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志一百五
Treatise 105
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兵一
Military Affairs, Part One
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有清以武功定天下。 太祖高皇帝崛起東方,初定旗兵制,八旗子弟人盡為兵,不啻舉國皆兵焉。 太宗征籓部,世祖定中原,八旗兵力最強。 聖祖平南服,世宗征青海,高宗定西疆,以旗兵為主,而輔之以綠營。 仁宗剿教匪,宣宗御外寇,兼用防軍,而以鄉兵助之。 文宗、穆宗先後平粵、捻,湘軍初起,淮軍繼之,而練勇之功始著,至是兵制蓋數變矣。 道、咸以後,海禁大開,德宗復立海軍,內江外海,與水師並行。 而練軍、陸軍又相繼以起,擾攘數年,卒釀新軍之變。 以兵興者,終以兵敗。 嗚呼,豈非天哉! 今作兵志:一曰八旗,二曰綠營,三曰防軍,附陸軍,四曰鄉兵,五曰土兵,六曰水師,七曰海軍,八曰邊防,九曰海防,十曰訓練,十一曰製造,十二曰馬政,並分著於篇。
The Qing dynasty secured rule over the empire through military prowess. When the Great Founder Taizu rose in the east, he first established the banner army system: every man of the Eight Banners was a soldier, so that the state was, in effect, a nation in arms. Under Taizong, who campaigned against the frontier peoples, and Shunzhi, who secured the Central Plains, the fighting power of the Eight Banners reached its height. Kangxi pacified the south, Yongzheng campaigned in Qinghai, and Qianlong secured the western borderlands, relying chiefly on banner forces supplemented by the Green Standard Army. Jiaqing suppressed the sectarian rebels and Daoguang met foreign incursions by employing garrison forces as well, aided by local militia. Under Xianfeng and Tongzhi the Taiping and Nian rebellions were suppressed in turn: the Hunan Army was raised first, the Anhui Army followed, and the trained militia corps first proved their worth—by this point the army system had undergone several transformations. After the Daoguang and Xianfeng eras the maritime frontier opened wide; Guangxu re-established a navy, and forces on inland rivers and the open sea operated alongside the water divisions. Trained corps and land armies were raised in turn; after years of unrest they culminated in the New Army mutiny. The dynasty that rose by force of arms was ultimately undone by force of arms. Alas—was this not the decree of Heaven! This Military Treatise is organized as follows: (1) the Eight Banners; (2) the Green Standard Army; (3) garrison troops, with land forces treated alongside; (4) local militia; (5) native levies; (6) the water forces; (7) the navy; (8) frontier defense; (9) coastal defense; (10) training; (11) arms manufacture; and (12) horse administration—each treated in its own section.
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八旗
The Eight Banners
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清初,太祖以遺甲十三副起,歸附日眾,設四旗,曰正黃、正白、正紅、正藍,復增四旗,曰鑲黃、鑲白、鑲紅、鑲藍,統滿洲、蒙古、漢軍之眾,八旗之制自此始。 每旗三百人為一牛錄,以牛錄額真領之。 五牛錄,領以札蘭額真。 五札蘭,領以固山額真。 每固山設左右梅勒額真。 天命五年,改牛錄額真俱為備御官。 天聰八年,定八旗官名,總兵為昂邦章京,副將為梅勒章京,參將為甲喇章京,各分三等。 備御為牛錄章京。 什長為專達。 又定固山額真行營馬兵為阿禮哈超哈,其後曰驍騎營。 巴雅喇營前哨兵為噶布什賢超哈,其後曰護軍及前鋒營。 駐防盛京兵為守兵,預備兵為援兵。 各城寨兵為守邊兵。 舊蒙古左右營為左右翼兵。 舊漢兵為烏真超哈。 孔有德之天祐兵,尚可喜之天助兵,併入漢軍。 九年,以所獲察哈爾部眾及喀喇沁壯丁分為蒙古八旗,制與滿洲八旗同。 崇德二年,分漢軍為二旗,置左右翼。 四年,分為四旗,曰純皁、曰皁鑲黃、曰皁鑲白、曰皁鑲紅。 七年,設漢軍八旗,制與滿洲同。 世祖定鼎燕京,分置滿、蒙、漢八旗於京城。 以次釐定兵制。
In the founding years Taizu rose with thirteen suits of inherited armor; as followers flocked to him he first established four banners—Plain Yellow, White, Red, and Blue—then added four bordered banners, commanding Manchu, Mongol, and Han bannermen alike. Thus the Eight Banner system took shape. Each banner unit of three hundred men formed a niru, commanded by a niru captain. Five niru were grouped under a jalan commander. Five jalan formed a banner under a gushan commander. Each banner had left and right deputy commanders (meiren ejen). In the fifth year of Tianming (1620) all niru captains were redesignated as defense officers. In the eighth year of Tiancong (1634) banner ranks were standardized: the commander-in-chief as angbang janggin, deputy as meiren janggin, and brigade leader as jalan janggin, each in three grades. Defense officers were titled niru janggin. Squad leaders were known as zhunda. Banner field cavalry were designated alihaha caha, later known as the Vanguard Cavalry Brigade. Bayara camp scouts were gabushiha caha, later reorganized as the Guard Corps and Vanguard Brigade. Forces stationed at Mukden served as garrison troops; reserves served as relief troops. Garrisons at fortified towns and stockades served as frontier guards. The former Mongol left and right camps became the left and right wings. Former Han troops were organized as ujen caha (heavy artillery). Kong Youde's Tianyou corps and Shang Kexi's Tianzhu corps were incorporated into the Han banners. In the ninth year (1635) captured Chahar tribesmen and Kharachin levies were organized into eight Mongol banners on the same model as the Manchu banners. In the second year of Chongde (1637) the Han banners were split into two, with left and right wings. In the fourth year (1639) they were further divided into four banners: Plain Black, Black-Bordered Yellow, Black-Bordered White, and Black-Bordered Red. In the seventh year (1642) the full eight Han banners were established on the Manchu model. When Shunzhi made Beijing the capital, Manchu, Mongol, and Han banners were posted throughout the city. The military establishment was then systematically codified.
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禁衛兵大類有二:曰郎衛,曰兵衛。 郎衛之制,領侍衛內大臣六人,鑲黃、正黃、正白旗各二人。 內大臣六人。 散秩大臣無定員。 侍衛分四等。 更有藍翎侍衛。 凡御前侍衛、乾清門侍衛由三旗簡用,漢侍衛由武進士簡用,皆無定員。 初,鑲黃、正黃、正白三旗,天子自將,選其子弟曰侍衛,凡值殿廷,以領侍衛內大臣統之。 宿衛乾清門、內右門、神武門、寧壽門為內班,宿衛太和門為外班。 行幸駐蹕咸從。 其扈從,後扈二人,前引十人,豹尾班侍衛六十人。 凡佐領親軍,鑲黃旗滿洲八十五佐領,蒙古二十八佐領,每佐領親軍二人; 正黃旗滿洲九十三佐領,蒙古二十四佐領; 正白旗滿洲八十六佐領,蒙古二十九佐領。 三旗親軍選六十人隨侍衛行走,餘皆值宿。 巡幸則御前大臣侍衛、乾清門侍衛咸從。 行營則列兩廂,餘於幔城之隅,環拱宿衛。 康熙二十九年,以武進士技優者拔置侍衛,偕三旗值宿。 雍正十一年,以親軍未滿十年者,挑選前鋒。 滿、漢八旗左右翼各設前鋒統領一人,備警蹕宿衛。 侍衛班內有上駟院侍衛,司轡、司鞍。 其兼尚虞、鷹鷂房、鶻房、十五善射、射鵠、善撲等侍衛,統在三旗額內,俱無定員。 鑾儀衛亦侍從武職。 設掌衛司內大臣一人,鑾儀使三人,冠軍使十人,雲麾使、治儀正、整儀尉各有差,專司乘輿鹵簿。 校尉由內府選者為旗尉,由五城選者為民尉。 此八旗郎衛制也。
Palace guards fell into two broad categories: court attendants (langwei) and garrison guards (bingwei). Under the langwei system six grand ministers of the imperial bodyguard were appointed, two each from the Bordered Yellow, Plain Yellow, and Plain White banners. There were six inner grand ministers. Ministers of honorific rank had no fixed number. Bodyguards were ranked in four grades. There were also blue-plume bodyguards. Imperial-audience and Qianqing Gate guards were drawn from the three upper banners; Han guards from military jinshi graduates—with no fixed quotas for any of them. Originally the three upper banners were under the emperor's direct command; their young clansmen were chosen as bodyguards, and all who served in the palace halls were overseen by the grand ministers of the imperial bodyguard. Guards posted at the Qianqing, Inner Right, Divine Martial, and Ningshou gates formed the inner watch; those at the Gate of Supreme Harmony formed the outer watch. On imperial progresses and encampments they all accompanied the throne. The imperial escort comprised two rear guards, ten forward guides, and sixty bodyguards of the Leopard-Tail Company. Personal guards attached to company officers: the Bordered Yellow banner had eighty-five Manchu and twenty-eight Mongol companies, each contributing two personal guards; the Plain Yellow banner had ninety-three Manchu and twenty-four Mongol companies; the Plain White banner had eighty-six Manchu and twenty-nine Mongol companies. Sixty personal guards from the three banners marched with the bodyguard corps; the remainder stood regular watch duty. On imperial tours both the grand minister bodyguards and the Qianqing Gate guards accompanied the throne. In field camps they were posted in the two wings; the remainder ringed the tent enclosure on night watch. In the twenty-ninth year of Kangxi (1690) skilled military jinshi were promoted to bodyguards and posted on watch alongside the three banners. In the eleventh year of Yongzheng (1733) personal guards with less than ten years' service were drafted into the vanguard. Each wing of the Manchu and Han banners had a vanguard commander responsible for escort security and palace watch. The bodyguard corps included Imperial Stud guards in charge of bridles and saddles. Bodyguards who also served the Imperial Hunt, Falconry, Gyrfalcon Office, Fifteen-Skill Archery, Swan-Shooting, and Wrestling bureaus were all drawn from the three-banner quota, with no fixed numbers. The Imperial Procession Guard were also martial attendants of the court. The bureau had one inner grand minister, three procession commissioners, ten champion commissioners, and various cloud-banner commissioners, ritual rectifiers, and formation marshals, all charged with the imperial carriage and ceremonial regalia. Sergeants chosen by the Imperial Household were banner sergeants; those chosen by the Five Cities were civilian sergeants. Such was the Eight Banner langwei (court guard) establishment.
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兵衛之制,定鼎初,即以上三旗守衛紫禁宮闕,以護軍統領、參領、前鋒統領率之。 噶布什賢超哈滿洲、蒙古八旗分左右翼備宿衛。 內務府三旗,各設佐領三人,旗鼓佐領四人,正黃旗設朝鮮佐領一人,每二丁設馬甲一,每佐領各設領催六、護軍十五,以領侍衛內大臣率之。 內務府官兵守護行宮者,分東西北三路,設千總等官、兵額不等。 熱河行宮亦如之。 其守護陵寢者,順治初,永陵、福陵、昭陵各設雲騎尉、騎都尉。 嗣後盛京三陵,增設總管、防禦、驍騎校。 京師東西陵制亦如之。 所屬各旗驍騎有差。 八年,制定親王至輔國公等,以次設長史、護衛等官。 十七年,定八旗漢字官名,固山額真曰都統,梅勒章京曰副都統,甲喇章京曰參領,牛錄章京曰佐領,昂邦章京曰總管,烏真超哈曰漢軍。 凡滿、蒙、漢各旗共選四千八百人為養育兵,訓練技藝。 嗣後兵額屢增。 乾隆中,滿、蒙養育兵至二萬三百餘人。 盛京打牲烏拉,設總管、協領、佐領等員,轄打牲兵丁。 吉林之參戶,蜜戶,漁戶,獵戶,鷹、狐、獺、鸛諸戶,咸隸內府三旗。 其巡捕營汛守外七城門,上設步兵汛二十五所,城外分中南北三營,馬步兵汛額各有差,統以參將、游擊等。 暢春、圓明、靜明等園守兵,統以守備。 康熙初,定駐蹕之地,八旗護軍分左右翼巡宿,啟蹕則三旗營總、護軍參領隨行。 十三年,定八旗步兵二萬一千餘名,鳥槍步兵凡千七百三十七名。 又定內九門外七門設城門校,轄十六門門軍。 其步軍營汛守皇城內各汛專用滿洲,城外各汛兼用蒙古、漢軍。 尋定上駐園,則八旗兩翼,翼分七汛,更番宿衛。 每日當值之前鋒、鳥槍護軍共七百二十人。 二十一年,定田獵每年三舉,八旗各簡前鋒軍校以從。 二十二年,定車駕巡幸期。 八旗驍騎營於內外城並增汛所。 二十三年,以黑龍江所進精騎射、善殺虎者編虎槍營。 三十年,設火器營。 雍正元年,設巡捕營,馬兵汛十五,步兵汛五十二。 凡朝會期,協尉、副尉率步軍巡警。 二年,諭各旗共選四千八百教養兵,習長槍挑刀各藝。 四年,令八旗前鋒習射,月六次。 其專司防火者曰防範兵。 九年,令五旗門汛護軍、馬甲均歸本營操演。 令三旗增訓練兵二千,編為二營。 十三年,額定馬甲五千二百五十,春秋二季合操。 乾隆十四年,設雲梯兵一營。 又於昆明湖設趕繒船,以前鋒軍習水戰。 二十五年,令來京回人編一佐領,以和卓為佐領統轄之,後皆準此。 三十九年,定大閱頭隊前鋒八旗,分為八隊,每隊小旗八,海螺四,為殿後兵。 四十一年,以來京之番子視回人例,編一佐領,統於內務府正白旗。 四十六年,增京師步軍左右二營,合南北中為五營,分二十三汛,領兵一萬,於八旗漢軍鄂爾布、步甲、閒散內擇壯丁充補。 嘉慶四年,令巡捕五營以中營作提標,管圓明園五汛,參將四人,分管南北左右四營,共十八汛,兩翼總兵分轄之。 十七年,以增設之健銳營歸左翼,外火器營歸右翼,合八旗前鋒、內火器營、驍騎營凡三十六營。 咸豐三年,諭京師各旗營兵十四萬九千有奇,統兵大臣分班親閱,馬步火器,務令精整,不得以臨時召募濫充。 十年,從勝保請,令八旗兵加練槍砲抬槍。 同治四年,諭醇親王訓練神機營,旗、綠各營,亦隨時校閱。 光緒二十四年,選練神機營馬步隊,以萬人為先鋒隊,習槍砲及行陣戰法。 此八旗兵衛制也。
Under the bingwei system, from the founding of the capital the three upper banners guarded the Forbidden City, commanded by guard corps leaders, brigade officers, and vanguard commanders. Gabushiha scouts of the Manchu and Mongol banners were organized in left and right wings for palace night watch. The Imperial Household's three banners each had three company officers and four banner-and-drum officers; the Plain Yellow banner also had a Korean company. One armored soldier was assigned per two men; each company had six squad leaders and fifteen guards, all under the grand ministers of the imperial bodyguard. Imperial Household troops assigned to traveling palaces were divided into eastern, northern, and western routes, with battalion commanders and varying troop strengths. The Rehe traveling palace followed the same arrangement. Guards for the imperial tombs: in early Shunzhi, the Yongling, Fuling, and Zhaoling mausoleums each had cloud-cavalry and cavalry commandants appointed. Later superintendents, defense officers, and vanguard cavalry captains were added at the three Mukden tombs. The eastern and western mausoleums near Beijing followed the same system. Attached vanguard cavalry from the various banners varied in strength. In the eighth year (1651) ranks from prince down to bulwark duke were each assigned chancellors, guards, and other officers in due order. In the seventeenth year (1660) Chinese titles for banner offices were standardized: gushan ejen as banner commander, meiren janggin as deputy commander, jalan janggin as brigade leader, niru janggin as company officer, angbang janggin as superintendent, and ujen caha as the Han Army. Four thousand eight hundred men were selected from the Manchu, Mongol, and Han banners as nurture-soldiers for skills training. Troop quotas were increased repeatedly thereafter. By the Qianlong reign Manchu and Mongol nurture-soldiers numbered more than twenty thousand three hundred. At Mukden's hunting ula, superintendents, assistant commanders, and company officers were appointed to oversee hunting troops. At Jilin the ginseng, honey, fishing, and hunting households, along with eagle, fox, otter, and crane specialists, all fell under the Imperial Household's three banners. The patrol battalion guarded the seven outer gates; twenty-five infantry posts were established above, and outside the walls central, southern, and northern camps were formed, with varying cavalry and infantry strengths under brigadiers and regimental commanders. Guards for the Changchun, Old Summer Palace, Jingming, and other imperial gardens were commanded by garrison commandants. In early Kangxi encampment sites were designated; Eight Banner guards patrolled in left and right wings, and when the procession moved the three-banner camp commanders and guard brigade officers accompanied the emperor. In the thirteenth year (1674) Eight Banner infantry were set at more than twenty-one thousand, including one thousand seven hundred thirty-seven musket infantry. Gate captains were also appointed for the nine inner and seven outer gates, commanding gate guards at sixteen gates in all. The infantry brigade used only Manchu troops for posts within the Imperial City; outside the walls Mongol and Han bannermen served together. It was soon ordered that when the emperor stayed at the gardens, the two banner wings—each divided into seven posts—would rotate palace guard duty. Seven hundred twenty vanguard and musket guards were on daily duty. In the twenty-first year (1682) three imperial hunts per year were mandated, with each banner selecting vanguard officers and sergeants to attend. In the twenty-second year (1683) the schedule for imperial progresses was fixed. The banner vanguard cavalry brigade added guard posts throughout the inner and outer cities. In the twenty-third year (1684) expert mounted archers and tiger hunters sent from Heilongjiang were formed into the Tiger Gun Battalion. In the thirtieth year (1691) the Firearms Battalion was established. In the first year of Yongzheng (1723) the Patrol Battalion was created with fifteen cavalry and fifty-two infantry posts. On days of court assembly, assistant and deputy marshals led infantry in patrol duty. In the second year (1724) all banners were ordered to select four thousand eight hundred training soldiers to drill in long spear, pole sword, and related skills. In the fourth year (1726) banner vanguard were required to practice archery six times monthly. Those assigned solely to fire prevention were called precaution troops. In the ninth year (1731) gate guards and armored soldiers of the five lower banners were ordered back to their home camps for drill. The three upper banners were ordered to add two thousand training soldiers organized into two battalions. In the thirteenth year (1735) armored troops were fixed at five thousand two hundred fifty, with joint drills each spring and autumn. In the fourteenth year of Qianlong (1749) a cloud-ladder (siege) battalion was established. Dragnet boats were also placed on Kunming Lake so the vanguard could drill in naval combat. In the twenty-fifth year of Qianlong, Hui who had come to the capital were formed into a single company under a khoja company commander, a precedent followed thereafter. In the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong the lead vanguard at the grand inspection was organized into eight teams of eight small banners and four conch horns each, serving as the rear guard. In the forty-first year of Qianlong, Tibetans newly arrived in the capital were registered in one company on the Hui model and assigned to the Imperial Household Department's Plain White Banner. In the forty-sixth year of Qianlong two left and right infantry battalions were added to the capital garrison, forming five camps with twenty-three posts and ten thousand troops drawn from Han-banner reserves, infantry soldiers, and idle bannermen. In the fourth year of Jiaqing the five patrol battalions were reorganized with the central battalion as brigade headquarters, five posts at the Old Summer Palace, and four colonels for the remaining camps covering eighteen posts under wing generals. In the seventeenth year of Jiaqing the Elite Sharp Vanguard Battalion joined the left wing and the Outer Firearms Battalion the right wing, for thirty-six battalions in all counting vanguard, inner firearms, and cavalry forces. In the third year of Xianfeng the throne ordered that the capital's 149,000-odd banner garrison troops be inspected in rotation by supervising ministers, with cavalry, infantry, and firearms kept at full strength and no shoddy fill-ins from ad hoc recruitment. In the tenth year of Xianfeng, at Sheng Bao's request, banner troops were directed to add drill in muskets, cannon, and punt guns. In the fourth year of Tongzhi Prince Chun was charged with training the Shenji Battalion, and banner and Green Standard units were to be inspected regularly. In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu ten thousand Shenji cavalry and infantry were chosen as a vanguard and drilled in firearms and battlefield maneuvers. Such was the system of Eight Banner troops guarding the capital.
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八旗駐防之兵,大類有四:曰畿輔駐防兵,其籓部內附之眾,及在京內務府、理籓院所轄悉附焉; 曰東三省駐防兵; 曰各直省駐防兵,新疆駐防兵附焉; 曰籓部兵。
Garrison banner forces fell into four broad categories: metropolitan garrisons, which included submitted frontier peoples and troops under the Imperial Household Department and Court of Colonial Affairs in the capital; garrisons in the Three Eastern Provinces; garrisons in the provinces, with Xinjiang garrisons counted among them; and frontier-domain troops.
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畿輔駐防兵制,順治初,獨石口、張家口、山海關、喜峰口、古北口並設防禦一人或二人,采育里、固安縣設防守尉、防禦有差。 康熙十四年,察哈爾八旗,每旗設總管一人,副總管一人,參領三人,佐領、驍騎校、護軍校各有差。 捕盜官每旗二人,親軍、前鋒各二,護軍十七,領催四,驍騎二十五。 在京蒙古都統兼轄之。 山海關總管一人,防禦八人,滿、蒙、漢兵七百有奇。 尋設張家口總管一,防禦七,兵百三十有奇。 獨石口、古北口增防禦各二,喜峰口防禦二,冷口、羅文峪防禦各一,兵多則六十八,少則十二人。 雍正三年,設天津水師營都統一,協領六,佐領、防禦、驍騎校各三十二,旗兵千六百人,蒙古兵四百人,分左右兩翼。 乾隆三年,增熱河駐防兵二千人,委前鋒校、前鋒、領催、鳥槍領催、馬甲、鳥槍馬甲、砲甲、弓矢匠各有差,以千四百人駐熱河,四百駐喀喇河屯、二百駐樺榆溝。 八年,改山海關總管為副都統,增協領、佐領諸屬,滿、蒙、漢兵共八百人,分左右翼。 二十六年,設察哈爾都統一人,駐張家口,理八旗游牧,兼轄防兵,副都統二人,駐左右翼游牧邊界。 四十五年,設駐防密雲滿、蒙兵二千。 嘉慶三年,增熱河圍場副都統。 九年,改總管。 十五年,改設都統一人。 以厄魯特達什達瓦降眾徙居科布多,旋分其屬為三旗,設總管、副總管、佐領、驍騎校等。 尋移至熱河,作為官兵。 先是康熙中,建避暑山莊於熱河,設總管、守備、千總分守各行宮。 乾隆間,增建行宮,設千總、委署千總一二人,兵自六人至九十八人不等。 木蘭圍場總管一人。 康熙季年,設有防禦八及滿、蒙兵百餘。 迨乾隆中年,增左右翼長二,驍騎校八,駐兵共八百人。 每一兵給地一頃二十畝,或地不宜耕種,則改給牛羊。 木蘭之地,周遭樹柵為界,設營房八,卡倫四十,八旗各分五卡倫,各以旗兵守之。 道光四年,諭駐京旗兵,遇閏月賞給甲米,他省不得援例。 此畿輔駐防制也。
For metropolitan garrisons, early Shunzhi saw defensive officers posted one or two at a time at Dushikou, Zhangjiakou, Shanhaiguan, Xifengkou, and Gubeikou, while Caiyuli and Gu'an County received defense captains and defensive officers in varying numbers. In the fourteenth year of Kangxi each Chahar banner was given one superintendent, one deputy superintendent, three brigade commanders, and varying numbers of company commanders, cavalry captains, and guard captains. Each banner had two bandit-capture officers, two personal guards and two vanguard soldiers, seventeen guards, four squad leaders, and twenty-five cavalry. They were placed under the joint command of the Mongol banner commander in the capital. Shanhaiguan had one superintendent, eight defensive officers, and over seven hundred Manchu, Mongol, and Han soldiers. A Zhangjiakou superintendent was soon added with seven defensive officers and over 130 troops. Dushikou and Gubeikou each gained two defensive officers, Xifengkou two, and Lengkou and Luowenyu one apiece, with garrisons ranging from twelve to sixty-eight men. In the third year of Yongzheng the Tianjin Naval Brigade received one commander, six assistant commanders, thirty-two each of company commanders, defensive officers, and cavalry captains, 1,600 banner troops and 400 Mongols in left and right wings. In the third year of Qianlong 2,000 Rehe garrison troops were added with vanguard sergeants, squad leaders, musket troops, armored soldiers, artillerymen, and bow craftsmen in set numbers, 1,400 at Rehe, 400 at Kalahetun, and 200 at Huayugou. In the eighth year of Qianlong the Shanhaiguan superintendent became a deputy commander-in-chief with added assistant commanders and company officers, 800 Manchu, Mongol, and Han troops in left and right wings. In the twenty-sixth year of Qianlong one Chahar commander was posted at Zhangjiakou to oversee banner nomads and garrison troops, with two deputy commanders on the left and right nomadic frontiers. In the forty-fifth year of Qianlong 2,000 Manchu and Mongol troops were posted at Miyun. In the third year of Jiaqing a deputy commander was added for the Rehe hunting preserve. In the ninth year of Jiaqing the office was redesignated superintendent. In the fifteenth year of Jiaqing the post was again changed to a single commander-in-chief. Surrendered Oirat followers of Dashdava were resettled at Kobdo and soon organized into three banners with superintendents, deputy superintendents, company commanders, and cavalry captains. They were soon transferred to Rehe and incorporated as regular garrison troops. Earlier in the Kangxi reign the Mountain Resort was built at Rehe, with superintendents, garrison commanders, and platoon leaders assigned to guard each palace compound. Under Qianlong more palace compounds were added, each with one or two platoon leaders or acting platoon leaders and garrisons of six to ninety-eight men. The Mulan hunting preserve had one superintendent. In late Kangxi eight defensive officers and over one hundred Manchu and Mongol troops were posted there. By mid-Qianlong two wing chiefs and eight cavalry captains had been added, with 800 garrison troops in all. Each soldier received 1.2 qing of land, or cattle and sheep where the soil was unsuitable for farming. Mulan was enclosed by a palisade fence with eight barracks and forty karun outposts, five per banner, each manned by its own troops. In the fourth year of Daoguang the throne granted capital garrison troops extra grain rations in leap months, a privilege not extended to other provinces. Such was the metropolitan garrison system.
10
東三省駐防兵制,共駐四十四所,兵三萬五千三百餘人。 凡前鋒、領催、馬甲、守門庫等兵,步甲、夜捕手、匠役、養育兵、鳥槍馬甲、領催、水手之屬,或設或否,名額多寡,各視駐地所宜,損益區置之,初無定限。
The Three Eastern Provinces had forty-four garrison posts and more than 35,300 troops. Vanguard, squad leaders, armored soldiers, gate guards, infantry, night patrolmen, craftsmen, training soldiers, musket troops, and sailors were assigned as each post required, with no fixed quotas at first.
11
其在盛京,天聰間始設駐防於牛庄、蓋州,兵九十六人。 順治元年,世祖將遷燕京,設盛京八旗駐防兵,以正黃旗內大臣和洛會總統之,以鑲黃旗梅勒章京統左翼,正紅旗梅勒章京統右翼。 每旗設滿洲協領一,佐領四,蒙古、漢軍佐領各一。 設熊岳城守官,其下滿洲佐領三,漢軍佐領一,錦州、鳳凰城、寧遠城守官,其下各設滿洲佐領各二,漢軍佐領一,興京、遼陽、牛庄、岫岩、義州城守官,滿洲佐領各一人,蓋州、海州滿、漢佐領各一,統駐防兵。 康熙元年,改盛京昂邦章京為鎮守遼東等處將軍,梅勒章京二人為副都統,統轄協領、佐領、驍騎校。 四年,改遼東將軍為奉天將軍。 十四年,設錦州、義州城守尉各一,佐領、驍騎校各有差。 各邊門皆置防禦一。 尋設開原防禦三,金州防禦一,兵弁各有差。 五十五年,設金州駐防水師營,船十號,兵五百,水手一百。 雍正五年,設熊岳副都統一人,廣寧、義州、錦州、寧遠至山海關設副都統一,復州、南金州、鳳凰城、岫岩、旅順等處設副都統一,分轄旗兵。 乾隆十二年,改奉天將軍為鎮守盛京將軍。 盛京各額兵都一萬五千有奇。
At Mukden the first garrisons, at Niuzhuang and Gaizhou with ninety-six men, date to the Tiancong period. In the first year of Shunzhi, as the emperor prepared to move the capital to Yanjing, Mukden Eight Banner garrisons were established under Hooge of the Plain Yellow Banner, with meiren janggin commanding the left and right wings. Each banner had one Manchu assistant commander, four company commanders, and one Mongol and one Han company commander apiece. Garrison commanders were posted at Xiongyue, Jinzhou, Fenghuangcheng, Ningyuan, Xingjing, Liaoyang, Niuzhuang, Xiuyan, Yizhou, Gaizhou, and Haizhou, each with Manchu and Han company commanders as needed, all commanding local garrison troops. In the first year of Kangxi the Mukden angbang janggin became the General Garrisoning Liaodong, with two meiren janggin as deputy commanders overseeing assistant commanders, company commanders, and cavalry captains. In the fourth year of Kangxi the Liaodong General was retitled the Fengtian General. In the fourteenth year of Kangxi garrison captains were posted at Jinzhou and Yizhou with company commanders and cavalry captains in set numbers. Each frontier gate received one defensive officer. Three defensive officers were soon added at Kaiyuan and one at Jinzhou, with officers and troops assigned as needed. In the fifty-fifth year of Kangxi a naval brigade was posted at Jinzhou with ten vessels, 500 troops, and 100 sailors. In the fifth year of Yongzheng one deputy commander was posted at Xiongyue, another from Guangning through Jinzhou and Ningyuan to Shanhaiguan, and a third at Fuzhou, Nanjinzhou, Fenghuangcheng, Xiuyan, Lüshun, and nearby posts to divide command of banner troops. In the twelfth year of Qianlong the Fengtian General was retitled General Garrisoning Mukden. Mukden's authorized strength totaled more than 15,000 troops.
12
其在吉林,順治十年,設寧古塔昂邦章京一,梅勒章京二,佐領、驍騎校各八。 十八年,設吉林水師營。 康熙元年,改寧古塔昂邦章京為將軍,梅勒章京為副都統。 三年,設水師營總管各員。 七年,增寧古塔協領二。 十年,以寧古塔副都統一,佐領、驍騎校各十一,兵七百,移駐吉林。 又增吉林協領八,佐領、防禦、驍騎校各十二,兵六百人。 尋增防禦十五人。 十五年,移寧古塔將軍駐吉林,留副都統於寧古塔,增吉林副都統一人。 三十一年,設伯都訥協領二人,佐領、驍騎校各三十,防禦八。 五十三年,設三姓、琿春協領一,佐領、驍騎校、防禦有差。 雍正三年,設阿勒楚喀協領一人,佐領、驍騎校、防禦各五。 十年,設三姓副都統一人。 尋設吉林鳥槍營參領一人,佐領、驍騎校各八,鳥槍兵千。 乾隆十三年,令打牲烏拉兵歸吉林將軍兼轄。 先是順治時,設打牲烏拉協領二,又設總管一人,統轄珠軒頭目,及參、蜜、漁、獵諸戶,專司采捕諸役。 後遞增佐領、防禦八,驍騎校十或八,額兵千。 至是以在吉林境,命兼統于吉林將軍。 二十一年,設阿勒楚喀副都統一人。 道光六年,以雙城堡移駐京旗分左右翼,各設總、副屯達二人。 嗣又分一旗五屯,增總、副屯達各六人。
At Jilin, in the tenth year of Shunzhi Ningguta received one angbang janggin, two meiren janggin, and eight company commanders and cavalry captains each. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi the Jilin Naval Brigade was established. In the first year of Kangxi the Ningguta angbang janggin became a general and the meiren janggin a deputy commander. In the third year of Kangxi superintendents were appointed for the naval brigade. In the seventh year of Kangxi two assistant commanders were added at Ningguta. In the tenth year of Kangxi one Ningguta deputy commander with eleven company commanders and cavalry captains and 700 troops relocated to Jilin. Eight more assistant commanders were added at Jilin with twelve each of company commanders, defensive officers, and cavalry captains and 600 troops. Fifteen defensive officers were soon added. In the fifteenth year of Kangxi the Ningguta general moved to Jilin, leaving a deputy commander at Ningguta and adding one at Jilin. In the thirty-first year of Kangxi Boduna received two assistant commanders, thirty company commanders and cavalry captains each, and eight defensive officers. In the fifty-third year of Kangxi Sanxing and Hunchun each gained an assistant commander with company commanders, cavalry captains, and defensive officers as needed. In the third year of Yongzheng Aletukai received one assistant commander and five each of company commanders, cavalry captains, and defensive officers. In the tenth year of Yongzheng one deputy commander was posted at Sanxing. A Jilin Musket Battalion was soon added with one brigade commander, eight company commanders and cavalry captains, and 1,000 musket troops. In the thirteenth year of Qianlong the hunting ula corps was placed under the Jilin general's joint command. As early as Shunzhi two hunting ula assistant commanders and one superintendent had been appointed to oversee pearl convoys and ginseng, honey, fishing, and hunting households devoted to tribute collection. Over time the corps grew to eight company commanders and defensive officers, ten or eight cavalry captains, and 1,000 authorized troops. Because the corps lay within Jilin, it was now ordered under the Jilin general's joint command. In the twenty-first year of Qianlong one deputy commander was posted at Aletukai. In the sixth year of Daoguang capital banner colonists at Shuangchengbo were split into left and right wings, each with two chief and deputy colony overseers. Later one banner was subdivided into five colonies and six chief and six deputy colony overseers were added.
13
其在黑龍江,當康熙初年,自吉林移水師營來駐齊齊哈爾等處,水手一千有奇。 盛京壯丁散處者,隨時編入八旗。 巴爾呼人、錫伯人居近吉林,卦勒察人居近伯都訥,庫爾喀人居近琿春,並設佐領、驍騎校等分駐。 其東北最遠者,索倫、達呼爾二部,天命、天聰間,相率內附,其後分充各城額兵。 至鄂倫春所居益遠,使馬、使鹿部分處山林,業捕貂,皆審戶比丁,列于軍伍。 二十二年,初置黑龍江將軍,原水師營總管等並屬之,設副都統二,協領四,佐領、驍騎校各二十四,防禦八,滿洲兵千,索倫、達呼爾兵五百,駐愛琿城。 二十三年,設打牲處總管一,副總管二,以索倫、達呼爾壯丁編設佐領、驍騎校。 尋於墨爾根城設駐防兵。 二十九年,移將軍駐墨爾根,又增協領四,佐領、驍騎校各七,索倫、達呼爾兵四百餘,以副都統一人統兵駐愛琿。 尋設兵千餘駐防齊齊哈爾。 三十八年,將軍復自墨爾根移駐齊齊哈爾。 四十九年,設墨爾根副都統一人。 雍正六年,增設打牲處總管三,滿洲、索倫、達呼爾副總管十六,索倫、達呼爾佐領、驍騎校各六十二。 十年,設呼倫貝爾統領一,索倫、巴爾呼總管、副總管各二,佐領、驍騎校各五十,兵三千,尋增兵二千有奇。 厄魯特總管、副總管各一。 乾隆八年,改呼倫貝爾統領為副都統。 嘉慶九年,以齊齊哈爾等處承種官田馬甲歸各本旗,所墾新田,改增養育兵耕種。 咸豐八年,增黑龍江馬甲千。 光緒八年,將軍文緒請由黑省至茂興設七站,由茂興至呼蘭設五台,共台站六十人,置掌路記防禦一,驍騎校二,領催六,分隸鈐束。 黑龍江八旗兵約分五類:曰前鋒,共百四十六人,佩橐鞬,負旗幟,為先導; 曰領催,供會計書寫,馬甲之長也,共七百四十八人; 曰馬甲,又稱披甲,共九千二百十三人; 曰匠役,為鳥槍、弓、鐵、鞍諸匠,共一百五十二人; 曰養育兵,康熙季年,始以旗兵屯田,至嘉慶中,改屯田馬甲為養育兵,共八百人。 別有未入伍者曰西丹,譯言控馬奴,不得預征伐之事。 此東三省駐防制也。
In Heilongjiang, early in the Kangxi reign the naval brigade was transferred from Jilin to Qiqihar and nearby posts with over 1,000 sailors. Able-bodied youths scattered across Mukden were enrolled in the banners as needed. Barhu and Xibe were settled near Jilin, Guwalgiya near Boduna, and Kurka near Hunchun, each with company commanders and cavalry captains posted separately. Farthest northeast were the Solon and Daur, who submitted during the Tianming and Tiancong reigns and were later distributed as quota troops among the garrison cities. The Oroqen lived still farther out; horse-using and deer-using bands in the forests hunted sable for a living, and all households were registered and their men listed in the military rolls. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi the first Heilongjiang general was appointed, absorbing the naval superintendent and staff, with two deputy commanders, four assistant commanders, twenty-four company commanders and cavalry captains, eight defensive officers, 1,000 Manchu and 500 Solon and Daur troops at Aihui. In the twenty-third year of Kangxi one hunting superintendent and two deputies were appointed, with Solon and Daur youths organized into company commanders and cavalry captains. Garrison troops were soon posted at Moergen. In the twenty-ninth year of Kangxi the general moved to Moergen with four more assistant commanders, seven company commanders and cavalry captains, and 400-odd Solon and Daur troops, while one deputy commander remained at Aihui. More than 1,000 troops were soon posted at Qiqihar. In the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi the general returned from Moergen to Qiqihar. In the forty-ninth year of Kangxi one deputy commander was posted at Moergen. In the sixth year of Yongzheng three hunting superintendents, sixteen Manchu, Solon, and Daur deputy superintendents, and sixty-two Solon and Daur company commanders and cavalry captains were added. In the tenth year of Yongzheng one Hulun Buir commander was appointed with two Solon and Barhu superintendents and deputies each, fifty company commanders and cavalry captains, 3,000 troops, and soon over 2,000 more. One Oirat superintendent and one deputy were also appointed. In the eighth year of Qianlong the Hulun Buir commander was retitled deputy commander. In the ninth year of Jiaqing armored soldiers farming official land at Qiqihar and elsewhere reverted to their home banners, and newly reclaimed fields were assigned to training soldiers for cultivation. In the eighth year of Xianfeng 1,000 armored soldiers were added to the Heilongjiang garrison. In the eighth year of Guangxu General Wenzu proposed seven relay stations from Heilongjiang to Maoxing and five from Maoxing to Hulan, 60 relay personnel in all, with one route-record defensive officer, two cavalry captains, and six squad leaders under divided command. Heilongjiang banner troops fell into five broad categories: vanguard, 146 in all, wearing quivers and sword-belts and bearing flags as guides; squad leaders who kept accounts and records and headed the armored soldiers, 748 in all; armored soldiers, also called mail-clad troops, 9,213 in all; Next came the artisans: musket-makers, bowyers, smiths, and saddlers, 152 in all. Training soldiers: in the late Kangxi period banner troops first took up military colonization, and by the Jiaqing reign tuntian armored soldiers were reclassified as training soldiers, 800 in all. Those not yet enrolled in the ranks were called xidan, meaning horse-handlers; they were barred from military campaigns. Such was the garrison system of the Three Eastern Provinces.
14
各直省駐防制,順治二年,始設江南江寧左翼四旗,陝西西安右翼四旗,皆置滿、蒙兵二千,弓匠二十八,鐵匠五十六。 六年,于山西太原設正藍、鑲藍二旗滿、蒙駐防兵,暨游牧察哈爾兵。 初,太宗親征察哈爾,降土默特之眾,後編為二旗,設左右翼,都統部眾得同辦事。 旋裁都統,以旗務掌之將軍、副都統,與內八旗等。 至是,游牧察哈爾遂列于山西駐防。 十一年,設山東德州鑲黃、正黃二旗滿、蒙領催、馬甲暨弓、鐵匠。 十五年,增設西安佐領、驍騎校二十八,驍騎一千。 設浙江杭州滿、蒙八旗馬甲、步甲、弓匠,漢軍馬甲、步甲、鐵匠,滿、漢棉甲兵,共四千有奇。 其後每旗並增佐領、驍騎校、驍騎。 十六年,改設京口駐防鎮海將軍一,副都統二,協領、參領、防禦、佐領、驍騎校有差。 尋增江寧、西安步甲各一千。
The provincial garrison system began in the second year of Shunzhi with the Left Wing Four Banners at Jiangning and the Right Wing Four Banners at Xi'an, each staffed with 2,000 Manchu and Mongol troops, 28 bowyers, and 56 smiths. In the sixth year garrison troops of the Plain Blue and Bordered Blue banners were placed at Taiyuan in Shanxi, together with nomadic Chahar troops. Earlier Taizong had campaigned in person against the Chahar and subdued the Tumed; they were later organized into two banners with left and right wings, their banner generals holding joint authority. The banner general posts were soon abolished, and the generals and deputy commanders who managed banner affairs were placed on the same footing as the Inner Eight Banners. The nomadic Chahar were henceforth assigned to the Shanxi garrison. In the eleventh year the Bordered Yellow and Plain Yellow banners placed Manchu and Mongol squad leaders, armored cavalry, and bowyers and smiths at Dezhou in Shandong. In the fifteenth year Xi'an received 28 company commanders and cavalry captains and 1,000 elite cavalry. At Hangzhou in Zhejiang the garrison was staffed with Manchu and Mongol banner armored cavalry, foot soldiers, and bowyers; Han banner armored cavalry, foot soldiers, and smiths; and Manchu and Han cotton-armor troops—more than 4,000 in all. Each banner thereafter received additional company commanders, cavalry captains, and elite cavalry. In the sixteenth year the Jingkou garrison was reorganized under one Zhenhai general and two deputy commanders-in-chief, with assistant commanders, regimental commanders, defensive officers, company commanders, and cavalry captains in fixed numbers. Jiangning and Xi'an each soon received 1,000 additional foot soldiers.
15
康熙十三年,增西安右翼四旗滿、蒙馬甲千,弓、鐵匠十四,漢軍馬甲等,江寧馬甲千。 後又各增兵二千及弓、鐵匠等。 是年增京口步甲千人。 十五年,設陝西寧夏八旗滿、蒙領催,馬甲,步甲,弓、鐵匠。 十九年,設福建福州左翼四旗漢軍領催、馬甲、步甲、鐵匠,及滿、蒙步甲。 二十年,設廣東廣州鑲黃、正黃、正白上三旗漢軍領催、馬甲、砲甲、弓匠。 二十二年,設湖廣荊州八旗滿、蒙領催,馬甲,步甲,弓、鐵匠,共二千八百有奇,尋增至四千人。 是年又增西安將軍,增滿洲左右翼副都統各一,漢軍左右翼亦如之,八旗滿、蒙協領各八,漢協領、佐領、防禦、驍騎校不等,滿、蒙、漢兵共七千,滿、蒙步軍七百,暨弓、鐵匠等。 二十三年,續設廣州鑲白、正紅、鑲紅、正藍、鑲藍五旗漢軍兵,設將軍一人,副都統二,協領、參領各八,防禦、驍騎校各四十,八旗鳥槍領催、鳥槍驍騎、領催、驍騎、砲驍騎、弓、鐵匠共三千有奇,兼置綠旗左右前後四營,將領八,兵三千四百有奇。 尋於福州、荊州、寧夏、江寧、京口、杭州並分設鳥槍領催、鳥槍驍騎、領催、驍騎各有差。 京口步軍內兼設鳥槍、弓、箭、長槍、藤牌等兵額。 是年增設杭州駐防八旗滿、蒙、漢兵共三千二百人。 三十二年,設山西右衛八旗滿、蒙、漢護軍、領催、馬甲、鐵匠共五千六百有奇,以將軍統之,設隨甲四十八,筆帖式六。 三十六年,裁京口綠旗水師總兵,改設京口副將,分左右二營,設游擊以下將領八人,兵一千九百人。 五十九年,設河南開封滿、蒙領催,鳥槍領催,馬甲,鳥槍馬甲,弓、鐵匠。 六十年,設四川成都副都統一,協領四,佐領、防禦、驍騎校、鳥槍領催、鳥槍驍騎、驍騎暨步軍,弓、箭、鐵匠。
In the thirteenth year of Kangxi Xi'an's Right Wing Four Banners gained 1,000 Manchu and Mongol armored cavalry, 14 bowyers and smiths, and Han banner armored soldiers; Jiangning gained 1,000 armored cavalry. Each garrison later received another 2,000 troops plus bowyers, smiths, and the like. That same year Jingkou received 1,000 foot soldiers. In the fifteenth year the Ningxia garrison in Shaanxi was established with Manchu and Mongol squad leaders, armored cavalry, foot soldiers, and bowyers and smiths across all eight banners. In the nineteenth year Fuzhou in Fujian received the Left Wing Four Han banner squad leaders, armored and foot soldiers, smiths, and Manchu and Mongol foot soldiers. In the twentieth year Guangzhou received squad leaders, armored cavalry, artillery troops, and bowyers from the upper three Han banners: Bordered Yellow, Plain Yellow, and Plain White. In the twenty-second year the Jingzhou garrison in Huguang was established with Manchu and Mongol squad leaders, armored cavalry, foot soldiers, and bowyers and smiths—more than 2,800 in all, soon raised to 4,000. That same year a general was added at Xi'an, with one deputy commander for each Manchu wing and matching Han banner deputies; eight Manchu and Mongol assistant commanders per banner; assorted Han assistant commanders, company commanders, defensive officers, and cavalry captains; 7,000 Manchu, Mongol, and Han troops; 700 Manchu and Mongol foot soldiers; and bowyers, smiths, and the like. In the twenty-third year the five remaining Han banners were added at Guangzhou—Plain White, Plain Red, Bordered Red, Plain Blue, and Bordered Blue—with one general, two deputy commanders, eight assistant and regimental commanders each, forty defensive officers and cavalry captains each, and more than 3,000 musket squad leaders, musket cavalry, squad leaders, elite cavalry, artillery cavalry, bowyers, and smiths across all eight banners; four Green Standard camps—Left, Right, Front, and Rear—were also established with eight officers and more than 3,400 troops. Musket squad leaders, musket cavalry, squad leaders, and elite cavalry were soon established separately at Fuzhou, Jingzhou, Ningxia, Jiangning, Jingkou, and Hangzhou in allotted numbers. The Jingkou foot contingent also included allotted posts for musketmen, archers, arrow troops, long-spearmen, and rattan-shield troops. That same year the Hangzhou garrison was expanded by 3,200 Manchu, Mongol, and Han banner troops. In the thirty-second year the Youwei garrison in Shanxi was established with Manchu, Mongol, and Han guards, squad leaders, armored cavalry, and smiths—more than 5,600 in all under one general—with forty-eight orderlies and six clerks. In the thirty-sixth year the Jingkou Green Standard naval commander was abolished and replaced by a vice commander overseeing Left and Right camps with eight subordinate officers and 1,900 troops. In the fifty-ninth year the Kaifeng garrison in Henan was established with Manchu and Mongol squad leaders, musket squad leaders, armored cavalry, musket-armed cavalry, and bowyers and smiths. In the sixtieth year the Chengdu garrison in Sichuan received one deputy commander, four assistant commanders, and company commanders, defensive officers, cavalry captains, musket squad leaders, musket cavalry, elite cavalry, foot soldiers, and bowyers, fletchers, and smiths.
16
雍正元年,福州駐防漢軍步兵悉改馬兵。 二年,增太原、德州駐防兵各五百人。 六年,設福州駐防水師營協領一人,佐領、防禦各二,驍騎校六,水師五百。 七年,設駐防浙江乍浦水師營。 設青州駐防將軍、副都統各一人,協領四,佐領、防禦、驍騎校十六,暨八旗滿、蒙兵弓、鐵匠。 設廣州駐防水師營協領一人,佐領、防禦各二,驍騎校、八旗漢軍水師領催有差。 八年,以各省駐防漢軍營伍廢弛,令所在將軍訓練之。 設駐防青州八旗滿洲兵二千人。 增右衛駐防兵五百人,自將軍及兩翼副都統以下,設協領,佐領,防禦,驍騎校,滿、蒙前鋒,滿、蒙、漢領催等,及驍騎三千有奇。 十三年,設甘肅涼州八旗滿、蒙、漢兵凡二千人。 設駐防庄浪八旗滿、蒙、漢兵凡千人。
In the first year of Yongzheng all Han banner foot soldiers at the Fuzhou garrison were reclassified as cavalry. In the second year Taiyuan and Dezhou each received 500 additional garrison troops. In the sixth year the Fuzhou garrison naval camp received one assistant commander, two company commanders and defensive officers each, six cavalry captains, and 500 naval troops. In the seventh year a naval garrison camp was established at Zhapu in Zhejiang. The Qingzhou garrison was established with one general and one deputy commander, four assistant commanders, sixteen company commanders, defensive officers, and cavalry captains, and Manchu and Mongol banner troops plus bowyers and smiths. The Guangzhou garrison naval camp received one assistant commander, two company commanders and defensive officers each, cavalry captains, and Han banner naval squad leaders in allotted numbers. In the eighth year, finding Han banner units in provincial garrisons had fallen into neglect, the throne ordered local generals to drill them. Two thousand Manchu banner troops were assigned to the Qingzhou garrison. The Youwei garrison gained 500 troops and, from the general and wing deputies downward, assistant commanders, company commanders, defensive officers, cavalry captains, Manchu and Mongol vanguard, and Manchu, Mongol, and Han squad leaders, with more than 3,000 elite cavalry. In the thirteenth year 2,000 Manchu, Mongol, and Han banner troops were assigned to the Liangzhou garrison in Gansu. One thousand Manchu, Mongol, and Han banner troops were assigned to the Zhuanglang garrison.
17
乾隆二年,設駐防綏遠城,以征準噶爾之滿、蒙、漢開戶家丁二千四百,熱河駐防兵千,及右衛蒙古兵五百,凡三千九百人。 設涼州將軍、副都統各一人,滿、蒙、漢佐領、防禦、驍騎校、步軍尉及八旗驍騎二千人,步軍六百人。 又設庄浪駐防副都統一人,滿、蒙、漢協領、佐領、防禦、步軍尉及八旗驍騎一千人,步軍四百人。 四年,改寧夏駐防步甲六百為養育兵。 增荊州養育兵四百人。 十年,設江寧駐防養育兵。 二十一年,定開封城守尉歸巡撫統轄。 二十二年,裁京口將軍,以綠旗左右營改隸江寧將軍。 二十五年,改綏遠城將軍駐防兵額,步軍、養育兵各四百,共領催、前鋒、驍騎實二千四百人。 二十八年,以土默特二旗歸綏遠城將軍統轄。 設歸化城副都統一人。 三十九年,改杭州駐防步軍一百二十八人為養育兵。 四十一年,設成都駐防將軍一人。 四十九年,增西安副都統一人。 嘉慶十二年,飭各將軍不得以老弱充兵額。 此各直省駐防制也。
In the second year of Qianlong a garrison was established at Suiyuan City with 2,400 registered Manchu, Mongol, and Han household retainers from the Dzungar campaign, 1,000 troops from the Rehe garrison, and 500 Mongol troops from Youwei—3,900 in all. The Liangzhou garrison received one general and one deputy commander, Manchu, Mongol, and Han company commanders, defensive officers, cavalry captains, and foot soldier officers, with 2,000 banner elite cavalry and 600 foot soldiers. The Zhuanglang garrison likewise received one deputy commander, Manchu, Mongol, and Han assistant commanders, company commanders, defensive officers, and foot soldier officers, with 1,000 banner elite cavalry and 400 foot soldiers. In the fourth year 600 foot soldiers at the Ningxia garrison were reclassified as training soldiers. Jingzhou received 400 additional training soldiers. In the tenth year training soldiers were established at the Jiangning garrison. In the twenty-first year the Kaifeng city garrison captain was placed under the provincial governor's command. In the twenty-second year the Jingkou general was abolished and the Green Standard Left and Right camps were reassigned to the Jiangning general. In the twenty-fifth year Suiyuan City's garrison quotas were revised to 400 foot soldiers and 400 training soldiers, with squad leaders, vanguard, and elite cavalry bringing actual strength to 2,400. In the twenty-eighth year the two Tumed banners were placed under the Suiyuan City general. One deputy commander was established at Guihuacheng. In the thirty-ninth year 128 foot soldiers at the Hangzhou garrison were reclassified as training soldiers. In the forty-first year a general was established at the Chengdu garrison. In the forty-ninth year one deputy commander was added at Xi'an. In the twelfth year of Jiaqing generals were forbidden to fill troop quotas with the aged and infirm. Such was the garrison system of the provinces.
18
新疆駐防兵制,乾隆二十五年,始議於新疆設兵駐守。 命阿桂率滿洲、索倫驍騎五百,綠營兵百,回人二百,至伊犁搜捕馬哈沁,招撫厄魯特,並築城屯墾。 其後陸續由內地增調屯田兵至二千五百人,五年更替,以五百人差操,二千人屯種,分二十五屯,設屯鎮總兵。 其明年,阿桂奏定卡倫侍衛十五人,增伊犁駐防馬兵千五百,合原額兵凡二千五百人。 二十七年,以涼州、庄浪駐防兵五千,並戶口移駐伊犁。 旋以新疆底定,設駐防兵制。 凡卡倫兵以侍衛領之,屯田兵以督屯武職領之,駐防馬兵以佐領領之,綠旗兵以營員領之,而特設將軍為之總轄。 侍衛、章京等皆按年番替。 二十九年,調綠營兵千,在伊犁河岸築惠遠城。 其管理築城兵,設副將一,守備二,千總二,把總八。 以察哈爾移駐兵一千八百戶編兩昂吉,領隊大臣統之,設十二佐領,分左右二翼,每佐領設兵二百。 以黑龍江移駐戶千編一昂吉,設六佐領,領隊大臣統之。 又撥錫伯兵、熱河滿、蒙兵各一千,及達什達瓦厄魯特兵五百,俱攜眷駐伊犁。 定馬兵永遠駐守,綠旗兵五年番換。 三十年,以投出之厄魯特人編一昂吉,與達什達瓦部眾俱為厄魯特昂吉,以領隊大臣統之。 原厄魯特兵作厄魯特右翼。 自領隊大臣以下,二三等侍衛、藍翎侍衛無定員。 三十一年,定烏魯木齊駐辦事大臣及協辦大臣,統駐防兵及工作官兵,置經理新疆貿易、稽察卡倫台站各官。 三十二年,定左翼厄魯特六佐領為上三旗,右翼厄魯特共十佐領編為下五旗。 三十四年,增惠寧城滿兵領隊大臣一人。 三十七年,以投誠之沙畢納爾人等歸入下五旗厄魯特,增設四佐領統之。 嘉慶二十年,於沙畢納爾四佐領內增副總管一人。 道光十年,以惠遠城滿兵四千六百有奇,巴燕岱滿兵二千一百有奇,諭將軍等不得議增兵額。 同治六年,以哈薩克人東犯,飭李雲麟訓練厄魯特、蒙古兵以防之。 增布倫托海辦事大臣,督率喇嘛,建署治事,並設幫辦一人。 此屬新疆北路者也。
The Xinjiang garrison system began in the twenty-fifth year of Qianlong, when the court first resolved to post troops there. Agui was dispatched with 500 Manchu and Solon cavalry, 100 Green Standard troops, and 200 Muslim auxiliaries to Yili to hunt down Khoshut bands, win over the Oirat, and build fortified settlements for colonization. Colony troops were steadily reinforced from the interior until they reached 2,500, rotating every five years: 500 on active duty and 2,000 farming, organized in twenty-five colonies under a colonization brigade commander. The next year Agui proposed fixing fifteen karun guards and adding 1,500 cavalry to the Yili garrison, bringing total strength to 2,500 with the existing quota. In the twenty-seventh year 5,000 garrison troops and their families from Liangzhou and Zhuanglang were relocated to Yili. Once Xinjiang was pacified, a formal garrison system was instituted. Karun troops answered to guards, colonization troops to military colonization officers, garrison cavalry to company commanders, and Green Standard troops to camp officers, all under a specially appointed general. Guards, clerks, and similar officials rotated annually. In the twenty-ninth year 1,000 Green Standard troops built Huining City on the Ili River. Overseeing the construction force were one vice commander, two garrison commanders, two battalion commanders, and eight platoon commanders. 1,800 relocated Chahar households were organized into two angji under a brigade minister, with twelve company commanders in left and right wings, each commanding 200 troops. One thousand relocated Heilongjiang households formed one angji under a brigade minister with six company commanders. One thousand Xibe troops, 1,000 Rehe Manchu and Mongol troops, and 500 Dashdawa Oirat troops were also assigned, all relocating with their families to Yili. Cavalry were permanently posted; Green Standard troops rotated every five years. In the thirtieth year surrendered Oirat were organized into one angji; together with the Dashdawa tribesmen they formed the Oirat angji under a brigade minister. The original Oirat force became the Oirat Right Wing. Below the brigade minister, second- and third-rank guards and blue-plume guards had no fixed quota. In the thirty-first year Urumqi received a resident minister and assistant minister commanding garrison and construction forces and overseeing trade, karun inspection, and relay stations. In the thirty-second year the Oirat Left Wing's six company commanders were designated the upper three banners and the Right Wing's ten company commanders the lower five banners. In the thirty-fourth year Huining City gained one Manchu brigade minister. In the thirty-seventh year surrendered Shabinar and others joined the lower five Oirat banners under four new company commanders. In the twentieth year of Jiaqing one deputy superintendent was added among the four Shabinar company commands. In the tenth year of Daoguang, with more than 4,600 Manchu troops at Huining City and more than 2,100 at Bayandai, generals were forbidden to propose further increases to troop quotas. In the sixth year of Tongzhi, after Kazakh raids from the east, Li Yunlin was ordered to drill Oirat and Mongol troops for defense. A resident minister was added at Buruntokhai to supervise lamas and administer affairs from a new office, with one assistant. This covered the Northern Route of Xinjiang.
19
其在南路防兵,烏什駐總理回務參贊大臣、協辦大臣各一人,統轄滿洲、綠旗及屯田各官兵,兼轄阿克蘇、賽里木、拜城各駐防兵。 所屬有侍衛、章京等官。 滿洲營領隊侍衛二,駐轄翼長、參領各一,副參領、委署參領各二,前鋒校六,綠旗營游擊以下、屯田副將以下各十八人。 阿克蘇駐章京一,綠旗營游擊一。 賽里木駐翼長一,兼統拜城駐防。 葉爾羌駐辦事參贊大臣及領隊大臣,統轄滿洲營領隊副都統、侍衛、參領、副參領等,如烏什例。 和闐、喀什噶爾並駐辦事大臣及領隊大臣,統轄滿洲營侍衛、章京、領隊侍衛、參領、副參領等,暨綠營總兵、參將等官。 庫車駐辦事官,統轄綠營都司以下官,兼轄沙雅爾事。 哈喇沙爾駐辦事官,統轄綠旗營城守,及屯田駐防兵。 辟展駐領隊大臣一,統協領、佐領以下暨步兵、綠旗兵。
On the southern route Ush was garrisoned by a superintendent of Muslim affairs and an assistant minister commanding Manchu, Green Standard, and colonization forces and overseeing garrisons at Aksu, Sayram, and Baicheng. They were assisted by guards, clerks, and other officials. The Manchu camp fielded two brigade guards, one wing commander and one regimental commander, two deputy and acting regimental commanders each, six vanguard officers, eighteen Green Standard officers down to brigade commander, and eighteen colonization officers down to vice commander. Aksu was garrisoned by one clerk and one Green Standard brigade commander. Sayram held one wing commander who also commanded the Baicheng garrison. Yarkand was garrisoned by a resident minister and brigade minister commanding a Manchu camp deputy commander, guards, regimental and deputy regimental commanders, and the like on the Ush model. Khotan and Kashgar likewise received resident and brigade ministers commanding Manchu camp guards, clerks, brigade guards, regimental and deputy regimental commanders, and Green Standard brigade and regimental commanders. Kucha held a resident official commanding Green Standard officers from battalion commander downward and overseeing Shayar affairs. Karashahr held a resident official commanding Green Standard city garrisons and colonization troops. Pizhan held one brigade minister commanding assistant and company commanders and their subordinates along with foot soldiers and Green Standard troops.
20
乾隆二十四年以後,於烏什駐辦事大臣,阿克蘇駐辦事大臣、協辦大臣各一人,葉爾羌設辦事大臣二人,及章京、卡倫侍衛等。 滿洲營設副都統一人,統健銳營前鋒參領、副參領等,安西滿洲營佐領五品官、索倫五品官、察哈爾佐領等,綠營總兵、游擊以下各官。 又於和闐駐領隊總兵官及游擊以下。 又喀什噶爾駐總兵、理回疆事務大臣、協辦大臣各一。 滿洲營設副都統一,領隊侍衛二。 領隊侍衛兼統索倫兵。 索倫設委署副總管及佐領各二,察哈爾總管一,副總管二,及護軍校以下。 綠營設提督及都司以下官。 英阿薩爾駐領隊總兵官一,兼統索倫、察哈爾、綠旗兵。 又於庫車、哈喇沙爾、辟展並駐辦事大臣。 初台站之改,屬辟展者凡六。 每台置外委千、把總一人。 葉爾羌西路南北路卡倫六,各置坐卡侍衛一人,東西南三路凡二十一台,各置筆帖式一人。 沙雅爾南路卡倫一。 庫車東路至哈喇沙爾西凡十台。 台置筆帖式一人。 每台、卡俱置防守兵,多至十人,少或一人,俱有供役回人十戶。 尋各官兵歸併烏什、阿克蘇,止駐一章京及游擊以下,旋改駐協辦大臣及領隊侍衛等。 喀什噶爾之總理大臣移駐烏什之永寧,尋改設辦事大臣二人。 三十一年,撤回索倫兵,改遣健銳營兵九百人換防,並令健銳營翼領一人,正副委署參領十八人,護軍校二十四人,統兵分駐各回城。 四十四年,裁辟展辦事大臣,改設領隊大臣。 旋設吐魯番屯田都司以下官。
After the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong resident ministers were posted at Ush, a resident and assistant minister at Aksu, two resident ministers at Yarkand, plus guards and karun guards. The Manchu camp received one deputy commander overseeing Vanguard Camp regimental and deputy regimental commanders, Anxi Manchu fifth-rank company commanders, Solon fifth-rank officers, Chahar company commanders, and Green Standard brigade commanders and subordinates. Khotan also received a brigade commander and Green Standard officers down to brigade commander. Kashgar was garrisoned by one brigade commander, one minister for Muslim frontier affairs, and one assistant minister. The Manchu camp received one deputy commander and two brigade guards. The brigade guard also commanded Solon troops. The Solon received two acting assistant commandants and two company commanders; the Chahar received one commandant, two assistant commandants, and officers down to corporal-of-the-guard. The Green Standard Army received a regional commander and officers from battalion commander downward. Ying'asar held one brigade commander who also commanded Solon, Chahar, and Green Standard troops. Resident ministers were also posted at Kucha, Karashahr, and Pizhan. When the postal stations were first reorganized, six fell under Pizhan. Each station received one acting thousand-man or platoon captain. On Yarkand's western route six karun on the north and south routes each had a karun guard; on the east, south, and west routes twenty-one stations each had a clerk. Shayar's southern route had one karun. From Kucha's eastern route to Karashahr's west there were ten stations in all. Each station had one clerk. Every station and karun had garrison troops—up to ten men, as few as one—and ten Muslim households assigned for supply service. Soon the officers and troops were consolidated at Ush and Aksu, leaving only one clerk and officers down to brigade commander; this was soon changed to an assistant resident minister and brigade guards. Kashgar's superintendent minister was transferred to Yongning in Ush, and two resident ministers were soon appointed in his place. In the thirty-first year the Solon troops were withdrawn and nine hundred Vanguard Camp men sent on rotation; one wing commander, eighteen acting regimental and deputy regimental commanders, and twenty-four corporals-of-the-guard then distributed the garrison among the Muslim cities. In the forty-fourth year the Pizhan resident minister was abolished and replaced by a brigade minister. Soon Turfan received colonization officials from battalion commander downward.
21
道光八年,以阿克蘇為南路適中之地,增兵一千,移柯爾坪防兵五百歸阿克蘇,裁拜城參將以下弁兵,共新舊防兵二千二百人,守卡借差兵外,得練兵一千三百人,控制各路。 九年,於喀什噶爾邊增八卡倫弁兵。 尋以八卡倫內喀浪圭、圖舒克塔、烏拍拉特三處通霍罕要路,於明約洛建堡,設都司一人,綠營兵二百人駐守。 阿爾瑚馬廠三處建堡,置兵二百或六十人。 葉爾羌屬卡倫七,以亮葛爾、庫庫雅爾為通夷要隘,英吉沙爾屬卡倫五,惟烏魯克為要路,皆建土堡兵房,設千總官,其次設把總、外委,駐守兵多者六十人,少者十五或十人。
In the eighth year of Daoguang Aksu, as the central point of the southern route, received one thousand additional troops; five hundred Korpin garrison troops were transferred there and Bay's regimental commander and his men were cut. Old and new garrisons totaled 2,200 men; apart from karun guards and detail troops, 1,300 drill troops remained to control all routes. In the ninth year eight karun officers and troops were added on the Kashgar frontier. Soon three of the eight karun—Karanggui, Tushukta, and Wopalat—were recognized as key routes to Kokand; a fort was built at Ming Yaoluo with one battalion commander and two hundred Green Standard troops. Forts were built at three places in Arhumachang, garrisoned by two hundred or sixty men. Yarkand had seven subordinate karun, with Liangge'er and Kukuyar as key passes to the frontier tribes; Yengisar had five, of which only Wuluk was a major route. All were provided with earthen forts and barracks, thousand-man captains, and below them platoon captains and acting officers; garrisons ranged from sixty men down to fifteen or ten.
22
咸豐三年,以新疆南北兩路駐兵四萬餘人,歲餉一百四十五萬,軍興後饋餫艱難,諭陝、甘赴口外駐防官自是年始,即行停止。 其喀什噶爾、英吉沙爾、葉爾羌、和闐八城防兵,由烏魯木齊駐防滿洲兵、綠旗兵酌撥。 四年,改定新疆南路換防兵制。 增伊犁滿洲兵二百人,烏魯木齊綠營兵千二百人,滿洲兵三百人。 裁葉爾羌、喀什噶爾、烏什、阿克蘇四城防兵一千人。 七年,以喀城肅清,撤回土爾扈特蒙兵,留伊犁官兵防守。 八年,令南路換防官兵自是年始,分六年抽換,以節繁費。 天山以南,為回部所居,自設台站、卡倫,無俟重兵防守。 烏什、葉爾羌、喀什噶爾、英阿薩爾咸以滿、漢兵協力守邊。 他如和闐、阿克蘇、庫車、哈喇沙爾、辟展則守以綠旗兵。 凡滿洲營駐防兵,以三年更換,綠旗營駐防兵,以五年更換。 此南路之制也。
In the third year of Xianfeng, with more than 40,000 troops garrisoned on Xinjiang's northern and southern routes and annual pay at 1.45 million taels, post-campaign supply had become difficult; an edict halted the dispatch of Shaanxi and Gansu officials to frontier garrisons from that year on. Garrisons for Kashgar, Yengisar, Yarkand, Khotan, and the other cities of the eight-city circuit were supplied from Manchu and Green Standard troops stationed at Urumqi. In the fourth year the rotation-garrison system for southern Xinjiang was revised. Ili received two hundred additional Manchu troops; Urumqi received 1,200 Green Standard and three hundred Manchu troops. One thousand garrison troops were cut from Yarkand, Kashgar, Ush, and Aksu. In the seventh year, with Kashgar pacified, Torghut Mongol troops were withdrawn and Ili officers and troops kept on for defense. In the eighth year southern-route rotation garrisons were ordered to rotate out in six annual stages from that year on, to reduce expense. South of the Tianshan, where the Muslim peoples lived, postal stations and karun sufficed without heavy garrisons. Ush, Yarkand, Kashgar, and Ying'asar all relied on joint Manchu and Han garrisons to guard the frontier. Khotan, Aksu, Kucha, Karashahr, and Pizhan were guarded by Green Standard troops. Manchu garrison troops rotated every three years; Green Standard garrison troops every five years. Such was the southern-route system.
23
同治以來,回疆不靖,欽差大臣左宗棠次第殄平之,新疆漸歸版籍。 光緒初年,改省議起。 左宗棠擬令將軍率旗營駐伊犁,塔爾巴哈台改設都統,並統綠、旗各營。 迨八年收復伊犁,從譚鍾麟、劉錦棠言,於南北兩路增設額兵,其舊有參贊、辦事、領隊各大臣悉予裁汰。 即自哈密至伊犁都統暨諸大臣名額亦酌撤之。 巴里坤、古城、烏魯木齊、庫爾喀拉烏蘇等處所餘旗丁,歸併伊犁滿營,均改從各省駐防將軍營制。 十一年,行省製成。 伊犁旗營實存勇七千,留其精壯,改馬隊九旗,步隊十三旗,以提督、總兵分領之。 伊犁開屯由此始,而旗屯居其一焉。 蓋新疆自籓部迄於設行省,綜其駐防旗兵制度,約略如此。
Since Tongzhi the Muslim frontier had been unsettled; Imperial Commissioner Zuo Zongtang gradually pacified the region, and Xinjiang gradually returned to the empire. In early Guangxu debate began over converting Xinjiang into a province. Zuo Zongtang proposed that the general lead banner troops at Ili, that Tarbagatai be made a military governorship, and that Green Standard and banner camps be unified under one command. When Ili was recovered in the eighth year, following Tan Zhonglin and Liu Jintang, quota troops were added on both routes and the former resident commissioners, resident ministers, and brigade ministers were all abolished. Posts from Hami to Ili, including the military governorship and various ministerial offices, were also partially abolished. Banner households remaining at Barkul, Gucheng, Urumqi, Kurkara Usu, and elsewhere were merged into the Ili Manchu camp and reorganized under the provincial garrison-general system. In the eleventh year the provincial system was completed. The Ili banner camp mustered seven thousand braves; the elite were kept and reorganized into nine cavalry and thirteen infantry banners under regional and brigade commanders. Ili colonization began at this point, with banner colonization as one component. In sum, from frontier-department status to provincial administration, Xinjiang's garrison banner system was roughly as described above.
24
其籓部兵制,曰內外蒙古,曰青海,曰西藏。 內外蒙古之兵,設旗編次,略同內八旗。 每旗設札薩克一人,汗、王、貝勒、貝子、公、台吉為之。 協理旗務二或四人,亦台吉以上充任。 按丁數編為佐領。 設佐領一,驍騎校六。 每六佐領設參領一人。 佐領較多者,設章京、副章京。 各率所屬以聽於札薩克。 內札薩克蒙古凡二十四部、四十九旗。 科爾沁六旗,分左右二翼,二翼又各分前後旗。 崇德元年,設左翼旗、左翼前旗、右翼旗、右翼前後旗。 順治六年,設左翼後旗。 郭爾羅斯前後二旗,杜爾伯特一旗,扎賚特一旗,皆順治五年設。 扎魯特二旗,左翼崇德元年設,右翼順治五年設。 喀爾喀左翼一旗,康熙三年設。 奈曼一旗,敖漢一旗,皆崇德元年設。 土默特二旗,左翼崇德元年設,右翼順治二年設。 喀喇沁三旗,右翼崇德元年設,左翼順治五年設,康熙中增設一旗。 翁牛特左右二旗,阿魯科爾沁一旗,皆崇德元年設。 巴林左右二旗,順治五年設。 克什克騰一旗,順治三年設。 烏珠穆沁二旗,右翼崇德六年設,左翼順治三年設。 浩齊特二旗,順治三年設左翼,十年設右翼。 阿巴哈納爾二旗,康熙四年設左翼,六年設右翼。 阿巴噶二旗,崇德六年設右翼,順治八年設左翼。 蘇尼特二旗,崇德六年設左翼,七年設右翼。 四子部落一旗,順治八年設。 烏喇特右翼一旗,順治十年設。 茂明安一旗,順治元年設。 烏喇特前中後三旗,順治五年設。 鄂爾多斯七旗,兩翼、中旗、前旗、後旗皆順治六年設,雍正九年,增設一旗。 歸化城土默特左右二旗,崇德元年設,後置副都統,隸綏遠城將軍轄之。 是為內蒙古兵制。
Its frontier military systems covered Inner and Outer Mongolia, Qinghai, and Tibet. Inner and Outer Mongol troops were organized in banners, broadly on the inner Eight Banner model. Each banner had one Zasak, drawn from khans, princes, beile, beise, gong, and taiji ranks. Two or four banner-affairs coordinators were appointed, likewise from taiji rank and above. Registered males were organized into companies by quota. Each unit had one company commander and six vanguard corporals. Every six companies had one regimental commander. Banners with more companies also had clerks and deputy clerks. Each led his subordinates under the Zasak's command. Inner Zasak Mongols comprised twenty-four tribes and forty-nine banners in all. The Khorchin had six banners in left and right wings, each wing further divided into front and rear banners. In the first year of Chongde the Left Wing, Left Front, Right Wing, and Right Front and Rear banners were established. In the sixth year of Shunzhi the Left Rear Banner was established. The Gorlos Front and Rear banners, one Dorbed banner, and one Jasagt banner were all established in the fifth year of Shunzhi. The Jarud had two banners: the Left Wing established in the first year of Chongde and the Right Wing in the fifth year of Shunzhi. One Khalkha Left Wing banner was established in the third year of Kangxi. One Naiman banner and one Aohan banner were both established in the first year of Chongde. The Tumed had two banners: the Left Wing established in the first year of Chongde and the Right Wing in the second year of Shunzhi. The Kharachin had three banners: the Right Wing in the first year of Chongde, the Left Wing in the fifth year of Shunzhi, and one added in the Kangxi reign. The Onnigud Left and Right banners and one Aru Khorchin banner were all established in the first year of Chongde. The Bairin Left and Right banners were established in the fifth year of Shunzhi. One Keshiketeng banner was established in the third year of Shunzhi. The Ujimqin had two banners: the Right Wing in the sixth year of Chongde and the Left Wing in the third year of Shunzhi. The Khoit had two banners: the Left Wing in the third year of Shunzhi and the Right Wing in the tenth year. The Abag had two banners: the Left Wing in the fourth year of Kangxi and the Right Wing in the sixth year. The Abaga had two banners: the Right Wing in the sixth year of Chongde and the Left Wing in the eighth year of Shunzhi. The Sunid had two banners: the Left Wing in the sixth year of Chongde and the Right Wing in the seventh year. One Dörben Oirat banner was established in the eighth year of Shunzhi. One Urad Right Wing banner was established in the tenth year of Shunzhi. One Muuminggan banner was established in the first year of Shunzhi. The Urad Front, Middle, and Rear banners were established in the fifth year of Shunzhi. Ordos had seven banners: the two wings, central, front, and rear banners in the sixth year of Shunzhi, with one added in the ninth year of Yongzheng. The Guihuacheng Tumed Left and Right banners were established in the first year of Chongde; later a deputy commander was placed over them under the Suiyuan garrison general. Such was the Inner Mongolian military system.
25
外札薩克蒙古,喀爾喀四部,凡八十六旗。 喀爾喀土謝圖汗部二十旗為中路。 康熙三十年,設十七旗。 逮雍正間,遞增至三十八旗。 尋分二十旗屬三音諾顏部,存十八旗。 乾隆初,復增二旗,於本旗外分十九札薩克掌之,仍統於土謝圖汗部。 車臣汗部二十三旗為東路。 康熙三十年,設十二旗。 其後增至二十一旗。 乾隆間,遞增二旗,於本旗外分二十二札薩克掌之,仍統於車臣汗。 札薩克圖汗部十七旗為西路。 康熙三十年,設八旗。 逮雍正間,遞增至十五旗。 乾隆時,遞增二旗,於本旗外分十六札薩克掌之,仍統於札薩克圖汗。 三音諾顏親王部二十二旗,雍正十年設,即於土謝圖汗部內分轄二十旗。 乾隆初,增二旗,於本旗外分二十一札薩克掌之,仍統於三音諾顏札薩克親王。 烏蘭烏蘇厄魯特部二旗,康熙二十五年分設。 乾隆間,隸移烏蘭烏蘇並隸三音諾顏部。 賀蘭山厄魯特一旗,康熙三十六年設。 青海厄魯特部二十一旗,雍正三年設二十旗,乾隆十一年增設一旗。 青海游牧綽羅斯部二旗,輝特部一旗,土爾扈特部一旗,喀爾喀部一旗,皆雍正三年設。 哈密一旗,康熙三十六年設。 吐魯番一旗,雍正十年設。 都爾伯特十四旗,乾隆十八年編設。 土爾扈特部,乾隆三十六年編設。 康熙十三年,定每年春季,王、貝勒以各旗下台吉兵丁合操。 乾隆元年,諭內札薩克六會,防秋兵丁各備牧馬器械,分二班,錫林郭勒、烏蘭察布、伊克昭三會為一班,哲里木、昭烏達、卓索圖三會為一班,以大札薩克為盟長,每年遣大臣會同盟長,按旗察閱兵丁。 其喀爾喀四部游牧防守兵萬人,遣參贊大臣同喀爾喀將軍、貝勒、公等分年簡稽軍實。 三年,命賞六會防秋牧馬之兵,視康熙間成例,分給弓矢、衣服、銀兩有差。 五十一年,諭蒙古兵丁應習圍場者,車臣汗、土謝圖汗二部,由庫倫辦事王、大臣,三音諾顏、札薩克圖汗二部,由烏里雅蘇台將軍、大臣等分領練習,並令各部落汗、王、公選大台吉各四人,小台吉十人,赴木蘭圍場。 道光三年,從陝甘總督那彥成言,以青海二十四旗分左右二翼,每翼設盟長、副盟長,每六旗設霍碩扎爾噶齊,每三旗設一梅勒,每旗設一甲喇,各旗兵按人數之多寡,隨官兵番值巡防。 十一年,允楊遇春請,以蒙古兵五百人析為二班,分防八卡。 十五年,諭令察哈爾兵丁選補缺額,與札薩克游牧共衛北邊。 同治十年,諭邊外各路台站,都統或盟長分任管轄。 每台額定駱駝百頭,馬五十匹,戈壁地備駱駝百五十頭。 此內外蒙古及青海兵制也。
Outer Zasak Mongols of the four Khalkha divisions comprised eighty-six banners in all. The Khalkha Tushiyetu Khan division, with twenty banners, formed the central route. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi seventeen banners were established. By the Yongzheng reign they had gradually increased to thirty-eight banners. Soon twenty banners were assigned to the Sain Noyan division, leaving eighteen. In early Qianlong two banners were added; outside the original banners nineteen Zasaks were appointed to govern them, still under the Tushiyetu Khan division. The Setsen Khan division, with twenty-three banners, formed the eastern route. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi twelve banners were established. They later increased to twenty-one banners. During Qianlong two banners were added; outside the original banners twenty-two Zasaks were appointed to govern them, still under the Setsen Khan. The Zasagt Khan division, with seventeen banners, formed the western route. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi eight banners were established. By the Yongzheng reign they had gradually increased to fifteen banners. During Qianlong two banners were added; outside the original banners sixteen Zasaks were appointed to govern them, still under the Zasagt Khan. The Sain Noyan princely division, with twenty-two banners, was established in the tenth year of Yongzheng by splitting twenty banners from the Tushiyetu Khan division. In early Qianlong two banners were added; outside the original banners twenty-one Zasaks were appointed to govern them, still under the Sain Noyan Zasak prince. The Ulan Usu Oirat division, with two banners, was split off in the twenty-fifth year of Kangxi. During Qianlong their jurisdiction was moved to Ulan Usu and they were placed under the Sain Noyan division. One Helanshan Oirat banner was established in the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi. The Qinghai Oirat division had twenty-one banners: twenty established in the third year of Yongzheng and one added in the eleventh year of Qianlong. Qinghai's nomadic Choros two banners, Khoid one banner, Torghut one banner, and Khalkha one banner were all established in the third year of Yongzheng. One Hami banner was established in the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi. One Turfan banner was established in the tenth year of Yongzheng. Fourteen Dorben banners were established in the eighteenth year of Qianlong (1753). The Torghut tribe was organized into banners in the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong (1771). In the thirteenth year of Kangxi (1674) it was ordered that each spring princes and beile conduct joint maneuvers with their banners' taiji and troops. In the first year of Qianlong (1736) the six Inner jasak leagues were instructed to ready pasture horses and arms for autumn border duty in two shifts: Xilin Gol, Ulan Cab, and Ike Juu as one, Zhorin, Juu Uda, and Josutu as the other, under senior jasak league chiefs, with an imperial envoy sent annually to inspect each banner's troops alongside the league chief. For the ten thousand Khalkha nomads serving as border-defense troops across four divisions, a supervising minister was sent with the Khalkha general, beile, and dukes to inspect troop strength in yearly rotation. In the third year (1738) troops on autumn border and pasture duty in the six leagues were rewarded according to Kangxi precedents with graded allotments of bows and arrows, clothing, and silver. In the fifty-first year (1786) Mongol troops required to train at the imperial hunting grounds were assigned: Tsetsen Khan and Tüsheet Khan divisions under the Urga prince and minister; Sain Noyon Khan and Zasagt Khan divisions under the Uliastai general and his staff. Each tribal khan, prince, and duke was to select four senior and ten junior taiji for service at Mulan. In the third year of Daoguang (1823), at Nayancheng's suggestion, Qinghai's twenty-four banners were split into left and right wings, each with a league chief and deputy. One hoshuu jargalchi was placed over every six banners, one meiren over every three, and one jalan over each banner, with banner soldiers rotating patrol duty with officials according to their numbers. In the eleventh year (1831) Yang Yuchun's proposal was approved: five hundred Mongol troops were split into two shifts to guard eight karun posts. In the fifteenth year (1835) Chahar troops were ordered to fill vacancies and join jasak nomads in guarding the northern border. In the tenth year of Tongzhi (1871) frontier postal stations were assigned to commandants or league chiefs for separate administration. Each station was allocated one hundred camels and fifty horses, with one hundred fifty camels held in reserve for Gobi routes. Such was the military system of Inner and Outer Mongolia and Qinghai.
26
蒙古各盟,當雍、乾時,征討准、回,資其兵力以集事。 自俄人闌入,烏蘭海南北並受羈牽,喀魯倫東西侵為田牧,雜居無限,卡倫鄂博,蓋同虛設矣。
During the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns, when the court campaigned against the Dzungars and the Muslim regions, the Mongol leagues furnished troops that made those expeditions possible. Once Russians began to intrude, both sides of the Ulan Hai fell under foreign pressure; fields and pastures east and west of the Kerulen were overrun; peoples mixed without limit—and border karun and oboo posts became little more than fiction.
27
西藏旗兵,自乾隆五十七年始。 前後藏各設番兵千。 定日、江孜各設五百。 前藏領兵者曰戴琫,其下如琫,又下甲琫、定琫。 原置戴琫三人,二駐後藏,一駐定日,復增戴琫一人駐江孜。 前藏番兵,游擊統之。 後藏及江孜、定日,都司統之。 原有唐古特兵,歸戴琫督練。 初制,每番兵千,弓箭三之,鳥槍七之。 嗣選唐古特兵三千,鳥槍、刀矛各半。 至是新設額兵三千,每千人五成鳥槍,三成弓矢,二成刀矛。 其唐古特兵,由駐防將領督同番目教練。 前藏駐游擊、守備各一,千總二,把總三,外委五。 後藏駐游擊、都司各一,守備三,千總二,把總七,外委九。 是年,以福康安疏請江孜增守備一,外委一,兵三十人,定日增守備一,把總一,外委一,兵四十人。 尋用和琳疏言,定日要隘曰轄爾多,曰察木達杏嶺,曰古喇噶木洞,曰宗喀,每處各設定琫一人,番兵二十五人。 此西藏兵制大略也。
Tibetan banner troops dated from the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong (1792). Front Tibet and rear Tibet each received one thousand native troops. Tingri and Gyantse each received five hundred men. Front-Tibet native troops were led by daibing officers; beneath them stood rubing, then jia'bing and dingbing. Three daibing were originally posted—two in rear Tibet, one in Tingri—later augmented by a fourth stationed at Gyantse. Front-Tibet native troops fell under a brigade-general. Rear Tibet, Gyantse, and Tingri were each commanded by battalion commanders. Existing Tangut troops were assigned to daibing officers for training. At first each thousand native troops were armed three-tenths with bow and arrow, seven-tenths with musket. Later three thousand Tangut soldiers were selected, armed half with muskets and half with blade and spear. At this point three thousand new regular troops were created: per thousand, fifty percent muskets, thirty percent bow and arrow, twenty percent blade and spear. Tangut troops were drilled by the garrison commander along with native petty officers. Front Tibet held one brigade-general, one garrison commandant, two thousand-man captains, three platoon captains, and five acting subordinates. Rear Tibet held one brigade-general, one battalion commander, three garrison commandants, two thousand-man captains, seven platoon captains, and nine acting subordinates. That year, at Fuk'anggan's request, Gyantse gained a garrison commandant, an acting subordinate, and thirty troops; Tingri gained a garrison commandant, a platoon captain, an acting subordinate, and forty troops. Soon afterward, following Helin's memorial, the Tingri passes at Xia'erduo, Chamda Xingling, Gulagamudong, and Zongka each received a dingbing and twenty-five native troops. Such, in broad outline, was Tibet's military system.
28
當乾隆十五年,始除西藏王爵,設駐藏大臣,以達賴喇嘛統前藏,班禪統後藏。 前後藏凡設四汛,游擊、都司、守備、千把總、外委十六人,兵丁六百六十人,戴琫、如琫、甲琫、定琫百六十六人,番兵三千人,騎兵五百人,駐藏大臣與達賴、班禪參制之。 咸、同以後,廓爾喀崛強於西,英吉利侵軼於南,中朝威力羈縻而已。
In the fifteenth year of Qianlong (1750) the Tibetan kingly title was abolished, a resident minister was appointed for Tibet, the Dalai Lama was placed over front Tibet, and the Panchen over rear Tibet. Front and rear Tibet maintained four garrison zones with sixteen officers from brigade-general down to acting subordinates, 660 regular troops, 166 daibing through dingbing native officers, 3,000 native soldiers and 500 cavalry, all under joint supervision by the resident minister, the Dalai Lama, and the Panchen. After the Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns Gorkha rose in the west and Britain pressed from the south; the court's hold over Tibet was largely nominal.
29
八旗官兵額數,代有增減,舉其最近者以見例。 光、宣之季,實存名數,職官約六千六百有奇,兵丁十二萬三百有奇。 八旗各營印務參領雖設專職,大率參領、副參領兼之。 印務章京、印務筆帖式亦兼職。 親軍校、親軍、拜唐阿等在各旗支餉,實於他所供差。 其醇王園寢守護兵,光緒間始增設前鋒、護軍統領諸職,雖已汰去,而設官已久,職亦較崇,仍序列之。 其他不具錄雲。
Eight Banner officer and troop quotas changed from reign to reign; the latest figures are given here by way of example. By the late Guangxu and Xuantong reigns the rolls recorded roughly 6,600 officers and 120,300 soldiers. Though dedicated seal-duty brigade commanders existed in each banner camp, the posts were usually held concurrently by brigade and deputy brigade commanders. Seal-duty secretaries and clerks likewise served in concurrent posts. Personal-guard officers, personal guards, and bondservants were paid by their banners but actually performed duties elsewhere. Guard troops for Prince Chun's mausoleum garden first gained vanguard and guard commandant posts in Guangxu; though later abolished, those offices had stood long enough and ranked high enough to remain listed. Other details are omitted here.
30
鑲黃旗滿洲,都統一,副都統二,印務參領二,參領、副參領各五,印務章京八,佐領八十六,驍騎校八十六,印務筆帖式八,凡二百有三人。 領催四百二十八,馬甲千五百六十二,隨甲八十六,養育兵二千二百二十七,親軍校十一,親軍百五十八,弓匠長七,弓匠七十八,倉甲二十五,通州十九,清河六。 餘如通州領催,備宴馬甲,盔、鏇、鞍、頭、箭、鐵諸匠,拜唐阿分網戶、粘桿、備箭,一人至九人,陸軍部承差三人,凡四千六百三十人。 齋正黃旗滿洲,自都統至印務章京及筆帖式並同鑲黃旗,惟佐領九十三、驍騎校九十二為小異,凡二百十六人。 領催四百六十二,馬甲千六百二十八,隨甲九十三,養育兵二千三百九十三,親軍校十一,覺羅親軍四,親軍百七十一,南苑驍騎校一,弓匠長八,弓匠八十四,餘如南苑馬甲,備宴馬甲,倉甲,盔、鏇、鞍匠,庫使、守吏、酒吏、鷹手、鞭子手、亭兵,網戶、粘桿拜唐阿等一至六人,陸軍部承差一人,凡四千九百十二人。
The Bordered Yellow Banner Manchu had one banner commander, two deputy commanders, two seal-duty brigade commanders, five brigade and five deputy brigade commanders, eight seal-duty secretaries, eighty-six company commanders and cavalry captains, eight seal-duty clerks—203 officers in all. It fielded 428 squad leaders, 1,562 armored cavalry, 86 attached armored cavalry, 2,227 nurture-soldiers, 11 personal-guard officers, 158 personal guards, 7 master bowyers and 78 bowyers, and 25 granary armored cavalry—19 at Tongzhou and 6 at Qinghe. Additional personnel included Tongzhou squad leaders, banquet armored cavalry, helmet, lathe, saddle, arrowhead, arrow, and iron smiths, bondservants for net households, pole-bearers, and arrow supply—one to nine men each—and three Army Ministry dispatch soldiers, totaling 4,630 men. The Plain Yellow Banner Manchu matched the Bordered Yellow Banner from banner commander through seal-duty secretaries and clerks, except for ninety-three company commanders and ninety-two cavalry captains—216 officers in all. It fielded 462 squad leaders, 1,628 armored cavalry, 93 attached armored cavalry, 2,393 nurture-soldiers, 11 personal-guard officers, 4 Aisin Gioro personal guards, 171 personal guards, 1 Nanyuan cavalry captain, 8 master bowyers and 84 bowyers, plus Nanyuan and banquet armored cavalry, granary armored cavalry, smiths, warehouse and gate staff, falconers, whip-bearers, pavilion soldiers, and bondservants—one to six each—and 1 Army Ministry dispatch soldier, totaling 4,912 men.
31
正白旗滿洲,都統以下並同上,佐領、驍騎校亦同鑲黃旗,凡二百有三人。 領催四百三十,馬甲千四百十四,隨甲八十六,養育兵二千二百四,親軍校十一,覺羅親軍五,親軍百五十六,弓匠長十,弓匠七十六,倉甲三十,通州二十,清河十。 餘如南苑馬甲,備宴馬甲,頭、鞍、箭、盔諸匠,鞭子手,網戶、備箭拜唐阿,傳事兵等一至十二人,陸軍部承差三人,凡四千四百八十八人。 古正紅旗滿洲,都統以下並同上,惟佐領、驍騎校各七十四,凡一百七十九人。 領催三百七十,馬甲千二百八十七,隨甲七十四,養育兵一千八百八十八,親軍校十六,親軍百三十二,弓匠長二,弓匠七十二,倉甲二十七,通州十九,清河八。 餘如南苑馬甲,守吏,庫使,傳事兵,粘桿、宰牲拜唐阿等一至九人,凡三千八百九十五人。 齋鑲白旗滿洲,都統以下並同上,惟佐領、驍騎校各八十四,凡一百九十九人。 領催四百二十,馬甲千四百十四,隨甲八十四,養育兵二千一百八十,親軍校十三,親軍百五十四,覺羅親軍二,弓匠長二,弓匠七十二,帳房頭目二,倉甲二十七,通州二十,本裕倉七。 餘如鏇、盔諸匠,鞭子手,傳事,渡吏,亭兵,備箭、宰牲拜唐阿等一至四人,陸軍部承差三人,凡四千三百九十七人。 主鑲紅旗滿洲,都統以下並同上,佐領、驍騎校亦同鑲黃旗,凡二百有三人。 領催四百三十,馬甲千五百四十八,隨甲八十六,養育兵二千二百四,親軍校十九,覺羅親軍三,親軍百五十,弓匠長六,弓匠八十,倉甲二十七,通州二十,本裕倉七。 餘如盔匠、鏇匠、鞭子手、南苑馬甲、承差、傳事兵、亭兵、宰牲拜唐阿等一至四人,凡四千五百七十七人。 知正藍旗滿洲,都統以下並同上,惟佐領、驍騎校各八十三,凡一百九十七人。 領催四百十七,馬甲千四百九十一,隨甲八十三,養育兵二千一百三十九,親軍校十七,覺羅親軍十一,親軍百四十,弓匠長二,弓匠八十三,倉甲十九,通州十七,清河二。 餘如鏇匠、盔匠、鞭子手、承差兵、傳事兵、亭兵、南苑馬甲、守吏、拜唐阿、宰牲拜唐阿等一至五人,凡四千四百三十三人。 古鑲藍旗滿洲,都統以下並同上,佐領、驍騎校俱同鑲白旗,凡一百九十九人。 領催四百三十九,馬甲千五百九十,隨甲八十六,公缺馬甲二十四,恩缺馬甲一,養育兵二千二百四十九,親軍校十五,覺羅親軍六,親軍百五十五,弓匠長六,弓匠八十八,餘如南苑馬甲、南苑領催、帳房頭目、鏇匠、鞭子手、酒醋局吏、庫使、傳事兵、亭兵、宰牲兵等一至八人,陸軍部承差一人,凡四千六百九十人。
The Plain White Banner Manchu matched the above from banner commander downward, with company commanders and cavalry captains identical to the Bordered Yellow Banner—203 officers in all. It fielded 430 squad leaders, 1,414 armored cavalry, 86 attached armored cavalry, 2,204 nurture-soldiers, 11 personal-guard officers, 5 Aisin Gioro personal guards, 156 personal guards, 10 master bowyers and 76 bowyers, and 30 granary armored cavalry—20 at Tongzhou and 10 at Qinghe. Additional personnel included Nanyuan and banquet armored cavalry, arrowhead, saddle, arrow, and helmet smiths, whip-bearers, net-household and arrow-supplier bondservants, and message soldiers—one to twelve each—and 3 Army Ministry dispatch soldiers, totaling 4,488 men. The Plain Red Banner Manchu matched the above from banner commander downward, except for seventy-four company commanders and cavalry captains—179 officers in all. It fielded 370 squad leaders, 1,287 armored cavalry, 74 attached armored cavalry, 1,888 nurture-soldiers, 16 personal-guard officers, 132 personal guards, 2 master bowyers and 72 bowyers, and 27 granary armored cavalry—19 at Tongzhou and 8 at Qinghe. Additional personnel included Nanyuan armored cavalry, gate keepers, warehouse clerks, message soldiers, and pole-bearer and slaughter bondservants—one to nine each—totaling 3,895 men. The Bordered White Banner Manchu matched the above from banner commander downward, except for eighty-four company commanders and cavalry captains—199 officers in all. It fielded 420 squad leaders, 1,414 armored cavalry, 84 attached armored cavalry, 2,180 nurture-soldiers, 13 personal-guard officers, 154 personal guards, 2 Aisin Gioro personal guards, 2 master bowyers and 72 bowyers, 2 ledger-room foremen, and 27 granary armored cavalry—20 at Tongzhou and 7 at Benyu Granary. Additional personnel included lathe and helmet smiths, whip-bearers, message carriers, ferry clerks, pavilion soldiers, and arrow-supplier and slaughter bondservants—one to four each—and 3 Army Ministry dispatch soldiers, totaling 4,397 men. The Bordered Red Banner Manchu matched the above from banner commander downward, with company commanders and cavalry captains identical to the Bordered Yellow Banner—203 officers in all. It fielded 430 squad leaders, 1,548 armored cavalry, 86 attached armored cavalry, 2,204 nurture-soldiers, 19 personal-guard officers, 3 Aisin Gioro personal guards, 150 personal guards, 6 master bowyers and 80 bowyers, and 27 granary armored cavalry—20 at Tongzhou and 7 at Benyu Granary. Additional personnel included helmet and lathe smiths, whip-bearers, Nanyuan armored cavalry, dispatch and message soldiers, pavilion soldiers, and slaughter bondservants—one to four each—totaling 4,577 men. The Plain Blue Banner Manchu matched the above from banner commander downward, except for eighty-three company commanders and cavalry captains—197 officers in all. It fielded 417 squad leaders, 1,491 armored cavalry, 83 attached armored cavalry, 2,139 nurture-soldiers, 17 personal-guard officers, 11 Aisin Gioro personal guards, 140 personal guards, 2 master bowyers and 83 bowyers, and 19 granary armored cavalry—17 at Tongzhou and 2 at Qinghe. Additional personnel included lathe and helmet smiths, whip-bearers, dispatch and message soldiers, pavilion soldiers, Nanyuan armored cavalry, gate keepers, bondservants, and slaughter bondservants—one to five each—totaling 4,433 men. The Bordered Blue Banner Manchu matched the above from banner commander downward, with company commanders and cavalry captains identical to the Bordered White Banner—199 officers in all. It fielded 439 squad leaders, 1,590 armored cavalry, 86 attached armored cavalry, 24 public-quota and 1 grace-quota armored cavalry, 2,249 nurture-soldiers, 15 personal-guard officers, 6 Aisin Gioro personal guards, 155 personal guards, 6 master bowyers and 88 bowyers, plus Nanyuan armored cavalry and squad leaders, ledger foremen, lathe smiths, whip-bearers, vinegar-bureau clerks, warehouse clerks, message and pavilion soldiers, and slaughter soldiers—one to eight each—and 1 Army Ministry dispatch soldier, totaling 4,690 men.
32
鑲黃旗蒙古,都統一,副都統二,印務參領一,參領二,副參領二,印務章京四,佐領、驍騎校各二十八,印務筆帖式四,凡七十二人。 領催一百四十,馬甲四百九十七,隨甲二十八,養育兵五百九十二,親軍校四,親軍五十二,弓匠長一,弓匠二十七,餘如長號達、長號、盔匠、鞍匠、網戶、苑甲、承差、傳事兵、亭兵等一至六人,凡千三百六十三人。
The Bordered Yellow Banner Mongol had one banner commander, two deputy commanders, one seal-duty brigade commander, two brigade and two deputy brigade commanders, four seal-duty secretaries, twenty-eight company commanders and cavalry captains, four seal-duty clerks—72 officers in all. It fielded 140 squad leaders, 497 armored cavalry, 28 attached armored cavalry, 592 nurture-soldiers, 4 personal-guard officers, 52 personal guards, 1 master bowyer and 27 bowyers, plus chief trumpeters, trumpeters, helmet and saddle smiths, net households, park armored cavalry, dispatch and message soldiers, and pavilion soldiers—one to six each—totaling 1,363 men.
33
正黃旗蒙古,自都統以下至印務章京及筆帖式,並同鑲黃旗,惟佐領、驍騎校各二十四,凡六十四人。 領催百二十,馬甲四百五十二,養育兵五百八,親軍校四,親軍四十四,弓匠二十四,餘如長號、拜唐阿、茶拜唐阿、鞍匠,一至七人,凡千一百七十一人。
The Plain Yellow Banner Mongol matched the Bordered Yellow Banner from banner commander through seal-duty secretaries and clerks, except for twenty-four company commanders and cavalry captains—64 officers in all. It fielded 120 squad leaders, 452 armored cavalry, 508 nurture-soldiers, 4 personal-guard officers, 44 personal guards, and 24 bowyers, plus trumpeters, bondservants, tea bondservants, and saddle smiths—one to seven each—totaling 1,171 men.
34
正白旗蒙古,都統以下並同上,惟佐領、驍騎校各二十九,凡七十四人。 領催百四十五,馬甲四百八十七,隨甲二十九,養育兵六百九,親軍校四,親軍五十四,弓匠長二,弓匠二十七,餘如長號、拜唐阿達、拜唐阿、網戶拜唐阿、南苑馬甲、盔匠、鞍匠、亭兵等一至七人,凡千三百七十八人。
The Plain White Banner Mongol matched the above from banner commander downward, except for twenty-nine company commanders and cavalry captains—74 officers in all. It fielded 145 squad leaders, 487 armored cavalry, 29 attached armored cavalry, 609 nurture-soldiers, 4 personal-guard officers, 54 personal guards, 2 master bowyers and 27 bowyers, plus trumpeters, bondservant chiefs and bondservants, net-household bondservants, Nanyuan armored cavalry, helmet and saddle smiths, and pavilion soldiers—one to seven each—totaling 1,378 men.
35
正紅旗蒙古,都統以下並同上,惟佐領、驍騎校各二十二,凡六十人。 領催一百十,馬甲三百八十一,隨甲二十二,養育兵四百六十,親軍校六,親軍三十八,弓匠長三,弓匠十八,餘如南苑馬甲、哈那器馬甲、盔匠、粘桿拜唐阿、亭兵等一至五人,凡一千五十人。
The Plain Red Banner Mongol matched the above from banner commander downward, except for twenty-two company commanders and cavalry captains—60 officers in all. It fielded 110 squad leaders, 381 armored cavalry, 22 attached armored cavalry, 460 nurture-soldiers, 6 personal-guard officers, 38 personal guards, 3 master bowyers and 18 bowyers, plus Nanyuan and Hanaki armored cavalry, helmet smiths, pole-bearer bondservants, and pavilion soldiers—one to five each—totaling 1,050 men.
36
鑲白旗蒙古,都統以下並同上,佐領、驍騎校俱同正黃旗,凡六十四人。 領催一百二十,馬甲四百四十,養育兵五百八,親軍校二,親軍四十八,凡千一百十八人。
The Bordered White Banner Mongol matched the above from banner commander downward, with company commanders and cavalry captains identical to the Plain Yellow Banner—64 officers in all. It fielded 120 squad leaders, 440 armored cavalry, 508 nurture-soldiers, 2 personal-guard officers, and 48 personal guards—1,118 men in all.
37
鑲紅旗蒙古,都統以下並同上,佐領、驍騎校如正紅旗,凡六十人。 領催一百十,馬甲三百八十八,隨甲二十二,養育兵四百五十九,親軍校三,親軍四十一,弓匠長一,弓匠十八,承差、盔匠各一,凡一千四十五人。
The Bordered Red Banner Mongol matched the above from banner commander downward, with company commanders and cavalry captains identical to the Plain Red Banner—60 officers in all. It fielded 110 squad leaders, 388 armored cavalry, 22 attached armored cavalry, 459 nurture-soldiers, 3 personal-guard officers, 41 personal guards, 1 master bowyer and 18 bowyers, plus 1 dispatch soldier and 1 helmet smith—1,045 men in all.
38
正藍旗蒙古,都統以下並同上,惟佐領、驍騎校各三十,凡七十六人。 領催一百五十,馬甲五百四十四,隨甲三十,養育兵六百三十,親軍校九,親軍五十一,弓匠長二,弓匠二十八,承差、盔匠、馬甲、亭兵、蒙古通事兵各一,凡一千四百四十八人。
The Plain Blue Banner Mongol matched the above from banner commander downward, except for thirty company commanders and cavalry captains—76 officers in all. It fielded 150 squad leaders, 544 armored cavalry, 30 attached armored cavalry, 630 nurture-soldiers, 9 personal-guard officers, 51 personal guards, 2 master bowyers and 28 bowyers, plus 1 dispatch soldier, helmet smith, armored cavalryman, pavilion soldier, and Mongol interpreter—1,448 men in all.
39
鑲藍旗蒙古,都統以下並同上,惟佐領、驍騎校各二十五,凡六十六人。 領催百二十五,馬甲四百四十二,隨甲二十五,養育兵五百二十七,親軍校五,親軍四十四,包衣護軍校二,弓匠長一,弓匠二十二,鞍匠、盔匠、恩缺馬甲、聽差馬甲、亭兵各一,凡千一百九十八人。
The Bordered Blue Banner Mongol matched the above from banner commander downward, except for twenty-five company commanders and cavalry captains—66 officers in all. It fielded 125 squad leaders, 442 armored cavalry, 25 attached armored cavalry, 527 nurture-soldiers, 5 personal-guard officers, 44 personal guards, 2 bondservant guard officers, 1 master bowyer and 22 bowyers, plus 1 saddle smith, helmet smith, grace-quota armored cavalryman, attendant armored cavalryman, and pavilion soldier—1,198 men in all.
40
鑲黃旗漢軍,都統一,副都統二,印務參領二,參領、副參領各五,印務章京六,佐領、驍騎校各四十一,印務筆帖式六,凡一百有九人。 領催二百五,馬甲千六百八十一,隨甲四十一,敖爾布三百二十八,養育兵九百三十七,藍甲三十九,弓匠長六,弓匠三十一,砲手四十,餘如更夫、承差兵、拜唐阿、銅匠、盔匠、鞍匠、亭兵等一至五人,凡三千三百三十二人。
The Bordered Yellow Banner Han Army had one banner commander, two deputy commanders, two seal-duty brigade commanders, five brigade and five deputy brigade commanders, six seal-duty secretaries, forty-one company commanders and cavalry captains, six seal-duty clerks—109 officers in all. It fielded 205 squad leaders, 1,681 armored cavalry, 41 attached armored cavalry, 328 aorabu, 937 nurture-soldiers, 39 blue-armor troops, 6 master bowyers and 31 bowyers, 40 gunners, plus night watchmen, dispatch soldiers, bondservants, coppersmiths, helmet and saddle smiths, and pavilion soldiers—one to five each—totaling 3,332 men.
41
正黃旗漢軍,自都統以下至印務章京及筆帖式,並同鑲黃旗,惟佐領、驍騎校各四十,凡一百有七人。 領催二百,馬甲、隨甲千六百八十,敖爾布三百二十,養育兵九百十四,藍甲三十一,弓匠長三,弓匠三十六,砲手四十,餘如更夫、承差兵、拜唐阿、備箭拜唐阿、銅匠、盔匠、鞍匠、聽差兵、亭兵一至十二人,隨印外郎一人,凡三千二百六十人。
The Plain Yellow Banner Han Army matched the Bordered Yellow Banner from banner commander through seal-duty secretaries and clerks, except for forty company commanders and cavalry captains—107 officers in all. It fielded 200 squad leaders, 1,680 armored and attached armored cavalry, 320 aorabu, 914 nurture-soldiers, 31 blue-armor troops, 3 master bowyers and 36 bowyers, 40 gunners, plus night watchmen, dispatch soldiers, bondservants, arrow-supplier bondservants, coppersmiths, helmet and saddle smiths, attendant soldiers, and pavilion soldiers—one to twelve each—and 1 seal-attendant clerk, totaling 3,260 men.
42
正白旗漢軍,都統以下並同上,佐領、驍騎校亦同鑲黃旗,凡一百有七人。 領催二百,馬甲千六百四十,隨甲四十,敖爾布三百二十,養育兵九百十四,藍甲五十二,弓匠長二,弓匠三十八,砲手四十,餘如更夫、承差兵、拜唐阿、銅匠、盔匠、鞍匠等一至六人,隨印外郎三人,凡三千二百六十八人。
The Plain White Banner Han Army matched the above from banner commander downward, with company commanders and cavalry captains identical to the Bordered Yellow Banner—107 officers in all. It fielded 200 squad leaders, 1,640 armored cavalry, 40 attached armored cavalry, 320 aorabu, 914 nurture-soldiers, 52 blue-armor troops, 2 master bowyers and 38 bowyers, 40 gunners, plus night watchmen, dispatch soldiers, bondservants, coppersmiths, and helmet and saddle smiths—one to six each—and 3 seal-attendant clerks, totaling 3,268 men.
43
正紅旗漢軍,都統以下並同上,惟佐領、驍騎校各二十八,凡八十三人。 領催百三十八,馬甲千一百五十三,隨甲一,敖爾布二百二十,藍甲五,養育兵六百四十一,弓匠長八,弓匠十四,砲手三十九,餘如更夫、拜唐阿、盔匠、鞍匠、亭兵、承差兵等一至五人,凡二千二百三十二人。
The Plain Red Banner Han Army matched the above from banner commander downward, except for twenty-eight company commanders and cavalry captains—83 officers in all. It fielded 138 squad leaders, 1,153 armored cavalry, 1 attached armored cavalry, 220 aorabu, 5 blue-armor troops, 641 nurture-soldiers, 8 master bowyers and 14 bowyers, 39 gunners, plus night watchmen, bondservants, helmet and saddle smiths, pavilion soldiers, and dispatch soldiers—one to five each—totaling 2,232 men.
44
鑲白旗漢軍,都統以下並同上,惟佐領、驍騎校各三十,凡八十七人。 領催百五十,馬甲千二百三十,隨甲三十,敖爾布二百四十,養育兵六百九十九,弓匠長四,弓匠十五,砲手四十,餘如更夫、備箭拜唐阿、承差兵、盔匠等一至五人,隨印外郎一人,凡二千四百二十四人。
The Bordered White Banner Han Army matched the above from banner commander downward, except for thirty company commanders and cavalry captains—87 officers in all. It fielded 150 squad leaders, 1,230 armored cavalry, 30 attached armored cavalry, 240 aorabu, 699 nurture-soldiers, 4 master bowyers and 15 bowyers, 40 gunners, plus night watchmen, arrow-supplier bondservants, dispatch soldiers, and helmet smiths—one to five each—and 1 seal-attendant clerk, totaling 2,424 men.
45
鑲紅旗漢軍,都統以下並同上,惟佐領、驍騎校各二十九,凡八十五人。 領催百四十五,馬甲千一百八十七,隨甲二十九,敖爾布二百三十三,養育兵六百七十四,弓匠長二,弓匠二十,砲手四十,餘如拜唐阿、更夫、承差兵、盔匠、亭兵,一至四人,隨印外郎二人,凡二千三百四十二人。
The Bordered Red Banner Han Army matched the above from banner commander downward, except for twenty-nine company commanders and cavalry captains—85 officers in all. It fielded 145 squad leaders, 1,187 armored cavalry, 29 attached armored cavalry, 233 aorabu, 674 nurture-soldiers, 2 master bowyers and 20 bowyers, 40 gunners, plus bondservants, night watchmen, dispatch soldiers, helmet smiths, and pavilion soldiers—one to four each—and 2 seal-attendant clerks, totaling 2,342 men.
46
正藍旗漢軍,都統以下並同上,佐領、驍騎校俱同鑲紅旗,凡八十五人。 領催百四十五,馬甲千一百九十四,隨甲二十二,敖爾布二百三十二,養育兵六百七十六,弓匠長四,弓匠二十二,砲甲、砲手各二十,餘如盔匠、馬甲盔匠、公主門甲、更夫、拜唐阿、承差兵、亭兵等一至七人,凡二千三百六十二人。
The Plain Blue Banner Han Army matched the above from banner commander downward, with company commanders and cavalry captains identical to the Bordered Red Banner—85 officers in all. It fielded 145 squad leaders, 1,194 armored cavalry, 22 attached armored cavalry, 232 aorabu, 676 nurture-soldiers, 4 master bowyers and 22 bowyers, 20 artillery-armor troops and 20 gunners, plus helmet smiths, armored-helmet smiths, princess-gate armored cavalry, night watchmen, bondservants, dispatch soldiers, and pavilion soldiers—one to seven each—totaling 2,362 men.
47
鑲藍旗漢軍,都統以下並同上,佐領、驍騎校亦同鑲紅旗,凡八十五人。 領催百四十五,馬甲千二百十八,敖爾布二百三十二,養育兵六百七十五,藍甲十八,弓匠長五,弓匠二十四,砲手四十,餘如更夫、拜唐阿、盔匠、匠役、亭兵等一至五人,隨印外郎二人,凡二千三百七十六人。
The Bordered Blue Banner Han Army matched the above from banner commander downward, with company commanders and cavalry captains identical to the Bordered Red Banner—85 officers in all. It fielded 145 squad leaders, 1,218 armored cavalry, 232 aorabu, 675 nurture-soldiers, 18 blue-armor troops, 5 master bowyers and 24 bowyers, 40 gunners, plus night watchmen, bondservants, helmet smiths, artisan laborers, and pavilion soldiers—one to five each—and 2 seal-attendant clerks, totaling 2,376 men.
48
圓明園隨同辦事營總二,營總六,護軍參領八,副護軍參領十六,委護軍參領三十二,護軍校、副護軍校各百二十八,包衣營總一,包衣護軍參領、副護軍參領各三,包衣護軍校九,凡三百三十六人。 護軍三千六百七十二,馬甲三百,槍甲四百,養育兵千八百二十六,包衣護軍一百二十,包衣馬甲三十,包衣養育兵六十,凡六千四百八人。
The Old Summer Palace garrison had 2 attendant camp chiefs, 6 camp chiefs, 8 guard brigade commanders, 16 deputy guard brigade commanders, 32 acting guard brigade commanders, 128 guard officers and 128 deputy guard officers, 1 bondservant camp chief, 3 bondservant guard brigade and deputy brigade commanders, and 9 bondservant guard officers—336 officers in all. Its ranks comprised 3,672 guards, 300 armored cavalry, 400 musket-armor troops, 1,826 nurture-soldiers, 120 bondservant guards, 30 bondservant armored cavalry, and 60 bondservant nurture-soldiers—6,408 men in all.
49
健銳營翼長四,正參領八,副參領十六,委參領三十二,番子防禦一,前鋒校、副前鋒校各七十,凡百有二人。 前鋒千九百六十,委前鋒一千,領催四,馬甲八十一,養育兵八百三十三,凡三千八百七十八人。
The Elite Vanguard Brigade had 4 wing chiefs, 8 senior brigade commanders, 16 deputy brigade commanders, 32 acting brigade commanders, 1 Tibetan defensive officer, and 70 vanguard officers and 70 deputy vanguard officers—102 officers in all. Its ranks comprised 1,960 vanguard soldiers, 1,000 acting vanguard soldiers, 4 squad leaders, 81 armored cavalry, and 833 nurture-soldiers—3,878 men in all.
50
內火器營管營長官二,正翼長、委翼長各一,營總四,正參領四,副參領八,委參領十六,護軍校一百十二,凡一百四十八人。 鳥槍護軍二千五百十二,砲甲五百二十八,養育兵八百八十,凡三千九百二十人。
The Inner Firearms Battalion had two camp superintendents, one regular and one acting wing chief, four camp commanders, four brigade commanders, eight deputy brigade commanders, sixteen acting brigade commanders, and one hundred twelve guard sergeants—148 officers in all. Its ranks comprised 2,512 musket guards, 528 artillery-armor troops, and 880 nurture-soldiers—3,920 men in all.
51
外火器營全營翼長一,委翼長一,營總三,正參領四,副參領八,委參領十六,護軍校一百十二,凡一百四十五人。 鳥槍護軍二千五百三十,槍甲三百五十二,養育兵八百十八,凡三千七百人。
The Outer Firearms Battalion had one wing chief and one acting wing chief for the whole camp, three camp commanders, four brigade commanders, eight deputy brigade commanders, sixteen acting brigade commanders, and one hundred twelve guard sergeants—145 officers in all. Its ranks comprised 2,530 musket guards, 352 gun-armor troops, and 818 nurture-soldiers—3,700 men in all.
52
左右翼前鋒營,左右翼前鋒統領二,前鋒參領、前鋒侍衛各十六,委前鋒侍衛八,空銜花翎十六,前鋒校九十六,空銜前鋒校八,藍翎長四十八,委藍翎長十六,印務筆帖式四,凡二百三十人。 前鋒兵千六百六十八人。
The Left and Right Vanguard Brigades had two wing vanguard commanders, sixteen vanguard brigade commanders and sixteen vanguard bodyguards per wing, eight acting vanguard bodyguards, sixteen honorary peacock-feather ranks, ninety-six vanguard sergeants, eight honorary vanguard sergeants, forty-eight blue-plume chiefs, sixteen acting blue-plume chiefs, and four seal-clerk scribes—230 officers in all. Vanguard troops numbered 1,668 men.
53
八旗護軍營,護軍統領八,護軍參領、副護軍參領各一百十二,委護軍參領五十六,空銜花翎一百十二,護軍校八百八十二,空銜護軍校五十六,藍翎長一百十二,門筆帖式三十六,印務筆帖式十六,凡一千五百有二人。 護軍萬四千八十一人。
The Eight Banners Guard Brigade had eight guard commanders, 112 guard brigade commanders and 112 deputy guard brigade commanders, 56 acting guard brigade commanders, 112 honorary peacock-feather ranks, 882 guard sergeants, 56 honorary guard sergeants, 112 blue-plume chiefs, 36 gate scribes, and 16 seal-clerk scribes—over 1,502 officers in all. Guard troops numbered 14,081 men.
54
八旗包衣屬鑲黃旗者,參領、副參領各五,佐領十一,管領十,章京一,護軍參領、副護軍參領各五,護軍校三十五,驍騎校十一,凡八十八人。 領催七十九,護軍四百,披甲千六百八十九,隨甲十一,養育兵八十八,拜唐阿四百二十一,凡二千六百八十八人。 屬正黃旗者,參領、副參領各五,佐領十三,管領十,護軍參領、副護軍參領、委護軍參領各五,護軍校三十三,前鋒校二,驍騎校十三,凡九十六人。 領催九十五,護軍四百七十八,披甲千八百九,隨甲十三,養育兵八十九,拜唐阿等三百四十七,凡二千八百三十一人。 屬正白旗者,參領、副參領各五,佐領十二,管領十,護軍參領、副護軍參領、委護軍參領各五,護軍校三十三,前鋒校二,驍騎校十二,凡九十四人。 領催八十八,護軍三百六十,前鋒四十,披甲等千七百三十八,隨甲十二,養育兵八十五,拜唐阿等六百三十五,凡二千九百五十八人。 屬正紅旗者,參領五,佐領十一,管領十九,包衣達等十六,護軍校六十,驍騎校十二,凡一百二十三人。 領催三十四,護軍八十五,馬甲八百四十六,藍甲三百三十二,蒙古護軍七十,凡千三百六十七人。 屬鑲白旗者,參領五,佐領十四,管領十一,包衣達等三十二,親軍校一,護軍校八十,驍騎校十三,凡一百五十六人。 領催七十四,護軍百四十二,藍甲五百六十六,白甲千一百三十一,拜唐阿三,凡一千九百十六人。 屬鑲紅旗者,參領五,佐領十七,管領六,包衣達等六十三,護軍校五十八,驍騎校十二,凡一百六十一人。 領催四十七,護軍一百八,紅甲千一百十八,藍甲五百四十五,凡千八百十八人。 屬正藍旗者,參領五,佐領六,管領七,包衣達等五十九,護軍校一百三,驍騎校十六,凡一百九十六人。 領催七十八,護軍二百二十六,馬甲千六百二十四,藍甲七百六十一,拜唐阿十五,凡二千七百四人。 屬鑲藍旗者,參領五,佐領二十一,管領三十八,司庫等九十二,護軍校一百三十七,驍騎校十六,凡三百有九人。 領催七十八,護軍百八十九,馬甲千三百八十六,藍甲千二百八十二,凡二千九百三十五人。
Bondservants under the Bordered Yellow banner had five brigade and five deputy brigade commanders, eleven company commanders, ten stewards, one secretary, five guard and five deputy guard brigade commanders, thirty-five guard sergeants, and eleven cavalry captains—88 officers in all. Its ranks comprised 79 squad leaders, 400 guards, 1,689 armored soldiers, 11 attached armored troops, 88 nurture-soldiers, and 421 bondservants—2,688 men in all. Bondservants under the Plain Yellow banner had five brigade and five deputy brigade commanders, thirteen company commanders, ten stewards, five each of guard, deputy guard, and acting guard brigade commanders, thirty-three guard sergeants, two vanguard sergeants, and thirteen cavalry captains—96 officers in all. Its ranks comprised 95 squad leaders, 478 guards, 1,809 armored soldiers, 13 attached armored troops, 89 nurture-soldiers, and 347 bondservants and others—2,831 men in all. Bondservants under the Plain White banner had five brigade and five deputy brigade commanders, twelve company commanders, ten stewards, five each of guard, deputy guard, and acting guard brigade commanders, thirty-three guard sergeants, two vanguard sergeants, and twelve cavalry captains—94 officers in all. Its ranks comprised 88 squad leaders, 360 guards, 40 vanguard troops, 1,738 armored soldiers and others, 12 attached armored troops, 85 nurture-soldiers, and 635 bondservants and others—2,958 men in all. Bondservants under the Plain Red banner had five brigade commanders, eleven company commanders, nineteen stewards, sixteen bondservant overseers and others, sixty guard sergeants, and twelve cavalry captains—123 officers in all. Its ranks comprised 34 squad leaders, 85 guards, 846 armored cavalry, 332 blue-armor troops, and 70 Mongol guards—1,367 men in all. Bondservants under the Bordered White banner had five brigade commanders, fourteen company commanders, eleven stewards, thirty-two bondservant overseers and others, one personal-guard sergeant, eighty guard sergeants, and thirteen cavalry captains—156 officers in all. Its ranks comprised 74 squad leaders, 142 guards, 566 blue-armor troops, 1,131 white-armor troops, and 3 bondservants—1,916 men in all. Bondservants under the Bordered Red banner had five brigade commanders, seventeen company commanders, six stewards, sixty-three bondservant overseers and others, fifty-eight guard sergeants, and twelve cavalry captains—161 officers in all. Its ranks comprised 47 squad leaders, 108 guards, 1,118 red-armor troops, and 545 blue-armor troops—1,818 men in all. Bondservants under the Plain Blue banner had five brigade commanders, six company commanders, seven stewards, fifty-nine bondservant overseers and others, 103 guard sergeants, and sixteen cavalry captains—196 officers in all. Its ranks comprised 78 squad leaders, 226 guards, 1,624 armored cavalry, 761 blue-armor troops, and 15 bondservants—2,704 men in all. Bondservants under the Bordered Blue banner had five brigade commanders, twenty-one company commanders, thirty-eight stewards, ninety-two warehouse clerks and others, 137 guard sergeants, and sixteen cavalry captains—over 309 officers in all. Its ranks comprised 78 squad leaders, 189 guards, 1,386 armored cavalry, and 1,282 blue-armor troops—2,935 men in all.
55
醇賢親王園寢翼領一,防禦一,驍騎校一,凡三人。 領催二,披甲四十六,凡四十八人。
Prince Chun's mausoleum garden had one wing commander, one defensive officer, and one cavalry captain—three officers in all. Its garrison comprised two squad leaders and forty-six armored soldiers—48 men in all.
56
以上凡職官六千六百八十人。 兵丁十二萬三百有九人。
In all, commissioned officers numbered 6,680. Rank-and-file troops numbered 120,309.