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卷105 志八十 舆服四

Volume 105 Treatises 80: Carriages and Dress 4

Chapter 105 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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Treatise 80
2
輿簿
Carriages and Dress 4, with Supplement on Halberd Guards
3
簿簿
The Emperor's Halberd Guard; the Retired Emperor's Halberd Guard; the Crown Prince's Ceremonial Guard; the Empress's Ceremonial Escort; the Grand Empress Dowager's Ceremonial Escort; the Empress Dowager's Ceremonial Escort
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Ceremonial regalia and colored staffs for imperial noble consorts and below; ceremonial guards for princes and below; ceremonial guards for imperial princesses of the first rank and below
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Ceremonial Guards for Imperial Sons-in-Law; Ceremonial Guards for Officials
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簿簿簿簿簿 簿 簿 沿
Under Taizong, in the sixth year of Tiancong, the Qing first set regulations for ceremonial regalia. For journeys within the realm the emperor was preceded by three pairs of imperial flags, two umbrellas, and six guardsmen—a notably spare establishment. In the tenth year of Tiancong, when the reign title was changed to Chongde, the court first fixed how many pieces of imperial regalia there should be and what ceremonial retinues ranked officials might use. After the Shizu emperor entered the passes and established the dynasty at its new capital, he consulted earlier regulations and added further ornamentation in due measure. Under the original regulations the emperor's ceremonial guard was divided into the Grand Imperial halberd guard, traveling imperial regalia, and regalia for imperial progresses. In the thirteenth year of Qianlong the court again revised the originally fixed inventories of equipment and renamed them: the Grand Imperial halberd guard became the Statutory Imperial halberd guard, traveling imperial regalia became the Imperial Palanquin halberd guard, and regalia for imperial progresses became the Mounted Imperial halberd guard. Combined, the three constituted the Grand Imperial halberd guard. The empress's ceremonial escort, the ceremonial regalia and colored staffs of consorts, and the ceremonial guards of princes and below were all elaborated beyond the original regulations. The headings below follow the Qianlong regulations, with the originally fixed inventories and the early Chongde provisions appended afterward. The retired emperor's halberd guard and the crown prince's ceremonial guard were likewise included, though both were temporary arrangements rather than standing institutions. Readers tracing institutional change may thus follow the stream to its source and examine in detail how the dynasty's ceremonial system took shape.
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簿 宿鹿 滿滿 簿 簿簿 簿 竿 宿鹿
The Emperor's Grand Imperial halberd guard was employed for the three great sacrifices at the Circular Mound, for prayer for grain, and for the regular rain sacrifice. It was also used when the emperor went to the traveling palace for a grand military review and when he returned to the palace after the rites were concluded. Its order of march placed four guide elephants in the van, followed by five treasure elephants and four silent whips. Next came the front-section grand music, with four large bronze horns, four small bronze horns, and four gilt bronze mouth-horns. Next came the five ceremonial chariots: the leather chariot with four horses, the wooden chariot with six, the elephant chariot with eight, the gold chariot with one elephant, and the jade chariot with one elephant. Next came naoge music—the naoge drum-and-blow ensemble and progress music were deployed together under that single name. Its instruments comprised two gongs, four bronze drums, two bronze cymbals, two flat drums, two bronze clappers, two dragon flutes, two level flutes, two cloud gongs, two pipes, two sheng, eight gilt bronze mouth-horns, sixteen large and sixteen small bronze horns, two Mongol horns, four gilt cymbals, twenty-four painted horns, twenty-four dragon drums, twelve dragon flutes, four clappers, four guard drums, four additional gongs, another twenty-four dragon drums, and six red lanterns interspersed among them. Next came six guide staffs, sixteen imperial staffs, sixteen wu staffs, sixteen standing-melon and sixteen reclining-melon emblems, sixteen star-maces and sixteen battle-axes, one exit-guard flag and one enter-forbidden-zone flag, and forty small five-colored golden-dragon flags; then two emerald-splendor flags, two golden-drum flags, eight gate flags, the sun and moon flags, five five-cloud flags, five five-thunder flags, eight eight-wind flags, four sweet-rain flags, twenty-eight constellation flags, five planetary flags, five sacred-mountain flags, four great-river flags, the Divine Martial, Vermilion Bird, Azure Dragon, and White Tiger flags, and one each of the heavenly horse, heavenly deer, ward-off-evil, rhinoceros, red bear, yellow bear, white marsh-beast, horned tip, roaming qilin, colored lion, vibrating egret, crying kite, red crow, patterned insect, yellow swan-goose, white pheasant, cloud crane, peacock, ceremonial phoenix, and soaring luan flags. Forty five-colored dragon banners followed, with eight vanguard banners, eight guard-army banners, and twenty-four bold-cavalry banners. Next came four yellow command banners, four ceremonial gong-canopies, four golden staffs of office, and two each of the banners bearing the slogans for receiving good counsel, spreading culture and invigorating arms, praising merit and cherishing the distant, bestowing celebration and extending grace, clarifying punishments and assisting instruction, and teaching filial piety and displaying integrity. Four dragon-head banners, four leopard-tail banners, four crimson guide banners, and four trust banners followed. Four feather-canopy banners, four rainbow banners, four purple banners, and four longevity banners came next. Next came eight square luan-phoenix red fans, eight pheasant-tail fans, eight peacock fans, eight single-dragon red round fans, eight single-dragon yellow round fans, eight double-dragon red round fans, eight double-dragon yellow round fans, six red full single-dragon round fans, six yellow full double-dragon round fans, and eight yellow fans emblazoned with the character for longevity. Next came four plain red square umbrellas, four plain purple square umbrellas, ten five-colored floral umbrellas, ten five-colored brocade umbrellas, and ten five-colored nine-dragon round umbrellas interspersed among them. Next came twenty yellow nine-dragon canopies, two purple lingzhi canopies, two emerald-splendor canopies, and four curved-handle yellow nine-dragon canopies. Next came four halberds, four ceremonial staffs, thirty leopard-tail spears, thirty bows and arrows, and thirty ceremonial swords. Next came ten ceremonial horses. Next came one square golden table, one golden armchair, two golden vases, one golden wash-basin, one golden bowl, two golden boxes, two golden censers, and two fly-whisks. Next came one curved-handle yellow nine-dragon canopy. Ten sword-bearing ministers led in front, two attendants carried censers, and the jade imperial carriage rode at the center. Two sword-bearing ministers brought up the rear; the leopard-tail company comprised ten guards with spears and ten with ceremonial swords, while twenty guards bore bows and arrows; a chief grand guard of the inner service and two guard company leaders completed the escort. Behind them followed two princes and dukes from the Imperial Clan Court, a minister without regular portfolio, the commander of vanguard and guard armies, two supervising secretaries and censors, four department directors and vice directors, a guard company leader, an acting guard company leader, and two guard squad chiefs. The procession closed with two great yellow-dragon banners, attended by a chief grand guard of the inner service, two guard squad chiefs in charge of banners, four personal guards who raised the banners, and six personal guards who sounded conch shells. In Taizong's first Chongde year the court prepared the Grand Imperial halberd guard, including four jade seals. There were five yellow umbrellas and two round fans. Ten great banners and ten flags were provided. Six great swords and six halberds were included. Two each of standing-melon, reclining-melon, and mace emblems, plus six wu staffs. Ten ceremonial horses were provided. A golden chair, golden stool, incense box, incense burner, golden water basin, golden spittoon, golden vase, and the full complement of musical instruments were all provided. The court later revised the inventory again: one gilt chair, one gilt stool, four fly-whisks, one golden spittoon-bowl, one golden ewer, one golden vase, one golden basin, and two each of incense burners and incense boxes. One curved-handle umbrella, four straight-handle umbrellas, two fans, and four staffs of office were specified. Two maces, two each of standing-melon and reclining-melon emblems, six wu staffs, and four red staffs were added. Musical equipment comprised two gongs, two drums, four painted horns, two xiao, two sheng, four frame drums, two transverse flutes, two dragon-head transverse flutes, two clapper boards, four small bronze cymbals, two small bronze gongs, four large bronze gongs, two cloud gongs, and four suona. When the Shizu emperor entered the passes, the court kept the old system unchanged. From the third year of Shunzhi onward the emperor's halberd guard was reorganized into the Grand Imperial halberd guard, traveling imperial regalia, and regalia for imperial progresses. Under the Grand Imperial halberd guard there were nine curved-handle canopies, four dragon umbrellas, sixteen straight-handle nine-dragon umbrellas, six straight-handle auspicious-grass umbrellas, six straight-handle floral umbrellas, and eight square umbrellas. Twenty great swords, twenty bows and arrows, twenty leopard-tail spears, and four dragon-head square-heaven halberds were specified. Two yellow command banners, four crimson guide banners, four each of the trust, teaching, stop-proclamation, and government-in-order banners, eight ceremonial gong-canopies, four feather-canopy banners, the Azure Dragon, White Tiger, Vermilion Bird, and Divine Martial banners, and four each of leopard-tail and dragon-pole banners were included. Four golden staffs of office were provided. Twenty gilded-dragon great banners and twenty gilded-dragon small flags were specified. Six golden battle-axes were included. Ten ceremonial horses were provided. Eight luan-phoenix fans, twelve single-dragon fans, and twenty double-dragon fans were specified. Two fly-whisks, six red lanterns, two each of golden incense burners, vases, and incense boxes, and one each of golden spittoon, basin, stool, armchair, and footrest were provided. Six imperial staffs and six star-emblems were included. Eight comb-head emblems were specified. Thirty palm-fiber mats were provided. Thirty silent whips were included. Seventy-two rank-indicator screens were deployed. Two each of the silence, golden-drum, and white marsh-beast flags were set out, with eight gate flags, the sun, moon, wind, cloud, thunder, and rain flags, five planetary flags, the twenty-eight constellation flags, one Big Dipper flag, five sacred-mountain flags, four great-river flags, and the Azure Dragon, White Tiger, Vermilion Bird, Divine Martial, heavenly deer, heavenly horse, luan-qilin, and bear flags. Six each of standing-melon, reclining-melon, and wu staffs were provided. Musical equipment comprised twenty-four painted horns, forty-eight drums, eight large and eight small bronze horns, four each of gongs, gilt cymbals, and guard drums, twelve dragon-head flutes, and four strings of clappers. It was employed for suburban sacrifice grand ceremonies, the three great court assemblies of Longevity, New Year's Day, and Winter Solstice, and all other state rituals.
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簿簿 滿滿 簿 殿 殿殿西 西 西 西 簿 殿 簿簿 簿
The Statutory Imperial halberd guard matched the Grand Imperial guard in most respects, but where the Grand Imperial array used naoge music, the Statutory array used naoge drum-and-blow. Its instruments comprised eight large and eight small bronze horns, four gilt cymbals, twenty-four painted horns, twenty-four dragon drums, twelve dragon flutes, four clappers, four guard drums, two gongs, another twenty-four dragon drums, and six red lanterns interspersed among them—a lighter ensemble than full naoge music. Imperial staffs, wu staffs, standing-melon and reclining-melon emblems, star-maces, and battle-axes were limited to six each; there were twenty small five-colored golden-dragon flags, twenty five-colored dragon banners, ten yellow nine-dragon canopies, twenty leopard-tail spears, twenty bows and arrows, twenty ceremonial swords, and ten guards bearing bows and arrows. The red full single-dragon round fans, yellow full double-dragon round fans, and five-colored brocade umbrellas were omitted—every category reduced from the Grand Imperial establishment. The jade imperial carriage was replaced by the gold carriage; otherwise the array matched the Grand Imperial halberd guard. It was deployed for sacrifices at the Square Mound, the Imperial Ancestral Temple, the altars of soil and grain, sun and moon, and the First Farmer, and at the temples of successive emperors and the First Teacher. For celebratory court congratulations it was arrayed in the courtyard of the Hall of Supreme Harmony. The curved-handle yellow nine-dragon splendor canopy stood at the center outside the Hall of Supreme Harmony, with fly-whisks, censers, boxes, bowls, basins, vases, chairs, and tables arranged east and west beneath the eaves. Ceremonial swords, bows and arrows, and leopard-tail spears were alternated in ten companies of personal and guard troops, with ceremonial staffs and halberds, all arrayed east and west on the red steps. Curved-handle yellow nine-dragon canopies, emerald-splendor canopies, purple lingzhi canopies, yellow nine-dragon canopies, five-colored nine-dragon umbrellas, and five-colored floral umbrellas were alternately arrayed from the third tier of the red steps down to the lower flights. Silent whips and ceremonial horses lined the central passage east and west below the steps. Purple and red square umbrellas, fans, banners, pennants, flags, staffs of office, canopies, command banners, great banners, battle-axes, star-emblems, melon emblems, and ceremonial staffs were arrayed east and west on the red courtyard pavement. The jade and gold imperial carriages stood outside the Gate of Supreme Harmony, the five ceremonial chariots outside the Meridian Gate, and treasure elephants south of the chariots, with naoge drum-and-blow as the halberd-guard music. South of the treasure elephants stood the court elephants, which served as guide elephants. These were stationed outside the Gate of Heavenly Peace. When celebratory rites were held at the Old Summer Palace, the array ran from below the Hall of Imperial Splendor to the Great Palace Gate, though imperial carriages, chariots, and ceremonial elephants were omitted. When the emperor received captives from the tower, the curved-handle yellow nine-dragon splendor canopy was placed beneath the eaves; red-step halberd guards beneath the watch-towers outside the Meridian Gate; red-courtyard halberd guards from the gate-towers to the End Gate; ceremonial horses before the corner towers; carriages, chariots, and elephants outside the Gate of Heavenly Peace; silent whips flanking the imperial roadway between the corner towers; and golden-drum naoge grand music, naoge drum-and-blow, and front-section grand music arrayed together as golden-drum naoge grand music. This ensemble stood before the Meridian Gate. Red-step grand music closed the halberd-guard array, with two cloud gongs, two square chimes, two xiao, four di, four lead pipes, four sheng, two large drums, one guard drum, and one clapper.
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簿 殿
The Imperial Palanquin halberd guard was deployed when the emperor traveled within the Imperial City. It opened with guide-and-welcome music: two theatrical bamboo clappers, then six pipes, four di, two sheng, two cloud gongs, one guide-and-welcome drum, and one clapper. Next came four imperial staffs, four wu staffs, four each of standing-melon, reclining-melon, star-maces, and battle-axes, then ten small five-colored golden-dragon flags and ten five-colored dragon banners. Ten double-dragon yellow round fans and ten yellow nine-dragon umbrellas followed. One curved-handle yellow nine-dragon splendor canopy came next. All of these preceded the emperor's walking palanquin. Ten sword-bearing ministers led in front and two brought up the rear, with the walking palanquin at the center; the leopard-tail company comprised ten guards with spears, ten with ceremonial swords, and ten with bows and arrows, closed by the great yellow-dragon banner. The original traveling imperial regalia comprised ten gilded nine-dragon umbrellas, ten gilded dragon banners, ten gilded dragon small flags, and ten double-dragon fans. Four golden battle-axes, four star-emblems, four imperial staffs, four wu staffs, and four each of standing-melon and reclining-melon emblems were specified. Whenever the imperial carriage entered or left, attendants were arrayed on horseback.
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簿 輿 輿 殿 簿
The Mounted Imperial halberd guard was deployed for imperial tours and grand military reviews. It opened with naoge grand music at the head of the column. Naoge clear music was interspersed among them, with eight large and eight small bronze horns, eight gilt bronze mouth-horns, two cloud gongs, two dragon flutes, two level flutes, two pipes, two sheng, four bronze drums, two gongs, two bronze clappers, two bronze cymbals, two marching drums, and two Mongol horns. Next came six imperial staffs, six wu staffs, and six each of standing-melon, reclining-melon, star-maces, and battle-axes. Next came ten small five-colored golden-dragon flags and ten five-colored dragon banners. Six single-dragon red round fans, six double-dragon yellow round fans, and ten five-colored floral umbrellas followed. Next came ten leopard-tail spears, ten bows and arrows, and ten ceremonial swords. One curved-handle yellow nine-dragon splendor canopy came next. All of these preceded the emperor's light walking palanquin, or his horse when he rode. Ten sword-bearing ministers led in front, two brought up the rear, and the light walking palanquin rode at the center. The leopard-tail company comprised ten guards with spears, ten with ceremonial swords, and ten with bows and arrows, closed by the great yellow-dragon banner. When the emperor halted at the imperial camp, Mongol horns were played in the morning and naoge music in the evening. At a grand military review the halberd guard was arrayed outside the traveling palace gate. The original regalia for imperial progresses comprised ten brocade umbrellas, ten gilded dragon banners, and ten gilded dragon small flags. Six double-dragon fans and four single-dragon fans were specified. Ten leopard-tail spears, ten great swords, and ten bows and arrows were included. Six golden battle-axes, six star-emblems, and six each of imperial staffs, wu staffs, and standing-melon and reclining-melon emblems were provided. Musical equipment comprised two gongs, two sheng, two cloud gongs, two pipes, four di, four gilt cymbals, four bronze cymbals, two drums, eight suona, two bronze clappers, eight small and eight large horns, and six Mongol horns. Whenever the imperial carriage made a progress, attendants were arrayed on foot.
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簿 簿
The original regulations made no provision for a retired emperor's halberd guard. In the first year of Jiaqing, after the seal-bestowal rite was completed, the retired emperor's halberd guard was arrayed at the Palace of Tranquil Longevity. The array comprised six guide staffs, sixteen imperial staffs, sixteen wu staffs, sixteen each of standing-melon and reclining-melon emblems, star-maces, and battle-axes, two hundred twenty-four flags and banners, four each of command banners, gong-canopies, and staffs of office, sixteen pennants, twelve streamers, twenty banner-poles, eighty-six fans, sixty-six umbrellas, four halberds and four ceremonial staffs, thirty leopard-tail spears, thirty bows and arrows, thirty ceremonial swords, a golden armchair and golden horse-stool, two fly-whisks, eight golden vessels, silver water and fire ewers, two rain umbrellas, two coiled-line lanterns, and six red lanterns. A full musical establishment was provided: two each of sheng, pipes, cloud gongs, level flutes, cymbals, and clapper drums; four each of gongs, gilt cymbals, bronze drums, flat drums, and guard drums; twelve frame drums and twelve gilt bronze mouth-horns; fourteen dragon flutes; twenty-four large bronze horns, twenty-four small bronze horns, twenty-four Mongol painted horns; and forty-eight dragon drums.
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The crown prince's ceremonial guard: after the fifty-second year of Kangxi the Qing ceased naming heirs apparent, so although crown prince ceremonial regalia existed from the dynasty's founding, it was nearly never used. In the sixtieth year of Qianlong, with an inner abdication planned for the following year, the court decided in the ninth month that when the crown prince entered and left the inner court he would be attended by four guiding guards and two Gate of Pure Brightness guards. When he went to the outer court or traveled within or beyond the city, he was accompanied by a minister without regular portfolio, ten guards, a chief grand guard of the inner service, and four Gate of Pure Brightness guards. Six tiger spears preceded him and eight leopard-tail spears followed. That same year the emperor instructed the ritual officials that since the investiture ceremony would not be held, there was no need to prepare the full ceremonial regalia, whose manufacture would take considerable time. The original crown prince ceremonial regalia comprised three curved-handle nine-dragon umbrellas, four straight-handle dragon umbrellas, two straight-handle auspicious-grass umbrellas, four square umbrellas, four double-dragon fans, and four peacock fans. Two white marsh-beast flags were included. Two golden staffs of office were provided. Two feather-canopy banners, two each of the teaching, stop-proclamation, trust, and crimson guide banners, and two ceremonial gong-canopies were specified. Ten gilded dragon great banners and ten gilded dragon small flags were provided. Ten leopard-tail spears, ten bows and arrows, ten great swords, eight horses, four golden battle-axes, and four each of standing-melon, reclining-melon, mace, and wu staffs were included. Two fly-whisks were provided. Musical equipment comprised twelve painted horns, twenty-four floral frame drums, eight large and two small bronze horns, two each of gongs, gilt cymbals, and guard drums, two dragon-head flutes, and two clappers. Two each of golden incense burners, vases, and incense boxes, one golden spittoon and one golden basin, and a golden stool, armchair, and footrest were provided.
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簿 輿輿 簿 簿
The empress's ceremonial escort was originally termed the halberd guard. Four wu staffs, four standing-melon and four reclining-melon emblems, and ten five-colored dragon-phoenix flags were specified. Four each of red, yellow dragon, and phoenix fans followed, with eight pheasant-tail fans; then four plain red square umbrellas, four yellow brocade four-season floral umbrellas, and ten five-colored nine-phoenix umbrellas. Two golden staffs of office came next. Two fly-whisks, two golden incense burners, two golden incense boxes, one golden wash-basin, one golden bowl, two golden vases, one golden chair, and one square golden table followed. One curved-handle yellow nine-phoenix canopy came next. One phoenix palanquin, two ceremonial palanquins, one phoenix carriage, and two ceremonial carriages were provided. The original grand empress dowager halberd guard comprised eight gilded dragon-phoenix flags. Two golden staffs of office were included. Four wu staffs, four standing-melon, and four reclining-melon emblems were specified. One yellow curved-handle nine-phoenix umbrella, four yellow straight-handle floral umbrellas, two red straight-handle auspicious-grass umbrellas, two blue and two black straight-handle nine-phoenix umbrellas, two red square umbrellas, two yellow and two red gilded dragon and phoenix fans, two plain golden-yellow fans, and two red luan-phoenix fans were provided. Two fly-whisks, two golden incense burners, two golden vases, two golden incense boxes, one golden spittoon, one golden basin, and a golden stool, armchair, and footrest were included. For Longevity Day, New Year's Day, Winter Solstice, and other celebrations, the Imperial Escort Guard arrayed them in advance. The empress dowager's and empress's halberd guards were identical.
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輿
The grand empress dowager's and empress dowager's ceremonial escorts matched the empress's ceremonial escort. Only their carriages and palanquins were additionally decorated with dragon and phoenix designs.
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輿輿
The imperial noble consort's ceremonial regalia comprised four wu staffs, four standing-melon, and four reclining-melon emblems. Two each of red and black plain flags, two golden-yellow phoenix flags, and two each of red and black phoenix flags were specified. Two each of golden-yellow, red, and black plain fans, red and black luan-phoenix fans, red and black auspicious-grass umbrellas, and bright yellow, red, and black floral umbrellas were provided. Two golden staffs of office were included. Two fly-whisks, one each of golden incense burner, incense box, wash-basin, and bowl, two golden vases, one golden chair, and one square golden table were provided. One curved-handle bright yellow seven-phoenix canopy was specified. One pheasant palanquin, one ceremonial palanquin, and one pheasant carriage were provided. The original imperial noble consort ceremonial regalia comprised two each of red and black phoenix flags, two golden staffs of office, two wu staffs, and two each of standing-melon and reclining-melon emblems. One red curved-handle seven-phoenix umbrella, two red straight-handle floral umbrellas, two red straight-handle auspicious-grass umbrellas, two red square umbrellas, two plain golden-yellow fans, and two red embroidered fans were specified. Two fly-whisks, one golden incense burner, two golden vases, one golden incense box, one golden spittoon, one golden basin, and a horse-stool, armchair, and footrest were included. The consort's ceremonial regalia matched.
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輿輿
The consort's ceremonial regalia comprised two wu staffs, two standing-melon, and two reclining-melon emblems. Two each of red and black plain and phoenix flags, golden-yellow, red, and black plain fans, red and black luan-phoenix fans and auspicious-grass umbrellas, and golden-yellow, red, and black floral umbrellas were specified. Two golden staffs of office were provided. Two fly-whisks, one each of golden incense burner, incense box, wash-basin, and bowl, two golden vases, one golden chair, and one square golden table were included. One curved-handle golden-yellow seven-phoenix canopy was specified. One pheasant palanquin, one ceremonial palanquin, and one ceremonial carriage were provided.
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輿輿
The consort's colored staffs were originally termed ceremonial regalia. Two wu staffs, two standing-melon, and two reclining-melon emblems were specified. Two each of red and black phoenix flags were included. Two each of red and black plain fans and floral umbrellas, and two plain golden-yellow umbrellas were provided. Two golden staffs of office were specified. Two fly-whisks, one each of gilt-trimmed silver incense burner, incense box, wash-basin, and bowl, two silver vases, one silver chair, and one square silver table were provided. One curved-handle golden-yellow seven-phoenix canopy was included. One pheasant palanquin, one ceremonial palanquin, and one ceremonial carriage were specified. The original consort ceremonial regalia comprised two black phoenix flags. Two golden staffs of office were included. Two wu staffs, two standing-melon, and two reclining-melon emblems were specified. Two red straight-handle floral umbrellas, two red straight-handle auspicious-grass umbrellas, and two plain golden-yellow fans were provided. Two fly-whisks, one gilt-trimmed silver incense burner and incense box, and a vase, spittoon, basin, horse-stool, armchair, and footrest were included.
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The lady's colored staffs were originally termed ceremonial regalia. Compared with the consort's colored staffs, it lacked two straight-handle auspicious-grass umbrellas. Otherwise it matched.
19
使
The prince's ceremonial guard was originally termed ceremonial regalia. The same applied to ranks below. Four wu staffs, four standing-melon, four reclining-melon, and four maces were specified. One red silk embroidered five-dragon curved-handle canopy was provided. Two red silk embroidered four-season floral umbrellas, two red silk gilded auspicious-grass umbrellas, two red silk embroidered four-season floral fans, and two blue silk embroidered peacock fans were included. Ten flag-spears, two great banners, and two streamer banners were specified. Four leopard-tail spears and four ceremonial swords were provided. Six ceremonial horses were included. At grand ceremonies they were arrayed at the princely residence and deployed as escort when the prince went abroad. On ordinary days in the capital a single curved-handle canopy sufficed. Two red silk umbrellas and two red silk fans were used. The full complement of wu staffs, standing-melon, reclining-melon, and maces accompanied him. Four horses were provided. Ten attendants led in front and six followed behind. When entering the Gate of Auspicious Transport on business, he was accompanied by three officials. The original regulations specified one red silk embroidered floral curved-handle umbrella, two leopard-tail spears, and two great swords. This was revised to one five-dragon curved-handle canopy, four leopard-tail spears, and four ceremonial swords. Otherwise the provisions matched. In the early Chongde era, princes were allotted two gilded red umbrellas, two banners, ten flags, two standing-melon and two maces each, and four wu staffs. The heir apparent's ceremonial guard comprised four wu staffs, four standing-melon, two reclining-melon, and two maces. One red silk four-dragon curved-handle canopy was provided. One red silk embroidered four-season floral umbrella, two red silk gilded auspicious-grass umbrellas, two red silk embroidered four-season floral fans, and two blue silk embroidered peacock fans were included. Eight flag-spears, one great banner, and one streamer banner were specified. Two leopard-tail spears and two ceremonial swords were provided. Six ceremonial horses were included. On ordinary days two red silk umbrellas and two fans were used, with the full complement of wu staffs, standing-melon, reclining-melon, and maces. Four horses were provided. Eight attendants led in front and six followed behind. The original regulations specified two wu staffs and two standing-melon, one red silk embroidered floral curved-handle umbrella, and no leopard-tail spears; these were revised to four wu staffs and four standing-melon, the curved-handle umbrella was replaced with a four-dragon curved-handle canopy, and two leopard-tail spears were added. Otherwise the provisions matched. The regulations fixed in the Chongde era made no provision for heir apparent ceremonial regalia.
20
The prince of the second rank's ceremonial guard comprised four wu staffs, four standing-melon, two reclining-melon, and two maces. One red silk embroidered four-dragon curved-handle canopy was provided. Two red silk gilded auspicious-grass umbrellas, two red silk embroidered four-season floral fans, and two blue silk embroidered peacock fans were included. Eight flag-spears and two streamer banners were specified. Two leopard-tail spears and two ceremonial swords were provided. Six ceremonial horses were included. On ordinary days two red silk umbrellas and two fans were used, with the full complement of wu staffs, standing-melon, reclining-melon, and maces. Two horses were provided. Eight attendants led in front and six followed behind. The original regulations specified one red silk embroidered floral curved-handle umbrella but no leopard-tail spears or ceremonial swords. The curved-handle umbrella was replaced with a four-dragon curved-handle canopy, and two leopard-tail spears and two ceremonial swords were added. Otherwise the provisions matched. In the early Chongde era, princes of the second rank were allotted one gilded red umbrella, one banner, eight flags, two reclining-melon, and four wu staffs. No ceremonial guard was established for the eldest son of a prince of the second rank under either the original regulations or the Chongde-era standards. Two wu staffs, two standing-melon, two reclining-melon, and two maces were specified. One red silk gilded auspicious-grass umbrella and two red silk embroidered four-season floral fans were included. Six flag-spears and one streamer banner were specified. Four horses were provided. On ordinary days one umbrella was used, with the full complement of wu staffs, standing-melon, reclining-melon, and maces. Six attendants led in front and six followed behind.
21
The beile's ceremonial guard matched that of the eldest son of a prince of the second rank. The original regulations specified two red silk gilded umbrellas; one was now removed. Otherwise the provisions matched. In the early Chongde era, beile were allotted one gilded red umbrella, one banner, six flags, two maces, and two red staffs. From the heir apparent down to the beile, when entering the Gate of Auspicious Transport on business, each was accompanied by two officials.
22
The beizi's ceremonial guard comprised two wu staffs, two standing-melon, and two maces. One red silk gilded auspicious-grass umbrella and two red silk embroidered four-season floral fans were included. Six flag-spears and one streamer banner were specified. On ordinary days the full complement of wu staffs, standing-melon, and maces accompanied him. Four attendants led in front and six followed behind. The original regulations specified two red silk gilded umbrellas; one was now removed. Otherwise the provisions matched. In the early Chongde era, beizi were allotted one cloud-painted red umbrella, two leopard-tail spears, six flags, and two red staffs.
23
The ceremonial guard of the Duke Who Guards the State and the Duke Who Assists the State comprised two wu staffs and two maces. One red silk gilded auspicious-grass umbrella and one blue silk embroidered peacock fan were included. Six flag-spears were specified. On ordinary days the full complement of wu staffs and maces accompanied him. Two attendants led in front and eight followed behind. The original regulations were unchanged. In the early Chongde era, the Duke Who Guards the State was allotted one red umbrella, two leopard-tail spears, six flags, and two red staffs. The Duke Who Assists the State was allotted one fewer leopard-tail spear. Otherwise the provisions matched. From the beizi down through the Duke Who Assists the State, when entering the Gate of Auspicious Transport on business, each was accompanied by one official.
24
The Defender-general of the State's ceremonial guard comprised one dark-apricot umbrella, one blue fan, and six flag-spears. On ordinary days two attendants led in front and six followed behind. The original regulations specified one golden-yellow umbrella but no blue fan. This was revised to one apricot-yellow umbrella, and one blue fan was added. Otherwise the provisions matched. From the Defender-general of the State downward, the original regulations all followed the standards established in the early Chongde era.
25
The Bulwark-general of the State's ceremonial guard matched that of the Defender-general of the State. On ordinary days one attendant led in front and four followed behind. The original regulations specified two front attendants on ordinary days; one was now removed. Otherwise the provisions matched.
26
Ceremonial guard for the Supporter-general of the State and the General of Grace; under the original regulations no provision was made for the General of Grace. One blue fan and four flag-spears were specified. On ordinary days four attendants followed behind. The original regulations made no provision for a blue fan.
27
The Imperial Clan Princess's ceremonial guard comprised two wu staffs, two standing-melon, two reclining-melon, and two maces. One golden-yellow silk curved-handle umbrella embroidered with baoxiang flowers, two red silk umbrellas embroidered with baoxiang flowers, two blue silk fans embroidered with baoxiang flowers, and two red silk peacock fans were included. Two black banners were specified. Ten attendants led in front, and on days of court congratulations five maidservants accompanied her. The original regulations specified a red silk curved-handle umbrella; this was revised to golden-yellow silk. Otherwise the provisions matched. In the early Chongde era, Imperial Clan Princesses were allotted two road-clearing flags. Two red staffs and two wu staffs were provided. One gilded red umbrella and one blue fan were included. Two fly-whisks, one golden spittoon, and one golden basin were provided.
28
The Princess of Harmonious Solemnity's ceremonial guard comprised two wu staffs, two standing-melon, two reclining-melon, and two maces. One red silk curved-handle umbrella embroidered with baoxiang flowers, two red silk umbrellas embroidered with baoxiang flowers, and two red silk peacock fans were included. Two black banners were specified. Eight attendants led in front, and four maidservants accompanied her at court. The original regulations were unchanged. In the early Chongde era, Princesses of Harmonious Solemnity were allotted two red staffs and two wu staffs each. One gilded red umbrella and one blue fan were included. Two fly-whisks and one golden basin were provided.
29
The commandery princess's ceremonial guard comprised two wu staffs, two standing-melon, and two maces. Two red silk umbrellas embroidered with baoxiang flowers and two red silk peacock fans were included. Six attendants led in front, and three maidservants accompanied her at court. The original regulations were unchanged. In the early Chongde era, commandery princesses were allotted two wu staffs, one gilded red umbrella, one blue fan, and two fly-whisks.
30
The county princess's ceremonial guard comprised two wu staffs and two standing-melon. One red silk umbrella embroidered with baoxiang flowers and two blue silk fans embroidered with baoxiang flowers were included. Two attendants led in front, and three maidservants accompanied her at court. The original regulations were unchanged. In the early Chongde era, county princesses were allotted two red staffs, one gilded red umbrella, and two fly-whisks. Commandery ladies were accompanied at court by two maidservants, county ladies by two, and township ladies by one; none of these ranks had ceremonial regalia. Under the original regulations, ranks from commandery lady downward had no ceremonial regalia. In the early Chongde era, commandery ladies were allotted two red staffs and one gilded blue umbrella, and county ladies two red staffs.
31
A prince's primary consort ranked with a Princess of Imperial Title, except that her curved-handle umbrella was red; four maidservants accompanied her at court. An heir apparent's primary consort ranked with a Princess of Harmonious Solemnity, a commandery prince's primary consort with a commandery princess, and a commandery prince's eldest son's primary consort and a beile's wife with a county princess; each was accompanied at court by two maidservants. A beizi's wife and a duke's wife were each accompanied at court by one maidservant. From the rank of beizi's wife downward there was no ceremonial regalia. From the rank of general's wife downward no maidservants accompanied one at court. The original regulations were unchanged. Primary consorts were uniformly styled consorts, and separate regulations were additionally fixed for the ceremonial regalia of secondary consorts and secondary wives. Under those regulations a prince's secondary consort ranked with the primary consort but lacked two blue silk embroidered flower fans. All other items matched the primary consort's allotment. An heir apparent's secondary consort received two banners, two each of wu staffs, standing-melon, and maces, and two each of red silk embroidered flower umbrellas and red silk peacock fans. A commandery prince's secondary consort received two wu staffs, two standing-melon, one red silk embroidered flower umbrella, and two blue silk embroidered flower fans. Neither a beile's secondary wife nor a beizi's wife had ceremonial regalia. In the early Chongde era a prince's consort was allotted two clear-the-way flags, two red staffs, two wu staffs, one gilded red umbrella, one blue fan, two fly-whisks, one golden spittoon, and one golden basin. A commandery prince's consort received the same allotment, minus the red staffs and golden spittoon. A beile's wife received two red staffs, one gilded red umbrella, and two fly-whisks. From the rank of beizi's wife downward there was no ceremonial regalia.
32
Ceremonial guard for imperial sons-in-law: an imperial son-in-law of a Princess of Imperial Title received two red staffs, one red umbrella, two large and small blue fans, ten flag spears, and two leopard-tail spears. On ordinary days two attendants led in front and eight followed behind. An imperial son-in-law of a Princess of Harmonious Solemnity received four red sticks, two apricot-yellow umbrellas, two large and small blue fans, and ten flag spears. On ordinary days two attendants led in front and eight followed behind. An imperial son-in-law of a commandery princess received four red sticks, one apricot-yellow umbrella, two large and small blue fans, and ten flag spears. On ordinary days two attendants led in front and eight followed behind. An imperial son-in-law of a county princess received one apricot-yellow umbrella, one blue fan, and six flag spears. On ordinary days two attendants led in front and six followed behind. An imperial son-in-law of a commandery lady received one blue fan and six flag spears. On ordinary days two attendants led in front and six followed behind. An imperial son-in-law of a county lady received one blue fan and four flag spears. On ordinary days no attendants led in front; only two followed behind. An imperial son-in-law of a township lady received one blue fan and two flag spears. On ordinary days only one attendant followed behind.
33
Officials' ceremonial guard was originally termed the ceremonial retinue. A commoner duke ranked with an imperial son-in-law of a Princess of Harmonious Solemnity. A marquis received four golden-yellow sticks; all other items matched those of an imperial son-in-law of a commandery princess. Those who had received a rank increase might use red sticks instead. An earl received two large and small blue fans; all other items matched those of a marquis. A viscount received two golden-yellow sticks, one apricot-yellow umbrella, two large and small blue fans, and eight flag spears. The numbers for leading attendants in front and followers behind matched those of a marquis. A baron received two golden-yellow sticks, one apricot-yellow umbrella, two large and small blue fans, and six flag spears. On ordinary days two attendants led in front and six followed behind.
34
Among capital officials, first rank matched a viscount and second rank a baron. Third rank received two golden-yellow sticks, one apricot-yellow umbrella, two large and small blue fans, and six flag spears. On ordinary days two attendants led in front and four followed behind. Fourth rank received one apricot-yellow umbrella, two large and small blue fans, and four flag spears. On ordinary days no attendants led in front; only two followed behind. All lower-ranking officials used one plain blue fan. On ordinary days only one attendant followed behind. Imperial clansmen and gioro in office followed their rank in other respects, but fan handles and sticks were lacquered in cinnabar. The above ceremonial guards could be fully deployed outside the capital, but on ordinary days within Beijing flags, umbrellas, and yellow sticks were prohibited. Civil officials of third rank and above might employ two sugarcane sticks. Military officials of third rank and above might employ two palm-bamboo sticks. From first through ninth rank all might carry fans inscribed with their titles in both Manchu and Chinese. Upon entering the Imperial City, fans, sticks, and front attendants were all barred from entry. Civil and military grand ministers entering Jingyun Gate on official business might be accompanied by one attendant.
35
使使
Among provincial civil officials, a governor-general received eight blue flags; two each of flying-tiger flags, apricot-yellow umbrellas, blue fans, military fists, goose-feather sabers, ceremonial swords, golden-yellow sticks, paulownia sticks, and leather spears; four flag spears; and two each of avoidance and silence placards. A governor received eight blue flags; two each of apricot-yellow umbrellas, blue fans, ceremonial swords, golden-yellow sticks, paulownia sticks, and leather spears; two flag spears; and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Grand ministers of second rank and above who came to the capital for audience and entered Jingyun Gate might be accompanied by one attendant. Financial and judicial commissioners received six blue flags; two each of apricot-yellow umbrellas, blue fans, golden-yellow sticks, and leather spears; and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Circuit intendants received four blue flags; one apricot-yellow umbrella and one blue fan; two paulownia sticks and two leather spears; and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Prefects received the same ceremonial guard as circuit intendants. Assistant prefects, department magistrates, and county magistrates received four blue flags, one blue umbrella, one blue fan, two paulownia sticks, two leather spears, and two silence placards. Assistant county magistrates received one blue umbrella and two paulownia sticks. Educational officials received one blue umbrella. Miscellaneous officials received two bamboo boards. Grand coordinators of rivers and grain transport ranked with a governor-general, while educational commissioners, salt commissioners, textile commissioners, and imperial commissioners of third rank and above ranked with a governor. Officials of fourth rank and below ranked with the financial and judicial commissioners.
36
滿 滿 滿 使使 滿
Among military officials, a provincial commander-in-chief received eight blue flags; two each of flying-tiger flags, apricot-yellow umbrellas, blue fans, military fists, goose-feather sabers, ceremonial swords, and punishment staffs; four flag spears; and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Regional commanders received eight blue flags; two each of flying-tiger flags, apricot-yellow umbrellas, blue fans, ceremonial swords, flag spears, and broadswords; and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Brigadier generals received six blue flags, one apricot-yellow umbrella, two blue fans, two golden-yellow sticks, and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Colonels, brigade commanders, and garrison commanders received four blue flags, one apricot-yellow umbrella, one blue fan, two paulownia sticks, and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Fortress commanders received four blue flags, one apricot-yellow umbrella, one blue fan, and two paulownia sticks. Provincial garrison generals ranked with metropolitan banner vice commanders-in-chief. From vice commander-in-chief downward all matched the capital establishment. In the third year of Shunzhi the court fixed the ceremonial retinue of capital officials: a duke received one official fan bearing a square gold appliqué. For officials' ceremonial fans, first rank bore four round gold appliqués, second rank three, and third rank two; fourth rank used gold-sprinkled fans; fifth through seventh ranks used plain black fans; and eighth and ninth ranks used white fans. In the sixth year the court ruled that from duke downward officials of fourth rank and above carried one large and one small gold-sprinkled fan; civil officials employed two sugarcane sticks and military officials two palm-bamboo sticks. In the eighth year a commoner duke and an imperial son-in-law of a Princess of Harmonious Solemnity were allotted two apricot-yellow umbrellas, ten flags, two large and small fans, and four square gold appliqués. A marquis and an imperial son-in-law of a commandery princess received one apricot-yellow umbrella, ten flags, two large and small fans, and three square gold appliqués. An earl received one apricot-yellow umbrella, ten flags, two large and small fans, and one round gold appliqué. A first-rank official received one apricot-yellow umbrella, eight flags, two large and small fans, and four round gold appliqués. A second-rank official received one apricot-yellow umbrella, six flags, two large and small fans, and three round gold appliqués. A third-rank official received one apricot-yellow umbrella, six flags, two large and small fans, and two round gold appliqués. A fourth-rank official received four flags and two large and small gold-sprinkled fans. Officials of fifth rank and below followed the regulations of the third year. Within the capital flags and umbrellas might not be displayed; they were permitted only outside the city. Imperial clansmen and gioro officials lacquered both fan handles and sticks in cinnabar. Upon entering the Imperial City only small fans might be carried. In the ninth year the court ruled that from duke downward and Han civil officials of third rank and above traveled outside the Imperial City in closed sedan chairs carried by four bearers, with ceremonial fans inscribed in both Manchu and Chinese with their titles. In the early Kangxi era a duke and an imperial son-in-law of a Princess of Harmonious Solemnity received ten flags, two apricot-yellow umbrellas, and four golden-yellow sticks. A marquis, earl, and imperial son-in-law of a commandery princess received ten flags, one apricot-yellow umbrella, and four golden-yellow sticks. Banner commanders-in-chief, defenders of the state generals, inner grand ministers, imperial sons-in-law of county princesses, viscounts, Manchu and Han grand secretaries, ministers, and the left censor-in-chief received eight flags, one apricot-yellow umbrella, and two golden-yellow sticks. Bulwark-of-the-state generals, imperial sons-in-law of commandery ladies, commanders of the Guard and Vanguard, vice commanders-in-chief, barons, Manchu and Han vice ministers, academicians, the commandant of the Metropolitan Infantry, and third-rank officials received six flags, one apricot-yellow umbrella, and two golden-yellow sticks. Fourth-rank officials received four flags. Within the capital first-rank officials and above might carry only umbrellas and sticks, and second-rank officials might not use umbrellas at all. In the fourth year the court ruled that in the capital civil officials of third rank and above and senior military ministers without portfolio might be preceded by one horse guide, while all other officials were forbidden the practice. In the seventh year the court abolished umbrellas and sticks for all capital officials; from commoner duke downward all followed the Shunzhi eighth-year regulations, employing saddle-caged spare horses as outriders when traveling outside the capital. In the seventh year of Kangxi the court fixed the ceremonial retinue of provincial officials. A governor-general received two apricot-yellow umbrellas, two golden-yellow sticks, eight flags, two fans, two military fists, two goose-feather sabers, two flying-tiger flags, two ceremonial swords, two paulownia sticks, two spear-sticks, four spears, and two each of avoidance and silence placards. A governor received two apricot-yellow umbrellas, two golden-yellow sticks, eight flags, two fans, two ceremonial swords, two paulownia sticks, two spear-sticks, two spears, and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Financial and judicial commissioners received two apricot-yellow umbrellas, two golden-yellow sticks, six flags, two fans, two spear-sticks, and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Circuit seal-holders, regional commanders, and prefects received one apricot-yellow umbrella, four flags, two paulownia sticks, two spear-sticks, and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Vice prefects, subprefects, department magistrates, and county magistrates received one blue umbrella, one fan, one paulownia stick, one spear-stick, and two avoidance placards. Department assistants, department judges, and county assistants received one blue umbrella and two paulownia sticks. Petty officials and miscellaneous posts were allowed two bamboo boards. Provincial military governors received two apricot-yellow umbrellas, two golden-yellow sticks, eight flags, two fans, two military fists, two goose-quill sabers, two flying-tiger flags, two spears, two beast swords, two punishment staffs, and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Regional commanders received two apricot-yellow umbrellas, two golden-yellow sticks, eight flags, two fans, one great sword, two beast swords, two spears, and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Deputy commanders received two apricot-yellow umbrellas, two golden-yellow sticks, six flags, two fans, and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Brigade generals, mobile detachment commanders, and regional commanders received one apricot-yellow umbrella, four flags, one fan, two paulownia sticks, and two each of avoidance and silence placards. Garrison commanders received one apricot-yellow umbrella, four flags, one fan, and two sticks. In the early Chongde years the court fixed for an imperial son-in-law of an imperial princess of the first rank one cloud-painted red umbrella, two leopard-tail spears, and two red staffs. A supra-rank duke and an imperial son-in-law of a princess of the second rank received one golden-yellow umbrella, two leopard-tail spears, six flags, and ten attendants in the rear. A Han duke and an imperial son-in-law of a commandery princess received one golden-yellow umbrella, one leopard-tail spear, six flags, and eight attendants in the rear. A banner commander, viscount, minister of a ministry, and imperial son-in-law of a county princess received one golden-yellow umbrella, six flags, and six attendants in the rear. An inner grand minister, grand secretary, deputy banner commander, guard-army commander, vanguard commander, vice minister, and imperial son-in-law of a commandery lady received six flags and four attendants in the rear. A first-class guard, bodyguard, company commander, vanguard company commander, imperial son-in-law of a county lady, academician, Manchu qinxinlang, and department director received four flags and four attendants in the rear. A second-class guard, bodyguard, assistant company commander, Han qinxinlang, and vice director received two flags and two attendants in the rear. Third-class guards, bodyguards, guard-army officers, and officials from secretary downward were limited to a single attendant in the rear.
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