Volume 116 Treatises 91: Offices 3

志九十一

Treatise 91.

職官三外官

Offices, Part 3: Local Officials.

順天府奉天府總督巡撫學政布政使按察使鹽運使

Shuntian Prefecture; Fengtian Prefecture; governor-general; governor; provincial education commissioner; provincial treasurer; provincial judge; salt controller.

道府州縣儒學巡檢驛丞庫倉稅課河泊各大使徬官

Circuit intendants; prefectures; departments; counties; Confucian schools; patrol inspectors; post-station assistants; granary and warehouse commissioners; tax-bureau commissioners; river-fisheries commissioners; and sluice officials.

醫學陰陽學僧綱司道紀司

Medical schools; yin-yang schools; the Buddhist registry; and the Taoist registry.

順天府兼管府尹事大臣，漢大學士、尚書、侍郎內特簡。尹，正三品。丞，正四品。俱各一人。其屬：治中，正五品。通判，正六品。經歷司經歷，從七品。照磨所照磨，司獄司司獄，並從九品。俱各一人，並漢員。儒學教授，正七品。訓導，從八品。滿、漢各一人。所轄四路□，正五品。二十州、縣，正七品。各一人。在京者大興、宛平二縣知縣各一人，正六品。縣丞正七品。四人，大興一人，宛平三人。巡檢從九品。七人，大興三人，宛平四人。典史，閘官，崇文門副使，俱未入流。副使後隸監督。各一人。

For Shuntian Prefecture, one grand minister who concurrently managed the intendant's duties was specially appointed from among Han grand secretaries, ministers, and vice ministers. The intendant held rank 3a. The vice intendant held rank 4a. There was one of each. Among the subordinates was the administrative vice-prefect, at rank 5a. The sub-prefect held rank 6a. The secretariat secretary held rank 7b. The registry registrar and the prison warden both held rank 9b. There was one of each, and all were Han appointees. The Confucian school director held rank 7a. The instructor held rank 8b. There was one Manchu and one Han appointee. Under its jurisdiction were four circuit sub-prefects (tongzhi), at rank 5a. Twenty departments and counties, at rank 7a. Each had one official. Within the capital, Daxing and Wanping each had one county magistrate, at rank 6a. The county vice magistrate held rank 7a. There were four in all—one for Daxing and three for Wanping. The patrol inspector held rank 9b. There were seven in all—three for Daxing and four for Wanping. The county clerk, the sluice official, and the Chongwen Gate deputy commissioner were all unranked posts. The deputy commissioner was later placed under a supervising commissioner. There was one of each.

尹掌清肅邦畿，布治四路，帥京縣頒政令條教。歲立春，迎春東郊。天子耕耤，具耒耜絲鞭，奉青箱播種，禮畢，率庶人終畝。田賦出納，以時勾稽，上其要於戶部。治鄉飲典禮。鄉試充監臨官。丞掌學校政令，鄉試充提調官。治中掌貳府事，紀綱眾務，兼鄉會試場務。通判掌主牙稅，平禁爭偽。經歷、照磨掌出納文書。司獄掌罪囚籍錄。儒學掌京畿黌序，文武生月課其藝射，不帥教者戒飭之，三歲報優劣於學政。大興、宛平二縣各掌其縣之政令，與五城兵馬司分壤而治，品秩服章視外縣加一等。

The intendant kept order in the capital region, extended administration through the four circuits, and directed the capital counties in promulgating policies and regulations. At the start of spring each year, he led the rite of welcoming spring at the eastern suburb. When the emperor performed the plowing rite in the sacred field, he prepared the plow and silken whip, carried the green seed box to sow, and after the ceremony led the common people to finish tilling the plot. He audited land-tax receipts and payments on schedule and forwarded summaries to the Board of Revenue. He presided over the ceremonial village drinking rite. At the provincial examinations he served as supervising commissioner. The vice intendant oversaw school regulations and, at the provincial examinations, served as organizing commissioner. The administrative vice-prefect handled secondary prefectural business, kept discipline over routine affairs, and also managed examination venues for the provincial and metropolitan tests. The sub-prefect oversaw brokerage taxes and worked to stabilize markets, enforce prohibitions, and settle disputes over fraud and counterfeiting. The secretariat secretary and the registry registrar handled the flow of official documents. The prison warden kept the registers of convicts and detainees. The Confucian school oversaw academies in the capital region, held monthly examinations of civil and military students in the classics and archery, admonished delinquents, and every three years reported their standing to the provincial education commissioner. Daxing and Wanping each administered its own county affairs, sharing jurisdiction with the Five Wards military and police office by divided territory; their officials' ranks, insignia, and regalia were one grade higher than in ordinary counties.

初，世祖奠鼎燕京，建順天府，置尹一人，丞一人，兼提督學政銜。乾隆五十八年停。別置學政。丞止申送童生。治中三人，通判三人，順治六年留管糧一人。省馬政、軍匠各一人。經歷、照磨、司獄，各一人，推官、知事、並從六品，檢校、從九品。以上三員俱康熙六年省。遞運所大使、康熙三十八年省。庫大使、康熙三十九年省。張家灣宣課司大使，康熙四十年省。以上三員俱未入流。各一人。儒學漢教授一人，訓導六人。順治二年省四人。康熙四年俱省，五年復置一人。京衛武學漢教授一人，訓導二人。順治二年省。康熙十五年復置一人。轄大興、宛平二縣，知縣各一人，縣丞各一人，雍正四年增宛平管河一人。嘉慶十三年復增宛平管河一人。巡檢七人，主簿、順治三年省。典史、閘官，詳內務府。各一人。順治六年，省治中二人。康熙十五年，始以昌平等十九州、縣來隸。二十七年，置東、西、南、北四路同知。雍正元年，特簡大臣領府事，號兼尹。三年，改京衛武學為府武學。明年，省武學教授、訓導官；增府儒學教授、訓導，滿洲各一人。乾隆八年，定為二十四州、縣隸府。嘉慶十八年，定所屬官吏歸尹考察。光緒元年，省治中。別設驛巡道。宣統二年，罷兼尹。

At the outset, after the Shizu Emperor established the capital at Yanjing, Shuntian Prefecture was created with one intendant and one vice intendant, each also holding the title of provincial education commissioner. This arrangement was discontinued in the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong. A separate provincial education commissioner was then appointed. The vice intendant's examination duties were limited to forwarding child-candidate records. There were three administrative vice-prefects and three sub-prefects; in the sixth year of Shunzhi one sub-prefect was retained specifically for grain administration. The posts of horse-administration commissioner and military artisan commissioner, one of each, were abolished. There was one each of secretary, registrar, and prison warden; investigating official and clerk both held rank 6b; the inspector held rank 9b. All three of the above posts were abolished in the sixth year of Kangxi. The relay transport commissioner was abolished in the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi. The granary commissioner was abolished in the thirty-ninth year of Kangxi. The Zhangjiawan tax-announcement commissioner was abolished in the fortieth year of Kangxi. All three of the above were unranked posts. There was one of each. In the Confucian school there was one Han director and six instructors. Four instructors were abolished in the second year of Shunzhi. All were abolished in the fourth year of Kangxi, but one was restored in the fifth year. At the Capital Guard martial school there was one Han director and two instructors. This school was abolished in the second year of Shunzhi. One instructor was restored in the fifteenth year of Kangxi. It had jurisdiction over Daxing and Wanping, each with one magistrate and one vice magistrate; in the fourth year of Yongzheng an additional Wanping vice magistrate for river management was added. In the thirteenth year of Jiaqing another Wanping river-management post was added. There were seven patrol inspectors; the chief clerk was abolished in the third year of Shunzhi. For the county clerk and sluice official, see the Board of Household Affairs. There was one of each. In the sixth year of Shunzhi two administrative vice-prefects were abolished. In the fifteenth year of Kangxi, Changping and eighteen other departments and counties were first placed under its jurisdiction. In the twenty-seventh year, sub-prefects for the eastern, western, southern, and northern circuits were established. In the first year of Yongzheng a minister was specially appointed to head the prefecture, styled the Concurrent Intendant. In the third year the Capital Guard martial school was reorganized as the prefectural martial school. The next year the director and instructors at the martial school were abolished; and Manchu director and instructor posts were added to the prefectural Confucian school, one of each. In the eighth year of Qianlong the prefecture's jurisdiction was fixed at twenty-four departments and counties. In the eighteenth year of Jiaqing it was decreed that all subordinate officials would be evaluated by the intendant. In the first year of Guangxu the administrative vice-prefect was abolished. A separate postal and patrol circuit intendant was established. In the second year of Xuantong the Concurrent Intendant post was abolished.

奉天府兼管府事大臣一人。盛京五部侍郎內特簡，後歸將軍兼管。尹，滿洲一人；丞，漢一人。其屬：治中，圍場通判，庫大使，經歷，司獄，巡檢兼司獄，府學教授，各一人。所轄海防同知，軍糧同知，各一人。承德縣知縣，典史，各一人。

Fengtian Prefecture had one grand minister who concurrently oversaw the intendant's duties. He was specially chosen from among the vice ministers of the Five Boards at Mukden; later the duty passed to the general as a concurrent assignment. The intendant was a Manchu appointee; the vice intendant was a Han appointee. Among the subordinates were an administrative vice-prefect, a hunting-preserve sub-prefect, a granary commissioner, a secretariat secretary, a prison warden, a patrol inspector who also served as prison warden, and a prefectural school director—one of each. Under its jurisdiction were a coastal-defense sub-prefect and a military-grain sub-prefect, one of each. Chengde County had one magistrate and one county clerk.

尹掌留都治化與其禁令，小事決之，大事以聞。丞掌主學校，兼稽宗室、覺羅官學、義學。治中以次各官所掌視順天府。

The intendant governed the secondary capital, enforcing its policies and edicts; he decided minor cases himself and reported major ones upward. The vice intendant oversaw the schools and also supervised the official schools for imperial clansmen and Aisin Gioro, as well as charity schools. The administrative vice-prefect and the officials beneath him had duties corresponding to those at Shuntian Prefecture.

初建盛京，順治十年，設遼陽府。十四年，更名奉天府，置尹一人，經歷、教授、訓導，康熙三年省。各一人。康熙二年，置丞一人；治中、通判、推官，六年省。各一人。設承德縣附郭，置知縣、典史，各一人。巨流河巡檢一人。乾隆四十二年省。七年，增府司獄一人。二十八年，定府丞主奉天考試事。乾隆二十七年，詔府尹受將軍節度。明年，增興京理事□通判一人。光緒二年省。三十年，始以侍郎為兼尹，著為令。光緒二年，省治中，別設驛巡道。改命將軍兼管；加兼尹總督銜，府尹二品銜，以兵部侍郎、右副都御史行巡撫事。三十一年，改行省，罷尹丞，置知府。宣統元年，省教佐各官。越明年，省承德縣。

When Mukden was first established, Liaoyang Prefecture was set up in the tenth year of Shunzhi. In the fourteenth year it was renamed Fengtian Prefecture and given one intendant; the secretary, school director, and instructors were abolished in the third year of Kangxi. There had been one of each. In the second year of Kangxi one vice intendant was appointed; the administrative vice-prefect, sub-prefect, and investigating official were abolished in the sixth year. There had been one of each. Chengde County was established as the prefectural seat, with one magistrate and one county clerk. There was one patrol inspector at Juliu River. This post was abolished in the forty-second year of Qianlong. In the seventh year one prefectural prison warden was added. In the twenty-eighth year it was decreed that the vice intendant would oversee Fengtian examinations. In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong an edict placed the prefectural intendant under the general's command. The next year one sub-prefect for Xingjing affairs (tongzhi) was added. It was abolished in the second year of Guangxu. In the thirtieth year vice ministers were first appointed as concurrent intendants, and this was established as permanent rule. In the second year of Guangxu the administrative vice-prefect was abolished and a separate post-station patrol circuit was created. The post was reassigned so that a general would manage it concurrently; He received the titles of governor-general as concurrent intendant and rank-2 prefectural intendant, and performed the duties of governor as vice minister of war and right assistant censor-in-chief of the Censorate. In the thirty-first year the system was changed to a provincial structure: the intendant and vice intendant were abolished and a prefect was appointed. In the first year of Xuantong all teaching-assistant posts were abolished. The next year Chengde County was abolished.

總督從一品。掌釐治軍民，綜制文武，察舉官吏，修飭封疆。標下有副將、參將等官。巡撫從二品。掌宣佈德意，撫安齊民，修明政刑，興革利弊，考覈群吏，會總督以詔廢置。標下有參將、游擊等官。其三年大比充監臨官，武科充主試官，督、撫同。

The governor-general held rank 1b. He oversaw the administration of military and civilian affairs, coordinated civil and military officials, inspected and recommended subordinates, and maintained the integrity of his jurisdiction. Under his command banner were vice generals, brigade commanders, and other officers. The governor held rank 2b. He proclaimed the court's benevolent policies, settled and reassured the populace, improved governance and criminal justice, reformed harmful practices, evaluated all subordinate officials, and, in consultation with the governor-general, made appointments and dismissals by imperial edict. Under his command banner were brigade commanders, regiment commanders, and other officers. At the triennial civil examinations they served as supervising examiners, and at military examinations as chief examiners; governor-general and governor alike.

初沿明制，督、撫系右都御史、右副都御史、右僉都御史銜，無定員。順治十年，諭會推督、撫，不拘品秩，擇賢能者具題。康熙元年，停巡撫提督軍務加工部銜。不置總督省分，兼轄副將以下等官。十二年復故，並設撫標左、右二營。三十一年，定總督加銜制。由各部左、右侍郎授者，改兵部左、右侍郎；由巡撫授者，升兵部右侍郎兼都察院右副都御史。乾隆十三年，定大學士兼管總督者仍帶原銜。明年，改授右都御史銜，其兵部尚書銜由吏部疏請定奪。嘉慶十四年，定以二品頂戴授者兼兵部侍郎銜，俟升品秩再加尚書銜。光緒三十二年，更名陸軍部尚書銜。宣統二年停。七年，定山陝督、撫專用滿員。雍正元年，定巡撫加銜制。由侍郎授者，改兵部右侍郎兼右副都御史銜；由學士、副都御史及卿員、布政使等官授者，俱為右副都御史；由左僉都御史或四品京堂、按察使等官授者，俱為右僉都御史。乾隆十四年，定巡撫不由侍郎授者，俱兼右副都御史；其兵部侍郎銜，疏請如總督。光緒三十二年，更名陸軍部侍郎銜。宣統二年停。時西安有同署巡撫者，山東、山西並有協辦巡撫之目，非制也。是歲，諭山陝督、撫參用蒙古、漢軍、漢人，纂為令甲。乾隆十八年，以漕運、河道總督無地方責，授銜視巡撫。嘉慶十二年，定由尚書授者，應否兼兵部尚書銜，疏請如總督。光緒二十四年，加總理各國事務衙門大臣銜，尋罷。三十二年，定辟除掾屬、分曹治事制。條為十科：曰交涉、曰吏、曰民、曰度支、曰禮、曰學、曰軍政、曰法、曰農工商、曰郵傳，各置參事、秘書，是為幕職。宣統二年，充會辦鹽政大臣兼職，尋亦罷。

At first following Ming practice, governor-generals and governors held the nominal titles of right censor-in-chief, right assistant censor-in-chief, or right vice censor-in-chief, without a fixed number of posts. In the tenth year of Shunzhi an edict ordered that governor-generals and governors be jointly recommended without regard to rank, and that the most able candidates be memorialized for appointment. In the first year of Kangxi the practice of granting governors the added title of minister of works when they supervised military affairs was discontinued. In provinces where no governor-general was appointed, the governor concurrently commanded vice generals and all lower military officers. In the twelfth year the former arrangement was restored and two battalions—the left and right of the governor's command—were established. In the thirty-first year the system of added titles for governor-generals was defined. Appointees drawn from vice ministers of the various ministries were given the titles of left or right vice minister of war; Appointees promoted from the governorship received the titles of right vice minister of war and right assistant censor-in-chief of the Censorate. In the thirteenth year of Qianlong it was decreed that grand secretaries who concurrently managed a governor-generalship retained their original nominal titles. The next year appointees were given the right censor-in-chief title instead, while the minister-of-war title was decided on petition from the Ministry of Personnel. In the fourteenth year of Jiaqing it was ruled that appointees of rank-2 cap rank concurrently held the vice-minister-of-war title, and received the minister title only upon subsequent promotion in rank. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu the title was renamed minister of the army. It was abolished in the second year of Xuantong. In the seventh year it was decreed that the Shanxi-Shaanxi governor-general and governor would be Manchus only. In the first year of Yongzheng the system of added titles for governors was defined. Appointees drawn from vice ministers received the titles of right vice minister of war and right assistant censor-in-chief; Appointees from among academicians, assistant censors-in-chief, ministry directors, provincial treasurers, and the like all received the title of right assistant censor-in-chief; Appointees from among left vice censors-in-chief, rank-4 capital officials, provincial judges, and the like all received the title of right vice censor-in-chief. In the fourteenth year of Qianlong it was ruled that governors not promoted from vice-ministerships all concurrently held the title of right assistant censor-in-chief; The vice-minister-of-war title was granted by memorial petition in the same manner as for governor-generals. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu the title was renamed vice minister of the army. It was abolished in the second year of Xuantong. At that time Xi'an had a co-resident governor, and Shandong and Shanxi also had titles of assistant governor—all irregular arrangements outside the formal system. That same year an edict ordered that Mongols, Han Bannermen, and Han Chinese all be eligible for the Shanxi-Shaanxi governor-generalship and governorship, and this was codified in regulations. In the eighteenth year of Qianlong, because the grain-transport and river-conservancy governor-generals bore no local territorial responsibility, they were given nominal titles on the same pattern as governors. In the twelfth year of Jiaqing it was ruled that for appointees promoted from ministerial rank, whether they should also hold the minister-of-war title would be decided by memorial petition in the same manner as for governor-generals. In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu the title of grand minister of the Zongli Yamen was added, but it was soon removed. In the thirty-second year a system was established for recruiting staff and dividing administrative work among bureaus. The staff was organized into ten sections: foreign affairs, personnel, populace, revenue, rites, education, military affairs, law, agriculture and commerce, and postal communications; each section had counsellors and secretaries—these were the governor's private staff. In the second year of Xuantong governors also served concurrently as assistant commissioners of salt administration, but this too was soon abolished.

初，河南、山東、山西等省專置巡撫，無統轄營伍權，以提督為兼銜。直隸、四川、甘肅等省專置總督，吏治歸其考覈，以巡撫為兼銜。而巡撫例受總督節度，浸至同城巡撫僅守虛名。即分省者，軍政民事亦聽總督主裁。文宗蒞政，命浙江、安徽、江西、陝西、湖南、廣西、貴州各巡撫節制鎮、協武職；總督兼轄省分，由巡撫署考會題，校閱防剿，定為專責，職權漸崇。光緒季年，裁同城巡撫，其分省者，權幾與總督埒，所謂兼轄，奉行文書已耳。宣統間，軍政、鹽政厚集中央，督、撫權削矣。

At first Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, and certain other provinces had governors alone, without authority over troops; the provincial military commander served only as a nominal concurrent title. Zhili, Sichuan, Gansu, and certain other provinces had governor-generals alone, who evaluated civil administration; the governorship existed only as a nominal concurrent title. Governors were in practice subordinate to governor-generals, and in time co-resident governors in the same city retained little more than empty titles. Even in provinces where they served alone, military and civilian matters were ultimately decided by the governor-general. When Emperor Wenzong took the throne he ordered the governors of Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Hunan, Guangxi, and Guizhou to command garrison and coordinated military officers; In provinces under joint governor-general administration, the governor took charge of examination memorials, proofreading, and defense operations as a defined specialty, and his authority gradually increased. In the late Guangxu period co-resident governors were abolished; in provinces where governors served alone their power was nearly equal to that of governor-generals, and the nominal "concurrent administration" amounted to little more than forwarding documents. During the Xuantong era military and salt administration were largely centralized, and the powers of governor-generals and governors were correspondingly curtailed.

總督東三省等處地方兼管三省將軍、奉天巡撫事一人。康熙元年置將軍。詳武職。光緒二年，兼管兵、刑二部及府尹，以兵部尚書、都察院右都御史銜行總督事。三十二年，建行省，改將軍曰總督，授為欽差大臣，隨時分駐三省行台。宣統二年，兼奉天巡撫事。初建行省，置巡撫一人，至是省。

One governor-general for the Three Eastern Provinces and environs, who concurrently managed the generals of the three provinces and the affairs of the Fengtian governor. A general was appointed in the first year of Kangxi. See the section on military offices. In the second year of Guangxu he concurrently oversaw the war and justice ministries and the prefectural intendant, and performed governor-general duties with the titles of minister of war and right censor-in-chief of the Censorate. In the thirty-second year provincial administration was established, the general's title was changed to governor-general, and the appointee was made an imperial commissioner who could rotate among field offices in the three provinces. In the second year of Xuantong he also took charge of the Fengtian governorship. When the provincial system was first established one governor had been appointed; by this point that post was abolished.

總督直隸等處地方提督軍務、糧饟、管理河道兼巡撫事一人。順治五年，置直隸山東河南三省總督，駐大名。十五年，改為直隸巡撫。十七年，徙真定。明年，復置總督於大名。康熙三年，仍為三省總督。八年省，移巡撫還駐保定。五十四年，加巡撫以總督銜，不為例。雍正元年，詔嘉李維鈞勤慎，特授總督，自是為永制。四年，以禮部右侍郎協理總督，不為常目。乾隆十四年，令兼河道。二十八年，詔依四川例，兼管巡撫事。咸豐三年，兼管長蘆鹽政。同治九年，加三口通商事務，授為北洋通商大臣，駐天津。冬令封河，還駐保定。初置有宣大總督，順天、保定、宣府三巡撫。順治八年省宣府巡撫，以宣大總督兼其事。十三年省宣大總督，令順天巡撫兼之。十八年省順天巡撫，歸保定巡撫兼管。後亦省。

One governor-general for Zhili and environs, supervising military affairs, grain pay, and river conservancy, who also held the governorship. In the fifth year of Shunzhi a governor-general for Zhili, Shandong, and Henan was appointed, stationed at Daming. In the fifteenth year the post was changed to governor of Zhili. In the seventeenth year the seat was moved to Zhending. The next year a governor-general was reinstated at Daming. In the third year of Kangxi it again became a three-province governor-generalship. In the eighth year the post was abolished and the governor returned to Baoding. In the fifty-fourth year the governor was given the governor-general title, but this was not made a precedent. In the first year of Yongzheng an edict praised Li Weijun's diligence and discretion and specially appointed him governor-general; thereafter this became the permanent arrangement. In the fourth year a right vice minister of rites assisted in managing the governor-generalship, but this was not a permanent position. In the fourteenth year of Qianlong he was ordered also to take charge of river conservancy. In the twenty-eighth year an edict ordered that he also manage gubernatorial affairs, following the Sichuan precedent. In the third year of Xianfeng he also took charge of Changlu salt administration. In the ninth year of Tongzhi three-port commercial affairs were added and the appointee was made Beiyang trade commissioner, stationed at Tianjin. When the river froze in winter he returned to Baoding. At first there was a Xuan-Da governor-general and governors for Shuntian, Baoding, and Xuanfu. In the eighth year of Shunzhi the Xuanfu governorship was abolished and its duties merged into the Xuan-Da governor-generalship. In the thirteenth year the Xuan-Da governor-general was abolished and the Shuntian governor took over his duties. In the eighteenth year the Shuntian governorship was abolished and its duties devolved to the Baoding governor. Later it too was abolished.

總督兩江等處地方提督軍務、糧饟、操江、統轄南河事務一人。順治二年，以內閣大學士洪承疇總督軍務，招撫江南各省。尋改應天府為江寧，罷南直隸省府尹。四年，置江南江西河南三省總督，駐江寧。九年，徙南昌，時號江西總督；已，復駐江寧。十八年，江南、江西分置總督。康熙元年，加江南總督操江事務。初置鳳廬巡撫，駐淮安，以操江管巡撫事領之。六年省歸漕督。至是始來隸。四年，復並為一。十三年，復分置。二十一年仍合。尋定名兩江總督。雍正元年，以綜治江蘇、安徽、江西三省，加兵部尚書兼都察院右都御史銜。道光十一年，兼兩淮鹽政。同治五年，加五口通商事務，授為南洋通商大臣，與北洋遙峙焉。

One governor-general for the Two Jiangs and environs, supervising military affairs, grain pay, and river defense, and overseeing Southern River affairs. In the second year of Shunzhi Grand Secretary Hong Chengchou was appointed to supervise military affairs and pacify the Jiangnan provinces. Soon Yingtian Prefecture was renamed Jiangning and the South Zhili provincial intendant was abolished. In the fourth year a governor-general for Jiangnan, Jiangxi, and Henan was appointed, stationed at Jiangning. In the ninth year the seat moved to Nanchang, and the post was at that time called governor-general of Jiangxi; Later it returned to Jiangning. In the eighteenth year separate governor-generals were appointed for Jiangnan and Jiangxi. In the first year of Kangxi river-defense duties were added to the Jiangnan governor-generalship. A Feng-Lu governor was first appointed at Huai'an, subordinate to the river-defense command. In the sixth year it was abolished and its duties reverted to the grain-transport governor. Only at this point did it come under this command structure. In the fourth year the two posts were merged again. In the thirteenth year they were separated again. In the twenty-first year they were combined once more. Soon the title was fixed as governor-general of the Two Jiangs. In the first year of Yongzheng, because the post governed Jiangsu, Anhui, and Jiangxi, the appointee received the titles of minister of war and right censor-in-chief of the Censorate. In the eleventh year of Daoguang he also took charge of Two Huai salt administration. In the fifth year of Tongzhi five-port commercial affairs were added and the appointee was made Nanyang trade commissioner, balancing the Beiyang commissioner at a distance.

總督陝甘等處地方提督軍務、糧饟、管理茶馬兼巡撫事一人。順治元年，置陝西總督，駐固原，兼轄四川。十四年，徙漢中。康熙三年，更名山陝總督，兼轄山西，還駐西安。十四年，改為陝甘總督。時山西別置總督。十九年，仍改陝甘為山陝，省山西總督入之。轄四川如故。雍正元年，以綜治陝西、甘肅、四川三省，加兵部尚書兼都察院右都御史銜。三年，授兵部尚書岳鍾琪為總督。先是定為滿缺，參用漢人自此始。九年，諭仍專轄陝、甘。十四年，復轄四川，更名川陝甘總督。乾隆十三年，西陲用兵，仍置陝西總督。十九年，省甘肅巡撫，移陝甘總督駐蘭州，兼甘肅巡撫事。二十四年，別置甘肅總督，兼轄陝西，駐肅州；移川陝總督駐四川。尋復定名陝甘總督，還駐蘭州，仍兼巡撫事。光緒八年，新疆建行省，復兼轄之。

One governor-general for Shaanxi-Gansu and environs, supervising military affairs and grain pay, managing the tea-horse trade, who also held the governorship. In the first year of Shunzhi a governor-general of Shaanxi was appointed at Guyuan, with concurrent jurisdiction over Sichuan. In the fourteenth year the seat was moved to Hanzhong. In the third year of Kangxi the post was renamed governor-general of Shanxi-Shaanxi, given concurrent jurisdiction over Shanxi, and returned to Xi'an. In the fourteenth year it was renamed governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu. At that time a separate governor-general was appointed for Shanxi. In the nineteenth year Shaanxi-Gansu was again renamed Shanxi-Shaanxi, the Shanxi governor-general was abolished, and its jurisdiction was merged in. Jurisdiction over Sichuan remained unchanged. In the first year of Yongzheng, because the post governed Shaanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan, the appointee received the titles of minister of war and right censor-in-chief of the Censorate. In the third year Yue Zhongqi, minister of war, was appointed governor-general. The post had been reserved for Manchus; this was the first appointment of a Han Chinese. In the ninth year an edict limited the jurisdiction to Shaanxi and Gansu alone. In the fourteenth year Sichuan was again placed under its jurisdiction and the title was changed to governor-general of Sichuan-Shaanxi-Gansu. In the thirteenth year of Qianlong, with military operations on the western frontier, a separate governor-general of Shaanxi was again appointed. In the nineteenth year the Gansu governorship was abolished, the Shaanxi-Gansu governor-general moved to Lanzhou, and he also took charge of Gansu gubernatorial affairs. In the twenty-fourth year a separate governor-general of Gansu was appointed with concurrent jurisdiction over Shaanxi, stationed at Suzhou; The Sichuan-Shaanxi governor-general was moved to Sichuan. Soon the title was restored to governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu, the seat returned to Lanzhou, and the governorship was still held concurrently. In the eighth year of Guangxu, when Xinjiang was made a province, it was again placed under this governor-general's jurisdiction.

總督閩浙等處地方提督軍務、糧饟兼巡撫事一人。順治二年，置福建總督，駐福州，兼轄浙江。五年，更名浙閩總督，徙衢州，兼轄福建。十五年，兩省分置總督，福建總督駐漳州，浙江總督駐溫州。康熙十一年，移福建總督駐福州。明年，省浙江總督。二十六年，改福建總督為福建浙江總督。雍正五年，特授李衛總督浙江，整飭軍政吏治，並兼巡撫事；郝玉麟以浙閩總督專轄福建。十二年，復省浙江總督，仍合為一。乾隆元年，詔依李衛例，特授嵇曾筠為浙江總督，郝玉麟仍專轄福建。三年，嵇曾筠入閣，郝玉麟仍總督閩、浙如故。閩、浙或分或合，至是始為永制。光緒十一年，省福建巡撫，並兼巡撫事。

One governor-general for Fujian-Zhejiang and environs, supervising military affairs and grain pay, who also held the governorship. In the second year of Shunzhi a governor-general of Fujian was appointed at Fuzhou with concurrent jurisdiction over Zhejiang. In the fifth year the title was changed to governor-general of Zhejiang-Fujian, the seat moved to Quzhou, and Fujian was placed under concurrent jurisdiction. In the fifteenth year separate governor-generals were appointed for each province: Fujian at Zhangzhou and Zhejiang at Wenzhou. In the eleventh year of Kangxi the Fujian governor-general returned to Fuzhou. The next year the Zhejiang governor-general was abolished. In the twenty-sixth year the post was renamed governor-general of Fujian-Zhejiang. In the fifth year of Yongzheng Li Wei was specially appointed governor-general of Zhejiang to reform military and civil administration, and also held the governorship; Hao Yulin, as governor-general of Zhejiang-Fujian, had exclusive jurisdiction over Fujian. In the twelfth year the Zhejiang governor-general was again abolished and the two posts were reunited. In the first year of Qianlong an edict, following Li Wei's precedent, specially appointed Ji Zengyun governor-general of Zhejiang while Hao Yulin retained exclusive jurisdiction over Fujian. In the third year Ji Zengyun entered the Grand Secretariat and Hao Yulin again governed both Fujian and Zhejiang as before. Fujian and Zhejiang had been divided and reunited several times; by this point the combined arrangement became permanent. In the eleventh year of Guangxu the Fujian governorship was abolished and its duties were held concurrently by the governor-general.

總督湖北湖南等處地方提督軍務、糧饟兼巡撫事一人。順治元年，置湖廣總督，駐武昌。康熙七年省，九年復置。十九年，改川湖總督復為湖廣總督，還駐武昌。二十六年，更名湖北湖南總督。光緒三十年，兼湖北巡撫事。

One governor-general for Hubei-Hunan and environs, supervising military affairs and grain pay, who also held the governorship. In the first year of Shunzhi the Huguang governor-general was appointed, stationed at Wuchang. It was abolished in the seventh year of Kangxi and restored in the ninth. In the nineteenth year the Sichuan-Huguang governor-general was renamed Huguang governor-general and returned to Wuchang. In the twenty-sixth year the title was changed to governor-general of Hubei-Hunan. In the thirtieth year of Guangxu he also took charge of Hubei gubernatorial affairs.

總督四川等處地方提督軍務、糧饟兼巡撫事一人。順治元年，置四川巡撫，駐成都，不置總督。十年，以川省兵馬錢糧皆從陝西調發，詔陝西總督孟喬芳兼督四川。十四年，停陝督兼轄，專置四川總督，駐重慶。康熙七年，更名川湖總督，徙荊州。九年，還駐重慶。十三年，四川省會別置總督一人。十九年，省隸陝甘總督，其川湖總督省歸湖廣總督兼理。雍正九年復置，駐成都。十三年又省。乾隆十三年，以金川用兵，始定為專缺，兼管巡撫事。二十四年，兼轄陝西，尋停兼轄。宣統元年，以將軍所轄松潘、建昌二鎮，阜和協所屬各營，建昌、松茂二道府、□、州、縣、改隸之。

One governor-general for Sichuan and environs, supervising military affairs and grain pay, who also held the governorship. In the first year of Shunzhi a governor of Sichuan was appointed at Chengdu; no governor-general was established. In the tenth year, because Sichuan's troops, horses, grain, and funds were all supplied from Shaanxi, an edict placed Sichuan under the concurrent supervision of Shaanxi governor-general Meng Qiaofang. In the fourteenth year Shaanxi's concurrent jurisdiction was ended, a separate governor-general of Sichuan was appointed, and the seat was placed at Chongqing. In the seventh year of Kangxi the post was renamed Sichuan-Huguang governor-general and moved to Jingzhou. In the ninth year the seat returned to Chongqing. In the thirteenth year a separate governor-general was appointed for the Sichuan provincial capital. In the nineteenth year it was abolished and subordinated to the Shaanxi-Gansu governor-general; the Sichuan-Huguang governor-general was abolished and his duties reverted to the Huguang governor-general. It was restored in the ninth year of Yongzheng and stationed at Chengdu. In the thirteenth year it was again abolished. In the thirteenth year of Qianlong, with military operations at Jinchuan, the post was first made a separate permanent appointment with concurrent gubernatorial duties. In the twenty-fourth year Shaanxi was placed under concurrent jurisdiction, but this was soon discontinued. In the first year of Xuantong the Songpan and Jianchang garrisons under the general, the battalions subordinate to the Fuhe coordinated command, and the prefectures, subprefectures, departments, and counties under the Jianchang and Songmao circuits were all transferred to its jurisdiction.

總督兩廣等處地方提督軍務、糧饟兼巡撫事一人。順治元年，置廣東總督，駐廣州，兼轄廣西。十二年，徙梧州。康熙二年，別置廣西總督，移廣東總督駐廉州。三年，復並為一，駐肇慶。雍正元年，復分置。明年仍合。七年，以苗患，令雲貴總督兼轄廣西。十二年，仍隸廣東。光緒三十一年，兼廣東巡撫事。

One governor-general for the Two Guangs and environs, supervising military affairs and grain pay, who also held the governorship. In the first year of Shunzhi a governor-general of Guangdong was appointed at Guangzhou with concurrent jurisdiction over Guangxi. In the twelfth year the seat moved to Wuzhou. In the second year of Kangxi a separate governor-general of Guangxi was appointed and the Guangdong governor-general moved to Lianzhou. In the third year the two posts were reunited, stationed at Zhaoqing. In the first year of Yongzheng they were separated again. The next year they were reunited. In the seventh year, because of Miao unrest, the Yunnan-Guizhou governor-general was ordered to take concurrent jurisdiction over Guangxi. In the twelfth year Guangxi was again subordinated to Guangdong. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu he also took charge of Guangdong gubernatorial affairs.

總督雲貴等處地方提督軍務、糧饟兼巡撫事一人。順治十六年，置經略，尋改總督，兩省互駐。康熙元年，分置雲南總督，駐曲靖；貴州總督，駐安順。三年，復並為一，徙貴陽。十二年，仍分置，尋復故。二十六年，徙雲南府。雍正十年，上嘉鄂爾泰才，以雲貴總督兼制廣西，給三省總督印。十二年，仍轄兩省，以經略苗疆，授張廣泗為貴州總督兼巡撫事，尹繼善為雲南總督，專轄雲南。十二年復故。光緒三十一年，兼雲南巡撫事。

One governor-general for Yunnan-Guizhou and environs, supervising military affairs and grain pay, who also held the governorship. In the sixteenth year of Shunzhi a frontier commissioner was appointed, soon renamed governor-general, rotating between the two provinces. In the first year of Kangxi a separate governor-general of Yunnan was appointed at Qujing; a governor-general of Guizhou at Anshun. In the third year the two posts were reunited and moved to Guiyang. In the twelfth year they were separated again, but soon reunited as before. In the twenty-sixth year the seat moved to Yunnan Prefecture. In the tenth year of Yongzheng the emperor praised Ortai's ability, gave the Yunnan-Guizhou governor-general concurrent control over Guangxi, and granted him the seal of a three-province governor-general. In the twelfth year he still governed two provinces; to pacify the Miao frontier Zhang Guangsi was appointed governor-general of Guizhou with concurrent gubernatorial duties and Yin Jishan governor-general of Yunnan with exclusive jurisdiction over Yunnan. In the twelfth year the former arrangement was restored. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu he also took charge of Yunnan gubernatorial affairs.

總督漕運一人。掌治漕輓，以時稽覈催趲，綜其政令。標下官同總督。順治元年，遣御史巡漕，尋置總督，駐淮安。四年，以滿洲侍郎一人襄治漕務。八年省。十三年復置，十八年又省。六年，兼鳳廬巡撫事。十六年，停兼職。康熙二十一年，定糧艘過淮，總漕隨運述職。咸豐十年，令節制江北鎮、道各官。光緒三十年，以淮、徐盜警，改置巡撫。明年省。

One governor-general of grain transport. He oversaw grain transport and corvée labor, conducted timely inspections and urged progress, and coordinated all related policies. Subordinate officers followed the same pattern as under a governor-general. In the first year of Shunzhi a censor was dispatched to inspect grain transport; soon a governor-general was appointed, stationed at Huai'an. In the fourth year one Manchu vice minister was assigned to assist in grain transport affairs. In the eighth year the post was abolished. It was restored in the thirteenth year and abolished again in the eighteenth. In the sixth year he also took charge of Feng-Lu gubernatorial affairs. In the sixteenth year the concurrent appointment was discontinued. In the twenty-first year of Kangxi it was decreed that when the grain fleet passed the Huai River the grain-transport governor-general would accompany it to the capital to report on his duties. In the tenth year of Xianfeng he was ordered to command garrison and circuit officials north of the Yangzi. In the thirtieth year of Guangxu, because of bandit unrest in Huai and Xu regions, the post was changed to a governorship. The next year it was abolished.

河道總督，江南一人，山東河南一人。直隸河道以總督兼理。掌治河渠，以時疏濬堤防，綜其政令。營制視漕督。順治元年，置總河，駐濟寧。康熙十六年，移駐清江浦。二十七年，還駐濟寧，令協理侍郎開音布等駐其地。三十一年，總河並駐之。三十九年，省協理。四十四年，兼理山東河道。雍正二年，置副總河，駐武陟，專理北河。七年，改總河為總督江南河道，駐清江浦，副總河為總督河南山東河道，駐濟寧，分管南北兩河。八年，增置直隸正、副總河，為河道水利總督，駐天津。自是北河、南河、東河為三督。九年，置北河副總河，駐固安，並置東河副總河，移南河副總河駐徐州。十二年，移東河總督駐兗州。乾隆二年，省副總河。厥後省置無恆。十四年，省直隸河道總督。咸豐八年，省南河河道總督。光緒二十四年，省東河河道總督，尋復置。二十八年又省，河務無專官矣。

River conservancy governor-generals: one for Jiangnan and one for Shandong-Henan. Zhili river conservancy was managed concurrently by the governor-general. He oversaw river channels, ensured timely dredging of dikes and defenses, and coordinated all related policies. The garrison organization followed the same pattern as under the grain-transport governor-general. In the first year of Shunzhi a chief river commissioner was appointed, stationed at Jining. In the sixteenth year of Kangxi the seat moved to Qingjiangpu. In the twenty-seventh year the seat returned to Jining, and assisting vice minister Kai Yinbu and others were stationed there. In the thirty-first year the chief river commissioner was also stationed there. In the thirty-ninth year the assistant post was abolished. In the forty-fourth year Shandong river conservancy was also placed under his jurisdiction. In the second year of Yongzheng a deputy chief river commissioner was appointed at Wuzhi to manage the Northern River exclusively. In the seventh year the chief river commissioner became governor-general of Jiangnan riverways at Qingjiangpu, and the deputy became governor-general of Henan-Shandong riverways at Jining, each managing one section of the river system. In the eighth year senior and deputy chief river commissioners for Zhili were added as governor-general of riverways and waterworks, stationed at Tianjin. From this point there were three river governor-generals: for the Northern, Southern, and Eastern rivers. In the ninth year a deputy chief river commissioner for the Northern River was appointed at Gu'an, one for the Eastern River was added, and the Southern River deputy was moved to Xuzhou. In the twelfth year the Eastern River governor-general moved to Yanzhou. In the second year of Qianlong the deputy chief river commissioner was abolished. After that posts were abolished and restored without a fixed pattern. In the fourteenth year the Zhili river conservancy governor-general was abolished. In the eighth year of Xianfeng the Southern River river conservancy governor-general was abolished. In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu the Eastern River river conservancy governor-general was abolished, but the post was soon restored. It was abolished again in the twenty-eighth year, and river conservancy no longer had a dedicated chief.

巡撫江蘇等處地方提督軍務兼理糧饟一人。順治元年，置江南巡撫，駐蘇州，轄江寧、蘇州、松江、常州、鎮江五府。十八年，江南分省，更名江蘇巡撫。

One governor of Jiangsu and environs, supervising military affairs and concurrently managing grain pay. In the first year of Shunzhi a governor of Jiangnan was appointed at Suzhou with jurisdiction over the five prefectures of Jiangning, Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, and Zhenjiang. In the eighteenth year, when Jiangnan was divided into provinces, the title was changed to governor of Jiangsu.

巡撫安徽等處地方提督軍務、節制各鎮兼理糧饟一人。順治元年，置操江兼巡撫安徽徽、寧、池、太、廣，駐安慶。康熙元年，省操江，所部十二營改隸總督，始置安徽巡撫。嘉慶八年，以距壽春鎮窵遠，加提督銜。

One governor of Anhui and environs, supervising military affairs, commanding all garrisons, and concurrently managing grain pay. In the first year of Shunzhi a River Defense commander concurrently serving as governor of Huizhou, Ningguo, Chizhou, Taiping, and Guangde in Anhui was appointed at Anqing. In the first year of Kangxi the River Defense post was abolished, its twelve battalions were transferred to the governor-general, and the governorship of Anhui was first established. In the eighth year of Jiaqing, because the post was far from Shouyang garrison, the provincial military commander title was added.

巡撫山東等處地方提督軍務、糧饟兼理營田一人。順治元年置，駐濟寧。時海防巡撫駐登州，九年省。康熙四十四年，管理山東河道。五十三年，兼臨清關務。乾隆八年，依山西、河南例，加提督銜。

One governor of Shandong and environs, supervising military affairs and grain pay and concurrently managing garrison farms. It was established in the first year of Shunzhi, stationed at Jining. At that time a coastal defense governor was stationed at Dengzhou; that post was abolished in the ninth year. In the forty-fourth year of Kangxi he also managed Shandong river conservancy. In the fifty-third year he also took charge of Linqing Pass affairs. In the eighth year of Qianlong, following the Shanxi and Henan precedent, the provincial military commander title was added.

巡撫山西等處地方提督軍務兼理糧饟一人。順治元年置巡撫，駐太原，提督雁門等關。雍正十二年，管理提督事務，通省武弁受節度。

One governor of Shanxi and environs, supervising military affairs and concurrently managing grain pay. A governor was established in the first year of Shunzhi at Taiyuan, with a provincial military commander for Yanmen and other passes. In the twelfth year of Yongzheng he managed provincial military commander affairs, and all military officers in the province came under his command.

巡撫河南等處地方提督軍務、糧饟兼理河道、屯田一人。順治元年置，駐開封。康熙十七年，定管理河南歲修工程。雍正四年，加總督銜，不為例。尋省。十三年復置。乾隆五年，以盜警，加提督銜。

One governor of Henan and environs, supervising military affairs and grain pay and concurrently managing riverways and garrison farms. It was established in the first year of Shunzhi, stationed at Kaifeng. In the seventeenth year of Kangxi he was charged with managing Henan's annual repair projects. In the fourth year of Yongzheng the governor-general title was added, but this was not made a precedent. It was soon abolished. It was restored in the thirteenth year. In the fifth year of Qianlong, because of bandit unrest, the provincial military commander title was added.

巡撫陝西等處地方提督軍務、節制各鎮兼理糧饟一人。順治元年置，駐西安，定為滿缺。雍正九年，以兵部尚書史貽直署巡撫，參用漢人自此始。

One governor of Shaanxi and environs, supervising military affairs, commanding all garrisons, and concurrently managing grain pay. It was established in the first year of Shunzhi at Xi'an and reserved for Manchus. In the ninth year of Yongzheng Minister of War Shi Yizhi served as acting governor; this was the first appointment of a Han Chinese.

巡撫新疆等處地方提督軍務兼理糧饟一人。順治元年，置甘肅巡撫，駐甘州衛。雍正二年改衛為府。五年，徙蘭州。康熙元年，移駐涼州衛。後亦改府。五年，還駐蘭州，尋改駐鞏昌。十九年，仍回蘭州。四十四年，兼管茶馬事。乾隆十九年省，移陝甘總督來駐，兼巡撫事。光緒十年，新疆建行省，置甘肅新疆巡撫，駐烏魯木齊。初置有延綏巡撫、寧夏巡撫各一人，康熙間俱省。

One governor of Xinjiang and environs, supervising military affairs and concurrently managing grain pay. In the first year of Shunzhi a governor of Gansu was appointed, stationed at Ganzhou Guard. In the second year of Yongzheng the guard was converted to a prefecture. In the fifth year the seat moved to Lanzhou. In the first year of Kangxi the seat moved to Liangzhou Guard. It was later converted to a prefecture as well. In the fifth year the seat returned to Lanzhou, then soon moved to Gongchang. In the nineteenth year it returned again to Lanzhou. In the forty-fourth year tea-horse affairs were also placed under his jurisdiction. In the nineteenth year of Qianlong the post was abolished, the Shaanxi-Gansu governor-general moved there, and he also took charge of gubernatorial affairs. In the tenth year of Guangxu, when Xinjiang became a province, a Gansu-Xinjiang governor was appointed at Urumqi. At first there were separate governors for Yan-Sui and Ningxia; both were abolished during the Kangxi period.

巡撫浙江等處地方提督軍務、節制水陸各鎮兼理糧饟一人。順治元年置，駐杭州。雍正五年，改總督。十三年，仍為巡撫，兼總督銜。乾隆元年，復置總督。三年復故。

One governor of Zhejiang and environs, supervising military affairs, commanding land and naval garrisons, and concurrently managing grain pay. It was established in the first year of Shunzhi, stationed at Hangzhou. In the fifth year of Yongzheng the post was changed to governor-general. In the thirteenth year it reverted to a governorship with the governor-general title held concurrently. In the first year of Qianlong a governor-general was again appointed. In the third year the former arrangement was restored.

巡撫江西等處地方提督軍務、節制各鎮兼理糧饟一人。順治元年置，駐南昌，轄十一府。康熙三年，兼轄南安、贛州。初置南贛巡撫，至是省入。乾隆十四年，加提督銜。

One governor of Jiangxi and environs, supervising military affairs, commanding all garrisons, and concurrently managing grain pay. It was established in the first year of Shunzhi at Nanchang with jurisdiction over eleven prefectures. In the third year of Kangxi Nan'an and Ganzhou were also placed under its jurisdiction. A Nan-Gan governor had first been appointed; by this point that post was abolished and merged into this one. In the fourteenth year of Qianlong the provincial military commander title was added.

巡撫湖南等處地方提督軍務、節制各鎮兼理糧饟一人。順治元年，置偏沅巡撫，駐偏橋鎮。同時置撫治鄖陽都御史，駐沅州，以控湘、蜀、豫、晉之交，十八年省。康熙十五年，以盜警復置。十九年又省。康熙三年，湖南分省，移駐長沙。雍正二年，更名湖南巡撫，令節制各鎮。

One governor of Hunan and environs, supervising military affairs, commanding all garrisons, and concurrently managing grain pay. In the first year of Shunzhi a Pian-Yuan governor was appointed at Pianqiao garrison. At the same time a pacification commissioner for Yunyang was appointed at Yuanzhou to control the junction of Hunan, Sichuan, Henan, and Shanxi; that post was abolished in the eighteenth year. In the fifteenth year of Kangxi it was restored because of bandit unrest. In the nineteenth year it was again abolished. In the third year of Kangxi, when Hunan became a separate province, the seat moved to Changsha. In the second year of Yongzheng the title was changed to governor of Hunan and he was ordered to command all garrisons.

巡撫湖北等處地方提督軍務兼理糧饟一人。順治元年，置湖廣巡撫，駐武昌。康熙三年，更名湖北巡撫。光緒二十四年省，尋復置。三十二年又省。

One governor of Hubei and environs, supervising military affairs and concurrently managing grain pay. In the first year of Shunzhi the Huguang governor was appointed, stationed at Wuchang. In the third year of Kangxi the title was changed to governor of Hubei. In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu the post was abolished, but it was soon restored. In the thirty-second year it was again abolished.

巡撫廣東等處地方提督軍務兼理糧饟一人。順治元年置，駐廣州。雍正二年，兼太平關務。光緒二十四年省，尋復置。三十一年，以廣西軍務平，又省。

One governor of Guangdong and environs, supervising military affairs and concurrently managing grain pay. It was established in the first year of Shunzhi, stationed at Guangzhou. In the second year of Yongzheng he also took charge of Taiping Pass affairs. In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu the post was abolished, but it was soon restored. In the thirty-first year, once Guangxi's military affairs had been settled, it was again abolished.

巡撫廣西等處地方提督軍務兼理糧饟加節制通省兵馬銜一人。順治元年置，駐桂林。六年，省鳳陽巡撫標兵來隸。雍正九年，令節制通省兵馬。

One governor of Guangxi and environs, supervising military affairs and grain pay, with the added title of commander of all provincial troops and horses. It was established in the first year of Shunzhi, stationed at Guilin. In the sixth year the Fengyang governor was abolished and his banner troops were transferred to this command. In the ninth year of Yongzheng he was ordered to command all troops and horses in the province.

巡撫雲南等處提督軍務兼理糧饟一人。順治元年置，駐雲南府。雍正四年，命江蘇布政使鄂爾泰為巡撫，兼總督事。十年，升總督，兼巡撫事。張廣泗繼之，亦兼巡撫。乾隆十二年，始授圖爾炳阿為巡撫。光緒二十四年省，尋復置。三十年又省。

One governor of Yunnan and environs, supervising military affairs and concurrently managing grain pay. It was established in the first year of Shunzhi, stationed at Yunnan Prefecture. In the fourth year of Yongzheng Jiangsu provincial treasurer Ortai was appointed governor and also held governor-general duties. In the tenth year he was promoted to governor-general and also held gubernatorial duties. Zhang Guangsi succeeded him and also held the governorship concurrently. In the twelfth year of Qianlong Tu Erbinga was first appointed governor. In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu the post was abolished, but it was soon restored. In the thirtieth year it was again abolished.

巡撫貴州等處地方提督軍務兼理糧饟加節制通省兵馬銜一人。順治十五年置。十八年，停提督軍務。乾隆十二年，以苗患復之。明年，加愛必達節制通省兵馬銜。十八年，著為例。

One governor of Guizhou and environs, supervising military affairs and grain pay, with the added title of commander of all provincial troops and horses. It was established in the fifteenth year of Shunzhi. In the eighteenth year supervision of military affairs was discontinued. In the twelfth year of Qianlong it was restored because of Miao unrest. The next year Ai Bida was given the title of commander of all provincial troops and horses. In the eighteenth year this became established precedent.

巡撫台灣等處地方提督軍務兼理糧饟一人。順治元年，置福建巡撫，駐福州。光緒元年，移駐台北。十一年，台灣建行省，改福建巡撫為台灣巡撫，兼學政事，其福建巡撫事歸閩浙總督兼管。二十一年，棄台灣，省巡撫。

One governor of Taiwan and environs, supervising military affairs and concurrently managing grain pay. In the first year of Shunzhi a governor of Fujian was appointed at Fuzhou. In the first year of Guangxu the seat moved to Taipei. In the eleventh year of Guangxu, when Taiwan became a province, the Fujian governor was renamed governor of Taiwan with concurrent education duties, and Fujian gubernatorial affairs reverted to the Fujian-Zhejiang governor-general. In the twenty-first year Taiwan was ceded and the governorship was abolished.

提督學政，省各一人。以侍郎、京堂、翰、詹、科、道、部屬等官進士出身人員內簡用。各帶原銜品級。掌學校政令，歲、科兩試。巡歷所至，察師儒優劣，生員勤惰，升其賢者能者，斥其不帥教者。凡有興革，會督、撫行之。

Each province had one provincial education commissioner. Appointees were chosen from vice ministers, capital officials, and jinshi holders among Hanlin, Secretariat, Censorate, and ministry staff. Each retained his original nominal title and rank. He oversaw educational policy in the schools and conducted the triennial and annual examinations. On his tours he evaluated teachers' competence and students' diligence, promoted the worthy and capable, and dismissed those who would not submit to instruction. Any reforms were carried out in consultation with the governor-general and governor.

初，各省並置督學道，系按察使僉事銜，各部郎中進士出身者補用。惟直隸差督學御史一人，後稱順天學政。順治十年改用翰林編、檢、中、贊、講、讀並差。乾隆以來多用卿貳。江南、江北二人，順治十年改用翰林官，明年仍用僉事。康熙元年省並為一，二十四年復用翰林官。雍正三年，析置江蘇、安徽各一人。稱學院。順治七年，定學道考選部屬制。由內閣與吏、禮二部會考選，禮部二人，戶、兵、刑、工各一人。十六年停。十五年，省宣大學政歸山西學道兼理。康熙元年，並湖北、湖南提學道為一，更名湖廣提學道。雍正二年復分置。明年，命奉天府丞主考試事，省陝西臨鞏學政改歸西安學道兼理。二十三年，停督學論俸補授例，並定浙江改用翰林官，依順天、江南北例稱學院，其各省由部屬、道、府任者，仍為學道。三十九年，定翰林與部屬並差。雍正四年，各省督學並更名學院，凡部屬任者，俱加編修、檢討銜，自是提學無道銜矣。明年，命巡察御史兼理台灣學政。乾隆十七年改台灣道兼理。光緒十二年，巡撫兼學政事。七年，改廣東學政為廣韶學政，增置肇高學政一人。乾隆十六年，復並為一。光緒二年，增置甘肅學政一人。先是甘肅歲、科試由陝西學政兼理，至是始置。三十一年，省奉天府丞，增置東三省學政一人。是歲罷科舉，興學校，改學政為提學使。詳新官制。初置，有提督滿洲、蒙古絲番譯學政，以滿洲侍讀、侍講充。雍正元年省。

At first each province also had a provincial education circuit intendant with the nominal rank of provincial judge vice commissioner, filled by jinshi-holding bureau directors from the ministries. Only Zhili dispatched a censor as education commissioner; this post was later called the Shuntian education commissioner. In the tenth year of Shunzhi Hanlin compilers, reviewers, middle attendants, supplementers, lecturers, and readers were used on rotation instead. Since the Qianlong reign vice ministers and assistant ministers were mostly used. There were two posts for Jiangnan and Jiangbei; in the tenth year of Shunzhi Hanlin officials were used, but the next year vice commissioners were used again. In the first year of Kangxi the two posts were merged; in the twenty-fourth year Hanlin officials were again appointed. In the third year of Yongzheng separate posts were established for Jiangsu and Anhui. They were called academies. In the seventh year of Shunzhi the system of selecting education circuit officials from ministry staff was defined. The Grand Secretariat jointly examined and selected candidates with the Ministries of Personnel and Rites: two from Rites and one each from Revenue, War, Punishment, and Works. In the sixteenth year this practice was discontinued. In the fifteenth year the Xuan-Da education commissioner was abolished and his duties reverted to the Shanxi education circuit. In the first year of Kangxi the Hubei and Hunan provincial education circuits were merged into one renamed Huguang provincial education circuit. In the second year of Yongzheng they were separated again. The next year the Fengtian vice intendant was ordered to manage examinations, the Shaanxi Lin-Gong education commissioner was abolished, and his duties reverted to the Xi'an education circuit. In the twenty-third year the precedent of appointing provincial education officials by salary supplement was discontinued; Zhejiang was fixed to use Hanlin officials and, following the Shuntian and Jiangnan-Jiangbei precedent, was called an academy, while other provinces where ministry staff, circuit, and prefecture officials served still used the title education circuit. In the thirty-ninth year Hanlin officials and ministry staff were both used on rotation. In the fourth year of Yongzheng provincial education posts in each province were all renamed academies; ministry staff appointees all received compiler or reviewer titles—from this point provincial education commissioners no longer held circuit titles. The next year an inspection censor was ordered also to manage Taiwan education affairs. In the seventeenth year of Qianlong this duty was transferred to the Taiwan circuit intendant. In the twelfth year of Guangxu the governor also took charge of education affairs. In the seventh year the Guangdong education commissioner was renamed Guang-Shao education commissioner and a Zhao-Gao education commissioner was added. In the sixteenth year of Qianlong the two posts were reunited. In the second year of Guangxu a Gansu education commissioner was added. Previously Gansu's triennial and annual examinations had been managed by the Shaanxi education commissioner; this was the first separate appointment. In the thirty-first year the Fengtian vice intendant was abolished and a Three Eastern Provinces education commissioner was added. That same year civil examinations were abolished, schools were established, and the education commissioner was renamed provincial education intendant. See the new official system. At first there was also a provincial education commissioner for Manchu, Mongol, and silk-fan translation, filled by Manchu readers and lecturers. It was abolished in the first year of Yongzheng.

承宣布政使司布政使，省各一人。從二品。其屬：經歷司經歷，正六品。都事，從七品。照磨所照磨，從八品。理問所理問，從六品。庫大使，正八品。倉大使，從九品。各一人。布政使掌宣化承流，帥府、州、縣官，廉其錄職能否，上下其考，報督、撫上達吏部。三年賓興，提調考試事，升賢能，上達禮部。十年會戶版，均稅役，登民數、田數，上達戶部。凡諸政務，會督、撫議行。經歷、都事掌出納文移。照磨掌照刷案卷。理問掌推勘刑名。庫大使掌庫藏籍帳。倉大使掌稽倉庾。

Each province had one provincial treasurer in the Revenue Intendant Bureau. The rank was 2b. Among the subordinates was the secretariat director, at rank 6a. The secretary held rank 7b. The record office registrar held rank 8b. The legal office legal examiner held rank 6b. The treasury commissioner held rank 8a. The granary commissioner held rank 9b. There was one of each. The provincial treasurer disseminated the court's transforming policies, supervised prefectures, departments, and counties, evaluated their competence, adjusted their performance ratings, and reported through the governor-general and governor to the Ministry of Personnel. At the triennial provincial examinations he coordinated the testing, promoted the worthy and capable, and reported to the Ministry of Rites. Every ten years he compiled household registers, equalized taxes and corvée, recorded population and land figures, and reported to the Ministry of Revenue. All administrative matters were discussed and implemented in consultation with the governor-general and governor. Directors and secretaries handled the dispatch and receipt of documents. Registrars reviewed and filed case records. Legal examiners investigated criminal cases. Treasury commissioners maintained treasury records and accounts. Granary commissioners inspected state granaries.

初，直隸不置布政使，置口北道一人司度支，兼山西布政使銜。雍正二年，改從直隸布政使銜。各省置左、右布政使一人，貴州事簡，不置右布政使。左、右參政、參議，因事酌置。守道並兼參政、參議銜。所屬經歷，江寧、蘇州、湖南、甘肅不置。都事，福建、河南各一人。照磨，浙江、福建、湖北、山西、四川、甘肅各一人。檢校，正九品。雍正二年省。理問，副理問，從七品。康熙三十八年省。庫大使，倉大使，寶源局大使，正九品。康熙三十八年省。因時因地，省置無恆。順治三年，罷南直隸舊設部院遣侍郎，滿、漢各一人，駐江寧治事，至是省，定置左、右布政使各一人。十八年，江南分省，右布政使徙蘇州，左仍駐江寧。康熙二年，陝西分省，右布政使徙鞏昌，分治甘肅。明年，湖廣分省，右布政使徙長沙，分治湖南。六年，改江南右布政使為江蘇布政使，左為安徽布政使；陝西左布政使為西安布政使，右為鞏昌布政使；湖廣左布政使為湖北布政使，右為湖南布政使。並定山東、山西、河南、江蘇、安徽、江西、福建、浙江、湖北、湖南、四川、廣東、廣西、雲南、貴州各一人，陝西二人，罷左、右系銜，名曰守道。七年，定山西、陝西、甘肅為滿洲缺。雍正元年，授胡期恆陝西布政使。明年，授高成齡山西布政使。又明年，授孔毓璞甘肅布政使。參用漢人自此始。八年，置直隸守道一人，綜司度支；改西安布政使為陝西布政使；徙鞏昌布政使駐蘭州，為甘肅布政使。雍正二年，改直隸守道為布政使。乾隆十八年，停各省守道兼布政使、參政、參議銜。二十五年，以江寧錢穀務劇，增置布政使一人，析江、淮、揚、徐、通、海六府、州隸之；蘇、松、常、鎮、太五府仍隸蘇州布政使；其安徽布政使回治安慶。光緒十年，新疆建行省，增置甘肅新疆一人，駐烏魯木齊。十三年，台灣建行省，增置福建台灣一人，駐台北。二十一年棄台灣，乃省。三十年，命江寧布政使兼理江淮布政使事，尋罷。宣統二年，各省設財政公所，或名度支公所。分曹治事，以布政使要其成，間省經歷等官。

At first Zhili had no provincial treasurer; one North of Pass circuit intendant managed revenue and held the nominal title of Shanxi provincial treasurer. In the second year of Yongzheng this became the Zhili provincial treasurer title. Each province had left and right provincial treasurers; because Guizhou's affairs were limited, no right provincial treasurer was appointed. Left and right administrative vice commissioners and vice councillors were appointed as needed. Circuit intendants all held the nominal titles of administrative vice commissioner and vice councillor. Among subordinate directors, Jiangning, Suzhou, Hunan, and Gansu had none. Secretaries: one each in Fujian and Henan. Registrars: one each in Zhejiang, Fujian, Hubei, Shanxi, Sichuan, and Gansu. Record examiner: rank 9a. It was abolished in the second year of Yongzheng. Legal examiner and assistant legal examiner: rank 7b. They were abolished in the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi. Treasury commissioner, granary commissioner, and Bao Source Bureau commissioner: rank 9a. They were abolished in the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi. Posts were abolished and restored according to time and place without a fixed pattern. In the third year of Shunzhi the old South Zhili ministry-dispatched Manchu and Han vice ministers stationed at Jiangning were abolished, and one left and one right provincial treasurer were fixed as the permanent arrangement. In the eighteenth year, when Jiangnan was divided, the right provincial treasurer moved to Suzhou while the left remained at Jiangning. In the second year of Kangxi, when Shaanxi was divided, the right provincial treasurer moved to Gongchang to govern Gansu separately. The next year, when Huguang was divided, the right provincial treasurer moved to Changsha to govern Hunan separately. In the sixth year the Jiangnan right provincial treasurer became Jiangsu provincial treasurer and the left became Anhui provincial treasurer; the Shaanxi left provincial treasurer became Xi'an provincial treasurer and the right became Gongchang provincial treasurer; and the Huguang left provincial treasurer became Hubei provincial treasurer and the right became Hunan provincial treasurer. It was also decreed that Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou would each have one, Shaanxi two; the left-right title system was abolished and the posts were called circuit intendants. In the seventh year Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu were fixed as Manchu posts. In the first year of Yongzheng Hu Qiheng was appointed provincial treasurer of Shaanxi. The next year Gao Chengling was appointed provincial treasurer of Shanxi. The year after that Kong Yufan was appointed provincial treasurer of Gansu. This was the beginning of Han Chinese appointments to these posts. In the eighth year one Zhili circuit intendant was established to oversee revenue; the Xi'an provincial treasurer was renamed Shaanxi provincial treasurer; and the Gongchang provincial treasurer was moved to Lanzhou as provincial treasurer of Gansu. In the second year of Yongzheng the Zhili circuit intendant became provincial treasurer. In the eighteenth year of Qianlong each province stopped granting circuit intendants the concurrent nominal titles of provincial treasurer, administrative vice commissioner, and vice councillor. In the twenty-fifth year, because Jiangning's grain and tax affairs were heavy, a second provincial treasurer was added with jurisdiction over the six prefectures and departments of Jiang, Huai, Yang, Xu, Tong, and Hai; Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, and Taicang remained under the Suzhou provincial treasurer; and the Anhui provincial treasurer returned to Anqing. In the tenth year of Guangxu, when Xinjiang became a province, a Gansu-Xinjiang provincial treasurer was added at Urumqi. In the thirteenth year, when Taiwan became a province, a Fujian-Taiwan provincial treasurer was added at Taipei. In the twenty-first year Taiwan was ceded and the post was abolished. In the thirtieth year the Jiangning provincial treasurer was ordered also to manage Jiang-Huai provincial treasurer affairs, but this was soon discontinued. In the second year of Xuantong each province established a finance bureau, also called a revenue bureau. Administrative work was divided among bureaus under the provincial treasurer's overall direction, and some director and other posts were abolished.

提刑按察使司按察使，省各一人。正三品。其屬：經歷司經歷，正七品。知事，正八品。照磨所照磨，正九品。司獄司司獄，從九品。各一人。按察使掌振揚風紀，澄清吏治。所至錄囚徒，勘辭狀，大者會籓司議，以聽於部、院。兼領闔省驛傳。三年大比充監試官，大計充考察官，秋審充主稿官。知事掌勘察刑名。司獄掌檢察系囚。經歷、照磨所司視籓署。

Each province had one provincial judge in the Punishment Intendant Bureau. The rank was 3a. Among the subordinates was the secretariat director, at rank 7a. The case examiner held rank 8a. The record office registrar held rank 9a. The prison office jail warden held rank 9b. There was one of each. The provincial judge upheld official discipline and clarified governance. On his tours he reviewed prisoners and examined case records; major cases were discussed with the provincial treasurer and referred to the ministries and courts. He also oversaw the province's entire relay and transport system. At triennial examinations he served as supervising examiner, at grand evaluations as inspection examiner, and at autumn reviews as chief drafting examiner. Case examiners investigated criminal cases. Jail wardens inspected detained prisoners. Directors and registrars performed the same duties as in the provincial treasurer's office.

初，直隸不置按察使，置大名巡道兼河南按察使銜，通永天津巡道兼山東按察使銜，霸昌井陘巡道兼山西按察使銜。雍正二年改直隸按察使銜。各省置按察使一人。副使、僉事，因事酌置。巡道並兼副使、僉事銜。所屬經歷、安徽、湖南、甘肅、貴州不置。知事，江西、福建、山西、廣東、廣西各一人。照磨，安徽、福建、浙江、湖南、甘肅、貴州各一人。檢校、康熙六年定江西、福建、山西、陝西各一人。三十九年省。司獄，因時因地，省置無恆。順治三年，增置江寧按察使一人。康熙三年，增置江北按察使，駐泗州；湖廣按察使，駐長沙；甘肅按察使，駐鞏昌。六年，定江蘇、安徽、湖北、湖南、陝西、甘肅、浙江、江西、福建、山東、山西、河南、四川、廣東、廣西、雲南、貴州各一人，名曰巡道，徙安徽按察使駐安慶。七年，定山西、陝西、甘肅為滿洲缺。雍正元年，授高成齡山西按察使。二年，授費金吾陝西按察使，張適甘肅按察使。參用漢人自此始。八年，增置直隸巡道一人，綜司刑名。徙甘肅按察使駐蘭州。雍正二年，改直隸巡道為按察使。八年，江蘇按察使徙蘇州。江蘇隸此。乾隆十八年，停各省巡道兼按察使副使、僉事銜。咸豐三年，加安徽徽寧池太廣道按察使銜。後改皖南道。同治五年，加奉天奉錦山海道按察使銜。後改錦新營口道。光緒十三年，福建台灣道、甘肅新疆道並加按察使銜。三十年，加江蘇淮揚海道按察使銜。福建台灣道後省，餘並改提法使銜。宣統三年，更名提法使，間省經歷等官。

At first Zhili had no provincial judge; the Daming patrol circuit held the nominal title of Henan provincial judge, the Tong-Yong Tianjin patrol circuit that of Shandong provincial judge, and the Ba-Chang Jingxing patrol circuit that of Shanxi provincial judge. In the second year of Yongzheng this became the Zhili provincial judge title. Each province had one provincial judge. Vice commissioners and vice directors were appointed as needed. Patrol circuit intendants all held the nominal titles of vice commissioner and vice director. Among subordinate directors, Anhui, Hunan, Gansu, and Guizhou had none. Case examiners: one each in Jiangxi, Fujian, Shanxi, Guangdong, and Guangxi. Registrars: one each in Anhui, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hunan, Gansu, and Guizhou. Record examiners: in the sixth year of Kangxi one each was fixed for Jiangxi, Fujian, Shanxi, and Shaanxi. They were abolished in the thirty-ninth year. Jail wardens were abolished and restored according to time and place without a fixed pattern. In the third year of Shunzhi one Jiangning provincial judge was added. In the third year of Kangxi a Northern Jiang provincial judge was added at Sizhou; a Huguang provincial judge at Changsha; and a Gansu provincial judge at Gongchang. In the sixth year one post each was fixed for Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou, called patrol circuits; the Anhui provincial judge moved to Anqing. In the seventh year Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu were fixed as Manchu posts. In the first year of Yongzheng Gao Chengling was appointed provincial judge of Shanxi. In the second year Fei Jinwu was appointed provincial judge of Shaanxi and Zhang Shi of Gansu. This was the beginning of Han Chinese appointments to these posts. In the eighth year one Zhili patrol circuit intendant was added to oversee criminal cases. The Gansu provincial judge was moved to Lanzhou. In the second year of Yongzheng the Zhili patrol circuit intendant became provincial judge. In the eighth year the Jiangsu provincial judge moved to Suzhou. Jiangsu came under this jurisdiction. In the eighteenth year of Qianlong each province stopped granting patrol circuit intendants the concurrent nominal titles of provincial judge, vice commissioner, and vice director. In the third year of Xianfeng the Anhui Hui-Ning-Chi-Tai-Guang circuit was given the nominal title of provincial judge. It was later renamed the Southern Anhui circuit. In the fifth year of Tongzhi the Fengtian Feng-Jin-Shan-Hai circuit was given the nominal title of provincial judge. It was later renamed the Jin-Xin-Yingkou circuit. In the thirteenth year of Guangxu the Fujian-Taiwan and Gansu-Xinjiang circuits both received the nominal title of provincial judge. In the thirtieth year the Jiangsu Huai-Yang-Hai circuit received the nominal title of provincial judge. The Fujian-Taiwan circuit was later abolished; the rest were all renamed provincial judge intendants. In the third year of Xuantong the title was changed to provincial judge intendant, and some director and other posts were abolished.

都轉鹽運使司鹽運使，從三品。奉天、直隸、山東、兩淮、兩浙、廣東、四川各一人。鹽法道，江南、江西、福建、湖北、湖南、河南、山西、陝西、四川、廣西、雲南各一人，甘肅二人。兼分守地方者二，分巡地方者六。詳道員。運同，從四品。長蘆、山東、廣東分司各一人。運副，從五品。兩浙分司一人。監掣同知，正五品。山西、河東、兩淮、淮南、淮北各一人。鹽課提舉司提舉，從五品。雲南三人，分司石膏、黑鹽、白鹽三井。運判，從六品。直隸薊永分司、兩淮海州通州泰州分司、兩浙嘉松分司各一人。鹽課司大使，正八品。直隸、場凡八：曰越支、曰巖鎮、曰蘆台、曰豐財、曰石碑、曰歸化、曰濟民、曰海豐。山東場凡八：曰王家岡、曰永阜、曰永利、曰富國、曰濤雒、曰石河、曰官台、曰西繇。各八人，山西三人，曰東場、曰西場、曰中場。兩淮二十有三人，曰板浦、曰臨興、曰中正、曰金沙、曰呂四、曰餘西、曰掘港、曰豐利、曰石港、曰角斜、曰拼茶、曰廟灣、曰劉莊、曰新興、曰伍佑、曰富安、曰安豐、曰梁垛、曰河垛、曰草偃、曰丁溪、曰東台，場各一人。福建十有六人，內西河、浦下驗掣大使各一人。其場曰福清、曰詔安、曰莆田、曰下裡、曰浯州、曰福興、曰潯美、曰石馬、曰惠安、曰祥豐、曰蓮河。又有江陰西場、漳浦南場、前江團場。兩浙三十有二人，內崇明巡鹽大使一人。其場曰仁和、曰三江、曰錢清、曰曹娥、曰穿山、曰石堰、曰鳴鶴、曰清泉、曰大嵩、曰雙穗、曰長林、曰長亭、曰黃巖、曰下沙、曰下沙頭、曰杜瀆、曰西路、曰許村、曰海沙、曰鮑郎、曰蘆瀝、曰橫浦、曰袁浦、曰永嘉、曰青村、曰浦東、曰龍頭、曰玉泉、曰黃灣、曰東江、曰金山。四川五人，曰青□是渡、曰庸家渡、曰牛華溪、曰雲陽、曰大寧，場各一人。廣東十有二人，曰白石、曰博茂、曰大洲、曰招收、曰淡水、曰小靖、曰石橋、曰茂暉、曰隆井、曰東界、曰□敢白、曰電茂，場各一人。雲南七人。曰黑鹽井、曰白鹽井、曰石膏井、曰阿陋井、曰按板井、曰大井、曰麗江井，場各一人。鹽引批驗所大使，正八品。直隸、分駐小直沽、長蘆。山東、分駐雒口、蒲台。兩淮分駐儀徵、淮安。各二人，四川三人，重慶、嘉定府經歷各兼一人。遂寧縣丞兼一人。兩浙四人，杭州、紹興、松江、嘉興各一人。廣東一人。駐西匯關。庫大使，從八品。長蘆、兩淮、兩浙、山東、廣東、隸鹽運使。山西、福建、四川、雲南隸鹽法道。各一人。經歷，從七品。長蘆、兩淮、兩浙、山東、廣東、隸鹽運使。山西隸鹽法道。各一人。知事，從八品。兩淮、廣東各一人。巡檢，從九品。長蘆一人，駐張家灣。兩淮、分駐白塔河、烏沙河。山西分鹽池駐長樂。各二人。

The salt controller in the Salt Transport Intendant Bureau held rank 3b. One each for Fengtian, Zhili, Shandong, Two Huai, Two Zhe, Guangdong, and Sichuan. Salt law circuits: one each in Jiangnan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan, and two in Gansu. Two also guarded territory; six patrolled territory. See circuit officials. Transport vice commissioner: rank 4b. One each at the Changlu, Shandong, and Guangdong branch offices. Transport deputy commissioner: rank 5b. One at the Two Zhe branch office. Salt inspection sub-prefect: rank 5a. One each for Shanxi, Hedong, Two Huai, Huainan, and Huaibei. Salt tax intendant bureau intendant: rank 5b. Three in Yunnan, at branch offices for the plaster, black salt, and white salt wells. Transport judge: rank 6b. One each at the Zhili Ji-Yong branch office, the Two Huai Haizhou-Tongzhou-Taizhou branch office, and the Two Zhe Jia-Song branch office. Salt tax bureau commissioner: rank 8a. In Zhili there were eight salt fields: Yuezhi, Yan Town, Lutai, Fengcai, Shibei, Guihua, Jimin, and Haifeng. In Shandong there were eight salt fields: Wangjiagang, Yongfu, Yongli, Fuguo, Taoluo, Shihe, Guantai, and Xiyao. Eight commissioners at each; in Shanxi three, at East Field, West Field, and Middle Field. At Two Huai there were twenty-three commissioners, one for each field: Banpu, Linxing, Zhongzheng, Jinsha, Lüsi, Yuxi, Juegang, Fengli, Shigang, Jiaoxie, Pintcha, Miaowan, Liuzhuang, Xinxing, Wuyou, Fu'an, Anfeng, Liangduo, Heduo, Caoyan, Dingxi, and Dongtai. In Fujian there were sixteen commissioners, including one each for the West River and Puxia inspection commissioners. Its fields were Fuqing, Zhao'an, Putian, Xiali, Yuzhou, Fuxing, Xunmei, Shima, Huian, Xiangfeng, and Lianhe. There were also Jiangyin West Field, Zhangpu South Field, and Qianjiang Group Field. At Two Zhe there were thirty-two commissioners, including one Chongming salt patrol commissioner. Its fields were Renhe, Sanjiang, Qianqing, Cao'e, Chuanshan, Shiyan, Minghe, Qingquan, Dasong, Shuangsui, Changlin, Changting, Huangyan, Xiasha, Xiashatou, Dudu, Xilu, Xucun, Haisha, Baolang, Lulu, Hengpu, Yuanpu, Yongjia, Qingcun, Pudong, Longtou, Yuquan, Huangwan, Dongjiang, and Jinshan. In Sichuan there were five commissioners, one for each field at Qing [lacuna] Crossing, Yongjia Crossing, Niuhua Stream, Yunyang, and Daning. In Guangdong there were twelve commissioners, one for each field at Baishi, Boma, Dazhou, Zhaoshou, Danshui, Xiaojing, Shiqiao, Maohui, Longjing, Dongjie, [lacuna] Ganbai, and Dianmao. In Yunnan there were seven commissioners. At Black Salt Well, White Salt Well, Plaster Well, Alou Well, Anban Well, Great Well, and Lijiang Well—one commissioner per field. Salt certificate inspection bureau commissioner: rank 8a. In Zhili, separately stationed at Xiaozhigu and Changlu. In Shandong, separately stationed at Luokou and Putai. At Two Huai, separately stationed at Yizheng and Huai'an. Two at each; in Sichuan three, with Chongqing and Jiading prefecture directors each holding one concurrently. One Suining county assistant held the post concurrently. At Two Zhe four commissioners, one each at Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Songjiang, and Jiaxing. One in Guangdong. Stationed at Xihui Pass. Treasury commissioner: rank 8b. Changlu, Two Huai, Two Zhe, Shandong, and Guangdong were subordinate to the salt controller. Shanxi, Fujian, Sichuan, and Yunnan were subordinate to the salt law circuit. One at each. Director: rank 7b. Changlu, Two Huai, Two Zhe, Shandong, and Guangdong were subordinate to the salt controller. Shanxi was subordinate to the salt law circuit. One at each. Case examiner: rank 8b. One each at Two Huai and Guangdong. Patrol inspector: rank 9b. One at Changlu, stationed at Zhangjiawan. At Two Huai, separately stationed at Baita River and Wusha River. At Shanxi's branch salt pond, stationed at Changle. Two at each.

運使掌督察場民生計，商民行息，水陸輓運，計道裡，時往來，平貴賤，以聽於鹽政。長蘆、兩淮各一人。其福建、四川、廣東，總督兼之。兩浙、山西、雲南，巡撫兼之。沿革詳下。鹽法道亦如之。運同，運副，運判，掌分司產鹽處所，輔運使、鹽道以治其事。同知掌掣鹽政令。提舉治事如分司。場大使掌治鹽場、池、井，分轄於運同、運判，統轄於運使或鹽法道。

The salt controller supervised the livelihood of field workers and merchants' profits, organized land and water transport, calculated distances, traveled on inspection, and balanced prices, reporting to the salt administration. One each at Changlu and Two Huai. In Fujian, Sichuan, and Guangdong the governor-general managed concurrently. In Two Zhe, Shanxi, and Yunnan the governor managed concurrently. Historical changes are detailed below. Salt law circuits followed the same pattern. Transport vice commissioners, deputy commissioners, and judges managed salt-producing branch offices and assisted the salt controller and salt circuit in governing affairs. The sub-prefect enforced salt inspection regulations. The intendant managed affairs in the same manner as a branch office commissioner. Field commissioners managed salt fields, ponds, and wells, reported to transport vice commissioners and judges, and were under the overall command of the salt controller or salt law circuit.

初差御史巡視鹽課，長蘆、咸豐十年省歸直隸總督兼理。河東、雍正二年省歸川陝總督兼理，明年復故。乾隆四十三年省歸山西巡撫兼理。嘉慶十二年改隸河東道。兩淮、道光十一年省歸兩江總督兼理。兩浙雍正三年省歸浙江巡撫兼理。乾隆五十八年改織造為鹽政。嘉慶二十五年仍歸巡撫。各一人。十年停差巡鹽御史，十二年復故。康熙六年，定各部郎員並差滿、漢各一人。八年仍改御史。十年定差一人。十一年俱歸各省巡撫兼理。十二年復差。後兼差內府員司。並稱鹽政。置都轉鹽運使，長蘆、山東、河東、乾隆五十七年省。兩淮、兩浙、康熙四十九年改驛鹽道。乾隆五十八年復故。福建、雍正四年改驛鹽道，十二年更名鹽法。兩廣尋改驛鹽道。康熙三十二年復故。各一人，雲南鹽法道一人。其各省行銷事務，並守巡道兼之。運同，長蘆、山東、俱康熙十六年省，明年復置。兩淮、康熙六十年省。兩浙康熙十六年省。明年復置。四十三年又省。河東、康熙十六年省。雍正二年復置。乾隆五十七年又省。兩浙康熙十六年省。三十二年復置。各一人，副使各一人。順治十三年省兩淮一人。康熙十六年俱省。明年復置兩浙一人。運判，兩淮四人，康熙三十八年省一人。長蘆、康熙十七年省。乾隆四十六年復置。山東、河東、俱雍正二年省。嘉慶十二年復置。十七年又省。兩浙各一人。提舉，廣東一人，康熙五年省巿舶提舉七人，歸鹽提舉兼理。三十二年省。雲南三人。吏目，從九品。廣東、康熙三十二年省。雲南雍正十年省。各一人。經歷，知事，並所轄各場鹽課司，鹽引批驗所，庫倉大使，巡檢，省置無恆。順治三年，置江南驛鹽道一人。十三年省。康熙十三年置二人，分駐江寧、安慶。二十一年省安慶一人。七年，置湖北驛鹽道一人。改屯田水利、驛傳二道置。康熙七年省，十三年復置。五十八年又省。雍正元年復置。乾隆四十四年改分守武昌鹽法道。明年，置甘肅慶陽鹽課同知一人。尋省。康熙四年，以廣西桂平梧郁道兼鹽法。明年，置江西驛鹽道一人。十七年，置福建運同一人。四十三年省。三十年，差巡鹽御史，兩廣、三十二年停。五十七年差廣東一人。五十九年改歸兩廣總督兼理。福建雍正元年改隸閩浙總督。十二年改歸鹽法道。各一人。雍正四年，置山西鹽捕同知一人。嘉慶十二年省。明年，置四川驛鹽道一人。先是歸糧道兼理。二十五年專司鹽茶。十一年，置江蘇鹽務巡道，乾隆六年省。兩廣運判，乾隆七年省。各一人。十二年，改陝西驛傳道為驛鹽，專司鹽法。乾隆五十九年改置分巡鳳邠道。並置湖南驛鹽道一人。兼轄常、寶。十三年，改河南開歸道為分守糧驛鹽道。先是歸大梁道兼理。乾隆元年，置廣西梧州運同一人。七年省。二十四年，定淮南、淮北監掣同知二人。揀員兼攝。明年定為額缺。嘉慶十一年，定陝西鳳邠道、宣統元年省歸巡警道兼理。甘肅寧夏道兼鹽法。明年，復設山西鹽署，以河東道兼鹽法，置監掣同知一人。宣統二年，增置奉天運使一人，復改四川鹽茶道為運使。明年，改各省運使為鹽務正監督，增福建、雲南、山東、河東各一人。省鹽法道，改置副監督，定淮南、江岸、皖岸、西岸、鄂岸、湘岸、淮北、四川、滇黔邊計、濟楚、廣西、甘肅，各一人。統轄於鹽政大臣。

Censors were initially dispatched to inspect salt taxes; at Changlu the post was abolished in the tenth year of Xianfeng and its duties reverted to the Zhili governor-general. At Hedong it was abolished in the second year of Yongzheng and placed under the Sichuan-Shaanxi governor-general, but the former arrangement was restored the next year. In the forty-third year of Qianlong it was abolished and its duties reverted to the Shanxi governor. In the twelfth year of Jiaqing it was transferred to the Hedong circuit. At Two Huai it was abolished in the eleventh year of Daoguang and placed under the Two Jiangs governor-general. At Two Zhe it was abolished in the third year of Yongzheng and placed under the Zhejiang governor. In the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong weaving administration was changed to salt administration. In the twenty-fifth year of Jiaqing it again reverted to the governor. There was one commissioner at each. In the tenth year dispatch of salt patrol censors was stopped; in the twelfth year the former practice was restored. In the sixth year of Kangxi one Manchu and one Han bureau director from each ministry were appointed on rotation. In the eighth year censors were again used. In the tenth year one commissioner was fixed for dispatch. In the eleventh year all posts reverted to concurrent management by provincial governors. In the twelfth year commissioners were again dispatched. Later inner palace staff were also dispatched concurrently. They were all called salt commissioners. Salt transport controllers were established at Changlu, Shandong, and Hedong; these were abolished in the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong. At Two Huai and Two Zhe the post became relay-salt circuit intendant in the forty-ninth year of Kangxi. In the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong the former arrangement was restored. In Fujian it became a relay-salt circuit in the fourth year of Yongzheng and was renamed salt law circuit in the twelfth year. In the Two Guangs it soon became a relay-salt circuit. In the thirty-second year of Kangxi the former arrangement was restored. One at each; one Yunnan salt law circuit intendant. Marketing affairs in each province were also managed concurrently by circuit intendants. Transport vice commissioners at Changlu and Shandong were abolished in the sixteenth year of Kangxi and restored the next year. At Two Huai it was abolished in the sixtieth year of Kangxi. At Two Zhe it was abolished in the sixteenth year of Kangxi. It was restored the next year. In the forty-third year it was again abolished. At Hedong it was abolished in the sixteenth year of Kangxi. It was restored in the second year of Yongzheng. In the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong it was again abolished. At Two Zhe it was abolished in the sixteenth year of Kangxi. It was restored in the thirty-second year. One at each; one deputy commissioner at each. In the thirteenth year of Shunzhi one Two Huai post was abolished. All were abolished in the sixteenth year of Kangxi. The next year one Two Zhe post was restored. Transport judges: four at Two Huai; one was abolished in the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi. At Changlu it was abolished in the seventeenth year of Kangxi. It was restored in the forty-sixth year of Qianlong. At Shandong and Hedong both were abolished in the second year of Yongzheng. They were restored in the twelfth year of Jiaqing. In the seventeenth year they were again abolished. One at each in Two Zhe. Intendants: one in Guangdong; in the fifth year of Kangxi seven maritime trade intendants were abolished and their duties reverted to the salt intendant. In the thirty-second year it was abolished. Three in Yunnan. Clerk: rank 9b. In Guangdong it was abolished in the thirty-second year of Kangxi. In Yunnan it was abolished in the tenth year of Yongzheng. One at each. Directors, case examiners, and all subordinate field salt tax bureaus, certificate inspection bureaus, treasury and granary commissioners, and patrol inspectors were abolished and restored without a fixed pattern. In the third year of Shunzhi one Jiangnan relay-salt circuit intendant was established. In the thirteenth year it was abolished. In the thirteenth year of Kangxi two posts were established, stationed separately at Jiangning and Anqing. In the twenty-first year the Anqing post was abolished. In the seventh year one Hubei relay-salt circuit intendant was established. It was created by reorganizing the garrison farm-waterworks and relay transport circuits. It was abolished in the seventh year of Kangxi and restored in the thirteenth. In the fifty-eighth year it was again abolished. It was restored in the first year of Yongzheng. In the forty-fourth year of Qianlong it became the Wuchang salt law guarding circuit. The next year one Gansu Qingyang salt tax sub-prefect was established. It was soon abolished. In the fourth year of Kangxi the Guangxi Gui-Ping-Wu-Yu circuit also managed salt law. The next year one Jiangxi relay-salt circuit intendant was established. In the seventeenth year one Fujian transport vice commissioner was established. In the forty-third year it was abolished. In the thirtieth year a salt patrol censor was dispatched; this stopped in the Two Guangs in the thirty-second year. In the fifty-seventh year one commissioner was dispatched to Guangdong. In the fifty-ninth year it reverted to concurrent management by the Two Guangs governor-general. In Fujian it was placed under the Fujian-Zhejiang governor-general in the first year of Yongzheng. In the twelfth year it reverted to the salt law circuit. One at each. In the fourth year of Yongzheng one Shanxi salt capture sub-prefect was established. It was abolished in the twelfth year of Jiaqing. The next year one Sichuan relay-salt circuit intendant was established. Previously its duties had been managed by the grain circuit. In the twenty-fifth year it exclusively managed salt and tea. In the eleventh year one Jiangsu salt affairs patrol circuit was established; it was abolished in the sixth year of Qianlong. The Two Guangs transport judge was abolished in the seventh year of Qianlong. One at each. In the twelfth year the Shaanxi relay transport circuit became relay-salt and exclusively managed salt law. In the fifty-ninth year of Qianlong it became the patrolling Feng-Bin circuit. One Hunan relay-salt circuit intendant was also established. It also administered Chang and Bao. In the thirteenth year the Henan Kai-Gui circuit became the guarding grain-relay-salt circuit. Previously its duties had been managed by the Daliang circuit. In the first year of Qianlong one Guangxi Wuzhou transport vice commissioner was established. In the seventh year it was abolished. In the twenty-fourth year two salt inspection sub-prefects were fixed for Huainan and Huaibei. Officials were selected to hold the posts concurrently. The next year they became permanent quota posts. In the eleventh year of Jiaqing the Shaanxi Feng-Bin circuit was fixed; in the first year of Xuantong it was abolished and its duties reverted to the patrol circuit. The Gansu Ningxia circuit also managed salt law. The next year the Shanxi salt office was restored, the Hedong circuit also managed salt law, and one salt inspection sub-prefect was established. In the second year of Xuantong one Fengtian transport commissioner was added and the Sichuan salt-tea circuit was again changed to transport commissioner. The next year provincial transport commissioners were renamed chief salt supervisors, and one each was added for Fujian, Yunnan, Shandong, and Hedong. Salt law circuits were abolished and replaced by deputy supervisors: one each for Huainan, Jiang bank, Wan bank, West bank, E bank, Xiang bank, Huaibei, Sichuan, Yunnan-Guizhou border, Ji-Chu, Guangxi, and Gansu. All were under the overall command of the salt administration grand minister.

道員正四品。糧道。江南、蘇松、江安、浙江、雲南各一人。其山東、湖北、湖南、廣東、貴州，俱光緒、宣統間省。江西兼巡南撫建、福建兼巡福寧、陝西兼守乾鄜，並省。河道。直隸永定河道駐固安。山東運河道、江蘇河庫道，俱光緒季年省。各道兼河務者詳後。海關道。津海關道駐天津。兼關務者詳後。巡警道。勸業道。省各一人，均駐省。詳新官制。分守道：山東濟東泰武臨道，兼驛傳、水利，駐省。山西雁平道，駐代州。宣統元年省。冀寧道，兼水利，駐省。宣統二年省。湖北武昌道，廣西桂平梧道；俱鹽法道兼，駐省。其帶兵備者，黑龍江興東道，兼營務、墾務、木植、礦產，駐內興安嶺。山西河東道，鹽法道兼，駐運城。陝西潼商道，駐省城。福建興泉永道，兼海政、驛傳，駐廈門。湖北安襄鄖荊道，兼水利，駐襄陽。湖南衡永郴桂道；兼驛傳，駐衡州。整飭兵備道，直隸口北道，駐宣化，定為滿缺。後參用漢人。甘肅甘涼道。駐涼州。分巡道：直隸清河道，兼河務，駐省。霸昌道，駐昌平。光緒三十年省。河南河陝汝道，兼水利、驛傳，駐陝州。福建延建邵道，駐延平。浙江金衢嚴道，兼水利，駐衢州。湖南嶽常澧道，兼驛傳、商埠、關務，駐澧州。四川川南道，駐瀘州。廣東廣肇羅道，兼水利，駐肇慶。雲南臨安開廣道；兼關務，駐蒙自。其帶兵備者，奉天洮昌道，兼蒙旗事，駐遼源州。臨長海道，駐臨江。錦新營口道，兼關務，駐營口。興鳳道，駐安東。吉林東南路道，兼關務，駐琿城。東北路道。兼關務，駐三姓。西路道，專司交涉，駐長春。黑龍江呼倫道，駐呼倫。璦琿道，駐璦琿。以上五員並加參領銜。直隸通永道，兼河務、海防、屯田，駐通州。天津道，兼河務，見前。大順廣道，兼河道、水利，駐大名。蘇州道，糧道兼，並司水利，見前。蘇松太倉道，兼水利、漁業、關務，駐上海。常鎮通海道，兼河道、關務，駐鎮江。淮揚海道，兼鹽法、漕務、海防，加提法使銜，駐淮安。徐州道，兼河務，駐宿遷。安徽安廬滁和道，駐省城。光緒三十三年省。皖南道，省寧太池廣道改置，兼關務，加提法使銜，駐蕪湖。皖北道，省鳳穎六泗道改置，駐鳳陽。山東兗沂曹濟道，兼驛傳、河務、水利，駐兗州。山西歸綏道，兼關務、驛傳及蒙旗事，駐綏遠。初定為滿缺，後參用漢人。河南開歸陳許鄭道，兼河務，駐省。河北道，兼河務、水利，駐武陟。南汝光道，兼水利，駐信陽州。陝西陝安道，兼水利，駐漢中。鳳邠道，鹽法道兼。宣統元年省。甘肅平慶涇固化道，鹽法道兼，駐平涼。蘭州道，兼屯田、茶馬，駐省城。宣統二年省。阿克蘇道，兼水利、屯政，撫馭蒙部，稽查卡倫，駐本城。喀什噶爾道，兼水利、屯墾、通商，撫馭布魯特，稽查卡倫，駐本城。福建汀漳龍道，駐漳州。台灣道，光緒二十一年棄台灣，省。浙江杭嘉湖道，兼海防，駐嘉興。寧紹台道，兼水利、海防，駐寧波。溫處道，兼水利、海防，駐溫州。江西瑞南臨道，鹽法道兼，駐萍鄉。撫建廣饒九南道，兼關務、水利、窯務，駐九江。吉南贛寧道，兼關務、水利、驛傳，駐贛州。湖北漢黃德道，兼水利，駐漢口。上荊南道，兼關務、水利，駐沙巿。施鶴道，兼轄文武，駐施南。湖南辰沅永靖道，兼界亭，鎮苗疆，駐鳳凰營。四川成綿龍茂道，兼水利，駐省城。光緒三十四年省。建昌上南道，兼驛傳，撫土司，駐雅州。川東道，兼驛傳，駐重慶。川北道，駐保寧。康安道，駐巴安，加提法使銜。邊北道，駐登科。以上二員，宣統二年置，隸川滇邊務大臣。廣東南韶連道，兼水利，駐韶州。惠潮嘉道，駐惠州。廉欽道，駐欽州。高雷陽道，駐高州。瓊崖道，駐瓊州。廣西左江道，駐南寧。右江道，駐柳州。太平思順道，駐龍州。以上二員，並控制漢、土。雲南迤東道，兼驛傳，駐曲靖。迤西道，兼驛傳、關務，駐大理。迤南道，兼驛傳，駐普洱。貴州貴東道，兼驛傳，鎮苗疆，駐古州。貴西道；駐安順。宣統二年省。整飭兵備道，直隸熱河道，加提法使銜，駐本城。江南江寧道，鹽法道兼，並司水利，駐省。山東登萊青道，兼海防、水利，駐登州。陝西延榆綏道，兼鹽茶，駐榆林。甘肅寧夏道，兼鹽法、水利，駐寧夏。鞏秦階道，兼茶馬、屯田，駐秦州。新疆鎮迪道，兼驛傳，加提法使銜，駐省。伊塔道；兼水利、屯田，稽查卡倫，駐寧遠。撫治兵備道，甘肅西寧道，兼治蒙、番，駐西寧。乾隆間定為滿、蒙缺，後參用漢人。嘉慶間復舊制，後仍參用。安肅道。兼屯田，駐肅州。各掌分守、分巡，及河、糧、鹽、茶，或兼水利、驛傳，或兼關務、屯田；並佐籓、臬覈官吏，課農桑，興賢能，勵風俗，簡軍實，固封守，以帥所屬而廉察其政治。其雜職有庫大使，從九品。倉大使，關大使，俱未入流，詳後雜職。皆因地建置，不備設。

Circuit officials held rank 4a. Grain circuits. One each for Jiangnan, Su-Song, Jiang-An, Zhejiang, and Yunnan. Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, and Guizhou were all abolished during the Guangxu and Xuantong periods. Jiangxi's concurrent patrol of Nan-Fu-Jian, Fujian's of Fu-Ning, and Shaanxi's guarding of Qian-Mei were all abolished. Riverway circuits. The Zhili Yongding riverway circuit was stationed at Gu'an. The Shandong grain transport riverway circuit and Jiangsu river treasury circuit were both abolished in the late Guangxu period. Circuits with concurrent river conservancy duties are detailed later. Customs circuits. The Tianjin customs circuit was stationed at Tianjin. Circuits with concurrent pass affairs are detailed later. Patrol circuits. Industry promotion circuits. One per province, all stationed at the provincial capital. See the new official system. Guarding circuit: Shandong Ji-Dong-Tai-Wu-Lin, concurrently relay transport and waterworks, stationed at the provincial capital. Shanxi Yanping circuit, stationed at Daizhou. Abolished in the first year of Xuantong. Ji-Ning circuit, concurrently waterworks, stationed at the provincial capital. Abolished in the second year of Xuantong. Hubei Wuchang circuit and Guangxi Gui-Ping-Wu circuit; both held salt law duties concurrently, stationed at the provincial capital. Those with military preparedness: Heilongjiang Xingdong circuit, concurrently garrison affairs, reclamation, timber, and mining, stationed at the Inner Xing'an Range. Shanxi Hedong circuit, concurrently salt law, stationed at Yuncheng. Shaanxi Tong-Shang circuit, stationed at the provincial capital. Fujian Xing-Quan-Yong circuit, concurrently maritime affairs and relay transport, stationed at Xiamen. Hubei An-Xiang-Yun-Jing circuit, concurrently waterworks, stationed at Xiangyang. Hunan Heng-Yong-Chen-Gui circuit; concurrently relay transport, stationed at Hengzhou. Rectifying military preparedness circuit: Zhili North of Pass, stationed at Xuanhua, reserved for Manchus. Han Chinese were later also appointed. Gansu Gan-Liang circuit. Stationed at Liangzhou. Patrol circuit: Zhili Qing riverway, concurrently river affairs, stationed at the provincial capital. Ba-Chang circuit, stationed at Changping. Abolished in the thirtieth year of Guangxu. Henan He-Shan-Ru circuit, concurrently waterworks and relay transport, stationed at Shanzhou. Fujian Yan-Jian-Shao circuit, stationed at Yanping. Zhejiang Jin-Qu-Yan circuit, concurrently waterworks, stationed at Quzhou. Hunan Yue-Chang-Li circuit, concurrently relay transport, commercial ports, and pass affairs, stationed at Lizhou. Sichuan Southern Sichuan circuit, stationed at Luzhou. Guangdong Guang-Zhao-Luo circuit, concurrently waterworks, stationed at Zhaoqing. Yunnan Lin'an-Kai-Guang circuit; concurrently pass affairs, stationed at Mengzi. Those with military preparedness: Fengtian Tao-Chang circuit, concurrently Mongol banner affairs, stationed at Liaoyuan Prefecture. Lin-Chang-Hai circuit, stationed at Linjiang. Jin-Xin-Yingkou circuit, concurrently pass affairs, stationed at Yingkou. Xing-Feng circuit, stationed at Andong. Jilin Southeast circuit, concurrently pass affairs, stationed at Hunchun. Northeast circuit. Concurrently pass affairs, stationed at Sansing. West circuit, exclusively foreign relations, stationed at Changchun. Heilongjiang Hulun circuit, stationed at Hulun. Aihui circuit, stationed at Aihui. The five officials above all received the nominal title of company commander. Zhili Tong-Yong circuit, concurrently river affairs, coastal defense, and garrison farms, stationed at Tongzhou. Tianjin circuit, concurrently river affairs, see above. Da-Shun-Guang circuit, concurrently riverways and waterworks, stationed at Daming. Suzhou circuit, concurrently grain circuit and waterworks, see above. Su-Song-Taicang circuit, concurrently waterworks, fisheries, and pass affairs, stationed at Shanghai. Chang-Zhen-Tong-Hai circuit, concurrently riverways and pass affairs, stationed at Zhenjiang. Huai-Yang-Hai circuit, concurrently salt law, grain transport, and coastal defense, with the nominal title of provincial judge intendant, stationed at Huai'an. Xuzhou circuit, concurrently river affairs, stationed at Suqian. Anhui An-Lu-Chu-He circuit, stationed at the provincial capital. Abolished in the thirty-third year of Guangxu. Southern Anhui circuit, reorganized from the abolished Ning-Tai-Chi-Guang circuit, concurrently pass affairs, with the nominal title of provincial judge intendant, stationed at Wuhu. Northern Anhui circuit, reorganized from the abolished Feng-Ying-Liu-Si circuit, stationed at Fengyang. Shandong Yan-Yi-Cao-Ji circuit, concurrently relay transport, river affairs, and waterworks, stationed at Yanzhou. Shanxi Gui-Sui circuit, concurrently pass affairs, relay transport, and Mongol banner affairs, stationed at Suiyuan. Initially reserved for Manchus; Han Chinese were later also appointed. Henan Kai-Gui-Chen-Xu-Zheng circuit, concurrently river affairs, stationed at the provincial capital. Hebei circuit, concurrently river affairs and waterworks, stationed at Wuzhi. Nan-Ru-Guang circuit, concurrently waterworks, stationed at Xinyang Prefecture. Shaanxi Shaan-An circuit, concurrently waterworks, stationed at Hanzhong. Feng-Bin circuit, concurrently salt law. Abolished in the first year of Xuantong. Gansu Ping-Qing-Jing-Gu-Hua circuit, concurrently salt law, stationed at Pingliang. Lanzhou circuit, concurrently garrison farms and tea-horse, stationed at the provincial capital. Abolished in the second year of Xuantong. Aksu circuit, concurrently waterworks, garrison administration, pacifying Mongol tribes, and inspecting checkpoints, stationed at the city. Kashgar circuit, concurrently waterworks, garrison reclamation, trade, pacifying Kirghiz, and inspecting checkpoints, stationed at the city. Fujian Ting-Zhang-Long circuit, stationed at Zhangzhou. Taiwan circuit: in the twenty-first year of Guangxu Taiwan was ceded and the post was abolished. Zhejiang Hang-Jia-Hu circuit, concurrently coastal defense, stationed at Jiaxing. Ning-Shao-Tai circuit, concurrently waterworks and coastal defense, stationed at Ningbo. Wen-Chu circuit, concurrently waterworks and coastal defense, stationed at Wenzhou. Jiangxi Rui-Nan-Lin circuit, concurrently salt law, stationed at Pingxiang. Fu-Jian-Guang-Rao-Jiu-Nan circuit, concurrently pass affairs, waterworks, and kiln affairs, stationed at Jiujiang. Ji-Nan-Gan-Ning circuit, concurrently pass affairs, waterworks, and relay transport, stationed at Ganzhou. Hubei Han-Huang-De circuit, concurrently waterworks, stationed at Hankou. Upper Jing-Nan circuit, concurrently pass affairs and waterworks, stationed at Shashi. Shi-He circuit, concurrently administering civil and military affairs, stationed at Shinan. Hunan Chen-Yuan-Yong-Jing circuit, concurrently border posts and Miao frontier pacification, stationed at Fenghuang garrison. Sichuan Cheng-Mian-Long-Mao circuit, concurrently waterworks, stationed at the provincial capital. Abolished in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu. Jianchang Upper South circuit, concurrently relay transport and pacifying native chiefs, stationed at Yazhou. Eastern Sichuan circuit, concurrently relay transport, stationed at Chongqing. Northern Sichuan circuit, stationed at Baoning. Kang-An circuit, stationed at Ba'an, with the nominal title of provincial judge intendant. Northern Border circuit, stationed at Dengke. The two officials above were established in the second year of Xuantong and subordinated to the Sichuan-Yunnan border affairs grand minister. Guangdong Nan-Shao-Lian circuit, concurrently waterworks, stationed at Shaozhou. Hui-Chao-Jia circuit, stationed at Huizhou. Lian-Qin circuit, stationed at Qinzhou. Gao-Lei-Yang circuit, stationed at Gaozhou. Qiong-Ya circuit, stationed at Qiongzhou. Guangxi Left River circuit, stationed at Nanning. Right River circuit, stationed at Liuzhou. Taiping-Sishun circuit, stationed at Longzhou. The two officials above both controlled Han and native populations. Yunnan Eastern Circuit, concurrently relay transport, stationed at Qujing. Western Circuit, concurrently relay transport and pass affairs, stationed at Dali. Southern Circuit, concurrently relay transport, stationed at Pu'er. Guizhou Eastern Circuit, concurrently relay transport and Miao frontier pacification, stationed at Guzhou. Western Circuit; stationed at Anshun. Abolished in the second year of Xuantong. Rectifying military preparedness circuit: Zhili Rehe circuit, with the nominal title of provincial judge intendant, stationed at the city. Jiangnan Jiangning circuit, concurrently salt law and waterworks, stationed at the provincial capital. Shandong Deng-Lai-Qing circuit, concurrently coastal defense and waterworks, stationed at Dengzhou. Shaanxi Yan-Yu-Sui circuit, concurrently salt and tea, stationed at Yulin. Gansu Ningxia circuit, concurrently salt law and waterworks, stationed at Ningxia. Gong-Qin-Jie circuit, concurrently tea-horse and garrison farms, stationed at Qinzhou. Xinjiang Zhendi circuit, concurrently relay transport, with the nominal title of provincial judge intendant, stationed at the provincial capital. Yi-Ta circuit; concurrently waterworks, garrison farms, and inspecting checkpoints, stationed at Ningyuan. Pacifying military preparedness circuit: Gansu Xining circuit, concurrently governing Mongols and Tibetans, stationed at Xining. During the Qianlong period it was reserved for Manchus and Mongols; Han Chinese were later also appointed. During the Jiaqing period the former system was restored; Han Chinese continued to be appointed. An-Su circuit. Concurrently garrison farms, stationed at Suzhou. Each managed territorial guarding and patrolling, river, grain, salt, and tea affairs, or concurrently waterworks and relay transport, or pass affairs and garrison farms; they also assisted the provincial treasurer and provincial judge in examining officials, supervising agriculture and sericulture, promoting the worthy, encouraging proper customs, reviewing military readiness, and securing frontiers, leading subordinates and inspecting their governance. Miscellaneous posts included treasury commissioners at rank 9b. Granary commissioners and pass commissioners, all outside the regular ranks, are detailed later under miscellaneous posts. All were established according to locality and were not fully staffed everywhere.

布、按二司置正、副官。尋改置布政使左、右參議，是為守道；按察使副使、僉事，是為巡道。時道員止轄一府，或數道同轄一府也。順治十六年，諭各道兼帶布、按二司銜，著為例。康熙六年，省守、巡道百有八人，厥後漸次復置，有統轄闔省者，有分轄三、四府州者，省置無恆，銜額靡定，均視其升補本職為差。如由京堂等官補授者為參政道，掌印給事中、知府補授者為副使道，由科道補授者為參議道，郎中、員外郎、主事、同知補授者為僉事道，守、巡皆同。乾隆十八年，罷參政、參議、副使、僉事諸銜，特峻其品秩。初制，參政道從三品，副使道正四品，參議道從四品，僉事道正五品。至是俱定正四品。嗣是守、巡諸道先後加兵備者，八十餘人。四十一年，詔道員署布、按二司者，許上封奏。嘉慶四年，以道員職司巡察，詔復雍正間舊制，許言事。德宗以降，別就省會置巡警、勸業二道，分科治事，議省守、巡道，酌留一二帶兵備者，未果。又初制有山東、安徽、浙江、江西、湖北、湖南興屯道，浙江、江蘇海防道，福建巡海道，江蘇江防道，馬政道，後俱省。

The provincial treasurer and provincial judge bureaus first established senior and deputy officials. They were soon reorganized as the provincial treasurer's left and right vice councillors—these became guarding circuits; and the provincial judge's vice commissioner and vice director—these became patrol circuits. At that time a circuit intendant might administer only one prefecture, or several circuits might jointly administer one prefecture. In the sixteenth year of Shunzhi an edict ordered each circuit to concurrently hold provincial treasurer and provincial judge titles, and this became precedent. In the sixth year of Kangxi 108 guarding and patrol circuit posts were abolished; they were gradually restored thereafter, some administering whole provinces and some three or four prefectures and departments; abolition and restoration had no fixed pattern and titles were unsettled—all depended on the appointee's substantive rank. Appointees from capital directors became administrative vice commissioner circuits; from supervising secretaries, grand secretaries, or prefects, vice commissioner circuits; from censors, vice councillor circuits; from bureau directors, vice directors, secretaries, or sub-prefects, vice director circuits—whether guarding or patrolling. In the eighteenth year of Qianlong the titles of administrative vice commissioner, vice councillor, vice commissioner, and vice director were abolished and the rank was specially elevated. Under the initial system: administrative vice commissioner circuits held rank 3b, vice commissioner circuits rank 4a, vice councillor circuits rank 4b, and vice director circuits rank 5a. By this point all were fixed at rank 4a. Thereafter more than eighty guarding and patrol circuits successively received military preparedness duties. In the forty-first year an edict allowed circuit officials acting as provincial treasurer or provincial judge to submit sealed memorials. In the fourth year of Jiaqing, because circuit officials supervised inspection, an edict restored the Yongzheng-period practice of permitting memorials. From Emperor Dezong onward patrol and industry promotion circuits were separately established at provincial capitals with divided bureaus; there was discussion of abolishing guarding and patrol circuits while retaining one or two with military preparedness, but this was not carried out. The initial system also had garrison reclamation circuits in Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, and Hunan; coastal defense circuits in Zhejiang and Jiangsu; a sea patrol circuit in Fujian; a river defense circuit in Jiangsu; and a horse administration circuit—all later abolished.

府知府一人。初制正四品。乾隆十八年改從四品。同知，正五品。通判，正六品。無定員。其屬：經歷司經歷，正八品。知事，正九品。照磨所照磨，從九品。司獄司司獄，從九品。各一人。又江蘇檢校、貴州長官司吏目，各二人。知府掌總領屬縣，宣佈條教，興利除害，決訟檢奸。三歲察屬吏賢否，職事修廢，刺舉上達，地方要政白督、撫，允乃行。同知、通判，分掌糧鹽督捕，江海防務，河工水利，清軍理事，撫綏民夷諸要職。其直隸布政使者，全國二十有二，制同直隸州，或隸將軍與道員，各因地酌置。經歷、知事、照磨、司獄，所掌如兩司首領官。自同知以下，事簡者不備。

Each prefecture had one prefect. Under the initial system the rank was 4a. In the eighteenth year of Qianlong it was changed to rank 4b. Sub-prefect: rank 5a. Subordinate prefect: rank 6a. No fixed quota. Among subordinates: secretariat director, rank 8a. Case examiner, rank 9a. Record office registrar, rank 9b. Prison office jail warden, rank 9b. One of each. Also two each: Jiangsu record examiner and Guizhou native official clerk. The prefect overall led subordinate counties, proclaimed regulations, promoted benefits and eliminated harms, decided lawsuits, and detected crime. Every three years he examined subordinate officials' merit and whether their duties were fulfilled or neglected, reported upward, and sought approval from the governor-general and governor before implementing important local policies. Sub-prefects and subordinate prefects divided key duties including grain and salt, supervision and capture, river and coastal defense, river engineering and waterworks, troop clearance and legal affairs, and pacifying Han and native populations. There were twenty-two directly subordinate departments nationally, under the same system as directly subordinate prefectures, or subordinated to generals and circuit officials according to locality. Directors, case examiners, registrars, and jail wardens performed the same duties as in the chief offices of the two provincial bureaus. From the sub-prefect downward, posts were not fully staffed where affairs were simple.

初制，知府秩正四品，區三等，多用漢員，時滿洲郎、員外轉布、按不佔府缺。康熙初始參用。並置推官康熙六年省。及掛銜推官。順治三年省。督捕左、右理事官康熙三十八年省。各一人。康熙元年，以委署州、縣專責知府，行保舉連坐法。五十一年，允御史徐樹庸請，引見督、撫特舉人員。自是知府授官，引見時觀敷奏，報最時課治績，著為令甲。雍正元年，諭督、撫甄別知府，厥後府與同知且許言事。後停。十二年，以府職重要，援引古誼，思復久任制。部議以遷擢為鼓勵，止於限年升調。仁宗親政，以知府為承上接下要職，嚴諭各督、撫考覈。宣宗時猶然。文、穆而下，古轍浸遠矣。宣統之季，省各府附郭縣，以知府領其事。自江南、陝西、湖廣分省，奉天、吉林、黑龍江、新疆建省，四川、雲南改土歸流，各以府隸之，計全國府二百十有五。

Under the initial system prefects held rank 4a in three grades and were mostly Han; Manchu bureau directors promoted to provincial bureaus did not occupy prefect quotas. Manchus were first jointly appointed during the Kangxi period. Investigating officials were also established; they were abolished in the sixth year of Kangxi. Titular investigating officials were also appointed. They were abolished in the third year of Shunzhi. Left and right capture and legal affairs officials were abolished in the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi. One of each. In the first year of Kangxi departments and counties under delegation were placed under the prefect's exclusive responsibility, with recommendation and joint liability. In the fifty-first year censor Xu Shuyong's request was approved for specially recommended personnel to be presented by the governor-general and governor. From this point prefects at appointment were observed delivering memorials at audience, and at term's end their performance was evaluated—fixed as regulation. In the first year of Yongzheng an edict ordered governor-generals and governors to evaluate prefects; thereafter prefects and sub-prefects were also permitted to submit memorials. This was later discontinued. In the twelfth year, because prefectural duties were important, ancient precedent was cited and long tenure was considered. The ministry held that promotion served as encouragement and retained term-limit promotion and transfer. When Emperor Renzong assumed rule he strictly ordered governor-generals and governors to evaluate prefects, as the key link between upper and lower administration. Under Emperor Xuan this remained the case. From Emperors Wen and Mu onward ancient standards gradually faded. In the late Xuantong period attached-seat counties were abolished in each province and the prefect managed those affairs. From the division of Jiangnan, Shaanxi, and Huguang into provinces, the establishment of Fengtian, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Xinjiang as provinces, and the conversion of native domains in Sichuan and Yunnan, with subordinate prefectures in each, the nation totaled 215 prefectures.

州知州一人。初制從五品。乾隆三十五年改直隸州知州正五品。州同，從六品。州判，從七品。無定員。其屬：吏目一人。從九品。知州掌一州治理。屬州視縣，直隸州視府。唯無附郭縣。州同、州判，分掌糧務、水利、防海、管河諸職。吏目掌司奸盜、察獄囚、典簿錄。

Each department had one department magistrate. Under the initial system the rank was 5b. In the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong the magistrate of a directly subordinate department was raised to rank 5a. Department vice magistrate: rank 6b. Department judge: rank 7b. No fixed quota. Subordinates: one clerk. Rank 9b. The department magistrate governed one department. Dependent departments were treated like counties; directly subordinate departments like prefectures. The only difference was the absence of an attached-seat county. Department vice magistrates and judges divided duties including grain affairs, waterworks, coastal defense, and river management. The clerk managed theft detection, prison inspection, and record keeping.

初制，州置知州一人。嗣後因地制宜，省析並隨時更易，佐貳亦如之。計全國直隸州七十有六，屬州四十有八。

Under the initial system each department had one magistrate. Thereafter posts were established according to locality, with divisions, mergers, and changes without fixed pattern; deputies likewise. Nationally there were 76 directly subordinate departments and 48 dependent departments.

縣知縣一人。正七品。縣丞一人。正八品。主簿無定員。正九品。典史一人。未入流。知縣掌一縣治理，決訟斷辟，勸農賑貧，討猾除奸，興養立教。凡貢士、讀法、養老、祀神，靡所不綜。縣丞、主簿，分掌糧馬、徵稅、戶籍、緝捕諸職。典史掌稽檢獄囚。無丞、簿，兼領其事。

Each county had one magistrate. Rank 7a. One county assistant. Rank 8a. County registrars had no fixed quota. Rank 9a. One county clerk. Outside the regular ranks. The county magistrate governed one county, decided lawsuits and punishments, encouraged agriculture and relieved poverty, pursued rascals and eliminated villains, and established nurture and education. Recommending scholars, studying law, supporting the aged, sacrificing to spirits—nothing was outside his comprehensive management. County assistants and registrars divided duties including grain and horses, tax collection, household registers, and capture. The county clerk inspected imprisoned detainees. Where there was no assistant or registrar, the clerk concurrently managed those affairs.

初制，縣置知縣一人。順治十二年，諭吏部參酌州、縣制，區三等。先是台諫需人，依明往例，行取知縣。聖祖親政，以親民官須諳利弊，命督、撫舉賢能。康熙二十九年，復諭九卿察廉吏。清苑知縣邵嗣堯等十二人擢置憲府，錚然有聲。高宗猶亟稱之。自部議防太驟，俾迴翔曹司間，其途稍紆矣。乾隆十六年，停止行取升部員，其賢能者仍得題擢也。嘉慶十五年，刊欽定訓飭州縣規條一書，頒示各省。文宗時，軍書旁午，民生凋敝，申諭督、撫隨時嚴察。顧其時雜流競進，廉能者寡。穆宗厲精圖治，諭各省甄別捐納、軍功人員，尋以招流亡、墾地畝課第殿最。同治七年，覆命設局刊牧令諸書，猶存振厲至意。光緒間，督、撫違例更調州、縣官，視同傳捨。二十四年，議復久任制。三十一年，定考覈州、縣章程，詳考績。制亦少密焉。計全國縣凡千三百五十有八。

Under the initial system each county had one magistrate. In the twelfth year of Shunzhi the Ministry of Personnel was issued an edict to consult department and county systems and divide three grades. Previously the censorate needed personnel and, following Ming precedent, selected county magistrates. When Emperor Shengzu assumed rule, because officials close to the people must understand local benefits and harms, he ordered governor-generals and governors to recommend the worthy and capable. In the twenty-ninth year of Kangxi the Nine Ministers were again issued an edict to inspect honest officials. Qingyuan county magistrate Shao Siyao and eleven others were promoted to censorial offices with resounding effect. Emperor Gaozong still greatly praised them. Since ministry deliberation guarded against too rapid advancement and kept them circulating among bureau offices, the path became somewhat indirect. In the sixteenth year of Qianlong selection of magistrates for promotion to ministry staff was stopped; the worthy and capable could still be specially promoted by memorial. In the fifteenth year of Jiaqing the Imperially Endorsed Regulations for Instructing Departments and Counties was published and distributed to each province. During Emperor Wenzong's reign, with urgent military documents and depleted livelihoods, governor-generals and governors were issued an edict to strictly inspect at all times. But at the time miscellaneous streams competed for advancement and the honest and capable were few. Emperor Muzong diligently governed and issued an edict each province to distinguish purchased office and military merit personnel; soon ranking was by attracting refugees and reclaiming fields for tax assessment. In the seventh year of Tongzhi an order was repeated to establish a bureau to publish magistrate manuals, still preserving the intent to encourage vigor. During the Guangxu period governor-generals and governors irregularly transferred department and county officials, treating them like relay stations. In the twenty-fourth year long tenure was discussed. In the thirty-first year examination regulations for departments and counties were fixed, detailed in performance evaluation. The system also became somewhat more detailed. Nationally there were 1,358 counties.

儒學府教授、正七品。訓導，從八品。州學正、正八品。訓導，縣教諭、正八品。訓導，俱各一人。教授、學正、教諭，掌訓迪學校生徒，課藝業勤惰，評品行優劣，以聽於學政。訓導佐之。例用本省人。同府、州者否。江蘇、安徽兩省通用。初沿明制，府、□、州、縣及各衛武學並置學官。康熙三年，府、州及大縣省訓導，小縣省教諭。十五年復置，自是教職分正復。厥後開俊秀監生捐納教職例。三十年，允江南學政許汝霖請，凡捐學正、教諭者改為縣丞，訓導改為主簿，繇是唯生員始得入貲，教授必由科目。三十二年，省各衛武學訓導。三十九年，頒學宮聖諭十六條，月朔望命儒學官集諸生宣讀。四十一年，頒御制訓飭士子文，命學宮鑱石。四十二年，定教職，學各二人。雍正元年，允雲南土人、四川建昌番夷、湖南永綏等處建立義學，嗣是改土歸流，塞外荒區漸次俱設儒學。明年，置雲南井學訓導，井學自此始。又明年，省都司儒學、京衛武學教授，滿洲生員並歸漢官月課。十三年，定府、州、縣儒學官品秩。如前所列。光緒三十年後，科舉既罷，各省教職缺出不補。時議改置文廟官，不果。

Confucian school prefecture director: rank 7a. Instructor: rank 8b. Department school director: rank 8a. Instructor and county director: rank 8a. Instructor: one each. Directors, school directors, and county directors instructed and guided school students, examined literary achievement and diligence, evaluated conduct, and reported to the education commissioner. Instructors assisted them. By precedent appointees came from the same province. Appointment from the same prefecture or department was not permitted. Jiangsu and Anhui mutually used appointees from either province. Initially following Ming practice, prefectures, [lacuna], departments, counties, and each guard military school all had school officials. In the third year of Kangxi prefectures, departments, and large counties eliminated instructors; small counties eliminated county directors. In the fifteenth year they were restored; teaching posts were thereafter divided and restored. Thereafter the precedent of purchased teaching posts for gifted students was opened. In the thirtieth year Jiangnan education commissioner Xu Rulin's request was approved: purchased department directors and county directors became county assistants and purchased instructors became registrars—from this only student degree holders could purchase office, and directors had to hold examination degrees. In the thirty-second year instructors at each guard military school were abolished. In the thirty-ninth year sixteen Sacred Edicts for school temples were promulgated; on new and full moon Confucian school officials assembled students to read them aloud. In the forty-first year an imperially composed essay instructing scholars was promulgated and ordered carved in stone at school temples. In the forty-second year teaching posts were fixed at two per school. In the first year of Yongzheng charity schools were approved for Yunnan natives, Sichuan Jianchang tribes, and Hunan Yongshun and elsewhere; thereafter with converting native domains, Confucian schools were gradually established even in frontier wastelands. The next year a Yunnan well school instructor was established; well schools began from this. The year after that capital guard Confucian schools and capital guard military school directors were abolished; Manchu students all returned to monthly examination under Han officials. In the thirteenth year official ranks for prefectural, departmental, and county Confucian schools were fixed. As listed above. After the thirtieth year of Guangxu civil examinations were abolished and teaching vacancies in each province were not filled. At the time changing to temple culture officials was discussed but not carried out.

巡檢司巡檢，從九品。掌捕盜賊，詰奸宄。凡州縣關津險要則置。隸州□者，專司河防。

Patrol inspector bureau patrol inspector: rank 9b. Managed capturing bandits and investigating villains. Established at strategic passes of departments and counties. For departments subordinated [lacuna], exclusively managed river defense.

驛丞，未入流。掌郵傳迎送。凡舟車伕馬，廩糗庖饌，視使客品秩為差，支直於府、州、縣，籍其出入。雍正六年，定滿人不得為驛丞。典史同。

Post station assistant, outside regular ranks. Managed relay transport reception and dispatch. Boats, carts, couriers, horses, grain rations, kitchens and meals varied according to the envoy's rank; expenses were drawn from the prefecture, department, or county with income and outgo recorded. In the sixth year of Yongzheng it was fixed that Manchus could not serve as post station assistants. County clerks likewise.

庫大使一人。隸布政使者正八品，運使、鹽法道、各道從九品，鹽茶道及各所俱未入流。掌主庫藏。

One treasury commissioner. Subordinated to provincial treasurer at rank 8a; transport commissioner, salt law circuit, and each circuit at rank 9b; salt-tea circuit and each office all outside regular ranks. Managed overseeing treasuries.

倉大使一人。隸布政使及各府從九品。州、縣未入流。掌主倉庾。

One granary commissioner. Subordinated to provincial treasurer and each prefecture at rank 9b. Departments and counties: outside regular ranks. Managed overseeing granaries.

稅課司大使一人。隸道、府者從九品。州、縣未入流。掌主稅事。凡商賈、儈屠、雜巿俱有常徵，以時榷之，輸直於道、府若縣。

One tax bureau commissioner. Subordinated to circuit and prefecture at rank 9b. Departments and counties: outside regular ranks. Managed overseeing tax affairs. Merchants, brokers, and mixed markets all had regular levies, timely assessed, with revenue submitted to the circuit, prefecture, or county.

徬官一人。未入流。掌瀦洩啟閉。

One sluice official. Outside regular ranks. Managed storing and releasing water, opening and closing sluices.

河泊所大使一人。未入流。掌徵魚稅。

One river fisheries bureau commissioner. Outside regular ranks. Managed collecting fish tax.

醫學府正科，州典科，縣訓科，各一人。俱未入流。由所轄有司遴諳醫理者，咨部給劄。宣統元年，奉天模範監獄成，置醫務所所長，省府正科。

Medical school: one chief physician per prefecture, one associate physician per department, one instructor physician per county. All outside regular ranks. Selected by the supervising official from those versed in medicine, with ministry consultation and license granted. In the first year of Xuantong the Fengtian model prison was completed, a medical office director was established, and the prefecture chief physician was abolished.

陰陽學府正術，州典術，縣訓術，各一人。俱未入流。由所轄有司遴行端者，咨部給劄。雍正七年，令兼轄星學。

Yin-yang school: one chief method master per prefecture, one associate method master per department, one instructor method master per county. All outside regular ranks. Selected by the supervising official from those of upright conduct, with ministry consultation and license granted. In the seventh year of Yongzheng they were ordered also to administer star learning.

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