-stylus seal script, with an intertwined-dragon knob on a flat platform, four cun four fen square and one cun two fen thick.
10
康熙四年,制太皇太后金寶、玉寶,盤龍紐。 餘皆與皇后寶同。 玉寶台高一寸八分,餘同金寶。
In Kangxi 4, golden and jade seals for the grand empress dowager were made with coiled-dragon knobs. The rest match the empress's seals in form. The jade seal's platform is one cun eight fen high; otherwise it matches the golden seal.
11
皇太后金寶、玉寶,俱盤龍紐。 餘與皇后寶同。
The empress dowager's golden and jade seals both have coiled-dragon knobs. Otherwise they match the empress's seals.
12
皇貴妃金寶,清、漢文玉箸篆,蹲龍紐,平台,方四寸,厚一寸二分。
The imperial noble consort's golden seal bears Manchu and Han jade-stylus seal script, with a crouching-dragon knob on a flat platform, four cun square and one cun two fen thick.
13
貴妃金寶,與皇貴妃同。
The noble consort's golden seal matches the imperial noble consort's.
14
妃金印,清、漢文玉箸篆,龜紐,平台,方三寸六分,厚一寸。
The consort's golden stamp bears Manchu and Han jade-stylus seal script, with a tortoise knob on a flat platform, three cun six fen square and one cun thick.
15
康熙十五年,定皇太子金寶,玉箸篆,蹲龍紐,平台,方四寸,厚一寸二分。
In Kangxi 15, the crown prince's golden seal was standardized: jade-stylus seal script, crouching-dragon knob, flat platform, four cun square and one cun two fen thick.
16
和碩親王金寶,龜紐,平台,方三寸六分,厚一寸。 親王世子金寶,龜紐,平台,方三寸五分,厚一寸。 多羅郡王鍍金銀印,麒麟紐,平台,方三寸四分,厚一寸。 俱清、漢文芝英篆。
The prince of the first rank's golden seal has a tortoise knob on a flat platform, three cun six fen square and one cun thick. A prince's heir's golden seal has a tortoise knob on a flat platform, three cun five fen square and one cun thick. A prince of the second rank's gilt-silver stamp has a qilin knob on a flat platform, three cun four fen square and one cun thick. All bear Manchu and Han mushroom-tip seal script.
17
外國王鍍金銀印,清、漢文尚方大篆,駝紐,平台,方三寸五分,厚一寸。 順治十年,以朝鮮國王原領印文有清字無漢字,命禮部改鑄清、漢文金印,頒給該王,仍將舊印繳進。 知宗人府、衍聖公銀印,直紐,三台,方三寸三分,厚一寸。 俱清、漢文尚方大篆。
Foreign kings' gilt-silver stamps bear Manchu and Han Shangfang large seal script, with a camel knob on a flat platform, three cun five fen square and one cun thick. In Shunzhi 10, because the King of Korea's original seal had Manchu but no Han characters, the Ministry of Rites was ordered to recast a Manchu-and-Han golden seal for him and require surrender of the old one. The Court of the Imperial Clan and the Duke of Yansheng used silver seals with straight knobs and three-tier bases, three cun three fen square and one cun thick. All bear Manchu and Han Shangfang large seal script.
18
公、侯、伯銀印,虎紐,方三寸三分,厚九分。 公三台,侯、伯二台。
Dukes, marquises, and earls used silver stamps with tiger knobs, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick. Dukes had three-tier bases; marquises and earls had two-tier bases.
19
經略大臣、大將軍、將軍、領侍衛內大臣銀印,虎紐,二台,方三寸三分,厚九分。 俱清、漢文柳葉篆。
Grand coordinators, grand generals, generals, and leading grand ministers of the guard used silver stamps with tiger knobs and two-tier bases, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick. All bear Manchu and Han willow-leaf seal script.
20
軍機事務處銀印,直紐,二台,方三寸二分,厚八分。 宣統三年四月,改軍機處為內閣,舊內閣遂裁。 主各部、都察院銀印,直紐,三台,方三寸三分,厚九分。 俱清、漢文尚方大篆。
The Grand Council's silver stamp had a straight knob and two-tier base, three cun two fen square and eight fen thick. In the fourth month of Xuantong 3, the Grand Council was renamed the Grand Secretariat, and the old Grand Secretariat was abolished. The supervising seals of the ministries and the Censorate had straight knobs and three-tier bases, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick. All bear Manchu and Han Shangfang large seal script.
21
理籓院銀印,直紐,三台,方三寸三分,厚九分。 兼清、漢、蒙古三體字,清、漢文尚方大篆,蒙古字不用篆。 理籓院後改理籓部。 主盛京五部銀印,直紐,二台,方三寸二分,厚八分。 盛京五部後裁。 知戶部總理三庫事務銀印,直紐,二台,方三寸二分,厚八分。 戶部後改名度支部。 齋翰林院銀印,二台,方三寸二分,厚八分。
The Court of Colonial Affairs' silver stamp had a straight knob and three-tier base, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick. It bore Manchu, Han, and Mongolian in three scripts; Manchu and Han used Shangfang large seal script, while Mongolian did not. The Court of Colonial Affairs was later renamed the Ministry of Colonial Affairs. The supervising seals of the Five Boards in Mukden had straight knobs and two-tier bases, three cun two fen square and eight fen thick. The Five Boards in Mukden were later abolished. The Ministry of Revenue's seal for supervising the three treasuries had a straight knob and two-tier base, three cun two fen square and eight fen thick. The Ministry of Revenue was later renamed the Ministry of Finance. The Hanlin Academy's silver stamp had a two-tier base, three cun two fen square and eight fen thick.
22
內務府銀印,二台,方三寸二分,厚八分。
The Imperial Household Department's silver stamp had a two-tier base, three cun two fen square and eight fen thick.
23
景陵、泰陵內務府總管,東陵、泰陵承辦事務銅關防,凡關防皆直紐。 長三寸,闊一寸九分。 鑾儀衛銀印,直紐,二台,方三寸二分,厚八分。 宣統朝因避寫故名鑾輿衛。 俱清、漢文尚方大篆。 主通政使司、大理寺、太常寺、順天府、奉天府銀印,直紐,方二寸九分,厚六分五釐。 通政司後裁,大理寺後改大理院,太常寺後歸併禮部。 俱清、漢文尚方小篆。 齋詹事府銅印,直紐,方二寸七分,厚九分。
The copper chops of the Imperial Household superintendents at the Jing and Tai mausoleums and the transaction superintendents at the Eastern and Tai mausoleums—all chops have straight knobs. They measure three cun long and one cun nine fen wide. The Imperial Procession Guard's silver stamp had a straight knob and two-tier base, three cun two fen square and eight fen thick. During the Xuantong reign, it was renamed the Imperial Carriage Guard to avoid a taboo character. All bear Manchu and Han Shangfang large seal script. The supervising silver stamps of the Office of Transmission, Court of Judicature and Revision, Court of State Ceremonial, Shuntian Prefecture, and Shengjing Prefecture had straight knobs, two cun nine fen square and six fen five li thick. The Office of Transmission was later abolished, the Court of Judicature and Revision was renamed the Court of Judicature, and the Court of State Ceremonial was merged into the Ministry of Rites. All bear Manchu and Han Shangfang small seal script. The Household of the Heir Apparent also had a copper stamp with a straight knob, two cun seven fen square and nine fen thick.
24
光祿寺、太僕寺、武備院、上駟院、奉宸苑銅印,直紐,方二寸六分,厚六分五釐。 詹事府後裁,光祿寺後歸併禮部,太僕寺後歸併陸軍部。 古內繙書房銅關防,長三寸,闊一寸九分,俱清、漢文尚方小篆。
The Court of Imperial Entertainments, Court of the Imperial Stud, Armory, Upper Stud Office, and Fengchen Garden used copper stamps with straight knobs, two cun six fen square and six fen five li thick. The Household of the Heir Apparent was later abolished, the Court of Imperial Entertainments was merged into the Ministry of Rites, and the Court of the Imperial Stud was merged into the Ministry of the Army. The former Inner Translation Office's copper chop measured three cun long and one cun nine fen wide, bearing Manchu and Han Shangfang small seal script.
25
國子監銅印,直紐,方二寸五分,厚六分。
The Directorate of Education's copper stamp had a straight knob, two cun five fen square and six fen thick.
26
太醫院銅印,直紐,方二寸四分,厚五分。
The Imperial Medical Academy's copper stamp had a straight knob, two cun four fen square and five fen thick.
27
各道監察御史、稽察內務府御史、稽察宗人府御史、巡鹽御史銅印,直紐,有孔,方一寸五分,厚三分。
Circuit censors, censors inspecting the Imperial Household Department and Court of the Imperial Clan, and salt-patrol censors used copper stamps with straight knobs and perforations, one cun five fen square and three fen thick.
28
宗人府左、右司,太僕寺左、右司,鑾儀衛左、右司,各部、理籓院各司,銅印,直紐,方二寸四分,厚五分。
The left and right offices of the Court of the Imperial Clan, Court of the Imperial Stud, and Imperial Procession Guard, together with the various offices of the ministries and Court of Colonial Affairs, used copper stamps with straight knobs, two cun four fen square and five fen thick.
29
內務府各司銅印,直紐,方二寸二分,厚四分五釐。
The various offices of the Imperial Household Department used copper stamps with straight knobs, two cun two fen square and four fen five li thick.
30
崇文門稅務管理,坐糧廳戶部分司,工部木柴監督,工部木廠監督,工部管理街道各倉監督,工部後改並為農工商部。 左、右翼管稅,戶部銀庫、緞匹庫,戶部辦理八旗俸餉,戶部辦理八旗現審,順天、奉天府丞,各關稅監督銅關防,長三寸,闊一寸九分。 古巡視五城御史、管理古北口驛務,管理獨石口驛務銅關防,長二寸八分,闊一寸九分。
These included the Chongwen Gate tax administration, the Revenue Ministry's Grain-Ration Hall sub-office, and Works Ministry supervisors of timber fuel, timber yards, and street warehouses; the Works Ministry was later renamed and merged into the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce. Left- and right-wing tax supervisors, the Revenue Ministry's silver and satin treasuries, its offices handling Eight Banner pay and current trials, Shuntian and Shengjing prefectural vice-directors, and customs-tax supervisors used copper chops three cun long and one cun nine fen wide. The former five-city patrol censors and supervisors of the Gubeikou and Dushikou post stations used copper chops two cun eight fen long and one cun nine fen wide.
31
欽天監時憲書銅印,直紐,方二寸一分,厚四分四釐。
The Astronomical Bureau's calendar-book copper stamp had a straight knob, two cun one fen square and four fen four li thick.
32
暢春園、圓明園、清漪園官房稅庫銅條記,凡條記皆直紐。 長二寸六分,闊一寸九分。 俱清、漢文鐘鼎篆。 齋大理寺左、右司,光祿寺四署,五城兵馬司銅印,直紐,方二寸二分,厚四分五釐。
The official-house tax treasuries of the Changchun Garden, Old Summer Palace, and Clear Ripples Garden used copper strip marks; all strip marks have straight knobs. They measure two cun six fen long and one cun nine fen wide. All bear Manchu and Han bell-and-cauldron seal script. The left and right offices of the Court of Judicature and Revision, the four bureaus of the Court of Imperial Entertainments, and the Five-City Horse and Patrol Office also used copper stamps with straight knobs, two cun two fen square and four fen five li thick.
33
中書科銅印,直紐,方二寸一分,厚四分五釐。
The Secretariat Office's copper stamp had a straight knob, two cun one fen square and four fen five li thick.
34
內閣典籍廳銅關防,長三寸,闊一寸九分。
The Grand Secretariat Records Office's copper chop measured three cun long and one cun nine fen wide.
35
翰林院典簿,禮部鑄印局,宣統三年印鑄局改屬新內閣,禮部亦改典禮院。 理籓院銀庫,工部製造庫,工部料估所,各部、院督催所銅關防,長三寸,闊一寸九分。 古順天府府治中、稽察盛京五部將軍衙門、稽察黑龍江等處、稽察寧古塔等處銅關防,長二寸九分,闊一寸九分。
The Hanlin Academy archivist and Ministry of Rites Seal-Casting Bureau—in Xuantong 3 the Seal-Casting Bureau was transferred to the new Grand Secretariat, and the Ministry of Rites was renamed the Ceremonial Court. The Court of Colonial Affairs' silver treasury, the Works Ministry's manufacturing warehouse and materials-appraisal office, and the dispatch-supervision offices of the various ministries and courts used copper chops three cun long and one cun nine fen wide. The former Shuntian Prefecture vice-director and censors inspecting the Mukden Five Boards generals' yamen, Heilongjiang, and Ningguta used copper chops two cun nine fen long and one cun nine fen wide.
36
兵馬司副指揮銅關防,長二寸六分,闊一寸六分。
The Horse and Patrol Office deputy commander's copper chop measured two cun six fen long and one cun six fen wide.
37
宗人府經歷司銅印,直紐,方二寸四分,厚五分。
The Court of the Imperial Clan's administrative office used a copper stamp with a straight knob, two cun four fen square and five fen thick.
38
都察院經歷司銅印,直紐,方二寸二分,厚四分五釐。
The Censorate's administrative office used a copper stamp with a straight knob, two cun two fen square and four fen five li thick.
39
鑾儀衛經歷司,各部、院、寺司務廳銅印,直紐,方二寸一分,厚四分四釐。
The Imperial Procession Guard's administrative office and the business offices of the various ministries, courts, and directorates used copper stamps with straight knobs, two cun one fen square and four fen four li thick.
40
各壇、廟、祠祭署銅印,直紐,方二寸,厚四分二釐。
The sacrificial offices of the various altars and temples used copper stamps with straight knobs, two cun square and four fen two li thick.
41
太醫院藥庫銅印,直紐,方一寸九分,厚四分二釐。
The Imperial Medical Academy's pharmacy used a copper stamp with a straight knob, one cun nine fen square and four fen two li thick.
42
國子監典籍廳銅印,直紐,方一寸九分,厚四分二釐。
The Directorate of Education Records Office used a copper stamp with a straight knob, one cun nine fen square and four fen two li thick.
43
禮部鑄印局大使銅條記,長二寸六分,闊一寸九分。
The Ministry of Rites Seal-Casting Bureau director's copper strip mark measured two cun six fen long and one cun nine fen wide.
44
兵馬司吏目銅條記,長二寸四分,闊一寸四分。 俱清、漢文垂露篆。
The Horse and Patrol Office clerks' copper strip mark measured two cun four fen long and one cun four fen wide. All bear Manchu and Han hanging-dew seal script.
45
護軍統領、前鋒統領、火器營統領銀印,虎紐,方三寸三分,厚九分。
Guard commanders, vanguard commanders, and firearms-camp commanders used silver stamps with tiger knobs, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick.
46
提督九門步軍統領,圓明園總管八旗、內府三旗官兵銀印,虎紐,二台,方三寸三分,厚九分。
The Nine Gates Infantry Brigade commander and the Old Summer Palace supervisor of Eight Banner and Imperial Household Three Banner troops used silver stamps with tiger knobs and two-tier bases, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick.
47
總管雲梯健銳營八旗傳事銀關防,直紐,長三寸二分,闊二寸。 俱清、漢文柳葉篆。
The Cloud Ladder Elite Camp Eight Banner message supervisor's silver chop had a straight knob and measured three cun two fen long and two cun wide. All bear Manchu and Han willow-leaf seal script.
48
護軍統領、參領、協領、雲梯健銳營翼長、各處總管銅關防,長三寸,闊一寸九分。 俱清、漢文殳篆。
Guard commanders, company commanders, assistant commanders, Cloud Ladder Elite Camp wing commanders, and various place supervisors used copper chops three cun long and one cun nine fen wide. All bear Manchu and Han halberd seal script.
49
八旗佐領,宗室、覺羅族長銅圖記,凡圖記皆直紐。 方一寸七分,厚四分五釐。 俱清文懸針篆。 古咸安宮官學、景山官學、養心殿造辦處銅圖記,方一寸七分,厚四分。
Eight Banner assistant captains and chiefs of the imperial clan and Aisin Gioro lineages used copper stamp marks; all stamp marks have straight knobs. They are one cun seven fen square and four fen five li thick. All bear Manchu hanging-needle seal script. The former Xian'an Palace official school, Jingshan official school, and Hall of Mental Cultivation Manufacture Office used copper stamp marks one cun seven fen square and four fen thick.
50
看守通州三倉首領銅關防,長三寸,闊一寸九分。 俱清、漢文懸針篆。
The chief custodian of the three Tongzhou granaries used a copper chop three cun long and one cun nine fen wide. All bear Manchu and Han hanging-needle seal script.
51
鎮守將軍銀印,虎紐,二台,方三寸三分,厚九分。
Garrison generals used silver stamps with tiger knobs and two-tier bases, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick.
52
副都統銀印,虎紐,二台,方三寸二分,厚八分。 俱清、漢文柳葉篆。
Lieutenant generals used silver stamps with tiger knobs and two-tier bases, three cun two fen square and eight fen thick. All bear Manchu and Han willow-leaf seal script.
53
察哈爾都統銀印,虎紐,二台,方三寸三分,厚九分。 用滿洲、蒙古二種字,滿文柳葉篆。
The Chahar lieutenant general's silver stamp had a tiger knob and two-tier base, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick. It bears Manchu and Mongolian in two scripts, with Manchu in willow-leaf seal script.
54
總統伊犁等處將軍銀印,虎紐,二台,方三寸三分,厚九分。 兼滿、漢、托忒、回子四種字,滿、漢文俱柳葉篆,托忒、回子字不篆。
The general-in-chief of Ili and other places used a silver stamp with a tiger knob and two-tier base, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick. It bore Manchu, Han, Todo, and Muslim in four scripts; Manchu and Han used willow-leaf seal script, while Todo and Muslim did not.
55
辦理伊犁、烏魯木齊等處事務大臣銀印,虎紐,二台,方三寸三分,厚九分。 兼滿、漢、托忒三種字,滿、漢文俱柳葉篆。
The minister handling affairs in Ili, Urumqi, and other places used a silver stamp with a tiger knob and two-tier base, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick. It bore Manchu, Han, and Todo in three scripts, with Manchu and Han in willow-leaf seal script.
56
伊犁分駐雅爾城總理參贊大臣銀印,虎紐,二台,方三寸三分,厚九分。 兼滿洲、托忒、回子三種字,滿文柳葉篆。
The Ili deputy stationed at Yarkand, serving as minister-director and assistant commissioner, used a silver stamp with a tiger knob and two-tier base, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick. It bore Manchu, Todo, and Muslim in three scripts, with Manchu in willow-leaf seal script.
57
辦理葉爾羌、喀什噶爾、阿克蘇諸處事務大臣銀印,虎紐,方三寸三分,厚九分。 兼滿、漢、回子三種字,滿、漢文俱柳葉篆。
The minister handling affairs in Yarkand, Kashgar, Aksu, and other places used a silver stamp with a tiger knob, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick. It bore Manchu, Han, and Muslim in three scripts, with Manchu and Han in willow-leaf seal script.
58
管理巴里坤等處事務大臣銀印,虎紐,二台,方三寸三分,厚九分。
The minister administering affairs in Barkul and other places used a silver stamp with a tiger knob and two-tier base, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick.
59
辦理哈密糧餉事務大臣銀印,虎紐,二台,方三寸三分,厚九分。 俱柳葉篆。
The minister handling Hami grain-pay affairs used a silver stamp with a tiger knob and two-tier base, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick. All bear willow-leaf seal script.
60
八旗游牧總管,察哈爾總管、城守尉銅印,方二寸六分,厚六分五釐。 殳篆。
Eight Banner nomadic supervisors, Chahar supervisors, and garrison commanders used copper stamps two cun six fen square and six fen five li thick. Halberd seal script.
61
興京等城守尉銅關防,長三寸,闊一寸九分。
Garrison commanders at Xingjing and other posts used copper chops three cun long and one cun nine fen wide.
62
錦州等城守尉銅關防,長二寸九分,闊一寸九分。
Garrison commanders at Jinzhou and other posts used copper chops two cun nine fen long and one cun nine fen wide.
63
駐防左、右翼長,協領、參領銅條記,長二寸六分,闊一寸六分五釐。 俱殳篆。
Garrison left- and right-wing chiefs, assistant commanders, and company commanders used copper strip marks two cun six fen long and one cun six fen five li wide. All bear halberd seal script.
64
防守尉銅關防,長二寸八分,闊一寸九分。
Defense commanders used copper chops two cun eight fen long and one cun nine fen wide.
65
駐防佐領銅條記,長二寸六分,闊一寸六分五釐。 俱清、漢文懸針篆。
Garrison assistant captains used copper strip marks two cun six fen long and one cun six fen five li wide. All bear Manchu and Han hanging-needle seal script.
66
直省總督、巡撫銀關防,直隸總督、陝甘總督、四川總督,鐫兼巡撫字樣。 江西巡撫、河南巡撫,鐫兼提督字樣。 山西巡撫,鐫兼提督鹽政字樣。 長三寸二分,闊二寸,俱清、漢文尚方大篆。 主欽差大臣銅關防,如督、撫式。 三品以上用之。
Provincial governors-general and governors used silver chops; those of Zhili, Shaanxi-Gansu, and Sichuan were inscribed "concurrently governor." The governors of Jiangxi and Henan were inscribed "concurrently provincial commander." The Shanxi governor was inscribed "concurrently provincial commander and salt administration." They measure three cun two fen long and two cun wide, bearing Manchu and Han Shangfang large seal script. Imperial commissioners' supervising copper chops followed the same style as those of governors and governors-general. These were used by officials of third rank and above.
67
各省承宣布政使司銀印,直紐,二台,方三寸一分,厚八分。
Provincial administration commissioners used silver stamps with straight knobs and two-tier bases, three cun one fen square and eight fen thick.
68
各省提刑按察使司後改提法使。 銅印,直紐,方二寸七分,厚九分。 齋各省鹽運使司銅印,直紐,方二寸六分,厚六分五釐。
The provincial judicial commissioner's office was later renamed the judicial commissioner. Its copper stamp had a straight knob, two cun seven fen square and nine fen thick. Provincial salt-transport commissioners also used copper stamps with straight knobs, two cun six fen square and six fen five li thick.
69
各省提督學政後改提學使,並改關防為印信。 銅關防,長二寸九分,闊一寸九分。 俱清、漢文尚方小篆。 古各處管理織造銅關防,長二寸九分,闊一寸九分。
Provincial education intendant-generals were later renamed provincial education commissioners, and their chops were changed to seal stamps. The copper chop measured two cun nine fen long and one cun nine fen wide. All bear Manchu and Han Shangfang small seal script. Former weaving-administration offices in various places used copper chops two cun nine fen long and one cun nine fen wide.
70
各省守、巡道後於省會地方增設巡警道、勸業道。 銅關防,長三寸,闊一寸九分,俱清、漢文鐘鼎篆。 知欽差官員銅關防、如道員式。 四品以下用之。
After the provincial circuit and patrol intendants, police patrol and industry-promotion circuits were added at provincial capitals. Their copper chops measured three cun long and one cun nine fen wide, bearing Manchu and Han bell-and-cauldron seal script. Imperial commissioner officials' copper chops followed the same style as those of circuit intendants. These were used by officials below fourth rank.
71
各府銅印,直紐,方二寸五分,厚六分。
Prefectures used copper stamps with straight knobs, two cun five fen square and six fen thick.
72
各府同知、通判銅關防,長二寸八分,闊一寸九分。
Prefectural vice-prefects and subprefects used copper chops two cun eight fen long and one cun nine fen wide.
73
各州銅印,直紐,方二寸三分,厚五分。
Departments used copper stamps with straight knobs, two cun three fen square and five fen thick.
74
京縣銅印,直紐,方二寸二分,厚四分五釐。
Capital counties used copper stamps with straight knobs, two cun two fen square and four fen five li thick.
75
各縣銅印,直紐,方二寸一分,厚四分四釐。
Counties used copper stamps with straight knobs, two cun one fen square and four fen four li thick.
76
鹽課提舉司銅印,方二寸四分,厚五分。
The salt-tax promotion office used a copper stamp two cun four fen square and five fen thick.
77
淮南儀所監製官銅關防,長二寸八分,闊一寸九分。
The Huainan Ceremonial Office supervising official used a copper chop measuring two cun eight fen long and one cun nine fen wide.
78
布政使司經歷司、理問所銅印,方二寸二分,厚四分五釐。
The provincial administration commissioner's registrar's office and judicial inquiry office used copper stamps two cun two fen square and four fen five li thick.
79
鹽運使司經歷司銅印,方二寸一分,厚四分四釐。
The salt-transport commissioner's registrar's office used a copper stamp two cun one fen square and four fen four li thick.
80
布政使司照磨所、京府儒學、各府經歷司銅印,方二寸,厚四分二釐。
The provincial administration commissioner's proofreading office, capital prefecture Confucian schools, and prefectural registrar offices used copper stamps two cun square and four fen two li thick.
81
京府照磨所、司獄司、各府照磨所、司獄司、各府儒學、衛儒學、布政司庫大使、府庫大使、巡檢司、稅課司、茶馬司銅印,方一寸九分,厚四分。
The capital prefecture proofreading office, prison offices, prefectural proofreading and prison offices, prefectural and guard Confucian schools, provincial and prefectural treasury superintendents, inspection posts, tax offices, and tea-and-horse offices used copper stamps one cun nine fen square and four fen thick.
82
各州、縣儒學銅條記,長二寸六分,闊一寸六分五釐。
Prefectural and county Confucian schools used copper strip marks measuring two cun six fen long and one cun six fen five li wide.
83
縣丞、主簿、吏目、鹽課所、批驗所、各驛丞、遞運所、各局、各倉、各閘銅條記,長二寸四分,闊一寸三分。 俱垂露篆。
Assistant magistrates, chief clerks, subordinate officials, salt-tax and inspection offices, post station superintendents, courier transport offices, bureaus, granaries, and sluice gates used copper strip marks measuring two cun four fen long and one cun three fen wide. All bore hanging-dew seal script.
84
提督、總兵官銀印,虎紐,三台,方三寸三分,厚九分。
Military governors and regional commanders used silver stamps with tiger knobs and three-tier bases, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick.
85
鎮守掛印總兵官銀印,虎紐,二台,方三寸三分,厚九分。
Garrison regional commanders who bore official seals used silver stamps with tiger knobs and two-tier bases, three cun three fen square and nine fen thick.
86
鎮守總兵官銅關防,長三寸二分,闊二寸。 俱清、漢文柳葉篆。
Garrison regional commanders used copper chops measuring three cun two fen long and two cun wide. All bore Manchu and Han willow-leaf seal script.
87
副將、參將、游擊銅關防,長三寸,闊一寸九分。
Deputy generals, brigade generals, and mobile battalion commanders used copper chops three cun long and one cun nine fen wide.
88
宣慰司銅印,方二寸七分,厚九分。 俱清、漢文殳篆。
Pacification commissioners' offices used copper stamps two cun seven fen square and nine fen thick. All bore Manchu and Han halberd seal script.
89
都司僉書銅關防,長三寸,闊一寸九分。 營都司,衛、所千總銅關防,長二寸八分,闊一寸九分。
Assistant regional military commanders used copper chops three cun long and one cun nine fen wide. Battalion regional military commanders and guard and battalion thousand-commanders used copper chops two cun eight fen long and one cun nine fen wide.
90
守備銅條記,長二寸六分,闊一寸六分。
Garrison commanders used copper strip marks measuring two cun six fen long and one cun six fen wide.
91
衛守備銅印,方二寸六分,厚六分五釐。
Guard garrison commanders used copper stamps two cun six fen square and six fen five li thick.
92
宣撫司銅印,方二寸五分,厚六分。
Pacification and soothing commissioners' offices used copper stamps two cun five fen square and six fen thick.
93
宣撫司副使、安撫司領運千總銅印,方二寸四分,厚五分五釐。
Deputies of pacification and soothing commissioners and soothing commissioners' transport thousand-commanders used copper stamps two cun four fen square and five fen five li thick.
94
長官司指揮、僉事銅印,方二寸二分,厚四分五釐。 俱清、漢文懸針篆。
Native official company commanders and assistant commanders used copper stamps two cun two fen square and four fen five li thick. All bore Manchu and Han hanging-needle seal script.
95
衛經歷、宣慰司經歷銅印,方二寸一分,厚四分四釐,垂露篆。
Guard registrars and pacification commissioners' registrars used copper stamps two cun one fen square and four fen four li thick, in hanging-dew seal script.
96
土千戶銅印,方二寸三分,厚四分五釐。
Native thousand-household chieftains used copper stamps two cun three fen square and four fen five li thick.
97
土百戶銅印,方二寸,厚四分二釐。 俱清、漢文懸針篆。
Native hundred-household chieftains used copper stamps two cun square and four fen two li thick. All bore Manchu and Han hanging-needle seal script.
98
管理京城喇嘛班第、管理盛京喇嘛班第銅印,方二寸二分,厚四分五釐。 俱清、漢文轉宿篆。
Supervisors of lamas in the capital and in Mukden used copper stamps two cun two fen square and four fen five li thick. All bore Manchu and Han revolving-lodge seal script.
99
正乙真人銅印,方二寸四分,厚五分。 清、漢文垂露篆。
The Zhengyi True Man used a copper stamp two cun four fen square and five fen thick. It bore Manchu and Han hanging-dew seal script.
100
乾隆十四年,禮部奉諭:「理籓院印文之蒙古字,不必篆書。 外籓扎薩克盟長、喇嘛、並蒙古、西藏,一應滿洲、蒙古、唐古特文,均亦不必篆書。 其在京扎薩克、大喇嘛印,滿文俱篆書,蒙古文不必篆書。」 又諭:「近因新定清文篆書,鑄造各衙門印信,所司檢閱庫中所藏經略大將軍、將軍諸印,凡百餘顆。 皆前此因事頒給,經用繳還,未經銷毀者。 會典復有『命將出師,請旨將庫中印信頒給』之文,遂至濫觴。 朕思虎符鵲紐,用之軍旅,所以昭信,無取繁多。 庫中所藏,其中振揚威武,建立膚功者,具載歷朝實錄,班班可考。 今擇其克捷奏凱,底定迅速者,經略印一,大將軍、將軍印各七,分匣收貯。 稽其事迹始末,刻諸文笥,足以傳示奕禩。 即仍其清、漢舊文,而配以今制清文篆書,如數重造。 遇有應用,具奏請旨頒給。 一併藏之皇史宬。 其餘悉交該部銷毀。 此後若遇請自皇史宬而用者,蕆事仍歸之皇史宬。 若因遇事特行頒給印信者,事完交部銷毀。 將此載入會典。」
In the fourteenth year of Qianlong, the Ministry of Rites received an edict: 'The Mongol characters on Lifanyuan seal inscriptions need not be rendered in seal script. For outer-banner jasagh league chiefs, lamas, and all of Mongolia and Tibet, Manchu, Mongol, and Tangut scripts likewise need not be rendered in seal script. For jasagh chiefs and high lamas in the capital, Manchu was to be rendered in seal script throughout, but Mongol was not. Closing quotation mark. A further edict stated: 'Recently, because newly standardized Manchu seal script had been established and seals for various yamen were being cast, the responsible offices inspected more than one hundred seals of past campaign coordinators, grand generals, and generals held in the treasury. All had been issued for particular affairs in the past, used and returned, and not yet destroyed. The Collected Statutes also contained the provision that when generals were commissioned to take the field, one should request imperial instruction and issue seals from the treasury — and so the practice had grown excessive. I considered that tiger tallies and magpie-knob seals, used in military affairs to manifest trust, ought not be multiplied without purpose. Among those stored in the treasury, the seals by which martial glory was raised and battlefield merit established are fully recorded in the veritable records of successive dynasties, clearly verifiable. I now select those whose victories were swiftly won and whose pacification was rapidly achieved: one campaign coordinator seal and seven each of grand general and general seals, to be stored separately in cases. Examining the full course of each affair and inscribing it on document boxes will suffice to pass them down to future generations. Their original Manchu and Chinese inscriptions shall be retained, but paired with present-system Manchu seal script and recast in corresponding numbers. When use is required, a memorial shall be submitted requesting imperial instruction for issuance. They shall all be stored together in the Imperial Historiography Archive. All the rest shall be turned over to the relevant ministry for destruction. Hereafter, if a seal is requested from the Imperial Historiography Archive for use, upon completion of the affair it shall still be returned to the Imperial Historiography Archive. If seals are specially issued for particular affairs, upon completion they shall be turned over to the ministry for destruction. Record this in the Collected Statutes. Closing quotation mark.
101
高宗御定印譜,欽命總理一切軍務儲糈經略大臣關防一,奉命、撫遠、寧遠、安東、征南、平西、平北大將軍印各一,鎮海、揚威、靖逆、靖東、征南、定西、定北將軍印各一。 並御制印譜序曰:「國家膺圖御宇,神聖代興,赫濯撻伐,光啟鴻業。 時則有推轂命將之典,及功成奏凱,還上元戎佩印。 載在冊府,藏之史宬。 蓋法物留詒,不啻如曩籍所稱玉節牙璋,尚方齊斧者比。 乾隆十七年,釐考國書篆字成,因詳加酌定。 交泰殿所遵奉世傳御寶,仍依本文,不敢更易。 其常行誥敕所鈐用,以及部院司寺以下,外而督、撫、提、鎮以下,咸改鑄篆文,以崇典章、昭法守。 而大將軍、經略及諸將軍之印,或存舊,或兼篆,一依交泰殿諸寶之例,各以時代為次。 茲西陲武功將竣,爰譜圖系說如左。 書曰:『其克詰爾戎兵,以陟禹之跡,方行天下,至於海表,罔有不服。』 信大兵可百年不用,不可一日不備。 披斯譜也,必將曰:是印也,是我朝某年殄某寇、定某地所用也。 又將曰:是印也,鑄自某年,某官既奉以集事,傳至某年,某官復奉以策勛者也。 想見一時受成廟算,元老壯猷。 豐紐重台,焜燿耳目。 繼自今覲揚光烈,思所以宏此遠謨。 弼我億萬世丕丕基,將於是乎在。 以視銘績鼎鍾,圖形台閣者,不尤深切著明也歟? 然則觀於寶譜,而一人守器之重可知; 觀於印譜,而群才翊運之殷又可知。 詩曰:『王之藎臣,無念爾祖。』 記曰:『君子聽鼓鼙,則思將帥之臣。』 一再披閱,其何能置大風猛士之懷哉! 裝潢蕆事,並令守者什襲尊藏。 為部凡四:一皇史宬,一大內,一內閣,一盛京也。」
The Gaozong Emperor's imperially approved seal register listed one chop for the minister bearing imperial commission to oversee all military affairs and grain supplies; one each of the grand general seals Receiving the Command, Pacifying the Distant Regions, Securing the Distant Regions, Pacifying the East, Campaigning to the South, Pacifying the West, and Pacifying the North; and one each of the general seals Subduing the Sea, Displaying Martial Glory, Quelling Rebellion, Pacifying the East, Campaigning to the South, Securing the West, and Securing the North. An imperially composed preface to the seal register states: 'Since the state received the Mandate and ruled the realm, sage emperors have succeeded one another, brilliantly conducting punitive expeditions and inaugurating great enterprise. At such times there were the rites of pushing the chariot and commissioning generals; when achievements were complete and victory reported, the commander-in-chief's worn seal was returned to court. They were recorded in the archival registers and stored in the historiography archive. For sacred objects left as bequest are no less than what ancient records called jade tokens and ivory tallies, or the imperial axes of the Inner Court. In the seventeenth year of Qianlong, when the standardized national-script seal characters were completed, detailed determinations were made accordingly. The imperial seals handed down through generations in the Hall of Union and Peace still follow their original script; none dare alter them. Those stamped on routine patents and edicts, as well as ministries and directorates downward, and outward to governors-general, governors, military governors, and garrison commanders — all were recast in seal script to exalt the institutions and manifest adherence to law. But the seals of grand generals, campaign coordinators, and various generals — some preserved in original form, some with added seal script — all follow the precedent of the Hall of Union and Peace imperial seals, each arranged chronologically. Now that the western frontier military achievements are nearing completion, the illustrated register is hereby compiled as follows. The Book of Documents says: 'You shall array your troops and follow in Yu's footsteps, traversing the realm to the shores of the sea, and none shall fail to submit. Closing quotation mark. Truly a great army may go a hundred years unused, but cannot be unready for a single day. Opening this register, one will surely say: This seal was used in such-and-such a year of Our Dynasty to exterminate such-and-such bandits and pacify such-and-such a place. One will further say: This seal was cast in such-and-such a year; such-and-such an official received it to gather affairs to completion, and by such-and-such a year such-and-such an official again received it to record merit. One may imagine the elders of the time receiving plans calculated in the ancestral temple, their bold strategies in full flower. Heavy knobs and tiered bases, blazing before the eyes. From this day forward, gazing upon their radiant glory, let us consider how to expand these far-reaching designs. To support Our countless generations' vast foundation — it rests upon this. Compared with inscribing merit on bells and cauldrons or depicting forms in pavilion galleries, is this not even more deeply clear and evident? Then from viewing the treasure register, the weight of the sovereign's custodianship of the instruments of state is knowable; From viewing the seal register, the abundance of talented men assisting the dynasty is likewise knowable. The Odes say: 'O king's devoted ministers, do not forget your ancestors. The Record of Rites says: "When the gentleman hears drums and military banners, he thinks of generals and commanders." To read it again and again — how could one set aside thoughts of mighty warriors and fierce soldiers! When binding and mounting are complete, those charged with keeping them shall store them with tenfold care. The sections total four: one for the Imperial Historiography Archive, one for the Inner Court, one for the Grand Secretariat, and one for Mukden. Closing quotation mark.