1
志九十四
Treatise Ninety-Four
2
職官六新官制
Offices Six: The New Official System
3
內閣外務部出使大臣稅務處民政部內外巡警總廳度支部清理財政處大清銀行
The Grand Secretariat, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, envoys abroad, Customs Office, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Inner and Outer Metropolitan Police Headquarters, Ministry of Revenue, Office for the Settlement of Public Accounts, and Imperial Bank of China
4
造幣總廠學部國子監大學堂陸軍部海軍部法部修訂法律館大理院
The General Mint, Ministry of Education, Directorate of Education, Imperial University, Army Ministry, Navy Ministry, Ministry of Justice, Law Revision Bureau, and Supreme Court of Justice
5
京師各級審檢廳農工商部郵傳部軍諮府弼德院資政院鹽政院
Capital trial and procuratorate offices at all levels, the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, Ministry of Posts and Communications, Military Advisory Council, Council of State, Political Consultative Council, and Salt Administration
6
典禮院禮學館提學使提法使外省各級審檢廳東三省各司禁衛軍
The Court of Rites, Institute of Ritual Learning, provincial education and judicial commissioners, provincial courts and procuratorates, departments of the three eastern provinces, and the Imperial Guard
7
督練公所軍制鎮制陸軍鎮監巡防隊海軍艦制
Provincial Training Offices, army and division organization, army division prisons, patrol forces, and naval ship organization
8
清初釐定官制,職儀粗具。 中更六七作,存改洄沿,世不同矣。 延及德宗,外患躡跡,譯署始立。 繼改專部,商、警、學部接踵而設,並省府、寺,乃分十部。 嗣議立憲,理籓改部,軍諮設處,復更巡警為民政,戶為度支,商為農工商,兵為陸軍,附立海軍處,刑為法,別立大理院,又取工部所司輪路郵電專設郵傳部。 以今況往,洵稱多制。 宣統紹述,合樞於閣,增海軍部,省吏部,改禮部為典禮院,鹽政處為鹽政院。 猶慮閣權過重,設弼德院以相維繫,資政院以為監督。 增埤前事,取臬殊方,因事創名,官冗職雜,階資官品,肇域未區。 簡奏咨補,故實斯在,輯而存之,具載後簡,亦得失之林也。
In the early Qing the official system was established and its duties and ceremonial forms were roughly in place. It was revised six or seven times, with institutions kept, altered, or carried forward so that no two eras were quite alike. By the Guangxu reign foreign crises came in quick succession, and the Translation Office was first established. It later became a dedicated ministry; Commerce, Police, and Education ministries followed; provincial offices and courts were consolidated into ten ministries. Constitutional plans brought a Colonial Affairs ministry, a Military Advisory office, and renamed ministries: Civil Affairs, Finance, Agriculture-Industry-Commerce, Army (with a naval office), Justice (with a separate Supreme Court), and Posts and Communications split from Works. Compared with earlier times, the institutions had become remarkably numerous. The Xuantong reforms merged the Grand Council into the cabinet, added a Navy Ministry, abolished the Board of Civil Appointments, made the Board of Rites a Court of Rites, and elevated the Salt Office to a Salt Administration. Fearing an overpowerful cabinet, the Council of State was added as a counterweight and the Political Consultative Council as a supervisory body. Building on past practice and borrowing from many regions, ad hoc offices multiplied; posts overlapped, duties blurred, and ranks were not yet clearly sorted. Imperial selection, memorial appointment, and consultative appointment are recorded here in full below—a forest of what worked and what did not.
9
內閣總理大臣,協理大臣,各一人。 特簡。 國務大臣十人。 各部大臣兼充。 丞一人。 承宣□□長,副□長,各一人。 制諮、敘官、統計、印鑄四局,局長各一人。 丞以下俱請簡。 其屬有:僉事,印鑄藝師,俱奏補。 藝士,錄事俱咨補。 各員。 所轄法制院,院長,副院長,各一人。 參議四人。 俱請簡。 參事,奏補。 僉事,錄事,視事繁簡酌置。
The cabinet had one prime minister and one assistant prime minister. Both were specially selected by imperial appointment. There were ten state ministers. They were filled concurrently by the various ministry heads. There was one chancellor. The Proclamation Bureau had one director and one deputy director. Four bureaus—Drafting, Personnel Records, Statistics, and Seals—each had one director. From the chancellor downward, all were appointed by imperial selection upon request. Subordinates included secretaries and seal-casting master artisans, all appointed by memorial. Artisans and record clerks were appointed by consultation. Various posts. It oversaw the Legislative Drafting Court, with one president and one vice president. There were four counsellors. All were appointed by imperial selection upon request. Counsellor-assistants were appointed by memorial. Secretaries and record clerks were assigned according to workload.
10
總理掌參畫機要,締綸時務。 法律詔令,會國務大臣尾署名銜。 事涉一部或數部,會所司大臣署之。 會議時充議長,協理佐之。 丞掌主閣務,綜領眾局,方軌諸長。 承宣掌布絲綸,守法典,司文書圖籍。 制誥掌詔旨制敕,璽書冊命,起草進畫,稽頒寶星勳章,典領籓封勳級。 敘官掌考功定課,匯覈履行。 統計掌統一計表,刊行年鑒。 印鑄掌編輯官報。 餘依往制。 詳禮部。 法制院掌編纂法規,修明法令,擬上候裁。
The prime minister planned state secrets and drafted timely policy. Laws and edicts bore the countersignatures of the state ministers at the end. Matters touching one or more ministries were signed by the responsible ministers. In council he chaired meetings; the assistant prime minister assisted. The chancellor ran cabinet affairs, oversaw all bureaus, and coordinated the bureau chiefs. The Proclamation Bureau issued rescripts, upheld the legal canon, and managed documents and archives. Drafting handled edicts, sealed commissions, and drafts for imperial approval; it audited orders and medals and managed noble ranks for the domains. Personnel Records evaluated merit, fixed assessments, and verified fulfillment. Statistics compiled unified tables and published yearbooks. The Seals Bureau edited the Official Gazette. The rest followed the former system. See the Board of Rites. The Legislative Drafting Court compiled regulations, clarified statutes, and submitted drafts for imperial approval.
11
光緒三十二年,改組內閣,設會議政務處,以各部尚書為內閣政務大臣。 宣統三年,改責任內閣,以軍機大臣為總、協理大臣,並定內閣屬官制。 如前所列。
In 1906 the cabinet was reorganized with a Council of Government Affairs whose members were the ministry heads. In 1911 a responsible cabinet was formed from Grand Councilors as prime and assistant prime ministers, with subordinate offices as listed. As listed above.
12
外務部外務大臣,副大臣,各一人。 特簡。 承政□左、右丞,參議□左、右參議,各一人。 俱請簡。 參事四人。 奏補。 其屬:司務□司務二人。 咨補。 和會、考工、榷算、庶務四司,郎中、員外郎、主事各二人。 俱奏補。 以上各部同。
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs had one minister and one vice minister. Both were specially selected. The Directorate had left and right vice directors; the Counselling office had left and right counsellors—one each. All were appointed by imperial selection upon request. There were four counsellor-assistants. They were appointed by memorial. It had two general-affairs office clerks. They were appointed by consultation. Four departments—Protocol, Engineering, Tariffs, and General Affairs—each had two directors, vice directors, and section chiefs. All were appointed by memorial. The same pattern applied to all ministries above.
13
大臣掌主交涉,昭布德信,保護僑人傭客,以慎邦交。 副大臣貳之。 丞掌機密文移,綜領眾務。 參議掌審議法令,參事佐之。 各部同。 和會掌使臣覲見,盟約賞賚,兼司領事更替,司員敘遷。 考工掌司鐵軌、礦產、電線、船政,凡製造軍火,聘用客卿,招工、遊學諸事,各擅其職。 榷算掌蕃貨海舶征榷貿易,綜典國債、郵政,勾檢本部暨出使度支。 度務掌江海防務,疆域界址,凡傳教、遊歷,賞恤、禁令,裁判獄訟,並按約以待。 有丞、參上行走,額外司員,七品小京官。 民政、郵傳、法部小京官定額缺。 所轄:儲材館,提調、幫提調各一人。 本部司員內遴派。 文案、支應、庶務、俱派員分治其事。
The minister directed diplomacy, displayed imperial virtue, and protected overseas Chinese and laborers. The vice minister assisted. The vice director handled confidential papers and oversaw all affairs. Counsellors reviewed laws; counsellor-assistants assisted. The same in all ministries. Protocol managed audiences, treaty gifts, consular rotation, and staff promotions. Engineering managed railways, mines, telegraphs, shipbuilding, ordnance, foreign advisers, labor, and study abroad. Tariffs managed foreign trade levies, public debt, and post, and audited ministry and legation finances. General Affairs handled coastal defense, boundaries, missionary travel, rewards and prohibitions, and treaty-based litigation. Active vice directors and counsellors, supernumerary staff, and seventh-rank junior capital officials served on detail. Civil Affairs, Posts and Communications, and Justice had fixed quotas of junior capital officials. It oversaw the Talent Repository with one chief and one assistant coordinator. They were chosen from ministry staff. Documentation, supplies, and general affairs each had assigned officers.
14
雍正五年,定恰克圖市約,置辦理俄事大臣,見第五款。 不為恆職。 咸豐元年,改歸理籓院。 十年,文宗北狩,特置專官辦理撫局。 其冬,設總理各國事務衙門,命恭親王奕訢領之。 司員統稱章京,置滿、漢各八人。 時行分署治事制。 戶部司員覈關稅,理籓部司員典文移,兵部司員治台站驛遞,內閣人員主機密,俱隸總辦、幫辦。 三年,改為英、法、俄、美四股。 九年,增設海防股。 後改俄、德、英、法、日本五股。 宣統元年,合俄、德為一,增設秘書、機要二股。 明年,置總辦四人,曰總辦章京。 同治元年,增置額外章京,滿、漢各二人。 二年各增六人。 光緒九年各增四人。 十年各減四人。 二十三年各增二人。 三年,設司務□,置司務二人。 光緒二十七年,辛丑和約成,更名外務部,班列各部上。 置總理親王,會辦尚書,兼會辦左、右侍郎,各一人; 改總辦為左、右丞,左、右參議各一人。 並置郎中以次各官,不分滿、漢。 三十二年改訂官制,意合滿、漢,而翰林、都察兩院仍依往制。 是歲增置繙譯官十有五人。 七、八、九品各五人,分股治事。 宣統三年,新內閣成,省總理、會辦兼職,改尚書為大臣,侍郎為副大臣。 省侍郎一缺,各部同。 管部之制,至是遂廢。
In 1727 the Kyakhta treaty was concluded and a commissioner for Russian affairs appointed; see item five. It was not a permanent post. In 1851 it passed to the Court of Colonial Affairs. In 1860, when the Xianfeng Emperor fled north, a dedicated negotiator was appointed. That winter the Zongli Yamen was founded under Prince Gong Yixin. Staff were titled zhangjing—eight Manchu and eight Han. A divided-office system was then in use. Revenue, Colonial Affairs, War, and Grand Secretariat staff handled customs, documents, couriers, and secrets under chief and assistant managers. In 1863 it was divided into British, French, Russian, and American sections. In 1869 a Coastal Defense section was added. It later became five sections: Russia, Germany, Britain, France, and Japan. In 1909 Russia and Germany were merged and Secretariat and Secret Affairs sections added. The next year four chief managers called chief zhangjing were appointed. In 1862 two supernumerary Manchu and two Han zhangjing were added. In 1863 six more were added for each. In 1883 four more were added for each. In 1884 four were cut from each. In 1897 two more were added for each. In 1863 a general-affairs office was set up with two clerks. In 1901, after the Boxer Protocol, it became the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranked above other ministries. A supervising prince, co-managing minister, and left and right co-managing vice ministers were appointed. Chief managers became left and right vice directors with left and right counsellors. Directors and subordinates were appointed without Manchu-Han distinction. The 1906 reform aimed to unite Manchu and Han, but the Hanlin Academy and Censorate kept old rules. That year fifteen translators were added. Fifteen translators of the seventh through ninth ranks served in the sections. In the third year of Xuantong (1911), the new cabinet took shape: the old concurrent titles of director-general and co-director were dropped, ministers became grand ministers, and vice ministers became deputy grand ministers. Each ministry likewise shed one vice-minister post. With that, the practice of assigning overseers to run the ministries came to an end.
15
頭等出使大臣,正一品。 特簡。 參贊,正三品。 通譯官,正五品。 俱奏補。 無定員。 有事權置,畢乃省。
First-class envoys held the top civil rank, 1a. They were specially selected by imperial appointment. Counselors held rank 3a. Interpreters held rank 5a. All were appointed by memorial to the throne. There was no fixed quota. Posts were created as needed and abolished once the mission ended.
16
二等出使大臣,正二品。 特簡。 參贊官,初制四品,後改從四品。 奏補。 各一人。 英、俄、德、日本、奧、義、和、比各一人。 法、日、葡各一人。 美、墨、秘、古各一人。 分館代使二等參贊官二人。 日斯巴尼亞一人。 葡萄牙一人。 二等參贊兼總領事三人。 墨西哥一人。 秘魯一人。 古巴一人。 三等參贊八人。 初制五品,後改正五品。 奏補。 英、法、德、俄各一人。 美、日本各二人。 二、三等通譯官。 二等從五品。 三等從六品。 奏補。 一、二等書記官。 一等從五品。 二等從六品。 奏補。 商務委員,正五品。 奏補。 武隨員,各使館俱一人。 唯奧、義、和、比不置三等通譯官、武隨員。 分館二等通譯官、書記官俱一人。
Second-class envoys held rank 2a. They were specially selected by imperial appointment. Counselors were first grade 4, then reclassified as sub-grade 4. Appointed by memorial to the throne. One per legation. Britain, Russia, Germany, Japan, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium each had one. France, Japan, and Portugal each had one. The United States, Mexico, Peru, and Cuba each had one. Branch legations with acting envoys had two second-rank counselors. Spain had one. Portugal had one. Three second-rank counselors doubled as consuls-general. Mexico had one. Peru had one. Cuba had one. There were eight third-rank counselors. Originally grade 5, later fixed at regular grade 5. Appointed by memorial to the throne. Britain, France, Germany, and Russia each had one. The United States and Japan each had two. Second- and third-rank interpreters. Second rank was sub-grade 5. Third rank was sub-grade 6. Appointed by memorial to the throne. First- and second-rank secretaries. First rank was sub-grade 5. Second rank was sub-grade 6. Appointed by memorial to the throne. Commercial commissioners held rank 5a. Appointed by memorial to the throne. Each legation had one military attaché. Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium alone had neither third-rank interpreters nor military attachés. Each branch legation had one second-rank interpreter and one secretary.
17
總領事從四品。 奏補。 十有三人。 新嘉坡、澳洲、南斐洲、坎拿大各一人,隸英使。 海參葳一人,隸俄使。 墨西哥、古巴、金山、小呂宋、美利濱、巴拿馬各一人,隸美使。 橫濱、朝鮮各一人,隸日本使。 爪哇一人,隸和使。 領事正五品。 奏補。 十有四人。 檳榔嶼、紐絲綸、仰光、溫哥埠各一人,隸英使。 檀香山、嘉裡約各一人,隸美使。 薩摩島一人,隸德使。 神戶、長崎、仁川、釜山、新義州各一人,隸日本使。 泗水、巴東各一人,隸和使。 副領事從五品。 奏補。 二人。 元山、甑南浦各一人,隸日本使。 又有外國人兼代領事者。 法,馬賽; 義,米朗、納婆爾士; 美,波士頓、費城諸處。
Consuls-general held sub-grade 4. Appointed by memorial to the throne. There were thirteen. Singapore, Australia, South Africa, and Canada each had one, under the British minister. Vladivostok had one, under the Russian minister. Mexico, Cuba, San Francisco, the Philippines, Melbourne, and Panama each had one, under the American minister. Yokohama and Korea each had one, under the Japanese minister. Java had one, under the Dutch minister. Consuls held rank 5a. Appointed by memorial to the throne. There were fourteen. Penang, New South Wales, Rangoon, and Vancouver each had one, under the British minister. Honolulu and Rio de Janeiro each had one, under the American minister. Samoa had one, under the German minister. Kobe, Nagasaki, Inchon, Pusan, and Sinuiju each had one, under the Japanese minister. Surabaya and Padang each had one, under the Dutch minister. Vice-consuls held sub-grade 5. Appointed by memorial to the throne. There were two. Wonsan and Chinnampo each had one, under the Japanese minister. Foreign nationals also served as acting consuls in some posts. For France, Marseille; for Italy, Milan and Naples; for the United States, Boston, Philadelphia, and similar ports.
18
使臣掌國際交涉。 參贊佐之。 領事掌保護華僑。
Envoys conducted the empire's foreign relations. Counselors assisted them. Consuls protected Chinese communities abroad.
19
康熙初,俄國通使,未垂為制。 同治六年,始遣使辦理交涉,以道員志剛等及美使蒲安臣膺其選。 光緒元年,定出使制,命侍郎郭嵩燾使英,翰林院侍講何如璋使日本,京卿陳蘭彬使美日秘國,俱置副使。 別設秘、日分館,置金山、嘉裡約、古巴各總領事。 後為自主國,改遣公使。 二年,定使館參贊二人,絲番譯四人。 十四年,復定繙譯、隨員二人或三人。 分館參贊兼領事一人,絲番譯、隨員各一人,參贊如故。 三十二年,定參贊以次各員額,如前所列。 厥後聯翩四出,英使兼領義、比,俄使兼駐德,以奧、和隸之。 四年,置新嘉坡領事,後改總領事。 日本各口岸理事官。 後改領事。 明年,省副使,置檀香山領事。 八年,置紐約領事。 十三年,置小呂宋總領事,仰光領事,檳榔嶼副領事。 後改領事。 十七年,置南洋各島領事。 二十一年,簡法國專使。 二十三年,簡德國專使,和改隸之。 並增置韓使。 三十三年撤回,改總領事。 二十六年,置韓國各口岸領事,及海參葳商務委員。 後改總領事。 二十八年,改駐法使臣兼使日國,駐美使臣兼使古巴,別設分館,並簡奧、義、比三國專使。 明年,設墨分館。 三十年,置南斐洲總領事。 三十一年,簡和國專使兼理保和會事,並以法日使臣兼領葡使,尋設葡分館。 三十四年,定使臣為二品專官,並參贊等官品秩。 宣統元年,置美利濱、坎拿大、巴拿馬總領事。 嗣是澳洲、溫哥埠、薩摩島、紐絲綸諸領事踵相躡。 三年,置爪哇總領事,泗水、巴東領事。 其秋置朝鮮新義州領事。
In early Kangxi, Russian missions came and went, but no standing system yet existed. In Tongzhi 6 (1867), the court first sent envoys to handle diplomacy; Zhigang, a circuit intendant, and the American minister Anson Burlingame were among those chosen. In Guangxu 1 (1875), the permanent envoy system was established: Vice Minister Guo Songtao to Britain, Hanlin expositor He Ruzhang to Japan, and capital official Chen Lanbin to the United States, Japan, and Peru—each with a deputy. Branch legations were opened for Peru and Japan, with consuls-general at San Francisco, Rio, and Cuba. When those countries were recognized as fully sovereign, the court began sending ministers plenipotentiary. In Guangxu 2, each legation was allotted two counselors and four silk-bureau translators. In Guangxu 14, the quota for translators and attachés was reset at two or three. Each branch had one counselor-consul, one silk-bureau translator, and one attaché, while full legations kept their counselors. In Guangxu 32, staff quotas from counselor downward were fixed as listed above. Envoys then fanned out abroad: the British minister also covered Italy and Belgium; the Russian minister was also posted to Germany, with Austria and the Netherlands under that legation. In Guangxu 4 a consul was posted to Singapore, later upgraded to consul-general. Superintendent officials were posted to Japanese treaty ports. They were later retitled consuls. The following year deputy envoys were abolished and a consul opened at Honolulu. In Guangxu 8 a consul was posted to New York. In Guangxu 13 posts opened at Manila (consul-general), Rangoon (consul), and Penang (vice-consul). Penang was later upgraded to consul. In Guangxu 17 consuls were posted across the South Seas. In Guangxu 21 a dedicated minister to France was appointed. In Guangxu 23 a dedicated minister went to Germany, and the Dutch legation was placed under him. A minister to Korea was added as well. In Guangxu 33 the Korean minister was recalled and the post became a consul-general. In Guangxu 26 consuls opened at Korean ports and a commercial commissioner at Vladivostok. Vladivostok was later upgraded to consul-general. In Guangxu 28 the French minister also covered Japan, the American minister Cuba (with branch legations), and separate ministers were appointed to Austria, Italy, and Belgium. The next year a Mexican branch legation opened. In Guangxu 30 a consul-general was posted to South Africa. In Guangxu 31 a Dutch minister handled Hague Peace Conference business; French and Japanese ministers briefly covered Portugal until a Portuguese branch legation opened. In Guangxu 34 envoys became dedicated second-rank posts, with formal ranks for counselors and staff. In Xuantong 1 consuls-general opened at Melbourne, Canada, and Panama. Consuls at Australia, Vancouver, Samoa, and New South Wales followed in quick succession. In Xuantong 3 a consul-general opened in Java, with consuls at Surabaya and Padang. That autumn a consul was posted to Sinuiju, Korea.
20
三等出使大臣,正三品。 特簡。 參贊臣,通譯官,無定員,不恆置。
Third-class envoys held rank 3a. They were specially selected by imperial appointment. Counselors and interpreters had no fixed quota and were not standing posts.
21
保和會專使大臣一人。 正二品。 特簡。 陸軍議員一人。 武官諳西文者充之。 光緒三十三年,罷和使兼職改置。
One dedicated minister served the Hague Peace Conference. Rank 2a. Specially selected by imperial appointment. One army councillor. A military officer fluent in Western languages filled the post. In Guangxu 33 the Dutch minister's concurrent Hague role ended and this dedicated post was created.
22
督辦稅務大臣,幫辦大臣,各一人。 以大學士、尚書、侍郎充。 後改大臣、副大臣充。 掌主關稅,督率關吏。 提調,幫提調,分股總辦,幫辦,俱各一人。 外務部、度支部丞、參兼充。 所轄:總稅務司,副總稅務司,各一人。 稅務司四人,副稅務司六人,各關稅務司五十有九人,潮海五人。 粵海、岳州、北海各三人。 膠海、鎮江、東海、閩海、津海、金陵、蘇州、吉林各二人。 江海、梧州、拱北、哈爾濱、山海、浙海、廈門、九龍、九江、亞東、長沙、大連、甌海、福海、三水、龍州、杭州、安東、沙市、重慶、江門、南寧、瓊海、宜昌、奉天、騰越、思茅、蒙自各一人。 副稅務司三十有七人。 江漢、粵海、江海、三水、津海、琿春各三人。 大連、潮海、瓊海、九龍各二人。 蘇州、南寧、龍州、重慶、奉天、杭州、廈門、閩海、哈爾濱、蕪湖、大通釐局各一人。 以上俱外國人為之。 初,海關置監督。 各部俸深司員充之。 旋改歸督、撫監督,名焉耳。 自道光以來,海疆日辟,於是始置北洋、南洋通商大臣,關道及監督隸之。 亦有將軍兼理者。 津海歸直隸津海道管理,山海歸奉天奉錦山海道管理,東海歸山東登萊青道管理,俱隸北洋。 鎮江歸江蘇常鎮通道管理,江海歸江蘇蘇松太道管理,蕪湖歸安徽皖南道管理,浙海歸浙江寧紹台道管理,甌海歸浙江溫處道管理,江漢歸湖北漢黃德道管理,宜昌歸湖北荊宜施道管理,重慶歸四川川東道管理,俱隸南洋。 閩海歸福州將軍管理。 粵海、潮海、北海、瓊海、九龍、拱北,監督各一人。 嘉峪歸甘肅安肅道管理,龍州歸廣西太平思順道管理,蒙自歸雲南臨安開廣道管理,隸本省督、撫。 咸豐以後,聘用英人威妥瑪、美人斯密斯氏襄辦稅務,李泰國繼之。 派為總稅務司; 凡海關俱置稅務司、副稅務司,後沿江各埠,及內地陸路增開口岸,並屬海關。 是為海關募用客卿之始。 時管轄之權屬總理衙門。 光緒二十三年,始設稅務處,總稅務司以次各官並受其節度。 先是戶關、工關分隸戶、工兩部,至是始以常關標名。 嗣外部與本處定常關分設稅局,五十里外者歸監督,五十里內者歸稅務司,此內、外常關名稱所由昉也。
The Commissioner of Customs and an Assistant Commissioner, one each. Grand secretaries, ministers, or vice ministers held the posts. Later grand ministers and deputy grand ministers filled them. They oversaw tariff collection and supervised customs staff. A director, assistant director, section chief, and assistant—one each. Foreign Ministry and Ministry of Revenue vice ministers and counselors served concurrently. Under them stood an Inspector General and Deputy Inspector General of Customs, one each. Four customs commissioners, six deputies, and fifty-nine station commissioners—including five at Chaozhou. Guangzhou, Yuezhou, and Beihai each had three. Jiaozhou, Zhenjiang, Donghai, Fujian, Tianjin, Nanjing, Suzhou, and Jilin each had two. Jianghai, Wuzhou, Gongbei, Harbin, Shanhaiguan, Zhejiang, Xiamen, Kowloon, Jiujiang, Yadong, Changsha, Dalian, Wenzhou, Fuzhou maritime, Sanshui, Longzhou, Hangzhou, Andong, Shashi, Chongqing, Jiangmen, Nanning, Qionghai, Yichang, Fengtian, Tengyue, Simao, and Mengzi each had one commissioner. There were thirty-seven deputy commissioners. Hankou, Guangzhou, Jianghai, Sanshui, Tianjin, and Hunchun each had three. Dalian, Chaozhou, Qionghai, and Kowloon each had two. Suzhou, Nanning, Longzhou, Chongqing, Fengtian, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Fujian, Harbin, Wuhu, and the Datong Likin Bureau each had one. All these posts were held by foreigners. Maritime customs originally had Chinese superintendents. Senior ministry officials filled them. Later governors-general and governors nominally supervised them—largely in name. From the Daoguang era onward, as treaty ports multiplied, Northern and Southern Commissioners for Trade were created, with circuit intendants and superintendents under them. Some ports were also overseen by generals. Tianjin fell under the Zhili Tianjin circuit, Shanhaiguan under the Fengtian Feng-Jin-Shan circuit, and Donghai under Shandong's Deng-Lai-Qing circuit—all under the Northern Commissioner. Zhenjiang, Jianghai, Wuhu, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, Hankou, Yichang, and Chongqing were managed by their respective provincial circuits—all under the Southern Commissioner. Fujian customs came under the Fuzhou general. Guangzhou, Chaozhou, Beihai, Qionghai, Kowloon, and Gongbei each had its own superintendent. Jiayu, Longzhou, and Mengzi fell under their provincial circuits and local governors. After Xianfeng, Thomas Wade and an American named Smith assisted customs work; Horatio Lay succeeded them. Lay was appointed Inspector General; every station gained a commissioner and deputy; later river and inland treaty ports were folded into the same system. That was when customs began relying on foreign administrators. Authority then rested with the Zongli Yamen (Foreign Office). In Guangxu 23 the Customs Office was created, bringing the Inspector General and all subordinates under its control. Household and works customs had belonged to the Revenue and Works ministries; now they were formally called native customs (changguan). The Foreign Ministry and the Customs Office later split native customs: stations beyond fifty li answered to Chinese superintendents, within fifty li to foreign commissioners—origin of the inner/outer changguan distinction.
23
民政大臣,副大臣,左、右丞,左、右參議,各一人。 承政□員外郎,主事,小京官,各四人。 參議□參事二人。 民治、警政、疆裡、營繕、衛生五司,郎中八人,民治,警政、疆裡各二人,餘各一人。 員外郎十有六人,民治、警政、營繕各四人,餘各二人。 主事十有八人,民治、警政各五人,營繕四人,餘各二人。 小京官各一人。 習藝所員外郎一人,兼充消防隊總理。 主事二人,五品警官五人,消防隊三人。 習藝所二人。 六、七品警官各九人,消防隊各六人。 習藝所各三人。 八、九品警官各十有二人。 消防隊各八人。 習藝所各四人。 以上俱隸警政司。 六、七品藝師各一人。 隸營繕司。 六、七品醫官各一人。 隸衛生司。 自警官以下俱奏補。 八品錄事二十人,九品錄事三十有二人。 俱咨補。
Minister and deputy minister of Civil Affairs, with left and right vice ministers and counselors, one each. The Chancellery office: four vice directors, four section chiefs, and four junior capital officials each. The Counselor office: two counselor-assistants. Five bureaus—civil administration, police, boundaries, public works, and health—had eight directors: two each for civil administration, police, and boundaries; one for the others. Sixteen vice directors: four each for civil administration, police, and public works; two for the rest. Eighteen section chiefs: five each for civil administration and police; four for public works; two for the rest. Each bureau had one junior capital official. One vocational-institute vice director doubled as head of the fire brigade. Two section chiefs, five grade-5 police officers (three assigned to the fire brigade). Two for the vocational institute. Nine grade-6 and nine grade-7 police officers; six each for the fire brigade. Three each for the vocational institute. Twelve grade-8 and twelve grade-9 police officers. Eight each for the fire brigade. Four each for the vocational institute. All of the above belonged to the Police Bureau. One grade-6 and one grade-7 artisan master. Under the Public Works Bureau. One grade-6 and one grade-7 medical officer. Under the Health Bureau. Police officers and below were appointed by memorial. Twenty grade-8 and thirty-two grade-9 clerks. All were appointed by consultation.
24
大臣掌主版籍,整飭風教,綏靖黎物,以奠邦治。 副大臣貳之。 民治掌編審戶口,兼司保息鄉政。 警政掌巡察禁令,分稽行政司法。 疆裡掌經界圖志,審驗官民土地。 營繕掌陵寢工程,修治道路,並保守古跡祠廟。 衛生掌檢醫防疫,建置病院。 所轄:豫審所,後隸大理院。 路工局,教養局,俱遴員分治之。
The minister oversaw population registers, public morals and education, and civil order—the foundations of domestic governance. The deputy minister assisted him. Civil Administration managed household registration and baojia neighborhood governance. Police Administration enforced patrols and bans and oversaw civil and judicial police functions. Boundaries maintained cadastral maps and verified public and private landholdings. Public Works maintained imperial tombs and roads and protected historic sites and temples. Health managed medical inspection, epidemic prevention, and hospitals. It initially oversaw the Preliminary Review Office, later transferred to the Supreme Court. Road works and relief/education bureaus were run by selected officials.
25
光緒三十年,設巡警部,置尚書,左、右侍郎,左、右丞,參議,各一人。 警政、警法、警保、警學、警務五司,郎中五人,三十二年增二人。 員外郎、主事各十有六人,三十二年增員外郎二人,主事四人。 三十四年增營繕司一人。 小京官四人,三十二年增五人。 一、二、三等書記官各十人。 仿七、八、九品筆帖式舊制。 三十二年改為八、九品錄事。 習藝所員外郎一人,主事二人。 三十二年,更名民政部。 設承政、參議兩□,置參事二人。 改設民治、疆裡、營繕、衛生諸司,警政如故。 宣統元年,定習藝所及消防隊員額。 如前所列。 三年,改尚書為大臣,侍郎為副大臣。
In Guangxu 30 the Police Ministry was founded with a minister, two vice ministers, two vice directors, and a counselor. Five police bureaus began with five directors; two more were added in Guangxu 32. Sixteen vice directors and sixteen section chiefs; Guangxu 32 added two vice directors and four section chiefs. Guangxu 34 added one public works director. Four junior capital officials, with five more in Guangxu 32. Ten first-, second-, and third-rank secretaries each. Modeled on the old grade 7–9 clerk (bitieshi) system. In Guangxu 32 they became grade-8 and grade-9 record clerks. The vocational institute had one vice director and two section chiefs. In Guangxu 32 it was renamed the Ministry of Civil Affairs. Chancellery and Counselor offices were established, with two counselor-assistants. Civil administration, boundaries, public works, and health bureaus were reorganized; police administration unchanged. In Xuantong 1 staffing for the vocational institute and fire brigade was fixed. As listed above. In Xuantong 3 ministers became grand ministers and vice ministers deputy grand ministers.
26
內、外城巡警總廳,廳丞各一人。 初制正四品。 光緒三十三年升從三品。 請簡。 掌徼循坊境,並典蹕路警衛。 總務處總僉事各一人。 從四品。 奏補。 行政、司法、衛生三處各僉事三人。 正五品。 俱奏補。 五品警官各四人。 六品警官十有九人。 內城十人。 外城九人。 七品警官二十人。 內城十有一人。 外城九人。 八品警官二十有七人。 內城十有四人。 外城十有三人。 九品警官二十有八人。 內城十有五人。 外城十有三人。 七品以上奏補。 八品以下咨補。 八、九品錄事各四人。 委用。
The Inner and Outer City police headquarters each had one bureau chief. Originally grade 4a. In Guangxu 33 the post rose to sub-grade 3. Appointed by imperial selection upon request. They patrolled wards and districts and provided police escort on imperial routes. Each headquarters had one chief secretary for general affairs. Sub-grade 4. They were appointed by imperial memorial. The Administration, Judiciary, and Health sections each had three fifth-rank counselors. Their rank was regular fifth grade. All were appointed by imperial memorial. There were four fifth-rank police officers at each level. There were nineteen sixth-rank police officers in total. Ten served in the Inner City. Nine served in the Outer City. There were twenty seventh-rank police officers. Eleven were assigned to the Inner City. Nine were assigned to the Outer City. There were twenty-seven eighth-rank police officers. Fourteen were assigned to the Inner City. Thirteen were assigned to the Outer City. There were twenty-eight ninth-rank police officers. Fifteen were assigned to the Inner City. Thirteen were assigned to the Outer City. Posts of the seventh rank and above were filled by imperial memorial. Posts of the eighth rank and below were filled by ministerial consultation. There were four eighth-rank and four ninth-rank record clerks. They were appointed by delegation.
27
光緒三十年,設京師內、外城巡警總廳,置廳丞各一人。 設總務、警務、衛生三處,置參事各一人。 正五品。 三十三年改僉事。 內城五分廳,外城四分廳,知事九人。 正五品。 三十二年,增司法處。 改警務曰行政。 升總務處僉事品秩為屬官首領。 置五品以下各警官,無定員。 八、九品錄事各四人。 並內五分廳為中、左、右三廳,外四分廳為左、右二廳,省知事四人。 設內城二十六區,外城二十區,置區官、六、七品警官充。 尋改區長。 區副八、九品警官充。 尋改區員。 各一人。 三十四年,省內、外城區半之。 宣統元年,裁分廳,省知事。
In 1904, Metropolitan Patrol general offices were set up for the Inner and Outer cities of the capital, each headed by one director. Three sections—General Affairs, Police Affairs, and Health—were created, each with one counsellor. The counsellors held regular fifth rank. In 1907 the title was changed to counselor (qian shi). The Inner City had five branch offices and the Outer City four, with nine directors in all. The directors held regular fifth rank. In 1906 a Judiciary section was added. Police Affairs was renamed Administration. The counselor of the General Affairs section was promoted in rank to serve as chief of the subordinate staff. Police officers of the fifth rank and below were appointed without fixed quotas. There were four eighth-rank and four ninth-rank record clerks. The Inner City's five branches were consolidated into Central, Left, and Right offices; the Outer City's four into Left and Right offices; and four director posts were cut. Twenty-six districts were set up in the Inner City and twenty in the Outer City, each headed by a district officer drawn from the sixth- and seventh-rank police ranks. The title was soon changed to district chief. District deputies were drawn from the eighth- and ninth-rank police officers. The title was soon changed to district officer. Each district had one such officer. In 1908 the number of districts in both cities was cut by half. In 1909 the branch offices were abolished and the director posts eliminated.
28
度支大臣,副大臣,各一人。 左、右丞,左、右參議,各一人。 承政、參議兩□,俱郎中三人,員外郎四人,主事三人。 田賦、漕倉、稅課、筦榷、通阜、庫藏、廉俸、軍饟、制用、會計十司,郎中三十有一人,制用四人。 餘各三人。 員外郎四十有四人,制用六人。 田賦、庫藏各五人。 餘各四人。 主事三十有五人。 田賦、筦榷、通阜、廉俸、會計各四人,餘各三人。 金銀庫,郎中一人,員外郎四人,主事二人。 收發稽察處,督催所改。 員外郎一人,主事二人。
There was one minister of revenue and expenditure and one vice minister. There was one left vice minister, one right vice minister, one left counsellor, and one right counsellor. The two [executive] offices of Administration and Counselling each had three bureau directors, four vice directors, and three section chiefs. Ten bureaus—Land Tax, Grain Transport, Commodity Tax, Monopolies, Mining and Currency, Treasury, Salaries, Military Provisions, Disbursements, and Accounts—had thirty-one bureau directors in all, of whom four served in Disbursements. The other bureaus had three directors each. There were forty-four vice directors in all, six of them in Disbursements. Land Tax and Treasury each had five vice directors. The remaining bureaus had four each. There were thirty-five section chiefs. Land Tax, Monopolies, Mining and Currency, Salaries, and Accounts each had four section chiefs; the other bureaus had three each. The Gold and Silver Vault had one bureau director, four vice directors, and two section chiefs. The Dispatch and Audit Office replaced the former Supervision and Urging Office. It had one vice director and two section chiefs.
29
大臣掌主計算,勾會銀行幣廠,土藥統稅,以經國用。 副大臣貳之。 田賦掌土田財賦,稽覈八旗內府莊田地畝。 漕倉掌漕運覈銷,倉穀委積,各省兵米穀數,合其籍帳以聞。 稅課掌商貨統稅,校比海關、常關贏絀。 筦榷掌鹽法雜課,凡盤查道運,各庫賑斂,土藥統稅,並校其實。 通阜掌礦政幣制,稽檢銀行幣廠文移。 庫藏掌國庫儲藏,典守顏料、緞疋兩庫。 廉俸掌覈給官祿,審計百司職錢餐錢。 軍饟掌覈給軍糈,勾稽各省報解協饟。 制用掌覈工銀,經畫京協各饟,兼司雜支例支。 會計掌國用出納,審計公債外★,編列出入表式。 金銀庫掌金帛期會。 收發稽察處掌各司受事付事。 所轄:幣制司,提調一人,幫提調二人。 本部丞、參兼充。 庶務處,調查、籌辦、稽覈、編譯各股,俱派員分治其事。
The minister directed public accounts, reconciled the affairs of banks and mints, and oversaw unified opium taxation to steward the national budget. The vice minister assisted in these duties. The Land Tax Bureau managed land revenues and audited acreage on banner and imperial estate holdings. The Grain Transport Bureau verified transport accounts and granary stocks and collated each province's military grain figures for imperial report. The Commodity Tax Bureau administered unified commercial taxes and compared receipts and shortfalls at maritime and inland customs posts. The Monopolies Bureau oversaw the salt monopoly and miscellaneous levies, inspected transport routes and treasury movements, and verified unified opium tax collections. The Mining and Currency Bureau directed mining policy and the currency system and audited correspondence from banks and mints. The Treasury Bureau managed state reserves and supervised the Dye and Satin storehouses. The Salaries Bureau verified official pay and audited departmental salary and ration allowances. The Military Provisions Bureau verified army rations and reconciled provincial submissions of cooperative military funds. The Disbursements Bureau audited works expenditures, allocated metropolitan and cooperative provincial funds, and handled miscellaneous routine payments. The Accounts Bureau managed state receipts and payments, audited public bonds and foreign [obligations], and drew up statements of revenue and expenditure. The Gold and Silver Vault handled scheduled deliveries of bullion and silk. The Dispatch and Audit Office handled the receipt and forwarding of documents for every bureau. Under its jurisdiction stood the Currency Bureau, with one chief coordinator and two assistants. These posts were filled concurrently by the ministry's vice ministers and counsellors. The General Affairs Office had Investigation, Planning, Audit, and Translation sections, each staffed to handle its own affairs.
30
光緒三十二年,改戶部設,省財政處入之,置尚書,左、右侍郎,左、右丞,參議,各一人。 並十四司為十司,改置郎中以次各官。 如前所列。 宣統三年,改尚書為大臣,侍郎為副大臣。
In 1906 the Board of Revenue was reorganized into this ministry, the Finance Office was absorbed, and one minister, two vice ministers, two vice directors, and one counsellor were appointed. Fourteen bureaus were consolidated into ten, and directors and subordinate posts were re-established as listed. The staffing was as set forth above. In 1911 the minister was retitled grand minister and the vice ministers vice grand ministers.
31
清理財政處,提調,幫提調,各二人。 本部丞、參兼充。 總辦,幫總辦,各一人。 總覈坐辦科員無恆額。 各省清理財政正監理官二十人,給三、四品卿銜,奉天、直隸、江蘇、安徽、山東、山西、河南、陝西、甘肅、新疆、福建、浙江、江西、湖北、湖南、四川、廣東、廣西、雲南、貴州各一人。 副監理官二十有四人。 奏派吉林、黑龍江、江寧、兩淮各一人,餘同正監理官。 宣統元年置。
The Office for the Settlement of Public Accounts had two chief coordinators and two assistant coordinators. They were filled concurrently by the ministry's vice directors and counsellors. There was one general superintendent and one assistant general superintendent. Chief auditors, seated coordinators, and clerks were appointed without fixed quotas. Twenty chief provincial fiscal supervisors were appointed, each granted an honorary third- or fourth-rank title, one for Fengtian, Zhili, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou. There were twenty-four deputy fiscal supervisors. One each was appointed by memorial for Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangning, and the Liang-Huai circuit; the rest matched the chief supervisors' provinces. The office was established in 1909.
32
大清銀行,正監督,正三品。 請簡。 副監督,各一人。 儲蓄銀行總辦一人。 分行總辦二十人。 津、滬、漢、濟、奉、營、庫、重、廣、贛、晉、汴、浙、閩、吉、秦、皖、湘、滇、寧各一人。 以上由大臣奏派。 光緒三十三年,設戶部銀行,置總監督,秩視左、左丞。 尋更名正監督。 明年改為大清銀行。
The Imperial Bank of China had a chief superintendent of the regular third rank. He was appointed by imperial selection. There was one deputy superintendent. The Savings Bank had one general manager. There were twenty branch general managers. One manager served at each of Tianjin, Shanghai, Hankou, Jinan, Fengtian, Yingkou, Kulun, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Ganzhou, Shanxi, Kaifeng, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jilin, Shaanxi, Anhui, Hunan, Yunnan, and Ningbo. The above were appointed on the minister's memorial. In 1907 the Board of Revenue Bank was founded with a chief superintendent whose rank equaled that of the [left and right] vice directors. The title was soon changed to chief superintendent. The following year it became the Imperial Bank of China.
33
造幣總廠,正監督一人,正三品。 請簡。 副監督二人。 分廠,總辦、奉天、江寧、廣州、四川、雲南,由清理財政正監理官兼充。 幫辦江寧、武昌、廣州、四川、雲南,由副監理官兼充。 各五人。 光緒三十三年置。
The General Mint had one chief superintendent of the regular third rank. He was appointed by imperial selection. There were two deputy superintendents. Branch mints at Fengtian, Jiangning, Guangzhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan were headed by general managers who concurrently served as chief fiscal supervisors. Assistant managers at Jiangning, Wuchang, Guangzhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan were concurrently deputy fiscal supervisors. There were five general managers and five assistant managers. The mint was established in 1907.
34
學務大臣,副大臣,各一人。 左、右丞,左、右參議,各一人。 參事□參事四人。 司務□司務二人。 總務、專門、普通、實業、會計五司,郎中各二人,員外郎十有五人。 總務五人,普通四人,餘各二人。 主事十有八人。 總務、普通各六人,餘各二人。 一等書記官正七品。 奏補。 十有一人,二等正八品。 十有七人,三等正九品。 十有五人。 二、三等俱咨補。
There was one minister of education and one vice minister. There was one left vice director, one right vice director, one left counsellor, and one right counsellor. There were four [section] counsellors. There were two [general] office clerks. Five bureaus—General Affairs, Specialized Education, General Education, Vocational Education, and Accounts—had two bureau directors each and fifteen vice directors in all. General Affairs had five vice directors, General Education four, and the other bureaus two each. There were eighteen section chiefs. General Affairs and General Education each had six section chiefs; the other bureaus had two each. First-class secretaries held regular seventh rank. They were appointed by imperial memorial. There were eleven second-class secretaries of the regular eighth rank. There were seventeen third-class secretaries of the regular ninth rank. There were fifteen persons on the establishment. Second- and third-class secretaries were filled by ministerial consultation.
35
大臣掌勸學育材,稽頒各學校政令,以迪民智。 副大臣貳之。 總務掌機要文移,審覈圖書典藉。 專門掌大學及高等學校,政藝專業,鹹綜領之。 普通掌師範、中、小學校,各以其法定規稽督課業。 實業掌農工商學校,並審覈各省實業,為民興利。 會計掌支計出入,典領器物,及教育恩給。 其兼轄者,八旗學務處總理,協理,督學,調查圖書各局長,局員,編訂名詞館總纂,圖書館正副監督以次各員,俱擇人任使,不設專官。
The minister directed the encouragement of learning and cultivation of talent, reviewed and issued school regulations, and sought to enlighten the people. The vice minister assisted in these duties. The General Affairs Bureau handled confidential correspondence and audited books and archives. The Specialized Education Bureau oversaw universities, higher schools, and political and technical programs in comprehensive charge of them all. The General Education Bureau supervised normal, middle, and primary schools, inspecting instruction under each institution's prescribed regulations. The Vocational Education Bureau directed agricultural, industrial, and commercial schools and reviewed provincial vocational enterprises to promote public welfare. The Accounts Bureau managed disbursements and receipts, supervised equipment, and administered educational grants. Also under its concurrent jurisdiction were the director and assistant director of the Eight Banners Education Office, school inspectors, chiefs and staff of investigation and library bureaus, the chief compiler of the Terminology Bureau, the chief and deputy superintendents of the Imperial Library, and other such officers—all appointed ad hoc without dedicated posts.
36
光緒二十二年,置管理官書局大臣。 先是京師設強學書局,詳練時務。 至是改歸官辦。 二十七年,更命尚書張百熙充管學大臣,管理大學堂事。 二十九年,改學務大臣。 三十二年,始設學部,置尚書,侍郎,左、右丞,參議,各一人; 五司郎中各一人,員外郎十有二人,主事十有五人,視學官無恆額。 定正五品。 派司員暫充。 明年,命大學士張之洞領部事,非永制。 宣統元年,改視學官為差,增郎中五人、員外郎四人、主事三人。 三年,改尚書為大臣,侍郎為副大臣。
In 1896 a minister was appointed to manage the Official Book Bureau. Earlier the capital's Society for the Strengthening of Learning had run a book bureau devoted to current affairs. It was now brought under official management. In 1901 Minister Zhang Baixi was appointed superintendent of learning to direct the university. In 1903 the title was changed to Minister of Education. In 1906 the Ministry of Education was formally established with one minister, vice ministers, left and right vice directors, and one counsellor; each of the five bureaus had one director, there were twelve vice directors and fifteen section chiefs, and school inspectors were appointed without fixed quotas. Inspectors were fixed at the regular fifth rank. Bureau staff temporarily filled these posts. The following year Grand Secretary Zhang Zhidong was ordered to head the ministry—a temporary arrangement, not a permanent rule. In 1909 school inspectors became dispatched commissioners, and five bureau directors, four vice directors, and three section chiefs were added. In 1911 the minister was retitled grand minister and the vice ministers vice grand ministers.
37
國子監,丞一人。 正四品。 請簡。 掌文廟辟雍典禮。 典簿正七品。 奏補。 四人,掌祀典廟戶。 典籍正八品。 咨補。 四人,掌祭器、樂器。 文廟七、八、九品奉祀官各二人。 咨補。 正通贊官、從六品。 奏補。 副通贊官從八品。 咨補。 各二人。 二、三等書記官各三人。 光緒三十二年置。
The Directorate of Education had one vice director. He held regular fourth rank. He was appointed by imperial selection. He presided over ceremonies at the Confucian temple and the Hall of Enlightenment. Registrars held regular seventh rank. They were appointed by imperial memorial. Four registrars managed sacrificial rites and temple households. Archivists held regular eighth rank. They were appointed by ministerial consultation. Four archivists managed sacrificial vessels and musical instruments. The Confucian temple had two seventh-rank, two eighth-rank, and two ninth-rank sacrificial officers. They were appointed by ministerial consultation. Chief intonation officers held subordinate sixth rank. They were appointed by imperial memorial. Deputy intonation officers held subordinate eighth rank. They were appointed by ministerial consultation. There were two of each. There were three second-class and three third-class secretaries. These posts were established in 1906.
38
大學堂,總監督一人。 正三品。 請簡。 經、法、文、工、商五科監督各一人。 奏派。 教務、庶務、齋務各提調,俱延聘通曉學務者為之。 光緒二十五年,創設京師大學堂,命大學士孫家鼐領之。 三十二年,定總監督為專官。
The Imperial University had one superintendent-general. He held regular third rank. He was appointed by imperial selection. Each of the five faculties—Classics, Law, Letters, Engineering, and Commerce—had one superintendent. They were appointed on ministerial memorial. Coordinators for academic affairs, general affairs, and residential affairs were all recruited from persons experienced in school administration. In 1899 the Metropolitan University was founded under the direction of Grand Secretary Sun Jianai. In 1906 the superintendent-general was made a dedicated office.
39
陸軍大臣,正都統。 特簡。 副大臣,副都統。 特簡。 各一人。 參事四人。 檢察官八人。 部副官四人。 各省調查員無恆額。 俱正參領以次軍官充之。 副參領以上請簡,協參領以下奏補,額外軍官、軍佐咨補。 錄事二人。 額外軍官及中、下士充之。 下同。 承政、軍制、軍衡、軍需、軍醫、軍法六司,各司長一人,副協都統、正參領充。 處長同。 副官一人。 正、副軍校及相當文官充。 科長十有六人,承政科四:曰秘書,曰典章,曰庶務,曰收支。 軍制科七:曰蒐簡,曰步兵,曰馬兵,曰砲兵,曰工兵,曰輜重,曰台壘。 軍衡科四:曰考績,曰任官,曰賞賚,曰旗務。 軍需科三:曰統計,曰糧服,曰建築。 軍醫科二:、曰衛生,曰醫務。 軍實科二:曰製造,曰保儲。 科各一人。 正、副參領充。 一、二、三等科員百六十有二人。 承政二十八人。 軍制四十有一人。 軍衡四十有七人。 軍需三十人。 軍醫十有四人。 一等副協參領充。 二等協參領、正軍校充。 三等正、副軍校充。 譯員四人,司電員三人,遞事官十有七人。 隸承政司。 繪圖員、藝師、藝士各一人。 隸軍制司。 以上陸軍官佐或學生充之。 法規總編纂員二人,編纂員三人。 隸軍需司。 以文武相當人員充之。 監長、協參領、正軍校充。 監副正、副軍校充。 各一人。 司法官十有四人,看守官三人。 隸軍法司。 以學律軍官充之。 審計處處長,副官,各一人。 科長二人,綜察、核銷科各一人。 科員二十有八人。 各十四人。 各司處錄事百三十有六人。 其暫設者:軍實司司長,副官,各一人。 科長二人,製造、保儲科各一人。 科員十人。 製造四人。 保儲六人。 軍牧司司長,副官,各一人。 科長二人,均調、蕃殖科各一人。 科員十有二人。 科各六人。 軍學處處長,副官,各一人。 科長六人,教育,步、馬、砲,工程,輜重隊,科各一人。 科員三十有四人。 教育十二人,步隊八人,馬隊、砲兵、工程隊各四人。 輜重隊二人。 普通編輯員三人。 兵事編輯員六人。 繪圖員一人。 屬輜重隊。
The minister of the army held the rank of regular commandant-in-chief. He was appointed by special imperial selection. The vice minister held the rank of deputy commandant-in-chief. He was likewise appointed by special imperial selection. There was one of each. There were four counsellors. There were eight inspectors. There were four ministry adjutants. Provincial investigators were appointed without fixed quotas. All were drawn from regular staff officers and lower-ranking army officers. Deputy staff officers and above were appointed by special selection; cooperative staff officers and below by memorial; supernumerary officers and adjutants by consultation. There were two record clerks. They were filled by supernumerary officers and middle- and lower-grade sergeants. The same rule applied below. Six bureaus—Executive Administration, Organization, Personnel, Supplies, Medical Affairs, and Military Law—each had one chief filled by a deputy or cooperative commandant or a regular staff officer. Section chiefs were appointed on the same principle. Each bureau had one adjutant. Adjutants were drawn from regular and deputy company officers or civil officials of equivalent rank. There were sixteen section chiefs. The Executive Bureau had four sections: Secretariat, Regulations, General Affairs, and Receipts and Disbursements. The Organization Bureau had seven sections: Recruitment, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, Transport, and Fortifications. The Personnel Bureau had four sections: Performance Review, Appointments, Rewards, and Banner Affairs. The Supplies Bureau had three sections: Statistics, Rations and Uniforms, and Construction. The Medical Bureau had two sections: Hygiene and Medical Affairs. The Military Materiel Bureau had two sections: Manufacture and Storage. Each section had one chief. Section chiefs were drawn from regular and deputy staff officers. There were one hundred sixty-two first-, second-, and third-class section members in all. The Executive Bureau had twenty-eight members. The Organization Bureau had forty-one members. The Personnel Bureau had forty-seven members. The Supplies Bureau had thirty members. The Medical Bureau had fourteen members. First-class members were deputy and cooperative staff officers. Second-class members were cooperative staff officers and regular company officers. Third-class members were regular and deputy company officers. There were four translators, three telegraph clerks, and seventeen dispatch officers. They were subordinate to the Executive Bureau. There was one draftsman, one master artisan, and one artisan. They were subordinate to the Organization Bureau. The above were filled by army officers, adjutants, or cadets. There were two chief general compilers of regulations and three compilers. They were subordinate to the Quartermaster Department. They were filled by civil and military personnel of comparable rank. Prison wardens, assistant staff colonels, and senior company officers served in these posts. Deputy prison wardens and deputy company officers served in these posts. One of each. There were fourteen judicial officers and three detention officers. They were subordinate to the Military Justice Department. Legally trained army officers filled these posts. The Audit Office had one director and one deputy adjutant. There were two section chiefs, one each for the General Inspection and Verification sections. There were twenty-eight section members. Fourteen in each section. Record clerks for the various departments and offices numbered 136. Provisional establishments included the Ordnance Department, with one director and one deputy adjutant. There were two section chiefs, one each for Manufacturing and Storage. There were ten section members. Four in Manufacturing. Six in Storage. The Remount Department had one director and one deputy adjutant. There were two section chiefs, one each for Equalization and Breeding. There were twelve section members. Six in each section. The Military Education Office had one director and one deputy adjutant. There were six section chiefs, one each for Education, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, and the Train. There were thirty-four section members. Education had twelve; infantry eight; cavalry, artillery, and engineers four each. The Train had two. There were three general editors. There were six military affairs editors. There was one draftsman. He belonged to the Train.
40
大臣掌主陸軍,稽頒營制饟章,以鞏陸防。 副大臣貳之。 參事掌法律章制。 檢察官掌察軍隊、學校、局廠。 部副官掌傳宣命令。 承政掌出納文移,旌別員司功過。 軍制掌編製徵調,凡軍械製造,交通建築,並審驗法式。 軍衡掌班秩、階品、大將軍、將軍正一品,以正都統有積勞者充之。
The minister directed the army, reviewed and issued camp regulations and ration rules, and strengthened land defense. The vice minister assisted him. Counselors handled laws and institutional regulations. Inspectors oversaw troops, schools, and government workshops. Ministry deputy adjutants conveyed and proclaimed orders. The Secretariat director handled document flow and marked the merits and faults of personnel. The Organization Department managed establishment and mobilization, ordnance manufacture, communications construction, and the review of standards and methods. The Service of Ranks managed seniority lists and rank grades. The General-in-Chief and General, both first rank, were drawn from senior commandants of proven service.
41
正都統從一品,副都統正二品,協都統從二品,正參領正三品,副參領從三品,協參領正四品,正軍校正五品,副軍校正六品,協軍校正七品,司務長、技士長正八品,上士從八品,中士正九品,下士從九品。 階十有四。 等級、共三等九級:上等一級正都統職,任總統官,秩視提督。 二級副都統職,任統制官,秩視總兵。 三級協都統職,任統領官,秩視副將。 中等一級正參領職,任統制官,正參謀官,工隊參領官,總軍械官,護軍官; 同正參領職,任總軍需官,總理醫官,總執法官,秩視參將。 二級副參領職,任教練官,一等參謀官,正軍械官,中軍官; 同副參領職,任正軍需官,正軍醫官,正執法官,總馬醫官,一等書記官,秩視游擊。 三級協參領職,任管帶官,二等參謀官,副軍械官,參軍官; 同協參領職,任副軍需官,副軍醫官,正馬醫官,二等書記官,秩視都司。 次等一級正軍校職,任督隊官,隊官,三等參謀官,查馬長,軍械長,執事官; 同正軍校職,任軍需長,軍醫長,稽查官,軍樂隊官,副馬醫官,三等書記官,秩視守備。 二級副軍校職,任排長,掌旗官; 同副軍校職,任司事生,醫生,司號官,軍樂排長,馬醫長,書記長,秩視千總; 同協軍校職,任司號長,醫生,司書生,秩視把總。 封贈、襲廕,凡軍官、軍佐並領其籍。 軍需掌糧饟廩餼,兼司軍需人員教育。 軍醫掌防疫、治療,兼司軍醫陞遷教育。 軍法掌審判、監獄,勾檢軍事條約。 軍實所掌,視舊武庫司。 軍牧所掌,視舊太僕寺。 軍學掌學校教育,隊伍操演。 審計掌預算、決算,審覈支銷。 所轄:憲政籌備處,銀庫,捷報處,馬館,俱派員分治其事。
The Senior Commandant was second rank; Deputy Commandant, first rank second grade; Assistant Commandant, second rank second grade; Senior Staff Colonel, third rank; Deputy Staff Colonel, third rank second grade; Assistant Staff Colonel, fourth rank; Senior Company Officer, fifth rank; Deputy Company Officer, sixth rank; Assistant Company Officer, seventh rank; chief clerks and chief technicians, eighth rank; senior sergeants, eighth rank second grade; sergeants, ninth rank; and junior sergeants, ninth rank second grade. There were fourteen grades in all. Grades comprised three classes and nine levels. Upper class, level one: the Senior Commandant post as army commander, equivalent in rank to a provincial military commander. Level two: Deputy Commandant as division commander, equivalent to a regional commander. Level three: Assistant Commandant as brigade commander, equivalent to a brigade general. Middle class, level one: Senior Staff Colonel as division commander, chief staff officer, engineer detachment leader, chief ordnance officer, or guard officer; At the same Senior Staff Colonel grade: chief quartermaster, chief medical officer, or chief judicial officer, equivalent to a colonel. Level two: Deputy Staff Colonel as training officer, first-class staff officer, line ordnance chief, or battalion officer; At the same Deputy Staff Colonel grade: line quartermaster, line medical officer, line judicial officer, chief veterinary officer, or first-class secretary, equivalent to a mobile battalion commander. Level three: Assistant Staff Colonel as company commander, second-class staff officer, deputy ordnance officer, or adjutant; At the same Assistant Staff Colonel grade: deputy quartermaster, deputy medical officer, line veterinary officer, or second-class secretary, equivalent to a garrison commander. Lower class, level one: Senior Company Officer as company supervisor, platoon leader, third-class staff officer, horse inspector, ordnance sergeant, or duty officer; At the same Senior Company Officer grade: quartermaster sergeant, medical sergeant, inspector, band officer, deputy veterinary officer, or third-class secretary, equivalent to a garrison captain. Level two: Deputy Company Officer as platoon leader or color sergeant; At the same Deputy Company Officer grade: clerk cadet, medic, bugler, band platoon leader, veterinary sergeant, or chief secretary, equivalent to a company captain. At the same Assistant Company Officer grade: chief bugler, medic, or clerk, equivalent to a platoon commander. Enfeoffments, posthumous honors, and hereditary yin privileges for officers and adjutants were all recorded on their registers. The Quartermaster Department managed grain, pay, granaries, and rations, and also trained quartermaster personnel. The Medical Department managed epidemic prevention and treatment, and also handled promotion and education of medical officers. The Military Justice Department managed trials and prisons and reviewed military treaties. The Ordnance Department's duties corresponded to those of the former Armory Department. The Remount Department's duties corresponded to those of the former Court of the Imperial Stud. Military Education managed schools and unit training. The Audit Office managed budgets and final accounts and audited expenditures. Its subordinate agencies included the Constitutional Preparation Office, the silver vault, the express dispatch office, and the remount stables, each with assigned officers to manage its affairs.
42
光緒三十二年改兵部設,省並練兵處入之。 舊置總理親王一人,會辦、襄辦、提調各一人。 軍政、軍令、軍學三司正、副使各一人。 自親王以下俱請簡。 考功蒐討糧饟,醫務、法律、器械隸軍政,運籌、鄉導、測繪、儲材隸軍令,繙譯、訓練、教育、水師隸軍學。 十四科監督各一人,俱由總理遴委。 置尚書,左、右侍郎,各一人。 設承政、參議兩□,置左、右丞,參議,各一人。 一、二、三等諮議官、檢察官,簡文武官賢能者充之。 正、副從事官,副協參領充。 無定員。 設軍衡、軍乘、軍計、軍實、軍制、軍需、軍學、軍醫、軍法、軍牧十司,職置司長各一人,科長三十有三人,一、二、三等科員二百有五人,承發官十有二人,承政二人。 餘各一人。 軍法未置。 譯員五人,繪圖員、藝師、藝士各二人,錄事百十有六人。 官置郎中十有六人,員外郎十有八人,主事二十有二人,筆帖式百有十人。 以上統為部額,不系以司。 正參領八人,同正參領四人。 副參領十有二人,同副參領六人。 協參領十有八人,同協參領八人。 額視郎中、員外郎、主事。 正軍校十有八人,同正軍校八人。 副軍校二十有四人,同副軍校十有二人。 協軍校三十有二人,同協軍校十有六人。 額視七、八、九品筆帖式。 以官分任各職。 三十三年,命慶親王奕劻領部事,非恆制。 宣統元年,修正陸軍官制,軍官自正參領以下,軍佐自副都統以下,並就所習科目,冠以各隊如馬、步、砲、工、輜、警察各隊,正、副協參領,正、副協軍校,司務長,及上士、中士、下士之類。 專門如軍需、軍醫、制械副協都統,正、副協都統,正、副協軍校,馬醫、測繪正、副協參領,正、副協軍校,軍樂協軍校,測繪、軍樂司務長,上、中、下各士,會計、調護上、中、下各士。 名稱削同字。 二年,改尚書為大臣,侍郎為副大臣。 省左、右丞,參議,諮議,承發各官。 並兩□十司為八司。 增承政一司,省軍乘、軍計、軍學三司。 設軍學、審計二處。 明年,定陸軍官佐補充制,置部副官調查員,以軍實司省入軍制,改軍牧司、軍學處為暫設,冀樹軍馬總監、軍學院基礎也。 三年,復定陸軍官佐充任制,如前所列。 仍與舊司員參錯互用。
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906) it was created by reorganizing the Ministry of War, which absorbed the abolished Training Office. It formerly had one supervising imperial prince, plus one co-manager, one assistant manager, and one coordinator. The three departments of Military Administration, Military Orders, and Military Education each had one director and one deputy director. From the prince downward, all were appointed by imperial selection. Merit evaluation, grain surveys, and rations; medical affairs, law, and ordnance fell under Military Administration; planning, guides, surveying, and materiel storage under Military Orders; and translation, training, education, and naval forces under Military Education. Each of the fourteen sections had one supervisor, all chosen and appointed by the supervising prince. It had one minister and one left and one right vice minister. It established Secretariat and Counsel offices, each with one left and one right vice director and one counselor. First-, second-, and third-class advisory officers and inspectors were drawn from capable civil and military officials. Principal and assistant staff officers were filled by deputy and assistant staff colonels. There was no fixed quota. Ten departments were established—Service of Ranks, Transport, Accounts, Ordnance, Organization, Quartermaster, Military Education, Medical, Military Justice, and Remount—each with one director, thirty-three section chiefs, 205 section members of three grades, twelve dispatch officers, and two Secretariat staff. All others had one each. Military Justice was not yet established. There were five translators; two draftsmen, master artisans, and artisans each; and 116 record clerks. Civil-style posts included sixteen bureau directors, eighteen vice directors, twenty-two section chiefs, and 110 clerks. The above were ministry-wide quotas, not attached to individual departments. Eight Senior Staff Colonels and four same-rank Senior Staff Colonels. Twelve Deputy Staff Colonels and six same-rank Deputy Staff Colonels. Eighteen Assistant Staff Colonels and eight same-rank Assistant Staff Colonels. Their quotas matched those of bureau directors, vice directors, and section chiefs. Eighteen Senior Company Officers and eight same-rank Senior Company Officers. Twenty-four Deputy Company Officers and twelve same-rank Deputy Company Officers. Thirty-two Assistant Company Officers and sixteen same-rank Assistant Company Officers. Their quotas matched those of seventh-, eighth-, and ninth-rank clerks. Officials were assigned to fill each post according to rank. In the thirty-third year (1907), Prince Qing Yikuang was ordered to head the ministry—an exceptional arrangement. In the first year of Xuantong (1909) the army officer system was revised: from Senior Staff Colonel downward for officers and from Deputy Commandant downward for adjutants, titles took branch prefixes—cavalry, infantry, artillery, engineers, train, police, and the like—for staff colonels, company officers, chief clerks, and sergeants. Specialist branches included quartermaster, medical, and ordnance deputy and assistant commandants; line commandants; line company officers; veterinary and surveying staff colonels and company officers; band assistant company officers; surveying and band chief clerks; and accounting and nursing sergeants of all grades. The character tong ('same-rank') was dropped from titles. In the second year (1910) the shangshu was retitled minister (dachen) and the shilang vice minister (fu dachen). The left and right vice directors, counselors, advisory officers, and dispatch officers were abolished. Two offices and ten departments were consolidated into eight. One Secretariat department was added; Transport, Accounts, and Military Education were abolished. Military Education and Audit offices were established. The following year the system for filling army officers and adjutants was fixed; ministry deputy adjutants and investigators were added; the Ordnance Department was merged into Organization; and the Remount Department and Military Education Office were made provisional, to lay groundwork for a Remount Directorate and a military academy. In the third year (1911) the appointment system for army officers and adjutants was again fixed as listed above. They were still used interchangeably with staff of the old departments.
43
海軍大臣,正都統。 副大臣,副都統。 各一人。 一等參謀官二人,二等四人。 海軍學生充。 參事官二人。 秘書官六人。 資格相當軍官,文官充。 司電員,藝師,藝士,酌用海軍官佐或文官學生。 錄事,酌用文官學生及額外軍官、軍佐。 無恆額。 軍制、軍政、軍學、軍樞、軍儲、軍法、軍醫七司,各司長一人。 協都統、正參領充。 科長二十有一人,軍制科五:曰制度,曰考覈,曰銓衡,曰駕駛,曰輪機。 軍政科三:曰製造,曰建築,曰器械。 軍學科五:曰教育,曰訓練,曰謀略,曰偵測,曰編譯。 軍樞科三:曰奏咨,曰典章,曰承發。 軍儲科三:曰收支,曰儲備,曰庶務。 軍醫科二:曰醫務,曰衛生。 科各一人。 正、副參領充。 下同。 一、二、三等科員六十人。 軍制、軍學各十有四人。 軍樞、軍儲各十人。 軍政八人。 軍醫四人。 充任視陸軍部。 一等司法官二人,二、三等司法官,學習司法官八人。 學律軍官充。 主計處計長一人。 正參領充。 科長二人。 會計、統計科各一人。 各司處錄事四十有八人。
The Navy Minister held the rank of Senior Commandant. The vice minister held the rank of Deputy Commandant. One of each. There were two first-class and four second-class staff officers. Naval cadets filled these posts. There were two counselor officers. There were six secretary officers. Officers of comparable standing and civil officials filled these posts. Telegraph operators, master artisans, and artisans were drawn as appropriate from naval officers, adjutants, or civil trainees. Record clerks were drawn as appropriate from civil trainees and supernumerary officers and adjutants. There was no fixed quota. Seven departments—Organization, Naval Administration, Naval Education, Naval Secretariat, Naval Supply, Military Justice, and Medical—each had one director. Assistant Commandants and Senior Staff Colonels filled these posts. There were twenty-one section chiefs. Organization had five sections: Regulations, Examination, Selection, Navigation, and Engineering. Naval Administration had three: Manufacturing, Construction, and Ordnance. Naval Education had five: Education, Training, Strategy, Reconnaissance, and Compilation. The Naval Secretariat had three: Memorials and Consultations, Regulations and Archives, and Dispatch. Naval Supply had three: Receipt and Disbursement, Storage, and General Affairs. Medical had two: Medical Affairs and Hygiene. One chief per section. Senior and Deputy Staff Colonels filled these posts. The same applied below. There were sixty section members of three grades. Organization and Naval Education had fourteen each. The Naval Secretariat and Naval Supply had ten each. Naval Administration had eight. Medical had four. Appointments followed the Army Ministry pattern. There were two first-class judicial officers and eight second-, third-class, and trainee judicial officers. Legally trained army officers filled these posts. The Comptroller's Office had one chief accountant. A Senior Staff Colonel filled the post. There were two section chiefs. One each for Accounting and Statistics. Record clerks for the various departments and offices numbered forty-eight.
44
大臣掌主海軍,稽覈水師及司令部,以固海疆。 副大臣貳之。 參謀掌參訂改革。 參事掌法律章制。 秘書掌機密文移。 軍制掌規制銓法,旌別水師人員,功過、封廕、賞恤並典領之。 軍政掌營造船艦,檢校器械,兼司軍港工程。 軍學掌學校教育,艦隊訓練。 軍樞掌文牘典章,匯紀員司集課文簿。 軍儲掌經營費用,稽覈糧廩服裝與其物用。 軍法、軍醫、主計職掌視陸軍部。
The minister directed the navy, audited the fleet and headquarters, and secured the maritime frontier. The vice minister assisted him. Staff officers handled consultation and revision of reforms. Counselors handled laws and institutional regulations. Secretaries handled confidential correspondence. Organization managed regulations and selection rules, marked naval personnel's merits and faults, and oversaw enfeoffments, yin privileges, rewards, and pensions. Naval Administration managed shipbuilding, ordnance inspection, and naval port works. Naval Education managed schools and fleet training. The Naval Secretariat managed documents and archives and compiled staff records and training logs. Naval Supply managed operating funds and audited grain stores, clothing, and materiel. Military Justice, Medical, and Comptroller duties matched those of the Army Ministry.
45
光緒十一年,詔設海軍衙門,依軍機總署例,命醇親奕枻綜之,大學士李鴻章專司籌辦。 十三年,北洋海軍成,置提督、總兵等官。 甲午師熸。 至三十三年,始議恢復,設海軍處,暫隸陸軍部。 置正使,視協都統。 副使,視正參領。 各一人。 承發官二人,錄事四人。 設機要、船政、運籌三司,置司長、副官各一人。 科長七人,機要科四:曰制度,曰籌械,曰駕馭,曰輪機。 運籌科三:曰謀略,曰教務,曰測海。 科各一人。 船政不分科。 承發官三人,司各一人。 一、二、三等科員十有八人。 機要十二人,運籌六人。 考工官五人,船政司置。 藝師三人,船政一人,運籌二人。 藝士四人。 船政運籌各二人。 股長、股員,視事閒劇酌置。 錄事十有八人。 明年,改設海政、船政、籌備、儲蓄、醫務、法務六司。 尋設主計處,置計長、副長各一人。 宣統元年,命肅親王善耆等籌備海軍,設參贊□,分秘書、庶務兩司,置一、二、三等參謀官,並設第一、第二、第三、第四四司,置司長以下各職。 其夏,更命貝勒載濤等充籌辦海軍大臣,增設醫務司。 二年,訂海軍暫行官制,改第一司曰軍制,第二司曰軍政,第三司曰軍學,第四曰軍防,醫務司曰軍醫,秘書司曰軍樞,庶務司曰軍儲; 別設軍法一司,是為八司。 省參贊□各職。 尋改處為部,省軍防司,置大臣、副大臣各一人。
In the eleventh year of Guangxu (1885) an edict established the Naval Yamen on the Grand Council model, with Prince Chun Yihui in overall charge and Grand Secretary Li Hongzhang in charge of planning. In the thirteenth year (1887) the Beiyang Fleet was completed and admirals, regional commanders, and other posts were established. In the Jiawu War (1894–95) the fleet was destroyed. Not until the thirty-third year (1907) was restoration discussed; a Naval Office was set up, temporarily under the Army Ministry. A director was appointed, equivalent to an Assistant Commandant. A deputy director was appointed, equivalent to a Senior Staff Colonel. One of each. There were two dispatch officers and four record clerks. Three departments were set up—Secret Affairs, Ship Administration, and Planning—each with one director and one deputy adjutant. There were seven section chiefs. Secret Affairs had four sections: Regulations, Ordnance Planning, Navigation, and Engineering. Planning had three: Strategy, Instruction, and Hydrography. One per section. Ship Administration had no subdivisions. There were three dispatch officers, one per department. There were eighteen section members of three grades. Secret Affairs had twelve; Planning six. Five examination and works officers were assigned by the Ship Administration Department. There were three master artisans: one in Ship Administration and two in Planning. There were four artisans. Ship Administration and Planning had two each. Section heads and members were assigned according to workload. There were eighteen record clerks. The following year six departments were established: Naval Administration, Ship Administration, Preparation, Storage, Medical Affairs, and Legal Affairs. A Comptroller's Office was soon added with one chief and one deputy chief accountant. In the first year of Xuantong (1909) Prince Su Shanqi and others were ordered to prepare the navy. An advisory office was set up with Secretariat and General Affairs departments, staff officers of three grades, and four numbered departments with directors and subordinate posts. That summer Prince Zaitao and others were appointed preparatory navy ministers and a Medical Affairs Department was added. In the second year (1910) a provisional navy official system was adopted: the first department became Organization, the second Naval Administration, the third Naval Education, the fourth Coastal Defense; Medical Affairs became Medical; Secretariat became Naval Secretariat; General Affairs became Naval Supply; and Military Justice was added separately, for eight departments in all. The advisory office and its posts were abolished. The office was soon upgraded to a ministry; Coastal Defense was abolished; and one minister and one vice minister were appointed.
46
司法大臣,副大臣,各一人。 左、右丞,參議,各一人。 參事四人。 審錄、制勘、編置、宥恤、舉敘、典獄、會計、都事八司,郎中二十有五人,審錄四人,內宗室一缺。 餘各三人。 員外郎三十有四人,制勘、編置各五人,內宗室各一缺。 餘俱四人。 主事三十有三人。 宥恤五人,內宗室一缺。 餘俱四人。 收發所員外郎、主事各二人。 七品小京官二十有六人。 內宗室二缺。 八品錄事五十有三人,九品三十人。 內宗室各二缺。
There were one judicial minister and one vice minister. One left vice director, one right vice director, and one counselor. There were four counselors. Eight departments—Trial Review, Sentence Determination, Banishment Assignment, Clemency, Promotion Records, Prisons, Accounts, and General Affairs—had twenty-five bureau directors; Trial Review had four, including one reserved for the Imperial Clan. All others had three each. There were thirty-four vice directors; Sentence Determination and Banishment Assignment had five each, with one Imperial Clan slot in each. All others had four. There were thirty-three section chiefs. Clemency had five, including one Imperial Clan slot. All others had four. The Dispatch Office had two vice directors and two section chiefs. There were twenty-six seventh-rank junior capital officials. Two were reserved for the Imperial Clan. There were fifty-three eighth-rank record clerks and thirty ninth-rank clerks. Each grade included two Imperial Clan slots.
47
大臣掌主法職,監督大理院及京、外審判、檢察,以維法治。 副大臣貳之。 審錄掌朝審錄囚,覆覈大理院、審判廳刑名。 兼稽雲南、貴州、廣東、廣西、察哈爾左翼案狀。 制勘掌秋錄實緩,定科刑禁。 兼稽四川、河南、陝西、甘肅、新疆、烏裡雅蘇台、科布多案狀。 編置掌盜犯減等,定地編發。 兼稽奉天、吉林、黑龍江、山東、山西、察哈爾右翼、綏遠城、歸化城案狀。 宥恤掌恩詔赦典,清理庶獄。 兼稽江蘇、安徽、江西、福建、浙江、湖北、湖南案狀。 舉敘掌陞遷調補,籍紀功罪,徵考法官、律師、書記。 典獄掌修葺囹圄,嚴固扃鑰,習藝所俘隸簿錄並典司之。 會計掌財用出入,勾稽罰鍰鈞金。 都事掌絲番譯章奏,收發罪囚文移。 所轄:司獄總管守長、正管守長各二人,副管守長六人,監醫正、正八品。 監醫副正九品。 各一人。
The minister directed judicial administration, supervised the Supreme Court of Justice and trial and prosecution offices in the capital and provinces, and upheld the rule of law. The vice minister assisted him. Trial Review conducted court trials and prisoner reviews and re-examined criminal cases from the Supreme Court and trial chambers. It also audited case reports from Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, and the Left Wing of Chahar. Sentence Determination handled autumn review classifications of capital and reprieved sentences and fixed statutory penalties. It also audited case reports from Sichuan, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Uliastai, and Kobdo. Banishment Assignment handled sentence reductions for theft convicts and fixed local banishment assignments. It also audited case reports from Fengtian, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Shanxi, the Right Wing of Chahar, Suiyuan, and Guihua. Clemency handled grace edicts and amnesties and cleared ordinary prisons. It also audited case reports from Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hubei, and Hunan. Promotion Records managed promotions and transfers, recorded merits and offenses, and examined judges, lawyers, and clerks. The Prisons Department maintained prisons and locks, and oversaw handicraft institutes and convict registers. Accounts managed revenues and expenditures and audited fines and confiscated gold. General Affairs handled Manchu translation of memorials and the receipt and dispatch of prisoner documents. Subordinate posts included two chief prison supervisors and two principal wardens, six deputy wardens, and one principal prison physician of the eighth rank. The deputy prison physician was ninth rank. One of each.
48
光緒三十二年改刑部設,置尚書,侍郎,左、右丞、參以次各官。 並十七司為八司。 設收發所。 置員外郎、主事各官。 明年,增置宗室郎中、主事各一人; 員外郎,小京官,八、九品錄事,各二人。 裁司務入都事司,司庫入會計司。 司獄一職,改令典獄司小京官兼充,曰正管守長; 八、九品錄事兼充,曰副管守長。 舊設提牢廳,以典獄司員外郎、主事兼充,曰總管守長。 三十四年,依提牢廳司獄往制,仍定為兼職。 尋置監醫正、醫副各一人。 宣統三年,改尚書為大臣,侍郎為副大臣。
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906) it was created by reorganizing the Ministry of Punishments, with a minister, vice ministers, left and right vice directors, a counselor, and subordinate officials. Seventeen departments were consolidated into eight. A Dispatch Office was established. Vice directors, section chiefs, and other officials were appointed. The following year one Imperial Clan bureau director and one section chief were added; two vice directors, two junior capital officials, and two eighth- and ninth-rank record clerks. General clerks were merged into General Affairs and treasury clerks into Accounts. The prison warden post was assigned concurrently to Prisons Department junior capital officials as principal wardens; eighth- and ninth-rank record clerks served concurrently as deputy wardens. The former Detention Office had Prisons Department vice directors and section chiefs serving concurrently as chief supervisor wardens. In the thirty-fourth year (1908), following the former Detention Office arrangement, the posts were again defined as concurrent duties. Principal and deputy prison physicians were soon added, one of each. In the third year of Xuantong (1911) the shangshu was retitled minister and the shilang vice minister.
49
修訂法律館大臣,無定員。 特簡兼任。 提調二人。 總纂四人,纂修、協修各六人。 庶務處總辦一人。 譯員、委員無恆額。 並以諳法律人員充之。 光緒三十三年設。
The Law Revision Bureau had ministers with no fixed quota. They were specially selected and served concurrently. There were two coordinators. There were four chief compilers and six compilers and six assistant compilers each. The General Affairs Office had one chief administrator. Translators and commissioners had no fixed quota. All were filled by persons versed in law. It was established in the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907).
50
大理院,正卿,正二品。 少卿,正三品。 俱特簡。 各一人。 刑科、民科推丞各一人。 正四品。 請簡。 推事二十有八人。 正五品。 刑科、民科第一庭俱各四人,第二、三庭俱各五人。 典簿廳都典簿一人,從五品。 典簿四人。 從六品。 主簿六人,正七品。 以上俱奏補。 八、九品錄事三十人。 咨補。
The Supreme Court of Justice had a Chief Justice of the second rank. The Associate Chief Justice was third rank. Both were specially selected. One of each. Each division had one presiding judge. They were fourth rank. They were appointed by imperial selection. There were twenty-eight judges. They were fifth rank. Each division's first chamber had four judges; the second and third chambers had five each. The Archives Office had one chief archivist of the fifth rank, second grade. There were four archivists. They were sixth rank, second grade. There were six registers of the seventh rank. All of the above were appointed on memorial. There were thirty eighth- and ninth-rank record clerks. They were appointed on recommendation.
51
正卿掌申枉理讞,解釋法律,監督各級審判,以一法權。 少卿佐之。 推丞分掌民、刑案款,參議疑獄。 刑科掌被旨推鞫宗室官犯,披詳刑事京控上訴法狀。 民科掌宗室諍訟,披詳民事京控上訴法狀。 都典簿掌簿籍罪囚。 典簿掌出納文移。 大理於重罪為終審。 凡法庭審判,推事五人會鞫之,是為合議制。 附設總檢察廳,掌綜司大理民、刑案內檢察事務,監督各級檢察廳,調度司法警察官吏。 廳丞一人,從三品。 請簡。 檢察官六人,正五品。 奏補。 主簿二人,八、九品錄事四人。 看守所所長一人,從五品。 奏補。 所官四人,正八品。 奏補。 九品錄事二人。
The Chief Justice redressed wrongs and adjudicated cases, interpreted the law, supervised courts at all levels, and unified judicial authority. The Associate Chief Justice assisted him. Presiding judges handled civil and criminal dockets respectively and deliberated on doubtful cases. The Criminal Division conducted imperially ordered interrogations of Imperial Clan officials and reviewed criminal appeals filed in the capital. The Civil Division handled Imperial Clan disputes and reviewed civil appeals filed in the capital. The chief archivist kept registers of convicted prisoners. Archivists handled document flow. The Supreme Court was the court of final appeal for serious crimes. In court trials five judges sat jointly—the collegiate bench system. An attached Procuratorate General oversaw prosecution in the Supreme Court's civil and criminal cases, supervised procuratorates at all levels, and directed judicial police. There was one bureau director of the third rank, second grade. He was appointed by imperial selection. There were six prosecutors of the fifth rank. They were appointed on memorial. There were two registers and four eighth- and ninth-rank record clerks. The detention house had one director of the fifth rank, second grade. He was appointed on memorial. There were four house officers of the eighth rank. They were appointed on memorial. There were two ninth-rank record clerks.
52
光緒三十二年,改大理寺設,置正卿、少卿各一人,推丞二人。 刑事四庭,推事十有九人。 民事二庭,推事九人。 並置典簿廳以次各官。 又總檢察□□丞一人,檢察官六人,主簿一人,錄事四人。 設看守所,置所長各官。 宣統元年,改刑科四庭為民科三庭,置推事各十有四人。 三年,增置總檢察□典簿一人,改錄事為八、九品各二人。
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906) it was created by reorganizing the Court of Judicial Review, with one Chief Justice, one Associate Chief Justice, and two presiding judges. The Criminal Division had four chambers and nineteen judges. The Civil Division had two chambers and nine judges. An Archives Office and subordinate officials were also established. The Procuratorate General also had one bureau director, six prosecutors, one register, and four record clerks. A detention house was established with a director and other officials. In the first year of Xuantong (1909) the four criminal chambers became three civil chambers, each with fourteen judges. In the third year (1911) a chief archivist was added to the Procuratorate General, and record clerks were set at two each for the eighth and ninth ranks.
53
京師高等審判廳,廳丞一人,正四品。 請簡。 掌治廳務,監督下級審判廳。 下同。 刑科、民科推事十有二人。 從五品。 刑科、民科一二庭俱各三人。
The Capital High Court of Trial had one bureau director of the fourth rank. He was appointed by imperial selection. He managed the court's affairs and supervised subordinate trial chambers. The same applied below. The Criminal and Civil Divisions had twelve judges. They were fifth rank, second grade. Each division's first and second chambers had three judges each.
54
典簿廳典簿二人,正七品。 主簿四人,從七品。 以上俱奏補。 九品錄事六人。 於重罪為二審,輕罪為終審。 審判會鞫視大理。
The Archives Office had two archivists of the seventh rank. There were four registers of the seventh rank, second grade. All of the above were appointed on memorial. There were six ninth-rank record clerks. For serious crimes it was the court of second instance; for minor crimes, final instance. Trials used the same five-judge collegiate bench as the Supreme Court.
55
檢察廳檢察長一人,正四品。 請簡。 掌糾正同級審判,監督下級檢察廳。 下同。 檢察官四人,從五品。 奏補。 典簿、主簿各一人,九品錄事二人。 看守所所長、正六品。 奏補。 所官從八品。 咨補。 各一人,錄事六人。
The procuratorate had one chief prosecutor of the fourth rank. He was appointed by imperial selection. He corrected errors in trials at the same level and supervised subordinate procuratorates. The same applied below. There were four prosecutors of the fifth rank, second grade. They were appointed on memorial. There was one archivist, one register, and two ninth-rank record clerks. The detention house director was sixth rank. He was appointed on memorial. House officers were eighth rank, second grade. Appointed on provincial recommendation. One of each post; six recorders.
56
光緒三十三年設。 宣統三年,增置檢察廳典簿、主簿各一人,並置所長各官。
It was established in 1907 (Guangxu 33). In 1911 (Xuantong 3), one registrar and one chief clerk were added to the Procuratorate, and the full complement of detention-house officers was created.
57
京師地方審判廳,廳丞一人。 從四品。 請簡。 刑科、民科推事三十人。 從五品。 民、刑一二庭俱各六人,三庭俱各三人。 典簿二人,正七品。 主簿二人,正八品。 以上俱奏補。 錄事十有四人。 於重罪為初審,輕罪為二審。 推事三人會鞫之,亦合議制。 檢察廳檢察長一人,正五品。 奏補。 檢察官五人,正六品。 奏補。 典簿、從七品。 主簿、從八品。 錄事各二人。 看守所所長一人,從六品。 奏補。 所官二人。
At the Capital Local Court of Judicature there was one vice director. Rank: fourth sub-grade (7b). Filled by special imperial selection. Thirty judicial commissioners in the criminal and civil divisions. Rank: fifth sub-grade (6b). Six each in the first and second criminal and civil chambers, and three each in the third. Two registrars of the principal seventh grade. Two chief clerks of the principal eighth grade. All of the above were appointed by memorial to the throne. Fourteen recorders. It heard serious crimes at first instance and minor crimes on appeal. Three judicial commissioners sat together for trial; this court also used the collegiate bench. In the Procuratorate there was one chief procurator of the principal fifth grade. Appointed by memorial to the throne. Five procurators of the principal sixth grade. Appointed by memorial to the throne. Registrar and chief clerk of the seventh sub-grade. Chief clerk of the eighth sub-grade. Two recorders for each office. The detention house had one warden of the sixth sub-grade. Appointed by memorial to the throne. Two ward officers.
58
光緒三十三年設。 先是,京城內外設豫審廳,掌主諍訟,隸民政部。 至是省入,置廳丞一人。 設民、刑各二庭,置推事二十有四人。 典簿、主簿各二人,錄事十人。 檢察廳檢察長一人,檢察官四人,典簿、主簿各一人。 宣統元年,以獄訟煩興,增設民、刑各一庭,置推事各三人,錄事四人。 檢察□檢察官一人。 三年,增檢察□典簿、主簿各一人。
It was established in 1907 (Guangxu 33). Earlier, preliminary hearing offices had been established in and around the capital to handle litigation under the Ministry of Civil Affairs. They were now abolished and absorbed, and one vice director was appointed. Two civil and two criminal chambers were created, staffed with twenty-four judicial commissioners. Two registrars and two chief clerks each, and ten recorders. In the Procuratorate were one chief procurator, four procurators, and one registrar and one chief clerk each. In 1909 (Xuantong 1), as caseloads grew, one civil and one criminal chamber were added, each with three judicial commissioners and four recorders. One additional procurator was added to the Procuratorate. In 1911 (Xuantong 3), the Procuratorate gained one more registrar and one more chief clerk.
59
京師初級審判廳,區為五處。 刑科、民科推事各一人。 從六品。 奏補。 錄事二人。 於輕罪為初審,推事一人訊斷之,是為單獨制。 檢察廳檢察官二人,從六品。 奏補。 錄事一人。 初級俱不置長官,由部揀資深者一人為監督。
The Capital Primary Court of Judicature was divided into five districts. One judicial commissioner each in the criminal and civil divisions. Rank: sixth sub-grade (7a). Appointed by memorial to the throne. Two recorders. Minor cases were tried at first instance by a single judicial commissioner— the sole-judge procedure. In the Procuratorate were two procurators of the sixth sub-grade. Appointed by memorial to the throne. One recorder. Primary courts initially had no presiding officer; the ministry designated a senior official as supervisor.
60
農工商大臣,副大臣,各一人。 左、右丞,左、右參議,各一人。 農務、工務、商務、庶務四司,郎中十有二人,司各三人。 員外郎十有六人,司各四人。 主事十有八人。 庶務六人,餘各四人。 一、二等藝師,一等正六品,二等正七品。 奏補。 藝士,一等正八品,二等正九品。 咨補。 各二人。
The ministry had one minister and one vice minister of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce. One left and one right vice director, and one left and one right counselor. Four bureaus—Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and General Affairs—each with three directors (twelve in all). Sixteen assistant directors, four in each bureau. Eighteen secretaries. Six in General Affairs; four in each of the others. First- and second-grade technical officers ranked at the principal sixth and seventh grades respectively. Appointed by memorial to the throne. Technical aides of the principal eighth and ninth grades. Appointed on provincial recommendation. Two of each grade.
61
大臣掌主農工商政令,專司推演實業,以厚民生。 副大臣貳之。 農務掌農桑、屯墾,樹藝、畜牧並隸,通各省水利,匯覈支銷。 工務掌綜事訓工,制器尚象,並物占各省礦產,設法利導。 商務掌埠市治教,勵民同貨,修訂專利保險約章,稽頒保護訴訟禁令。 庶務掌章奏文移,計會本部收支,籍紀員司遷補。 藝師、藝士掌治專門職業。 所轄:農事試驗場,工藝局,勸工陳列所,化分礦質所,度量權衡局,商標局,商律館,俱遴顓業者分治其事。
The minister directed agricultural, industrial, and commercial policy and promoted practical enterprise to improve livelihoods. The vice minister assisted him. The Agriculture Bureau oversaw farming, sericulture, reclamation, forestry, and livestock, coordinated provincial waterworks, and audited expenditures. The Industry Bureau supervised crafts training, manufacturing, and state regalia, surveyed provincial minerals, and devised plans for their development. The Commerce Bureau regulated markets, promoted commerce, drafted patent and insurance rules, and enforced trade-protection and litigation regulations. General Affairs handled documents, ministry accounts, and personnel records. Technical officers and aides managed specialized professional work. Subordinate offices included an agricultural experiment station, crafts bureau, industrial exhibition hall, assay office, bureau of weights and measures, trademark office, and commercial law institute, each run by specialists.
62
光緒二十四年,設礦務鐵路總局,尋復設農工商總局,令大臣綜之。 尋省。 二十九年,設商部,省鐵路礦務總局入之。 置尚書,左、右侍郎,左、右丞,參議,各一人。 司務所司務二。 三十二年,更名農工商部,改平均司為農務,以戶部農桑等事隸之。 通藝司為工務,以鐵道等事劃歸郵傳部。 保惠司為商務。 增置郎中各一人,員外郎、主事各二人。 並司務□會計司為庶務,省司務二人,增郎中一人,員外郎二人,主事四人。 宣統三年,改尚書為大臣,侍郎為副大臣。
In 1898 (Guangxu 24) a General Bureau of Mining and Railways was created, soon joined by a General Bureau of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce under a supervising minister. Both were soon abolished. In 1903 (Guangxu 29) the Ministry of Commerce was created, absorbing the mining and railway bureau. It was staffed with a minister, left and right vice ministers, left and right vice directors, and one counselor. The General Affairs Office had two clerks. In 1906 (Guangxu 32) it became the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce; the Equalization Bureau became Agriculture and absorbed revenue-board sericulture functions. The Crafts Bureau became Industry, while railway affairs passed to the Ministry of Posts and Communications. The Protection and Benefit Bureau became Commerce. Each bureau gained one director, two assistant directors, and two secretaries. The General Affairs Office and Accounts Bureau were merged into General Affairs; two clerks were eliminated while one director, two assistant directors, and four secretaries were added. In 1911 (Xuantong 3) the minister became a grand minister and vice ministers became vice grand ministers.
63
郵傳大臣,副大臣,各一人。 左、右丞,左、右參議,各一人。 承政、參議兩□僉事,正五品。 奏補。 員外郎,主事,小京官,各二人。 船政、路政、電政、郵政四司,郎中各二人,員外郎十人,船政、郵政各二人。 路政、電政各三人。 主事二十人,船政、郵政各四人。 路政、電政各六人。 小京官各二人。 八、九品錄事無定員。
The ministry had one minister and one vice minister of Posts and Communications. One left and one right vice director, and one left and one right counselor. The Executive and Counselor offices each had associate commissioners of the principal fifth grade. Appointed by memorial to the throne. Two assistant directors, two secretaries, and two junior capital clerks in each office. Four bureaus—Shipping, Railways, Telegraphy, and Postal Service—each with two directors; ten assistant directors (two in Shipping and Postal, three in Railways and Telegraphy). Three assistant directors each in Railways and Telegraphy. Twenty secretaries—four each in Shipping and Postal. Six each in Railways and Telegraphy. Two junior capital clerks in each bureau. Eighth- and ninth-grade recorders without a fixed quota.
64
大臣掌主交通政令,汽行舟車,電達文語,靡所不綜,以利民用。 副大臣貳之。 船政掌議船律,兼司營辟廠塢,測量沙線。 路政掌議路律,兼司釐定軌制,規畫路線。 電政掌議電律,兼司官商局則例,海陸線規程。 郵政掌議郵律,兼司郵局匯兌,郵盟條約。 所轄:郵政總局局長,副大臣兼充。 總辦,法國人充。 各一人。 鐵路總局提調二人。 京漢路局總辦、提調各一人,南局、京局會辦各一人。 京奉路局總辦二人,提調各一人。 京張鐵路總辦、會辦,各一人。 水扈寧路局總辦一人。 吉長路局、廣九路局,總辦、提調各一人。 張綏鐵路總辦、會辦各一人。 萍株鐵路、正太路局、汴洛路局、道清路局,總辦各一人。 電政總局局長一人,提調二人。 分局總辦、幫辦、提調各一人。 各省分局總辦各一人。 電話局總辦、會辦各一人。 天津、廣州、太原、煙台總辦各一人。 交通銀行總理、幫理各一人。 北京總銀行,上海、漢口、廣州分銀行,總辦各一人。 天津、營口管理各一人。 差官三十有四人。 提塘官十有三人。 舊隸兵部。 俱遴員分治其事。
The minister directed communications policy—steam transport, railways, telegraphy, and related services—for public benefit. The vice minister assisted him. The Shipping Bureau drafted maritime law and managed dockyards and hydrographic surveys. The Railways Bureau drafted railway law, fixed track standards, and planned lines. The Telegraphy Bureau drafted telegraph regulations and supervised government and commercial line rules. The Postal Bureau drafted postal law and managed remittances and international postal treaties. Subordinate agencies included the Postal Service Directorate, whose director-general was concurrently the vice minister. The chief administrator was a French national. One of each post. The Railway Directorate had two supervising coordinators. The Beijing–Hankou Railway Bureau had a director-general and coordinator, with associate directors for its southern and Beijing offices. The Beijing–Fengtian Railway Bureau had two directors-general and one coordinator each. The Beijing–Kalgan Railway had one director-general and one associate director. The Shanghai–Nanking Railway Bureau had one director-general. The Jilin–Changchun and Canton–Kowloon railway bureaus each had a director-general and coordinator. The Zhangjiakou–Suiyuan Railway had one director-general and one associate director. The Pingxiang–Zhuzhou line and the Zhengding–Taiyuan, Bian–Luoyang, and Daokou–Qinghua bureaus each had one director-general. The Telegraph Directorate had one director-general and two coordinators. Each branch bureau had a director-general, deputy director, and coordinator. Each provincial branch had one director-general. The Telephone Bureau had a director-general and associate director. Tianjin, Canton, Taiyuan, and Yantai each had one director-general. The Bank of Communications had a general manager and deputy manager. The Beijing head office and branches in Shanghai, Hankou, and Canton each had a director-general. Tianjin and Yingkou each had one manager. Thirty-four dispatch officers. Thirteen imperial courier-station officers. They had formerly been under the Board of War. Selected officials handled each function separately.
65
光緒三十三年設。 先是,船政招商局隸北洋大臣,內地商船隸工部,郵政隸總稅務司,路政、電政別簡大臣領其事,至是俱並入。 置尚書,左、右侍郎,左、右丞,參議,各一人,及承政、參議兩□僉事各官。 設船政、路政、電政、郵政、庶務五司,置郎中十人,員外郎十有二人,主事二十有四人,小京官十有四人。 宣統元年,省庶務司郎中、員外郎、小京官各二人,主事四人。 增承政、參議兩□員外郎、主事各二人。 三年,改尚書為大臣,侍郎為副大臣。
It was established in 1907 (Guangxu 33). Previously shipping had been under the Northern Grand Minister, inland shipping under the Board of Works, post under the Inspector-General of Customs, and railways and telegraphy under separate ministers—all were now consolidated here. A minister, vice ministers, vice directors, a counselor, and associate commissioners for the Executive and Counselor offices were appointed. Five bureaus were created with ten directors, twelve assistant directors, twenty-four secretaries, and fourteen junior capital clerks. In 1909 (Xuantong 1) General Affairs lost two directors, two assistant directors, two junior clerks, and four secretaries. The Executive and Counselor offices each gained two assistant directors and two secretaries. In 1911 (Xuantong 3) the minister became grand minister and vice ministers became vice grand ministers.
66
軍諮大臣二人,特簡。 掌秉承詔命,翼贊軍謨。 總務□軍諮使二人,副協都統、正參領充。 掌綜領眾務。 副官二人。 協參領,正、副軍校充。 下同。 遞事長一人,遞事員五人。 陸軍官佐充。 第一、第二、第三、第四各□長,協都統、正參領充。 副官,俱一人。 條為四科,科長各一人。 正、副參領充。 一等科員,副協參領、同副協領充。 二、三等科員,協參領,正、副軍校及同協參領,同正、副軍校充。 視事閒劇酌置。 所轄:測地局,局長一人,第四□長兼充。 司務三人。 三角、地形、製圖三股,各股長一人。 第四□各科長兼充。 班長,班員,印刷所科員,藝士,司務,無心互額。 軍事官報局,正、副局長各一人。 庶務,文牘,收支,編纂,譯述,校對,無恆額。 俱隸第四□。 唯第五□別置編纂官三人,譯述一人。 錄事六十有三人。 額外軍官及中士、下士充。 軍事參議官十有五人。 直隸、江寧、江蘇、江北、安徽、江西、河南、湖北、湖南、山東、山西、福建、廣東、浙江、陝西各一人。 協都統,正、副協參領充。
The Military Advisory Council had two specially selected grand ministers. They received imperial orders and assisted military planning. The General Affairs Department had two military advisors drawn from deputy commandants and senior staff officers. They supervised all administrative work. Two adjutants. Filled by staff colonels and company-grade officers. The same below. One dispatch chief and five dispatchers. Filled by army officers. Chiefs of the First through Fourth Departments were commandants and senior staff officers. Each department had one adjutant. Each department had four sections with one chief each. Section chiefs were senior and junior staff officers. First-grade section members were deputy and associate deputy staff colonels. Second- and third-grade members were staff colonels, field officers, company officers, and associate equivalents. Numbers were set according to workload. Subordinate agencies included the Survey Bureau, whose director concurrently headed the Fourth Department. Three clerks. Triangulation, topography, and cartography sections each had one chief. Section chiefs of the Fourth Department served concurrently. Squad leaders, members, printing staff, technical aides, and clerks had no fixed quota. The Military Gazette Bureau had a director and deputy director. General affairs, documents, accounts, editing, translation, and proofreading had no fixed quota. All were subordinate to the Fourth Department. Only the Fifth Department had three compilers and one translator appointed separately. Sixty-three recorders. Filled by supernumerary officers and noncommissioned officers. Fifteen military advisory officers. One each for Zhili, Jiangning, Jiangsu, Northern Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shandong, Shanxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Shaanxi. Filled by commandants and deputy staff colonels.
67
光緒三十三年,設軍諮處,置協都統一人充正使,正參領一人充副使,副參領六人,同副參領一人,協參領十人,同協參領二人,正軍校十人,同正軍校二人,副軍校十有二人,同副軍校三人,協軍校十有六人,同協軍校五人,分充各司長、科長,一、二、三等科員。 第一、第二兩司,協、副參領充。 測地司,同正、副參領充。 十八科科長各一人,一、二司副參領充。 測地司,同副、協參領充。 第一司科員十有六人,第二司四人,正、副協軍校充。 測地司六人,同正、副協軍校充。 其承發官司各一人,譯員五人,屬第一司。 藝師四人,藝士六人,屬測地司。 並以陸軍官佐或學生充之。 隸陸軍部。 宣統元年,以立憲大綱皇帝統率海陸軍,別建軍諮處,命貝勒載濤等領之。 設總務□,置軍諮使二人。 分設四□,各置□長一人,科長十有六人,科員無恆額。 並定文官補充制。 如前所列。 尋削同字。 詳上陸軍部。 明年,設軍事會議處。 三年,改稱府,令陸軍大臣領其事。
In 1907 (Guangxu 33) the Military Advisory Office was created with ranks from commandant down to warrant officer filling department and section posts. The First and Second Departments were staffed by deputy and junior staff officers. The Survey Department used associate field and staff officers. Eighteen section chiefs were drawn from the First and Second Departments. The Survey Department used associate junior and staff officers. The First Department had sixteen members and the Second four, drawn from field and company officers. The Survey Department had six members of associate field and company rank. One dispatch officer and five interpreters served under the First Department. The Survey Department had four technical officers and six technical aides. All were army officers or cadets. It was subordinate to the Army Ministry. In 1909 (Xuantong 1), under the constitutional outline making the emperor supreme commander, a separate Military Advisory Council was placed under Prince Zaitao and others. A General Affairs Department was established with two military advisors. Four departments were created, each with a chief and sixteen section chiefs; section members had no fixed quota. A system for supplementing posts with civil officials was also established. As listed above. The prefix tong- for associate ranks was soon dropped. See the Army Ministry section above. The following year a Military Conference Office was established. In 1911 (Xuantong 3) it was renamed a council and placed under the army minister.
68
弼德院院長,副院長,各一人。 特簡兼任。 顧問大臣三十有二人。 特簡兼任。 掌參預密勿,朝夕論思,並審議洪疑大政。 參議十人,請簡。 掌纂擬章制。 秘書□秘書長一人,請簡。 秘書官一、二等各三人,三等六人,俱奏補。 分掌庶務。 宣統三年設。
The Council of State Studies had one chancellor and one vice chancellor. Filled by special concurrent appointment. Thirty-two grand counselor ministers. Filled by special concurrent appointment. They took part in confidential deliberation, advised the throne daily, and reviewed major state questions. Ten counselors, specially selected. They drafted regulations and memorials. The Secretariat had one secretary-general, specially selected. Three first-grade and three second-grade secretaries, and six third-grade—all appointed by memorial. They handled general affairs in sections. Established in 1911 (Xuantong 3).
69
資政院總裁,王、公、大臣內特簡。 副總裁,三品以上大臣內簡充。 各一人。 掌取決公論。 凡歲入歲出,法典朝章,公債稅率,及被旨諮議者,經議員議決,會國務大臣上奏取裁。 秘書□秘書長一人,請簡。 一、二、三等秘書官各四人,奏補。 掌計會文牘。 議員,宗室王、公世爵十有六人,滿、漢世爵十有二人,外籓王、公世爵十有四人,宗室、覺羅六人,各部院官三十有二人,碩學通儒納稅多額者各十人,俱欽選。 各省諮議局六人。 民選。
The Political Consultative Assembly had a president specially chosen from princes, dukes, and grand ministers. The vice president was chosen from ministers of the third grade and above. One of each. They rendered decisions based on public deliberation. Members debated revenue, expenditure, law, court ritual, public debt, tax rates, and other referred matters, then memorialized jointly with state ministers for imperial approval. The Secretariat had one secretary-general, specially selected. Four secretaries of each of the first three grades—appointed by memorial. They managed accounts and documents. Members included nobles, capital officials, scholars, and wealthy taxpayers—mostly by imperial selection. Six from each provincial consultative assembly. Chosen by popular election.
70
光緒三十三年設,置總裁二人。 尋增協理四人。 明年,復置幫辦、參議各三人。 宣統元年,定秘書□官制。 二年,定總裁、副總裁各一人。
Established in 1907 (Guangxu 33) with two presidents. Four associate directors were soon added. The following year three deputy directors and three counselors were added. In 1909 (Xuantong 1) the secretariat establishment was fixed. In 1910 (Xuantong 2) the posts of president and vice president were fixed at one each.
71
鹽政大臣,國務大臣內特簡兼任,一人。 丞一人。 總務廳廳長,參議,南鹽廳廳長,北鹽廳廳長,各一人。 以上俱請簡。 參事二人,一、二、三、四等僉事,俱奏補。 一、二、三等錄事,咨補。 視事閒劇酌置。
The Salt Administration had one minister, a specially selected concurrent grand minister. One vice director. Directors of General Affairs, Southern Salt, and Northern Salt, and one counselor—one each. All of the above were specially selected. Two referendaries and associate commissioners of four grades—all appointed by memorial. Recorders of three grades—appointed on provincial recommendation. Numbers were set according to workload.
72
大臣掌主鹽政。 丞掌佐理鹺綱。 總務掌綜理庶務,典守機密。 參議掌擬法制,僉事佐之。 南鹽□掌淮、浙、閩、粵鹽務,北鹽□掌奉、直、潞、東鹽務。 初沿明制,差御史巡視鹽課。 後改鹽政。 特旨兼充。 都察院奏差者,亦以鹽政名之。 由內務司官充者,仍帶御史銜。 各省以督、撫綜理者,並因地制宜,定為永式。 宣統元年,設督辦鹽政處,命鎮國公載澤充督辦大臣,產鹽行鹽各省督、撫俱充會辦。 三年,以整理國稅,改處為院,特置鹽政專官。
The minister directed salt administration. The vice director assisted in managing the salt monopoly framework. General Affairs supervised administration and confidential records. Counselors drafted regulations, assisted by associate commissioners. Southern Salt oversaw the Huai, Zhe, Fujian, and Guangdong trades; Northern Salt oversaw Fengtian, Zhili, Shanxi, and eastern salt. Under the Ming pattern, censors had been dispatched to inspect salt revenue. The post was later renamed salt commissioner. Filled by special imperial order. Censorate appointees also used the title salt commissioner. Officials drawn from internal affairs still retained the censor title. Where governors-general and governors oversaw provinces, local arrangements became permanent practice. In 1909 (Xuantong 1) a Salt Administration Office was created under Prince Zai Ze, with producing-province governors as associates. In 1911 (Xuantong 3) it became a dedicated Salt Administration as part of national tax reform.
73
典禮院掌院學士,副掌院學士,各一人。 特簡。 學士,直學士,各八人。 請簡。 總務□□長一人。 簿正、典簿、司庫,俱奏補。 無定員。 禮制、祠祭、奉常、精膳四署署長各一人。 一、二、三等僉事,鳴贊,俱奏補。 序班,錄事,咨補。 視事閒劇酌置。 讀祝官、贊禮郎、陵寢各官如故。
The Directorate of Ceremonial had one grand chancellor and one vice grand chancellor. Specially selected. Eight chancellors and eight direct chancellors. Specially selected. The General Affairs Department had one director. Chief registrars, registrars, and treasurers—all appointed by memorial. Without a fixed quota. Directors of Ritual Regulations, Sacrificial Rites, Court Ceremonial, and Imperial Banquets—one each. Associate commissioners of three grades and intoning officers—all appointed by memorial. Ceremonial ushers and recorders—provincial recommendation. Numbers were set according to workload. Readers of prayers, ritual masters, and mausoleum officers remained unchanged.
74
掌院學士掌修明禮樂,典領朝會,虔肅明禋。 副掌院學士佐之。 學士、直學士掌討論參訂。 總務掌綜理眾務。 簿正掌庫儲收發,與其陳設,並司監牢事。 典簿掌典守庫儲冊籍,兼稽覈出入。 司庫掌典守各庫,並督率庫使,點驗庫兵。 禮制掌朝會慶典。 祠祭掌壇廟陵寢。 奉常掌贊引儐導。 精膳掌筵燕祭品。 宣統三年改禮部設。 凡涉行政,俱劃歸各部。
The grand chancellor maintained ritual and music, presided over court assemblies, and oversaw solemn sacrifices. The vice grand chancellor assisted him. Chancellors and direct chancellors discussed and revised ritual matters. General Affairs supervised all administrative work. Chief registrars managed treasury accounts, furnishings, and prison affairs. Registrars kept treasury registers and audited receipts and disbursements. Treasurers managed storehouses and supervised attendants and guards. Ritual Regulations handled court assemblies and celebrations. Sacrificial Rites handled altars, temples, and imperial tombs. Court Ceremonial directed ceremonial ushering and guidance. Imperial Banquets managed banquets and sacrificial food offerings. Established in 1911 (Xuantong 3) by reorganizing the Ministry of Rites. Administrative functions were transferred to the line ministries.
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外省官制,變更略少,唯省會、司道別易新名,巡警、勸業兩道詳前。 員額愈益。 改學政為提學使。 按察使為提法使,各級審檢廳隸之。 故事,凡遇地方要政,籓、臬兩司得與督若撫議,議定稟仰施行,遇吏員陞遷調補,亦會詳焉。 至是,改稱為三司-{云}-。
Provincial government changed little except for renamed provincial and circuit posts; patrol and industry intendants are described above. Staff quotas increased further. Education intendant posts became provincial education commissioners. Surveillance commissioners became provincial judicial commissioners, to whom all courts were subordinate. Previously, on important local affairs the treasurer and surveillance commissioner had deliberated with the governor or governor-general and reported upward, including on official promotions. They were now collectively termed the three commissioners.
76
提學使司提學使一人,正三品。 掌教育行政,稽覈學校規程,徵考藝文師範。 署設六科:曰總務,曰專門,曰普通,曰實業,曰圖書,曰會計。 科長、科員分治之。 遴諳學務者充之。 別設學務公所,有議長、議紳以討論其事。 奏充。 光緒三十一年改置。 增吉林、黑龍江、江寧、江蘇、舊置江南學政。 新疆各一人,餘仍學政額。
The Provincial Education Commissioner’s Office had one commissioner of the principal third grade. He directed educational administration, audited school regulations, and examined teachers and scholarship. The office had six sections: General Affairs, Specialized Studies, General Education, Practical Training, Library, and Accounts. Section chiefs and members handled each section. Filled by officials versed in education. A separate Education Council with a chairman and councilors discussed policy. Appointed by memorial to the throne. Reorganized in 1905 (Guangxu 31). One commissioner each was added for Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangning, Jiangsu (replacing the former Jiangnan post), and Xinjiang. Other provinces retained the former education commissioner quota.
77
提法使司提法使一人,正三品。 掌司法行政,督監各級審判廳,調度檢察事務。 署設三科:曰總務,曰民刑,曰典獄。 科長各一人,正五品。 一等科員各一人,正六品。 二等科員正七品。 無恆額。 惟奉天置僉事科員。 別有正司書,正八品; 副司書,正九品。 光緒三十三年,東三省各置提法使一人。 宣統二年,改各省按察使為提法使,停轄驛傳。
The Provincial Judicial Commissioner’s Office had one commissioner of the principal third grade. He directed judicial administration, supervised courts, and coordinated prosecution. Three sections: General Affairs, Civil and Criminal Affairs, and Prisons. One section chief each of the principal fifth grade. One first-grade section member each of the principal sixth grade. Second-grade members of the principal seventh grade. Without a fixed quota. Only Fengtian had associate-commissioner-grade section members. There were also chief clerks of the principal eighth grade; and deputy chief clerks of the principal ninth grade. In 1907 (Guangxu 33) each of the three eastern provinces received a judicial commissioner. In 1910 (Xuantong 2) provincial surveillance commissioners became judicial commissioners and ceased managing courier stations.
78
高等審判廳,廳丞一人。 從四品。 商埠分廳,推事長代之。 刑科、民科推事六人。 正六品。 典簿一人。 正七品。 主簿二人,正八品。 錄事無定員。 從九品。 檢察廳檢察長一人,從四品。 檢察官一人,正六品。 錄事二人。
The High Court of Judicature had one vice director. Rank: fourth sub-grade (7b). In treaty-port branch courts the chief judicial commissioner acted as vice director. Six judicial commissioners in the criminal and civil divisions. Principal sixth grade. One registrar. Principal seventh grade. Two chief clerks of the principal eighth grade. Recorders without a fixed quota. Ninth sub-grade. Procuratorate: one chief procurator of the fourth sub-grade. One procurator of the principal sixth grade. Two recorders.
79
地方審判廳,推事長一人。 從五品。 刑科、民科推事六人。 從六品。 典簿、從七品。 主簿從八品。 事繁或二人,事簡不置。 各一人,錄事無定員。 檢察廳檢察長一人,從五品。 檢察官一人,從六品。 錄事二人。 看守所所官一人,正九品。 錄事無定員。
The Local Court of Judicature had one chief judicial commissioner. Fifth sub-grade (6b). Six judicial commissioners in the criminal and civil divisions. Sixth sub-grade (7a). Registrar of the seventh sub-grade. Chief clerk of the eighth sub-grade. Two were appointed where caseloads were heavy; none where light. One of each post; recorders without fixed quota. Procuratorate: one chief procurator of the fifth sub-grade. One procurator of the sixth sub-grade. Two recorders. Detention house: one ward officer of the principal ninth grade. Recorders without fixed quota.
80
初級審判廳,推事二人。 正七品。 事繁或三、四人。 錄事無定員。 檢察廳檢察官一人,正七品。 錄事二人。 看守所所官一人。
The Primary Court of Judicature had two judicial commissioners. Principal seventh grade. Three or four where caseloads were heavy. Recorders without fixed quota. Procuratorate: one procurator of the principal seventh grade. Two recorders. Detention house: one ward officer.
81
管獄官一人,從五品。 副管獄官一人。 從六品。 課長三人。 正八品。 文牘、守衛、庶務各一人。 所長二人。 正九品。 教誨、醫務各一人。 府管獄官一人。 從七品。 州、縣副管獄官一人。 從八品。 光緒三十四年,奉天設模範監獄,置正管獄官,省府司獄、縣典史。 宣統二年,增置副管獄官。 厥後各府、廳、州、縣有仿而行之者。 時天津、保定、湖北監獄成,未置專官。
Prison warden: one of the fifth sub-grade. Deputy prison warden: one. Sixth sub-grade (7a). Three section chiefs. Principal eighth grade. One each for documents, guard, and general affairs. Two ward directors. Principal ninth grade. One each for instruction and medical affairs. Prefectural prison warden: one. Seventh sub-grade. Subprefectural and county deputy wardens: one each. Eighth sub-grade. In 1908 (Guangxu 34) Fengtian opened a model prison with a chief warden, abolishing prefectural jailers and county clerks. In 1910 (Xuantong 2) a deputy warden was added. Other prefectures, departments, and counties later followed suit. Prisons in Tianjin, Baoding, and Hubei were then complete but still lacked dedicated officers.
82
東三省地處邊要,自改建行省,變通例章,增置司道。 提學、提法,各省通置,無庸贅述。 今綜新設諸司詳左。 初建行省,督署設承宣、諮議二□,置左、右參贊各一人,從二品。 僉事一人,一、二、三等科員佐之。 旋省。
The three eastern provinces, strategically vital, added circuit posts when converted to regular provinces. Education and judicial commissioners were established province-wide and need not be repeated here. Newly established departments are summarized below. When the provinces were first created, the governor’s office briefly had Announcement and Consultation departments with left and right senior counselors of the second sub-grade. An associate commissioner and section members of three grades assisted them. They were soon abolished.
83
民政使司民政使一人,從二品。 掌主民籍。 僉事,從四品。 科員,一等從五品,二等正六品,三等正七品。 各司同。 各有恆任。 一、二等醫官無定員。 一等正六品,二等正七品。 光緒三十三年置,秩正三品。 宣統元年,依布政使例,升從二品,主屬吏陞遷調補。
The Civil Affairs Commissioner’s Office had one commissioner of the second sub-grade. He directed household registration and civil affairs. Associate commissioner of the fourth sub-grade. Section members of the fifth sub-grade, principal sixth, and principal seventh grades. The same for all departments. Each had fixed duties. First- and second-grade medical officers without fixed quota. First grade principal sixth; second grade principal seventh. Established in 1907 (Guangxu 33) at the principal third grade. In 1909 (Xuantong 1) rank was raised to the second sub-grade on the provincial treasurer model, with authority over subordinate promotions.
84
交涉使司交涉使一人,正三品。 掌主邦交。 有僉事,科員,一、二等譯官佐之。 一等正六品,二等正七品。 光緒三十三年,奉天、吉林各置一人。 宣統二年,直隸、江蘇、浙江、福建、湖北、廣東、雲南,並援奉天例續置。
The Foreign Relations Commissioner’s Office had one commissioner of the principal third grade. He directed foreign relations. Associate commissioners, section members, and interpreters of two grades assisted. First grade principal sixth; second grade principal seventh. In 1907 (Guangxu 33) Fengtian and Jilin each received one commissioner. In 1910 (Xuantong 2) Zhili, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hubei, Guangdong, and Yunnan followed Fengtian’s example.
85
度支使司度支使一人,正三品。 掌主財賦。 有僉事,科員,一、二等庫官佐之。 一等正六品。 二等正七品。 光緒三十三年,三省各置一人。 宣統元年,省黑龍江一人,隸民政司兼理。 又光緒三十三年,奉天置旗務使司一人,僉事、科員如各司。 宣統元年省。
The Finance Commissioner’s Office had one commissioner of the principal third grade. He directed fiscal affairs. Associate commissioners, section members, and treasury officers of two grades assisted. First grade principal sixth. Second grade principal seventh. In 1907 (Guangxu 33) each of the three provinces received one commissioner. In 1909 (Xuantong 1) Heilongjiang’s finance commissioner was abolished and duties passed to Civil Affairs. Also in 1907 (Guangxu 33) Fengtian created a Banner Affairs Commissioner’s Office with staff like other departments. It was abolished in 1909 (Xuantong 1).
86
甲午不競,當事者鑒於軍政未善,取則強邦,內自禁衛軍,外自督練公所,並遵新定章制,以漸從事。 乃三軍、兩協方告成,而巨變作焉。 爰就可考者著於篇。
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95, reformers modeled army organization on foreign states, beginning with the Imperial Guard and provincial training offices. Just as three armies and two brigades were formed, revolution broke out. What can be verified is recorded below.
87
禁衛軍訓練大臣三人,王大臣兼充。 掌全軍政令。 軍諮官六人,執事員十人,掌章奏文移,兼稽四科。 協、標、營、隊執事佐之。 書記員五人,一等一人,二、三等各二人。 繪圖員二人,印刷、收支、庶務、遞事各一人。 軍械、軍法、軍需、軍醫四科監督各一人,科員十有五人,軍械四人。 軍需五人。 餘各二人。 俱遴員分治其事。 協司令處統領官一人,協都統充。 掌統帥全協。 參軍官協參領充。 掌贊畫機宜,副官正軍校充。 掌綜理眾務,各一人。 司號長一人。 協軍校充。 司書生二人。 同上。 標本署統帶官一人,正參領充。 掌統轄全標。 教練官,副參領充。 副官,掌旗官,俱副軍校充。 副軍械官,副軍需官,副軍醫官,俱協參領充。 副馬醫官,正軍校充。 司號長,各一人。 司書生二人。 步、馬、工程、輜重、交通、陸路砲、機關砲、警察各隊管帶官,協參領充。 副官,軍需長,軍醫長,俱正軍校充。 俱各一人。 隊官正軍校充。 俱各四人。 排長俱各三人。 副軍校一人,協軍校二人。 原置步隊、機關砲隊各十有二人,馬隊八人,陸路砲隊九人,工程、輜重、交通、警察隊各六人。 宣統三年改定如今制。 司務長七十有九人。 馬、步、機關砲隊各四人,陸路砲隊三人,工程、輜重、交通隊各二人。 初以協軍校充。 宣統元年改札補。 軍械長四人。 正軍校充。 工程、交通、陸路砲、機關砲隊各一人。 查馬長,正軍校充。 馬醫長,副軍校充。 各三人。 司書生三十有五人。 馬、步、機關砲隊六人,陸路砲隊五人,工程、輜重、交通隊各四人。 藝師三人。 隸交通隊。 軍樂隊官,排長,各一人。
The Imperial Guard had three training grand ministers, concurrently princes and grand ministers. They directed all guard regulations. Six military advisors and ten executive officers handled documents and audited four sections. Brigade, regiment, battalion, and company executive officers assisted. Five clerks—one first grade and two each of second and third grades. Two draftsmen; one each for printing, accounts, general affairs, and dispatch. Supervisors of Ordnance, Military Law, Supply, and Medical sections with fifteen members (four in Ordnance). Supply: five members. The other sections two each. Selected officials handled each function. Brigade headquarters: one commanding officer of commandant rank. He commanded the entire brigade. Staff officer: staff colonel. He assisted in planning; the adjutant was a field officer. He managed general affairs; one of each post. One chief bugler. Filled by a warrant officer. Two clerks. The same as above. Regimental headquarters: one commanding officer of senior staff-officer rank. He commanded the entire regiment. Drill officer: junior staff officer. Adjutant and color officer: company-grade officers. Deputy ordnance, supply, and medical officers were staff colonels. Deputy veterinary officer: field officer. One chief bugler each. Two clerks. Company commanders for infantry, cavalry, engineers, transport, signals, field and machine-gun artillery, and police were staff colonels. Adjutants, supply chiefs, and medical chiefs were field officers—one each. One of each post. Platoon leaders were field officers. Four in each company. Three squad leaders in each company. One company officer and two warrant officers. Originally there were twelve infantry and machine-gun companies, eight cavalry, nine field artillery, and six each in engineer, transport, signals, and police companies. Reorganized to the present establishment in 1911 (Xuantong 3). Seventy-nine company clerks. Four each in cavalry, infantry, and machine-gun companies; three in field artillery; two in engineer, transport, and signals. Initially filled by warrant officers. Changed to formal warrant appointment in 1909 (Xuantong 1). Four ordnance chiefs. Filled by field officers. One each in engineer, signals, field artillery, and machine-gun companies. Horse inspectors were field officers. Veterinary chiefs were company officers. Three of each. Thirty-five company clerks. Six each in cavalry, infantry, and machine-gun; five in field artillery; four in engineer, transport, and signals. Three technical officers. Subordinate to the Signals Company. The military band had one company officer and one platoon leader.
88
光緒三十四年,設禁衛軍,監國攝政王自領之,以貝勒載濤等司訓練。 宣統元年,定訓練大臣三人,及軍諮官以次員額。 先是各協、標、營置執事督隊諸官,至是俱改為副官,省協、標二等書記官及全協書記長。
Established in 1908 (Guangxu 34) under the regent prince, with Prince Zaitao directing training. In 1909 (Xuantong 1) three training grand ministers and subordinate staff were fixed. Earlier brigade, regiment, and battalion executive posts became adjutants, eliminating separate chief clerk posts.
89
督練公所督辦一人,督、撫、將軍、都統領之。 掌整飭全省新舊營伍。 軍事參議官一人,協都統、正參領充。 掌綜領科、局。 一等副官一人,協參領充。 二等副官二人,正軍校充。 分掌文移眾務。 一、二、三等書記官五人,五、六、七品文官充。 司書生十有六人。 八、九品文官充。 籌備、糧饟二科,科長各一人,分掌編練新軍,裁汰舊營,會計出納,服裝物品。 軍械局局長一人,掌新舊軍槍砲彈藥。 以上俱副軍校充。 一等科員五人,籌備、糧饟科各二人。 軍械一人。 協參領充。 二等十有一人,籌備四人。 糧饟五人。 軍械二人。 正軍校充。 三等十有二人。 籌備五人。 糧饟四人。 軍械三人。 協軍校充。 測地分局,員闕。
The Provincial Training Office had one superintendent—the governor, governor-general, general, or military governor. He reorganized all new and old provincial forces. One military advisory officer of commandant or senior staff-officer rank. He supervised sections and bureaus. One first-grade adjutant of staff-colonel rank. Two second-grade adjutants of field-officer rank. They handled documents and general affairs. Five clerks of three grades, filled by fifth- through seventh-grade civil officials. Sixteen company clerks. Filled by eighth- and ninth-grade civil officials. Preparations and Pay sections each had a chief overseeing new-army drilling, old-camp reductions, accounts, and equipment. The Ordnance Bureau had one director over old and new firearms, artillery, and ammunition. All filled by company-grade officers. Five first-grade section members—two each in Preparations and Pay, one in Ordnance. One in Ordnance. Staff colonels. Eleven second-grade members—four in Preparations. Five in Pay. Two in Ordnance. Field officers. Twelve third-grade members. Five in Preparations. Four in Pay. Three in Ordnance. Warrant officers. The survey branch had vacant posts.
90
光緒三十年,各省設督練公所,分兵備、參謀、教練三處,置總辦、幫辦、提調諸目。 宣統三年,改設科、局,仿陸軍新制,任官授職。 如前所列。
In 1904 (Guangxu 30) provinces created Training Offices with equipment, staff, and drill departments. In 1911 (Xuantong 3) they were reorganized on the new army model with formal ranks. As listed above.
91
軍制總統一人,正都統充。 掌全軍政令。 總參謀官,協都統充。 一等參謀官,正參領充。 二等參謀官,協參領充。 掌協贊號令,參畫機宜。 一、二等各員佐之。 工程隊參領官,掌佐本隊事務。 護軍官掌理庶務,轄弁兵。 砲隊協領官職掌如工程隊。 總軍械官,總執法官,總軍需官,總軍醫官,詳禁衛軍。 自工程隊以下,俱正參領充。 總馬醫官,副參領充。 俱各一人。 司書生十有五人。 副協軍校充。 初,軍、鎮、協、標並置司事,後省。 鎮制統制官一人,副都統充。 掌統帥全鎮。 正參謀官,正參領充。 二、三等參謀官,所司同軍制。 執事官,俱正軍校充。 中軍官,副協參領充。 掌理庶務。 正軍械官,正執法官,正軍需官,正軍醫官,俱副協參領充。 正馬醫官,協參領充。 司號長,副軍校充。 俱各一人。 司書生十有五人。 其協、標、營制如禁衛軍。
Army organization: one commander-in-chief of senior commandant rank. He directed all army regulations. Chief of staff: commandant. First-grade staff officer: senior staff officer. Second-grade staff officer: staff colonel. They assisted in orders and operational planning. First- and second-grade staff assisted. The engineer company senior officer directed company affairs. The guard officer managed administration and commanded troops. The artillery company associate officer had duties like the engineer company. Chief ordnance, judge-advocate, supply, and medical officers—as in the Imperial Guard. From engineer companies downward, posts were filled by senior staff officers. Chief veterinary officer: junior staff officer. One of each. Fifteen clerks. Filled by deputy company officers. Army, division, brigade, and regiment once all had clerks; later abolished. Division organization: one commanding officer of vice-commandant rank. He commanded the entire division. Senior staff officer of senior staff-officer rank. Second- and third-grade staff officers as in army organization. Executive officers were field officers. Central staff officer: deputy staff colonel. He managed general affairs. Chief ordnance, judge-advocate, supply, and medical officers were deputy staff colonels. Chief veterinary officer: staff colonel. Chief bugler: company officer. One of each. Fifteen clerks. Brigade, regiment, and battalion organization followed the Imperial Guard model.
92
光緒三十年,改練新軍,區為三十六鎮,定鎮、協、標、營官制。 宣統元年,各省先後編混成等協,暫置執法官、司事生各一人,尋省。 三年,報成鎮者二十有六,置總統一人。 總參謀以下員闕。 餘或成二協,或一協一標,鎮數未全。
In 1904 (Guangxu 30) new-army reforms planned thirty-six divisions with fixed division-through-battalion ranks. In 1909 (Xuantong 1) provinces formed mixed brigades with temporary executives, soon abolished. By 1911 (Xuantong 3) twenty-six divisions were reported complete with one commander-in-chief. Chief of staff and subordinate posts remained unfilled. Others had only two brigades or one brigade and one regiment; the thirty-six-division plan was unfinished.
93
陸軍鎮監,監長,協參領、正軍校充。 監副,正、副軍校充。 各一人。 司書生二人。 光緒三十四年,定監獄人員編製。
Army division prison warden and chief warden of staff-colonel or field-officer rank. Deputy warden of field- or company-officer rank. One of each. Two clerks. In 1908 (Guangxu 34) the prison staff establishment was fixed.
94
巡防隊分路統領官,事簡緩置。 幫統官,書記官,會計官,執事官,各一人。 馬、步隊管帶官一人。 哨官、哨長各三人。 書記長一人。 以上各員,俱綠營將弁兼充。 光緒三十三年,以防練舊營雜項隊伍章制不一,仿新軍成法,置統領以次各職。
Patrol forces had route commanders only where needed. Deputy commander, clerk, accountant, and executive officer—one each. One cavalry and infantry company commander. Three outpost and squad officers each. One chief clerk. All posts were concurrently filled by Green Standard officers. In 1907 (Guangxu 33) heterogeneous defense units were reorganized as patrol forces on the new-army model.
95
海軍艦制巡洋長江艦隊統制一人。 副都統加正都統銜。 統領二人。 協都統。 海圻巡洋艦管帶,總管輪,正參領。 一等參謀官,海籌、海琛、海容巡洋艦,南琛、鏡清、通濟練船,江元、江利、楚同、楚泰、楚有、江員砲船,保民運船諸管帶,副參領。 飛鷹魚雷獵船,建威、建安魚雷砲船,江亨、楚謙、楚豫、聯鯨、楚觀、舞鳳砲船諸管帶,協參領。 駐英威克斯阿摩士莊各船廠監造員,正參領。 俱各一人。 餘皆未補官。
Navy organization: the Cruiser and Yangtze Fleet had one commander. A vice commandant bearing the senior commandant title. Two squadron commanders. Of commandant rank. Captain and chief engineer of the Haixi cruiser: senior staff officer. Junior staff officers commanded listed cruisers, training ships, gunboats, and the Baomin transport. Staff colonels commanded smaller torpedo craft and gunboats. Superintendents at British Vickers and Armstrong shipyards were senior staff officers. One of each post. All other navy posts remained unfilled.