1
志一百十
Treatise 110
2
兵六
Military 6
3
水師
Naval Forces
4
水師有內河、外海之分。 初，沿海各省水師，僅為防守海口、緝捕海盜之用，轄境雖在海疆，官制同於內地。 至光緒間，南北洋鐵艦製成，始別設專官以統率之。
The navy was divided into inland-river and open-sea branches. Initially, the coastal provincial navies existed solely to guard estuaries and hunt pirates; though their posts lay on the maritime frontier, their ranks and regulations matched those of inland garrisons. Not until the Guangxu reign, after ironclads for the Northern and Southern Fleets had been built, were separate commanders finally appointed to lead them.
5
其內河水師，天聰十年，自寧古塔征瓦爾喀，以地多島嶼，初造戰船。
The inland river navy dates to the tenth year of Tiancong (1626), when troops marching from Ningguta against the Warka first built warships because the country was broken by islands.
6
天命元年，以水師循烏勒簡河征東海薩哈連部落。
In the first year of Tianming (1616), the navy advanced up the Ulejian River against the Sahaliyan tribes of the eastern sea.
7
順治初，以京口、杭州水師分防海口。 八年，始於沿江沿海各省，循明代舊制，設提督、總兵、副將、游擊以下各武員，如陸營之制。 各省設造船廠，定師船修造年限，三年小修，五年大修，十年拆造。 十年，以水師克舟山，增造戰監，擴充兵額。 十四年，增設崇明水師總兵官，調撥江寧、江蘇、安徽各省標兵萬人，分防吳淞江及崇明諸口。 十六年，增設京口左右兩路綠旗水師總兵官。 十八年，設吉林水師營造斛船及划子船。
Early in the Shunzhi reign, the Jingkou and Hangzhou fleets were posted to guard the estuaries jointly. In the eighth year (1651), the court extended the Ming pattern along the Yangzi and the coast, appointing naval regional commanders, commanders, deputies, and mobile brigadiers down the chain, mirroring the land army. Provinces opened shipyards and fixed a service cycle for fleet ships: minor refit at three years, major refit at five, and complete rebuild at ten. In the tenth year (1653), the navy took Zhoushan, added warships, and raised manpower quotas. In the fourteenth year (1657), a Chongming naval commander was created, and ten thousand garrison troops from Jiangning, Jiangsu, and Anhui were posted to guard the Wusong River and Chongming's channels. In the sixteenth year (1659), left- and right-route Green Banner naval commanders were established at Jingkou. In the eighteenth year (1661), the Jilin naval detachment was set up to build grain barges and skiffs.
8
康熙八年，增設福建水師總兵官。 十四年，改崇明總兵官為水師提督。 十七年，設福建水師提督及參將以下各官。 二十四年，裁京口右路水師，改左路水師為京口總兵官。 二十六年，增設南台水師營，置參將以下各官。 二十九年，更定修造戰船之制，外海戰船哨船，自新造之年為始，三年後，以次小修大修，更閱三年，或大修，或改造。 內江戰船哨船，則小修大修後，更閱三年，仍修治用之。 三十四年，令督、撫、提、鎮，凡修理戰船銀兩，不得浮冒核減，致船料薄弱。 五十二年，令趕繒等船，於船之首尾，刊捕盜各營鎮船名，以次編列。 五十三年，增設金州水師營于海島內，選諳習水性者充之。 五十六年，設松江水師營。
In the eighth year of Kangxi (1669), a Fujian naval commander was appointed. In the fourteenth year (1675), the Chongming commander was promoted to naval regional commander-in-chief. In the seventeenth year (1678), the Fujian naval regional commander and the full staff from regimental commander down were installed. In the twenty-fourth year (1685), the Jingkou right-route navy was abolished and the left route became the sole Jingkou naval command. In the twenty-sixth year (1687), the Nantai naval camp was created with regimental commanders and subordinate officers. In the twenty-ninth year (1690), regulations for warship upkeep were revised: open-sea combat and patrol craft, from the year they were launched, underwent minor then major repair at three-year intervals, and after another three years either another major refit or a full rebuild. Inland war and patrol craft, after minor and major refits, simply entered another three-year cycle of maintenance rather than mandatory rebuilding. In the thirty-fourth year (1695), governors and naval commanders were forbidden to pad repair accounts or slash approved funds in ways that left ships poorly built. In the fifty-second year (1713), ganzeng and similar craft were required to inscribe bow and stern with each camp's patrol-ship name in numbered order. In the fifty-third year (1714), a Jinzhou naval detachment was posted among the offshore islands, manned by men proven at sea. In the fifty-sixth year (1717), the Songjiang naval camp was established.
9
雍正二年，令沿海各督、撫出洋巡視。 其戰船向由地方官修造者，改歸營員修造。 是年，設乍浦水師營。 三年，以滿洲兵丁未習水戰，增設天津水師營，以滿洲、蒙古兵二千人隸之。 四年，以福建水師常駐內地，不耐風浪，浙江水師尤甚，乃更改舊制，於本省洋面巡哨外，每年選派船弁，在閩、浙外洋更番巡歷會哨，以靖海氛。 五年，以杭州駐防旗兵抽練水師。 江寧駐防旗兵，即以鎮江原有戰船，隸江寧將軍，督率旗兵習水戰。 尋令旗兵四千人悉習水營事務。 令江南、江西各水師營，於弓矢、鳥槍外，增練藤牌、大刀、鉤鐮槍、過船槍、鉞、斧、標彈等武器。 戰船分大中小三等。 增練排槍。 湖廣水師，每兵千人，增鳥槍四百桿。 六年，令水師船廠附近省城者，凡戰船造成，在城之督、撫、提、鎮會同驗看。 是年，因浙江水師技藝生疏，乃於福建水師中，擇精練之兵，赴浙江教練。 尋定浙江戰船用木之丈尺，及船身深廣之制。 奉天水師亦如之。 七年，以旅順水師不諳戰務，撥福建水師營精卒赴奉天教練。 是年，增浙江乍浦水師營。 八年，撥江寧駐防兵八百人隸乍浦營。 旋因各省水師營承修造船之員，逐層需索，迨交收後，復盜賣損毀，各營皆然，京口標兵尤甚，令督、撫嚴懲之。 九年，以文武各員承修戰船，每多貽誤，弊竇叢生，乃嚴治各員，限期修竣，以除巧脫中飽之弊。
In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), coastal governors were ordered to conduct inspections at sea. Warship construction, once handled by local civil officials, was transferred to naval camp officers. That same year, the Zhapu naval camp was established. In the third year (1725), because Manchu troops were untrained for sea combat, a Tianjin naval camp was formed with two thousand Manchu and Mongol soldiers. In the fourth year (1726), Fujian's navy rarely left inland waters and could not weather open seas; Zhejiang's was worse still. The court therefore added rotating patrols off Fujian and Zhejiang, with selected officers relieving one another at sea to calm the coast. In the fifth year (1727), banner troops garrisoned at Hangzhou were detached for naval training. Jiangning's garrison bannermen took over Zhenjiang's existing warships under the Jiangning general, who drilled them in naval warfare. Shortly afterward, four thousand banner soldiers were ordered to train in all naval-camp duties. Jiangnan and Jiangxi naval camps were told to add training in rattan shields, broadswords, boarding hooks, gangplank spears, axes, hatchets, and throwing darts to their usual bows and muskets. Warships were classed as large, medium, or small. Volley-fire muskets were added to the drill. The Huguang navy received four hundred muskets for every thousand men. In the sixth year (1728), wherever shipyards lay near a provincial capital, newly finished warships had to be inspected jointly by the governor, naval commander-in-chief, and garrison commander. That year, because Zhejiang's sailors were poorly skilled, picked veterans from Fujian were sent north to train them. Regulations soon fixed the timber sizes and hull dimensions for Zhejiang warships. The Fengtian navy adopted the same standards. In the seventh year (1729), because the Lüshun fleet was unfit for combat, elite Fujian sailors were sent to Fengtian as instructors. That year, the Zhejiang Zhapu naval camp was expanded. In the eighth year (1730), eight hundred Jiangning garrison troops were assigned to the Zhapu camp. It soon emerged that shipwright officers in every naval camp extorted bribes at every level and, after delivery, stole fittings or wrecked vessels—worst of all at Jingkou—so governors were ordered to punish offenders harshly. In the ninth year (1731), chronic delays and graft in warship repair led to strict deadlines and punishment to end evasion and embezzlement.
10
十年，令天津水師大小趕繒船所用梗木舵牙及藤篾等具，收存備用。 各省戰船設承修官，以董造船之役。 由督、撫、提、鎮委副將、參將，會同文職道、府，領價督修，委都司會同文職府佐，辦料修造。 隸將軍標者，委參領等官辦理。 大修小修之年，各營呈報有司，題咨承修官，具冊領價。 江南、江西、湖廣、福建、浙江、廣東等省，於屆修兩月前，領銀備料。 台灣、瓊州於四月前備料。 天津、山東於八月前備料。 各營駕船赴廠，承修官即於次月興工，如期修竣，違則懲之。 其船名號各殊，大小異式，皆因地制宜。 山東登州、膠州南北二汛海口趕繒船、雙篷船，福建大號趕繒船及二三號船、雙篷船，江西南湖營沙唬船，天津大小趕繒船，京口水師船，蘇州、狼山、川沙、吳淞水師船，湖北、湖南、廣東各水師船之船身大小，木板厚薄，咸遵定制，令道員會同副將等監視督造。 廣東外海內河戰船亦如之。
In the tenth year (1732), the Tianjin navy was told to stock spare hardwood rudders, tillers, rattan rigging, and other fittings for its ganzeng fleet. Each province appointed repair officers to supervise warship construction. Governors and commanders named deputy and regimental commanders, working with circuit and prefectural officials, to draw funds and oversee repairs, while battalion commanders and prefectural aides procured timber and carried out the work. Ships under a territorial general's banner were handled by company commanders and their staff. In major- or minor-repair years, camps reported upward, memorialized the repair officer, and drew funds against a registered schedule. Jiangnan, Jiangxi, Huguang, Fujian, Zhejiang, Guangdong, and similar provinces drew repair funds two months before work was due. Taiwan and Qiongzhou prepared materials before the fourth month. Tianjin and Shandong prepared materials before the eighth month. Camps sailed ships to the yard; repair officers began the following month and had to finish on time or face punishment. Vessel names, types, and sizes varied by region, each design suited to local waters. Hull sizes and plank thickness for ganzeng and twin-sail craft at Shandong's Dengzhou and Jiaozhou posts, Fujian's large and secondary ganzeng, Jiangxi's shahu patrol boats, Tianjin's ganzeng, Jingkou's fleet, the Suzhou–Wusong squadrons, and Huguang and Guangdong warships all followed standard specifications, with circuit intendants and deputy commanders supervising construction. Guangdong's open-sea and river warships followed the same rules.
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十一年，定修造戰船限期，直隸限四月，福建、台灣限十月，山東限六月，江西大修拆造限三月，小修限兩月，江南限四月，湖廣大修拆造限六月，小修限四月，浙江限四月，廣東瓊州限六月，其餘各廠均限四月。 十二年，裁江蘇太湖營參將，改設太湖協副將，兼轄浙江太湖營游擊各官，定為內河水師營。 十三年，議定天津、福建、浙江、廣東各戰船所需物料，或按年更新，或越年更新。
In the eleventh year (1733), repair deadlines were set: four months for Zhili and Jiangnan; ten for Fujian and Taiwan; six for Shandong; three for Jiangxi major work and two for minor; six and four respectively for Huguang major and minor work; four for Zhejiang; six for Qiongzhou; four for all other yards. In the twelfth year (1734), the Jiangsu Taihu regimental post was abolished in favor of a brigade deputy who also commanded Zhejiang Taihu mobile brigadiers, defining an inland-river naval command. In the thirteenth year (1735), supplies for Tianjin, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Guangdong warships were scheduled for annual or biennial renewal as appropriate.
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乾隆元年，議准江南各廠拆造及修理沙唬船、艍繒船，兩淮廠拆造沙唬船、修造趕繒船，於部價外，加津貼銀兩有差。 各廠同之。 二年，令山東登、膠南北二汛額設雙篷船、趕繒船，屆修之年，亦增津貼銀。 三年，撥湖北武昌水師駐漢口，為漢陽水師營中軍。 議准廣東各標營外海戰船拆造，視修工大小，加津貼有差。 四年，因沿海各省戰船報部，有缺少至十之二三者，或侵蝕修船帑銀，或賃與商人謀利。 令督撫嚴懲。 又諭浙江艍繒船拆修視江蘇省之例，艄船視江蘇省沙唬船之例，量加津貼。 五年，復申禁沿海戰船缺少賃用之弊。 六年，以台灣遠隔重洋，修造戰船，仍循舊制。 其福建各船廠，興泉道之泉廠，與興、泉、永三府協辦，汀漳龍道之漳廠，與汀、漳、龍三府協辦，鹽法道承修之福建廠，與延、邵、建三府協辦。 七年，裁江蘇黃浦營弁兵，改為提標水師右營。 八年，加福建三船廠津貼銀。 十二年，加台灣船廠運費。 十四年，令外海、內河水師戰船、哨船修竣後，承修官以船身丈尺及器具報有司毋損。
In the first year of Qianlong (1736), Jiangnan yards rebuilding shahu and juyu craft and Lianghuai yards rebuilding shahu and ganzeng received supplemental allowances above the ministry price list. Other yards received the same treatment. In the second year (1737), Shandong's Dengzhou and Jiaozhou twin-sail and ganzeng fleets received supplemental repair allowances when due for refit. In the third year (1738), Wuchang's naval detachment was posted at Hankou as the Hanyang camp's central battalion. Guangdong's open-sea warship rebuilds were approved for scaled supplemental allowances according to the size of the job. In the fourth year (1739), coastal provinces reporting warships to the ministry were found short by up to thirty percent, or had embezzled repair funds, or leased vessels to merchants for profit. Governors were ordered to punish offenders severely. Zhejiang was told to follow Jiangsu's allowance rules for juyu rebuilds and shahu-type stern craft, with appropriate supplements. In the fifth year (1740), the court again forbade understating fleets and leasing warships for private gain. In the sixth year (1741), Taiwan's distance across the sea left its warship repair rules unchanged. Fujian's yards were shared: the Quanzhou yard with three prefectures under the Xing-Quan intendant; the Zhangzhou yard with Ting, Zhang, and Longyan; and the main Fujian yard under the salt intendant with Yanping, Shaowu, and Jianning. In the seventh year (1742), the Huangpu detachment was abolished and reconstituted as the naval commander's right battalion. In the eighth year (1743), supplemental allowances were granted to Fujian's three shipyards. In the twelfth year (1747), shipping subsidies for the Taiwan yard were increased. In the fourteenth year (1749), repair officers had to report full hull dimensions and fittings to civil authorities after refitting open-sea or river warships and patrol craft.
13
十五年，以閩、浙海洋綿亙數千里，遠達異域，所有外海商船，內洋賈舶，藉水師為巡護，尤恃兩省總巡大員，督飭弁兵，保商靖盜。 而舊法未盡周詳，自二月出巡，至九月撤巡，為時太久。 乃令各鎮總兵官每閱兩月會哨一次。 其會哨之月，上汛則先巡北洋，後巡南洋。 下汛則先巡南洋，後巡北洋。 定海、崇明、黃岩、溫州、海壇、金門、南澳各水師總兵官，南北會巡，指定地方，蟬遞相聯，後先上下，由督撫派員稽察。 至台澎水師，仍循曩例。
In the fifteenth year (1750), Fujian and Zhejiang's seas stretched thousands of miles to foreign waters; merchantmen on the open sea and coast depended on the navy for escort, above all on the two provinces' grand patrol commanders to drive officers and men to protect trade and suppress piracy. The old rules were inadequate: patrols that began in the second month and did not end until the ninth lasted too long. Commanders were therefore ordered to rendezvous at sea every two months. In rendezvous months of the upper season, they patrolled the northern route first, then the southern. In the lower season the order was reversed: southern route first, then northern. Naval commanders at Dinghai, Chongming, Huangyan, Wenzhou, Haitan, Jinmen, and Nan'ao patrolled north and south in relay at fixed stations, with governors sending officers to audit the chain. The Taiwan and Penghu fleets kept their former arrangements.
14
十六年，令福建三江口營大小戰船，按季整洗。 十七年，令各省水師，除江南省沙唬船、巡快船，福建省艍船，輕便易使，廣東虎門協營沙礁迂曲外，其沿海各省戰船，一律製備頭巾插花，藉助風力，以資巡哨。 巡船則仿民船，隨時修整。 五十四年，以外海、內河戰船，舊例酌留一半為捕盜之用，其餘各船，次第屆期改造，咸令展期三月，福建、浙江、江南、山東各省，咸展期半年。 五十五年，以搜捕海盜，戰船拙滯，允水師將弁之請，仿民船改制戰船，以期迅捷。 五十八年，因廣東海盜充斥，自南澳至瓊、崖，千有餘里，水師戰船，雖有大小百數十號，僅能分防本營洋面，不敷追捕，致商船報劫頻聞。 歷年捕盜，俱賃用東莞米艇，而船隻不多，民間苦累。 乃籌款十五萬兩，製造二千五百石大米艇四十七艘，二千石中米艇二十六艘，一千五百石小米艇二十艘，限三月造竣，按通省水師營，視海道遠近，分佈上下洋面，配兵巡緝，以佐舊船所不及。 五十九年，以浙江定海縣之舟山外有五奎山，外洋船隻，皆於此寄泊，實為海濱要區，於定海鎮標內，酌撥弁兵，更番戍守。 六十年，以沿海戰船過於累重，不便捕盜，每屆修造，需費尤多，通飭各督撫，屆修造之年，俱仿商船之式改造，以所節浮費，為外洋緝捕之用。
In the sixteenth year (1751), Fujian's Sanjiangkou camp was ordered to clean and overhaul all warships quarterly. In the seventeenth year (1752), coastal warships—except Jiangnan shahu and fast patrol craft, Fujian's light juyu, and Guangdong's twisting Humen shoals—were uniformly fitted with auxiliary sails to aid patrol in the wind. Patrol boats copied merchant designs and could be refitted whenever needed. In the fifty-fourth year (1789), half of open-sea and river warships were kept on patrol under the old rule while the rest were rebuilt on schedule; all provinces received three months' grace, and Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangnan, and Shandong six months. In the fifty-fifth year (1790), warships proved too slow for pirate hunts, so the court approved naval officers' request to rebuild them along merchant lines for greater speed. In the fifty-eighth year (1793), pirates filled Guangdong's thousand-odd miles from Nan'ao to Hainan; though the navy mustered over a hundred warships, they could guard only their own stations and could not chase raiders, and merchant losses mounted. For years the navy had rented Dongguan rice barges for raids, but there were too few boats and civilians bore the burden. The government raised 150,000 taels to build ninety-three new patrol barges—forty-seven of 2,500 piculs, twenty-six of 2,000, and twenty of 1,500—within three months, posting them with crews along Guangdong's coast where old warships could not reach. In the fifty-ninth year (1794), Wukui Mountain off Dinghai's Zhoushan, where ocean-going ships routinely anchored, was judged a vital post and garrisoned by rotating detachments from the Dinghai command. In the sixtieth year (1795), coastal warships were judged too heavy and costly for anti-piracy work; governors were told to rebuild them like merchant craft at each refit and devote the savings to open-sea patrols.
15
嘉慶二年，浙江戰船俱仿民船改造。 山東戰船亦仿浙省行之。 其餘沿海戰船，於應行拆造之年，一律改小，仿民船改造，以利操防。 五年，諭各省水師，向設統巡、總巡、分巡及專汛各員，出洋巡哨。 奉行日久，有以千總等代巡之弊。 嗣後令總兵官為統巡，副將、參將、游擊為總巡，都司、守備為分巡，遇有事故，以次代巡，不得以微員擅代。 山東水師，向未有統巡等職名，亦一律行之。 九年，因各省師船向遵部頒定式，僅能就近海巡查，不能放洋遠出，多改雇商船，出洋捕盜。 廷臣建議，戰船改商船制度，以收實用。 旋諭江蘇省濱海之區，屢有盜劫，所有舊式戰船，令疆臣仿廣東、福建、浙江之例，即行改制。 十一年，諭沿海疆吏，當乾隆五十五年，曾嚴飭統兵官實力訓練舟師，乃日久玩生，弁兵於操駕事宜，全不練習，遇放洋之時，僱用舵工，名為舟師，不諳水務。 嗣後通飭所轄各營，勒期訓練，一切帆舵各技，務皆嫺習。 其最優者，不次擢用，惰者懲之。 二十一年，規復天津水師營汛，以閩、浙、兩廣、兩江各省所裁水師，遵舊制募足額數，改隸天津水師，分營管轄。 二十二年，增設天津水師總兵官，以專責成。
In the second year of Jiaqing (1797), Zhejiang rebuilt all warships on civilian models. Shandong followed Zhejiang's example for its fleet. Other coastal warships due for rebuild were uniformly scaled down to civilian patterns to improve handling and combat readiness. In the fifth year (1800), every provincial navy was reminded that grand, general, and sub-patrol officers and dedicated garrison commanders were required to patrol at sea. Over time, the abuse had spread of letting company-grade officers substitute for commanders on patrol. Thereafter commanders alone held grand patrol duty, deputies and regimental officers general patrol, and battalion and garrison commanders sub-patrol; substitutes had to follow rank order, and junior officers could no longer stand in for their superiors. Shandong's navy, which had never had grand patrol and similar posts, was brought under the same rule. In the ninth year, provincial warships built to standard designs could patrol only close to shore and could not venture far out; many provinces hired merchantmen for open-sea piracy suppression instead. Ministers recommended remaking warships on merchant models for real effectiveness. The throne then ordered Jiangsu, plagued by coastal raids, to rebuild all old warships immediately on the model already used in Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang. In the eleventh year, coastal governors were reminded that in the fifty-fifth year of Qianlong the throne had ordered real naval training; discipline had since collapsed, troops never drilled in sailing, and at sea they hired helmsmen who barely knew the water. All camps were then ordered to train on a fixed schedule until every sail and steering skill was fully mastered. Top performers would be promoted ahead of schedule; laggards would be punished. In the twenty-first year, Tianjin's naval posts were restored by recruiting to full strength from men cut from coastal provinces and organizing them under Tianjin command in separate camps. In the twenty-second year, a dedicated naval commander was appointed for Tianjin.
16
道光四年，諭福建疆臣，前以閩省戰船遲重，駕駛不便，曾裁汰十五船，其餘俟拆修之年，令承修官仿同安梭船式，一律改造。 嗣後閩洋米艇，緝捕仍不得力，其已改造之勝字六號米艇八艘無須裁汰外，所有屆修之捷字六號十二艘，存營之勝字一號十號兩艘，修竣之勝字三號一艘，悉行裁撤。 十年，令直隸、浙江、福建統兵官，增撥哨船，梭巡南北洋面。 是年，定水師人員一年試驗之制，各統兵官隨帶出洋，親加考驗。 又嚴定改用外海水師人員之制，其外省世職，及陸路呈改人員，有才具可用，或曾立功績者，由督撫保題。 十三年，整頓浙江省水師，增造闊船、舢板船。 十五年，以各省水師廢弛，憚於出巡，致盜案疊出，嚴飭水師提、鎮實力訓練緝捕。 十八年，以各省戰船每屆修造之年，承辦各員，冒領中飽，不能如式製造，或以舊代新，或操駕不勤，馴至朽腐，令統兵大臣核實辦理。 十九年，令督、撫、提、鎮禁將弁扣索之弊，並甄汰劣員，如有呈改召募，不得瞻徇。
In the fourth year of Daoguang, Fujian was told that fifteen heavy warships had already been scrapped and the remainder must be rebuilt as Tong'an-style fast-sail craft at the next refit. Fujian's rice barges still failed at patrol work; aside from eight rebuilt Sheng No. 6 vessels, twenty-one others—twelve Jie No. 6 due for refit, two in service, and one just repaired—were all scrapped. In the tenth year, Zhili, Zhejiang, and Fujian commanders were told to deploy more patrol craft on the northern and southern coastal seas. That year an annual at-sea examination was instituted, with each commander testing his men personally. Rules were tightened for filling open-sea posts: hereditary officers and land officers seeking transfer with proven talent or merit could be recommended by governors. In the thirteenth year, Zhejiang's navy was reorganized and more broad boats and sampans were constructed. In the fifteenth year, decay and patrol-shyness across provincial navies had led to a surge in piracy; admirals and commanders were ordered to train and hunt pirates in earnest. In the eighteenth year, corrupt shipbuilding and neglected maintenance had left warships rotting; senior commanders were ordered to investigate and punish those responsible. In the nineteenth year, governors and commanders were told to stop officers' extortion, purge incompetents, and refuse favoritism in transfers and recruitment.
17
二十年，以各省戰船修造草率，並有遲延積壓各弊。 福建船廠所修成字四號大船，甫經拆造，即致破壞。 自道光六年至二十年，積壓各船至三十艘之多。 承修各員，悉予懲處。 各廠應修之船，一律嚴催。 其水師各船巡洋之餘，各提、鎮大員，飭將弁操練燂洗，毋任久泊海壖。 又因廣東虎門海口為海防中路要區，以西境之香山，東境之大鵬，為左右兩翼，嘉慶十五年，設水師提督，節制各路。 香山副將所轄水師，兵力稍厚。 大鵬參將所轄弁兵，僅九百餘人。 道光十年，又分為二營，其所轄大嶼山及尖沙嘴洋面，為夷船聚泊之所，乃擇要建砲台二座，與水師相依護，以澄海副將改為大鵬協副將，移駐九龍山，增額設水師，兼守砲台，增造大號中號米艇四艘，快船二艘，在水師各協營，抽配弁兵，巡緝洋面。
In the twentieth year, slipshod repairs and mounting backlogs plagued provincial warships. A large Cheng No. 4 ship at the Fujian yard fell apart immediately after rebuilding. From the sixth through the twentieth year of Daoguang, the backlog reached thirty ships. Everyone responsible for the repairs was punished. Every yard was ordered to hurry overdue repairs. Between patrols, admirals and commanders were to have officers drill crews and careen hulls instead of letting ships rot at anchor. Humen, the central pivot of Guangdong's defense with Xiangshan and Dapeng as its flanks, had gained a naval admiral in the fifteenth year of Jiaqing to oversee all routes. Xiangshan's deputy commander commanded a somewhat larger force. Dapeng's regimental commander had barely nine hundred troops. In the tenth year of Daoguang the district was split into two camps; forts were built where foreign ships anchored at Lantau and Tsim Sha Tsui, the Chenghai deputy was moved to Kowloon as Dapeng brigade deputy, extra naval troops garrisoned the forts, and new rice barges and fast boats joined patrols drawn from other camps.
18
二十一年，以外夷船堅砲利，舊設外海水師，強弱不敵，等於虛設，擬改水師為陸師，專防內地。 尋以海盜滋擾，全恃水師緝捕，廣東之虎門，為外海籓籬，尤藉舟師之力，乃定議緩裁。
In the twenty-first year, foreign ships outclassed the open-sea navy so completely that officials proposed turning sailors into land troops and abandoning open-water defense. Piracy soon made the plan moot: suppression still depended on the navy, and Humen remained the outer shield of Guangdong, so the cut was postponed.
19
二十二年，以海上用兵，專恃砲火，令各疆臣訓練弁兵，一律以施放砲位有準，為弁兵去取。 又以海上用兵二載，閩、粵、江、浙水師，迭致挫敗，令四川、湖廣等省，採購巨木，速制堅船，駛往閩、浙等省，防守海疆。 尋因各省戰船，如快蟹、拖風、撈繒、八槳等船，僅能用於江湖港汊，新造之船，亦止備內河巡緝，難於海上衝鋒。 惟潘仕成捐資新制之船，堅固適用，砲亦得力，並仿美利堅國兵船製造船樣一艘，又仿英吉利國中等兵船之式，調取各省工匠，改造大船。 其例修師船，一律停造，以資挹注。 並以船砲圖說，飭江蘇、福建、浙江三省督撫詳勘，何者利用，由廣東省製成，分運各省。 又因湖北省所轄長江千餘里，舊設宜昌鎮標，荊州、漢陽各水師營，戰船不能載砲。 廣東匠役何禮貴曾為外洋造船，能造火輪及各式戰船，飭赴湖北，擇何項戰船利於長江駕駛，即就海船之式，量為變通。 裕泰擬造之開浪船，于海戰未宜，罷之。
In the twenty-second year, coastal warfare turned on artillery; governors were ordered to train troops and keep or dismiss them based on shooting accuracy. After two years of naval war had broken Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang fleets, Sichuan and Huguang were told to cut timber, build stout ships, and send them to defend the coast. It became clear that fast-crab, tow-sail, laozeng, and eight-oar craft served only rivers and creeks; even new ships could patrol inland waters but not fight at sea. Only Pan Shicheng's privately funded new vessels proved sturdy and effective; one copied an American warship, British mid-size models guided larger rebuilds, and craftsmen from many provinces were called in. Routine fleet repairs were halted so funds could be diverted to the new program. Governors of Jiangsu, Fujian, and Zhejiang were sent ship and gun plans to choose the best designs for Guangdong to build and ship province by province. Hubei's thousand-li stretch of Yangtze, guarded by Yichang, Jingzhou, and Hanyang camps, had warships too weak to mount artillery. He Ligui, a Guangdong shipwright experienced in foreign-style and steam vessels, was sent to Hubei to adapt seagoing designs for the Yangtze. Yu Tai's proposed kailang boat was rejected as unfit for naval combat.
20
二十三年，飭沿海各提、鎮，於每歲出洋及巡洋事畢，所經歷情形，悉以上聞。 三十年，因浙江省水師廢弛，飭有司整治船砲，嚴禁奸民接濟海盜，並令沿海將領，按時出洋會哨。 又令山東疆臣，以三汛師船，四縣水勇，合而為一，統以專員，往來策應，並於扼要島嶼，設置大砲。
In the twenty-third year, coastal admirals and commanders were required to report fully on every annual patrol once it ended. In the thirtieth year, Zhejiang's decayed navy prompted orders to fix ships and guns, stop civilian aid to pirates, and keep coastal commanders on patrol schedule. Shandong was told to unite its seasonal fleet and county water militia under one officer for coordinated response and to mount heavy guns on strategic islands.
21
咸豐元年，以長江轄境綿長，令張亮基等購置船砲，擇要駐守。 三年，調廣東外海水師拖罟戰船，及快蟹、大扒等船百艘，統以大員，由海道駛赴江寧，助剿粵寇。 是年，江忠源疏請廣制戰船，以靖江面。 旋令兩廣督臣，以廣東拖罟船式咨行四川、湖廣各督撫，或在本省，或在湖北宜昌一帶，迅簡工匠，造水師船百餘艘，每船載兵五十人，於三月內竣事。 兼飭湖南、湖北二省，購船募兵，與長江下遊艇船，協力防江。 旋以所購民船不合用，乃收買江船之巨者，仿廣東船式，安置砲位，與廣東所募紅單船，及賃用拖罟船，駛赴江南剿寇。 又以廣東內河及濱海各廳縣，均有捐造緝捕快蟹船，道光間，江海捕盜，悉藉其力。 船頭藏巨砲，旁列子母砲，勇丁咸技藝精練，洵水戰最長。 令各船由海道至長江會師。 是年，曾國籓試造師船於湖南，以規模過小，乃就廣東之拖罟船、快蟹船二種，參酌其制，先造十艘，續增二、三十艘，以能載千斤之砲為度。 至拖罟船，則由兩湖督撫如式製造。
In the first year of Xianfeng, the long Yangtze stretch led to orders for Zhang Liangji and others to buy ships and guns for key garrisons. In the third year, a hundred Guangdong trawler junks, fast-crab boats, and dabba craft sailed by sea to Jiangning under a senior commander to fight the rebels. That year Jiang Zhongyuan asked permission to build many warships to secure the river. The governor-general of Liangguang was told to send Guangdong trawler plans to Sichuan and Huguang so craftsmen could build a hundred-plus naval ships—fifty men each—within three months. Hunan and Hubei were also told to buy boats, recruit troops, and work with downstream Yangtze craft to hold the line. Purchased civilian craft proved useless, so large river boats were bought, fitted with guns on Guangdong patterns, and sent south with red-bar ships and rented trawlers to fight the rebels. Guangdong's inner rivers and coast had also produced donated fast-crab patrol boats that had carried Daoguang-era anti-piracy work. Their bows hid heavy guns and their sides carried chambered cannon; their crews were expert—the finest force for river fighting. Every boat was ordered to reach the Yangtze by sea and join the fleet. Zeng Guofan first tried building fleet ships in Hunan but found them too small; he then blended Guangdong trawler and fast-crab designs, building ten then twenty to thirty more, each able to mount a thousand-jin gun. Trawlers were to be built to pattern by the Huguang governors.
22
四年，令廣東賃用之紅單船二十三艘，並修治十九艘，凡四十二艘，統一武員，駛入長江。 是年，以粵寇竄擾東南，水師不敷剿堵，下游惟廣東紅單、拖罟等船漸集瓜洲，上游惟曾國籓新造戰船，自湖南順流而下，已達武昌。 其九江、安慶等處，尚無戰艦，令張亮基、駱秉章購置江船及釣鉤等船，裕瑞、夏廷樾在四川採購材料，與駱秉章商辦。 旋駱秉章以四川造船，江險而途遠，水程不便，仍在湖南購料製造。 兩湖紳士丁善慶，遵曾國籓所定之式，已成大板艇五十號，長龍等船亦次第告成。 長江剿寇，在江南取勝者，以紅單船、拖罟船二種為最，體勢雄壯，置砲最多，而能順風不能逆風，宜江面寬闊，不宜港汊。 在湖南取勝者，以舢板船、長龍船、快蟹船三種為最，往來輕便，搜捕尤宜，而風急水溜，一下難於遽上，勢散而力單。 令湖南水師沿江攻剿，與江南水師會合，各用其所長，以期制勝。
In the fourth year, forty-two red-bar ships—twenty-three rented and nineteen refitted—entered the Yangtze under one commander. Rebels overran the southeast and the navy could not contain them; downstream Guangdong red-bar and trawler craft gathered at Guazhou while upstream Zeng Guofan's new ships from Hunan had reached Wuchang. Jiujiang and Anqing still lacked warships; Zhang Liangji and Luo Bingzhang were to buy river and hook boats while Yurui and Xia Tingyue sourced materials in Sichuan. Luo Bingzhang then judged Sichuan shipbuilding impractical because of treacherous rivers and long hauls, and kept procurement in Hunan. Ding Shanqing of Huguang gentry, using Zeng Guofan's designs, finished fifty daban boats; long dragon boats and others followed. On the lower Yangtze, red-bar ships and trawlers proved strongest: massive, heavily armed, fast downwind but helpless against it, fit for open water not narrow creeks. Upstream Hunan favored sampans, long dragon boats, and fast-crab craft: nimble for pursuit but swept helplessly downstream in strong wind and current, with forces scattered and strength thin. Hunan's navy was ordered to fight downriver and meet Jiangnan's fleet, each side using its strengths to win.
23
六年，以曾國籓在江西所造戰船，最為得力，令福濟選擇將弁，率工匠赴廬州仿造，所需洋砲，在上海撥款辦解。 六年，胡林翼以長江水師，自五年春間回駐武、漢以後，戰艦無多，乃與駱秉章協商，督率船砲局各員，儘力籌謀，水師復振。 湖南紳局所制船械，交至營中者，大小戰船凡三百餘艘，火藥四十餘萬斤，砲子一百四十萬斤，其餘各械咸備，請優詔獎之。 水師重在砲位，廣東運到洋砲二百尊，續運六百尊，配置各師船，自武、漢至九江，所向克捷。 惟長江水戰，上下游形勢不同，武、漢以上，利用輕便戰船，潯、皖以下，江面漸廣，利用巨艦，秋冬風勁宜巨艦，春夏宜小艇，船砲之大小，宜因時因地而損益之。 請令兩廣督臣，續購大小洋砲，自四百斤至一千五百斤，凡八百尊，盡易舊式砲位，以利東征。 八年，以天津原設水師，道光間，先後裁撤，乃籌復設，以重海防。 令福建、廣東疆吏，各抽調大號戰艦，備齊砲械，由海道駛赴天津，設水師三千人。 十年，令清淮籌防局籌款，為防湖水師常年經費，增設淮揚水師營，以保兩淮鹽場，兼佐陸軍。 蕪湖孤懸水中，令曾國籓籌設寧國水師，以攻蕪湖，為克金陵之本。 增設太湖水師，為克蘇州之本。
In the sixth year, Zeng Guofan's Jiangxi-built warships were judged best; Fu Ji was told to copy them at Luzhou with foreign guns funded from Shanghai. In the sixth year, Hu Linyi, finding few warships since the fleet returned to Wuhan in spring of the fifth year, worked with Luo Bingzhang to revive the Yangtze navy. Hunan gentry bureaus supplied over three hundred warships, four hundred thousand jin of powder, and 1.4 million jin of shot; a reward edict was requested. The navy depended on artillery; two hundred foreign guns came from Guangdong, then six hundred more, arming the fleet for victories from Wuhan to Jiujiang. Yangtze fighting differed by reach: light craft above Wuhan, large ships below where the river widened; autumn-winter favored big hulls, spring-summer small boats—ship and gun size had to match season and terrain. They asked Liangguang to buy eight hundred foreign guns from four hundred to fifteen hundred jin to replace old mounts for the eastern offensive. In the eighth year, Tianjin's navy cut under Daoguang was slated for restoration to reinforce coastal defense. Fujian and Guangdong were told to send large warships with full armament by sea to Tianjin and raise a three-thousand-man navy. In the tenth year, the Qingshuai defense bureau funded a new Huai-Yang naval camp to guard the Huai salt fields and support land forces. Wuhu, isolated in the lake, led to orders for Zeng Guofan to raise a Ningguo fleet to take it as groundwork for Jinling. A Lake Tai navy was added as groundwork for Suzhou.
24
同治二年，諭沿海督臣舉水師將才。 又令曾國籓所部內江水師，都興阿所部揚防水師，有勝外海水師之任者，各舉以聞。 四年，在山東省仿長江戰船之式，造長龍、舢板船，於黃河水性駕駛合宜。 以水師泊黃、運二河，防堵逸寇，必須分段扼守，而地勢綿長，不敷調遣。 復由山東增造長龍船，並增舢板船十艘，以武職大員督領巡防。 五年，改造江南海口之紅單廣艇三十艘，合原有廣艇凡四十艘，分防海口。 六年，整頓福建台灣海防，增置龍艚等船。
In the second year of Tongzhi, coastal governors were told to recommend naval talent. Men from Zeng Guofan's river fleet and Duxing'a's Yangzhou defenders who could handle open-sea duty were also to be recommended. In the fourth year, Shandong built long dragon and sampan boats on Yangtze patterns suited to the Yellow River. Naval posts on the Yellow River and Grand Canal had to block fleeing rebels at intervals, but the line was too long for available forces. Shandong added more long dragon boats and ten sampans under senior officers for patrol. In the fifth year, Jiangnan rebuilt thirty red-bar broad boats for forty total to guard the estuary. In the sixth year, Fujian and Taiwan coastal defense was reorganized with new longchao boats and others.
25
七年，曾國籓議改水師之制，以江南水師，向分外海、內河二支，外海水師六千七百七十六名，武員一百十八人，內河水師八千二十一名，武員一百三十三人。 船數則近稽道光二十四年江南舊例，水師船二百七十五艘，朽壞居多，別造舢板船一百三十五艘，大船十二艘，約計各船不過載兵二千數百人，而額定之兵數，尚有萬餘人。 徒費餉項，有水師之名，無舟楫之實，宜大為變通，講求實際。 江蘇水師，其營制餉章，悉仿長江水師之例，外海之紅單廣艇，亦略增其餉，與李鴻章、丁日昌諸臣協力籌辦，期於外防與內盜並謀，舊制與新章兼顧。 俟章程既定，沿海福建、廣東各省水師，均可酌改行之。
In the seventh year, Zeng Guofan proposed navy reform: Jiangnan's open-sea branch had 6,776 men and 118 officers, the inner-river branch 8,021 men and 133 officers. By Daoguang twenty-fourth year standards Jiangnan had 275 naval ships, mostly rotten, plus 135 new sampans and 12 large ships—enough berths for barely two thousand men against an authorized strength of over ten thousand. Pay was wasted on a navy in name only; Zeng urged sweeping practical reform. Jiangsu's camps and pay would follow the Yangtze model, with slightly higher stipends for open-sea red-bar boats; Zeng, Li Hongzhang, and Ding Richang would jointly balance coastal defense, inland piracy, and old versus new rules. Once the regulations were set, Fujian, Guangdong, and other coastal provinces could adapt them.
26
八年，部臣定議，從曾國籓所陳，改江蘇水師為內洋、外海、里河三大支，以資控御。 里河水師，以原設提標右營，太湖左營、右營及增設淞北、淞南二營為五營，隸提督統轄。 舢板船每營船數不等，一律興修，不得缺額。 所有太湖七營，改為里河五營，其裁員歸併提標序補。 馬新貽等續議，九江水師營改城守營，設陸汛四處。 鄱陽營改陸汛二處。 洞庭水師營改龍陽城守營。 岳州水師營酌留水兵，隸陸路管轄。 荊州水師營酌留弁兵有差。 九年，諭定安等以寧靈各軍，運餉艱難，增造砲船，由黃河運送。 所有大小戰船三十二艘，編為一營，設統帶等官。
In the eighth year, the Board adopted Zeng's plan to reorganize Jiangsu's navy into inner coastal, open-sea, and inner-river branches. The inner-river branch comprised five camps—the admirals' right camp, Taihu left and right, and new Songbei and Songnan—under the admiral. Each camp's sampan quota differed, but every boat had to be maintained at full strength. Seven Taihu camps became five inner-river camps, with surplus officers folded into the admirals' banner. Ma Xinyi and others added that Jiujiang's naval camp would become a city garrison with four land posts. The Poyang camp became two land garrison posts. The Dongting naval camp became the Longyang city garrison. Yuezhou kept a reduced water force under land command. Jingzhou retained officers and men in varying numbers. In the ninth year, the Ding'an and other Ning-Ling armies, struggling to move supplies, gained gunboats for Yellow River transport. Thirty-two warships were organized into one camp with commanders appointed.
27
十年，沈葆楨以外海兵船製成，應簡知兵大員督率操練。 尋以福建水師提督李成謀為兵船統領。 是年，曾國籓以江南水師章程初議十四條，嗣由馬新貽等增為二十五條，乃刪減歸併定為二十一條。 外海六營，以次巡哨。 內洋五營，分定汛界。 里河五營，分定汛界。 淞南營、淞北營、太湖左營、太湖右營酌增戰船。 水師營所遺陸汛，移並留防。 京口三營陸汛砲堤，分別管轄。 改定轄營，及留設守備，要汛多留陸兵。 定將弁處分則例。 規定各營船數。 酌定外委員數。 酌定裁缺薪糧。 營官建衙署地方，各營座船之數，官兵額定數目，書吏名數，雨蓬旗幟等費，官兵糧額，各船酌用槍砲數目，各船酌用火藥槍砲彈，綜計餉項之數，下所司核議行之。 十一年，丁寶楨調撥福建省所制安瀾兵輪赴山東洋面巡緝。 瑞麟調撥福建省小號兵輪赴奉天海口巡緝。
In the tenth year, Shen Baozhen said completed open-sea warships needed an experienced commander to drill the crews. Fujian's naval admiral Li Chengmou was soon named commander of the new warships. That year Zeng Guofan consolidated Jiangnan naval regulations from an initial fourteen articles through Ma Xinyi's twenty-five down to a final twenty-one. Six open-sea camps rotated patrol duty. Five inner-coastal camps each held assigned patrol zones. Five inner-river camps each held assigned patrol zones. Songnan, Songbei, and Taihu left and right camps each received additional warships. Leftover land garrisons from naval camps were consolidated and kept on station. Jingkou's three camps each administered their own land posts and gun batteries. Subordinate camps were reorganized, garrison commanders retained, and more land troops posted at critical zones. Rules for disciplining officers were established. Each camp's ship quota was set. Acting sub-official quotas were adjusted. Stipends for cut posts were adjusted. Yamen sites, command vessels, authorized troop and clerk strength, costs for awnings and flags, grain allowances, and guns, powder, and shot per ship were totaled and sent to the relevant offices for approval. In the eleventh year, Ding Baozhen sent Fujian's Anlan gunboat to patrol the Shandong coast. Rui Lin dispatched a small Fujian gunboat to patrol Fengtian's harbor mouth.
28
光緒四年，裁去廣東輪拖巡船水勇二千三百餘人。 五年，以各省舉辦水師，奉天、直隸、山東、江蘇、浙江、福建、廣東次第駐泊兵輪，編製水師，而沿海各省形勢不同，操法未能一律，吳淞口為南北海疆適中之地，乃命江南提督李朝斌為外海兵輪統領，督率各省大小兵輪，定期在吳淞口會操。 六年，以新置蚊砲船便利合用，續向外洋購置數十艘，募福建、廣東沿海精壯之民為水師，分屯北洋各海口。 七年，以奉天旅順口原有旗營，艇船朽壞，弁兵疲弱，悉行裁汰，歸陸師巡防，別以快砲防海。 時丁汝昌由英國率戰艦回國，為中國水軍航外海之始，乃擢丁汝昌為水師提督。
In Guangxu fourth year, over 2,300 Guangdong steam-tow patrol boat sailors were dismissed. In the fifth year, as provinces established navies and berthed gunboats at Fengtian, Zhili, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong, drill methods still varied by coast. Wusong lay midway between north and south, so Jiangnan admiral Li Chaobin was named commander of open-sea gunboats to lead provincial warships in scheduled exercises there. In the sixth year, finding the new mosquito gunboats practical, the court bought several dozen more abroad and recruited stout Fujian and Guangdong coastal men as sailors, stationing them at Northern Fleet harbors. In the seventh year, Lüshunkou's banner camp, with rotten cutters and weak troops, was abolished; land forces took over patrol while quick-firing guns guarded the coast. Ding Ruchang's return from Britain with warships marked China's first open-sea navy; he was promoted to naval admiral.
29
八年，以江南形勢，先海後江，朝議擬以長江水師提督駐吳淞口，狼山、福山、崇明三鎮標隸之，以江南提督移駐淮、徐，改福建水師提督為閩浙水師提督。 尋左宗棠、彭玉麟議覆，以海防不外戰守二端，戰宜厚集兵力，守宜因勢設險，仍循舊制為宜。 福建水師自裁兵加餉後，實存水師六千九百餘人，旗營水師三百餘人，各營拖罾、龍艚、快艇等大小戰船實存四十艘，台灣、澎湖戰船六艘，大小兵輪十艘，宜聯合浙江省水師會操，官制則仍循其舊。
In the eighth year, the court proposed that given Jiangnan's sea-then-river layout, the Yangtze naval admiral should move to Wusong with Langshan, Fushan, and Chongming under him, the Jiangnan admiral to Huai and Xu, and the Fujian admiral retitled Min-Zhe naval admiral. Zuo Zongtang and Peng Yulin replied that coastal defense came down to fighting and holding—mass troops for offense, terrain for defense—and the old system should stand. After cuts and pay increases Fujian had some 6,900 sailors plus 300 banner troops, forty junks and fast boats, six Taiwan and Penghu warships, and ten gunboats; they should drill jointly with Zhejiang while keeping the old command structure.
30
九年，以廣東內河之肇慶河面縣長六百餘里，僅有小巡船二十餘艘，不敷分佈，九龍洋面水淺，大船難於行駛，乃於二處各增設淺水兵輪船。 十年，試造尖底舢板船，分佈海口。 旋以船質弱小，罷之。 十一年，彭玉麟以海防日亟，議設水師總統於吳淞，分設二鎮：一駐直隸大沽，凡盛京、直隸、山東、江南各海口戰船隸之； 一駐福建廈門，凡浙江、福建、台灣、廣東各海口戰船隸之。 兩鎮每年周巡海口，會哨於吳淞。 是為南北洋水師建議之始。 十二年，議裁減浙江沿海水師。 旋浙撫劉秉璋以舊額戰船二百五十餘艘，粵寇亂後，購造不及半數。 光緒八年，裁水師船十三艘，停修舊船三艘，已符裁兵三成之數。 惟巡洋之紅單船十一艘，不在額設裁減之例。 十四年，因台灣疆土日辟，改安平水師副將為台東陸路副將，改鹿港游擊為安平水師游擊，任新設地方鎮守之職。 十五年，以福建內河水師砲船舊額共九十八艘，頻年裁撤，實存三十艘。 每船配置水師六人，專任巡緝內洋。 十六年，調撥福建海壇水師駐防福清縣屬，以靖海盜。 十七年，於湖南選鋒水師中、前、後、左、右營內，撥一千六百餘人，分防省城及岳州等處，撥長勝、毅安水師四百餘人，分防辰州、沅州、常德等處，撥澄湘水師三百餘人，分防衡州等處，以專責成。 是年，因奉天遼河下游舊有巡船，上游則僅有陸隊兼巡，未有水師。 乃增置長龍砲船一艘，舢板船八艘，於練軍內選撥弁勇，梭巡遼河上下及省南之洋河。
In the ninth year, Zhaoqing's six-hundred-li river had only twenty-odd patrol boats and Kowloon waters were too shallow for large ships, so shallow-draft gunboats were added at both places. In the tenth year, sharp-bottomed sampans were trial-built and posted at harbor mouths. They were soon abandoned as too flimsy. In the eleventh year, Peng Yulin urged a naval commander at Wusong and two regional commands—one at Dagu over Shengjing, Zhili, Shandong, and Jiangnan warships; the other at Xiamen over Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, and Guangdong warships. Both commands would circuit the harbors yearly and rendezvous at Wusong. This marked the first proposal for separate Northern and Southern Fleets. In the twelfth year, the court proposed cuts to Zhejiang's coastal navy. Zhejiang governor Liu Bingzhang replied that of 250 authorized warships, fewer than half had been built or bought since the rebellion. By Guangxu eighth year, cutting thirteen ships and halting repair on three old ones already met the thirty-percent reduction target. Eleven red-bar patrol boats on cruise duty were exempt from the cuts. In the fourteenth year, as Taiwan expanded, the Anping naval deputy became Taidong land deputy, the Lukang brigadier became Anping naval brigadier, and both garrisoned new districts. In the fifteenth year, Fujian's inner-river gunboat quota of ninety-eight had been cut to thirty. Each ship carried six sailors to patrol inner coastal waters. In the sixteenth year, Fujian's Haitan sailors were posted to Fuqing to suppress piracy. In the seventeenth year, Hunan detached over 1,600 Xuanfeng sailors for the capital and Yuezhou, 400 Changsheng and Yi'an men for Chenzhou, Yuanzhou, and Changde, and 300 Chengxiang men for Hengzhou, each with a fixed district. That year, Fengtian's lower Liao had patrol boats but the upper reach had only land detachments and no navy. One long-dragon gunboat and eight sampans were added, with officers and men from the training army to patrol the Liao and the southern Yang River.
31
十九年，令提督黃翼升校閱長江提標五營，上江十三營，下江四營，定訓誡之規，禁陸居，戒嗜好，勤練藝，屏虛文，不得蹈綠營之習，日久玩生。 閩、浙疆臣會議，以浙江省有元凱、超武二兵輪，福建省有伏波、琛航、靖遠三兵輪，與沿海水師協力緝捕。 而浙省水師船自裁減後，僅存五十餘艘，閩省自馬江戰後，僅存艇船二十九艘，乃在寧波海口賃用紅單等船八艘，酌撥弁兵，以靖海盜。 二十四年，令江蘇省之外海、內洋、里河、太湖四支水師，一律酌裁水勇。 二十五年，以安徽省江防在下游者為東西梁山，建有砲堤砲台，在上游者為闌江磯前江口及省城之江心洲，咸有砲台，而缺乏水師，乃撥澄清營砲船二十五艘，及長江水師之蕪湖、裕溪、大通、安慶、華陽各營，聯絡防守。 又令長江五省督撫，各派將領，不分畛域，嚴密設防。 二十六年，以奉天鳳凰廳沿海一帶，素稱盜藪，曾由北洋撥兵輪巡洋，其支港各處，宜屯泊水師，乃於大孤山、太平溝、沙河三口岸，各造兵船三艘，酌配水師巡緝。 三十四年，因浙江杭、嘉、湖三府捕匪兵單，於原有水師中，抽練游擊一隊，駐嘉興府，增練游擊三隊，分佈嘉興、湖州各河港，以游擊小隊駐杭州省城，賃用上海商人之小輪船十艘，曳帶兵梭船巡水道，以期迅捷。 在南洋船塢造淺水兵輪船四艘，配快砲八尊，江蘇亦制淺水兵輪船四艘，協同內河水師，仿歐西各國章程，編為聯隊，以資防剿。 此整治水師之概略也。
In the nineteenth year, Admiral Huang Yisheng inspected the Yangtze admirals' five camps plus thirteen upper and four lower camps, forbidding land living, indulgence, and empty form while demanding drill—lest Green Banner laxity return. Fujian and Zhejiang officials agreed that Zhejiang's Yuankai and Chaowu gunboats and Fujian's Fubo, Chenhang, and Jingyuan would cooperate with coastal forces against pirates. After cuts Zhejiang had only fifty-odd ships and post-Mawei Fujian only twenty-nine cutters, so eight red-bar boats were hired at Ningbo with assigned crews to suppress piracy. In the twenty-fourth year, Jiangsu's open-sea, inner-coastal, inner-river, and Taihu branches were all ordered to trim their sailor strength. In the twenty-fifth year, Anhui's batteries at Liangshan downstream and Lanjiangji and the capital's river islet upstream lacked ships, so twenty-five Chengqing gunboats and Yangtze camps at Wuhu, Yuxi, Datong, Anqing, and Huayang were linked in defense. The five Yangtze provinces were also told to send generals across provincial lines for coordinated defense. In the twenty-sixth year, the pirate-ridden Fenghuang coast, once patrolled by Northern Fleet gunboats, gained three warships each at Dagushan, Taipinggou, and Shahe with assigned crews. In the thirty-fourth year, with too few troops in Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou, one drilled brigade team garrisoned Jiaxing, three more spread through river ports, a squad held Hangzhou, and ten Shanghai merchant steamers towed armed patrol boats for speed. Four shallow-draft gunboats with eight quick-firers were built at the Southern Fleet yard and four more in Jiangsu; with inner-river forces they formed a Western-style squadron for defense and pursuit. Such was the broad outline of naval reorganization.
32
其兵額之增減，船械之配置，各省隨時編定。 外海水師，北自盛京，南訖閩、廣，凡拖繒、紅單等船隸焉。 內河水師，各省巡哨舢板等船隸焉。 奉天、直隸、山東、福建水師船均屬外海。 江西、湖廣水師船均屬內河。 江南、浙江、廣東水師船分屬外海、內河。 其別練之師，有巡湖水師、巡鹽水師、親兵營、練軍營。 同治以後，增定長江水師、太湖水師之制，視舊制加詳矣。
Each province adjusted troop strength and ship allocations as needed. Open-sea forces from Shengjing to Fujian and Guangdong included drag-net boats, red-bar boats, and the like. Inner-river forces comprised each province's patrol sampans and similar craft. Fengtian, Zhili, Shandong, and Fujian ships were all open-sea craft. Jiangxi and Huguang ships were all inner-river craft. Jiangnan, Zhejiang, and Guangdong divided their fleets between open sea and inner river. Separate drilled forces included lake patrol, salt patrol, bodyguard, and training army units. After Tongzhi, Yangtze and Taihu naval regulations were added in greater detail than the old rules.
33
其巡防之規，外海水師巡防盛京，以協領為總巡，佐領、防禦、驍騎校為分巡。 直隸等沿海各省，以總兵官為總巡，副將以下為分巡。 各於所治界內，率水師沿海上下，更番往來，詰奸禁暴，兩界相交之處，戒期會哨，以巡緝情形，申報所屬將軍、總督、提督，委員稽察。 若因風阻滯，各廠到界之日具報。 其每歲定期，以二月、四月、五月為始，至九月事竣回營。 有引避不巡，或巡而不周遍者，論如軍律。 其內河水師巡防之制，長江自四川巫山而東，出三江口，至湖廣界，經岳州、武昌、興國至江西界，經九江、江寧、京口等處，東至於海，各省將軍、總督、提、鎮分委旗標弁兵，沿江游巡，及界而還。
Open-sea patrol in Shengjing placed assistant commandants in overall command and vice commandants, defense officers, and cavalry captains as sector patrols. In Zhili and other coastal provinces, regional commanders led grand patrol and deputy commanders and below handled sectors. Each commander rotated sailors along his coast to check crime, rendezvousing at sector boundaries, reporting to generals, governors, and admirals while commissioners inspected. Wind delays were reported with the date each station reached its boundary. Patrols ran from the second, fourth, and fifth months through September, then returned to camp. Evading patrol or patrolling incompletely was punishable under military law. Inner-river patrol ran the Yangtze from Wushan through Yuezhou, Wuchang, Jiujiang, Jiangning, and Jingkou to the sea, with each province's commanders posting banner troops to cruise to the border and back.
34
自康熙以後，以外海利用巨艦，內河利用輕舟，故船制屢改，而轄境遼闊，水師兵額，時有增加，遇有戰事，增艦尤多。 征吳三桂之役，命尚善率舟師入洞庭湖取岳州。 及鄂鼐統水師，增造鳥船百艘，沙船四百三十八艘，置水師三萬人。 征台灣之役，命萬正色督率湖南、浙江戰船二百艘，由海道赴福建。 姚啟聖亦修戰船三百艘，水師二萬人。 施琅之克澎湖，用戰船三百艘，水師二萬人。 施世驃之平硃一貴，用大小戰船六百餘艘。 乾隆間，征緬甸之役，命湖廣船匠造船於蠻暮，取道金沙江以攻緬甸，兼調福建、廣東水師助之。 李長庚之剿海寇，在福建造大船三十艘，名曰霆船，配置大砲四百尊，合閩、浙水師全力，轉戰重洋，遂平蔡牽。
From Kangxi on, open sea favored large ships and rivers light craft; ship types shifted often, quotas grew across vast jurisdictions, and wars brought especially sharp increases. In the campaign against Wu Sangui, Shang Shan led the fleet into Dongting Lake to capture Yuezhou. Under E'nai the navy added one hundred bird boats and 438 sand boats and mustered 30,000 sailors. In the Taiwan campaign, Wan Zhengse led 200 Hunan and Zhejiang warships by sea to Fujian. Yao Qisheng built 300 warships and raised 20,000 sailors. Shi Lang took Penghu with 300 warships and 20,000 sailors. Shi Shipiao suppressed Zhu Yigui with over 600 warships. During Qianlong's Burma campaign, Huguang shipwrights built boats at Manmu for a Jinsha River advance while Fujian and Guangdong sailors reinforced them. Li Changgeng built thirty Fujian thunder boats carrying 400 heavy guns, joined Fujian and Zhejiang at full strength on the open sea, and crushed Cai Qian.
35
道光以後，海警狎至，木質舊船不敵外洋鐵艦之堅利。 同治五年，始仿歐洲兵輪船式，於福建省開廠製造輪船。 江蘇初設輪船四艘。 十一年，廣東、山東各設輪船一艘，奉天設小輪船一艘，咸配置水師。
After Daoguang, repeated maritime crises exposed wooden junks as no match for foreign ironclads. In Tongzhi fifth year, Fujian opened a yard to build steam gunboats on European models. Jiangsu acquired its first four steamers. In the eleventh year, Guangdong and Shandong each got one steamer, Fengtian a small one, all crewed by sailors.
36
其後沿海各省購置兵輪，歲有增益，舊式水師戰船分別裁汰。 至光緒中葉，綜各省外海、內河實存師船之數，奉天外海繒船十艘。 直隸外海長龍船二艘，先鋒舢板船四十八艘。 山東外海拖罾船十四艘，內河哨船六艘。 江蘇外海輪船二艘，艇船八艘，內洋輪船二艘，舢板船六十艘，內河舢板船、艇船三百八十五艘，長江舢板船七十六艘，督陣舢板船七艘，長龍船十艘，巡哨舢板船一百二十八艘。 安徽舢板船二百八十二艘，長龍船十五艘，八團船一艘，槍劃十艘，護卡巡船十五艘，督陣舢板船七艘，輪船二艘。 江西長龍船十五艘，舢板船二百六十三艘，督陣舢板船六艘，輪船一艘。 福建外海長龍船一艘，舢板船十九艘，小艇十四艘，哨船十四艘，龍艚船二艘，拕艚船一艘，內河砲船三十艘。 浙江外海釣船二十七艘，艇船十二艘，龍艚船十七艘，哨船二艘，快船一艘，內河大舢板船五十八艘，中舢板船八十四艘，飛划船四十九艘，長龍船座船二百十三艘，槍船八艘，砲船五艘。 湖北督陣大舢板船八艘，長龍船十二艘，舢板船一百八十艘。 湖南督陣大舢板船四艘，長龍船四艘，舢板船六十艘。 廣東外海大小輪船二十二艘，巡船十四艘，拕船十艘，長龍船一艘，扒船一艘，內河兩櫓槳船一艘，櫓船一艘，槳船四十艘，巡船一百九十六艘，急跳船十五艘，平底槳船二艘，快哨船二艘，快船十四艘，快槳船七艘，艚船四艘，櫓船二艘。
Coastal provinces then bought gunboats yearly while phasing out old-style warships. By mid-Guangxu, provincial fleets counted ten Fengtian open-sea seine boats. Zhili's open sea had two long-dragon boats and forty-eight vanguard sampans. Shandong had fourteen open-sea drag-net boats and six inner-river sentry boats. Jiangsu counted two open-sea steamers, eight cutters, two inner-coastal steamers, sixty sampans, 385 inner-river sampans and cutters, 76 Yangtze sampans, 7 command sampans, 10 long-dragon boats, and 128 patrol sampans. Anhui had 282 sampans, 15 long-dragon boats, one eight-squad boat, ten gun punts, 15 checkpoint patrol boats, 7 command sampans, and 2 steamers. Jiangxi had 15 long-dragon boats, 263 sampans, 6 command sampans, and 1 steamer. Fujian's open sea had one long-dragon boat, 19 sampans, 14 small cutters, 14 sentry boats, 2 dragon junks, and 1 tow junk, plus 30 inner-river gunboats. Zhejiang's open sea had 27 fishing boats, 12 cutters, 17 dragon junks, 2 sentry boats, and 1 fast boat; its rivers had 58 large and 84 medium sampans, 49 flying rowboats, 213 long-dragon command vessels, 8 gun boats, and 5 cannon boats. Hubei had 8 large command sampans, 12 long-dragon boats, and 180 sampans. Hunan had 4 large command sampans, 4 long-dragon boats, and 60 sampans. Guangdong's open sea had 22 steamers, 14 patrol boats, 10 tow boats, 1 long-dragon boat, and 1 scoop boat; its rivers had 1 two-oar paddle boat, 1 oar boat, 40 paddle boats, 196 patrol boats, 15 rapid-leap boats, 2 flat-bottom paddle boats, 2 fast sentry boats, 14 fast boats, 7 fast paddle boats, 4 junks, and 2 oar boats.
37
各省戰船，咸分隸標營，擇地屯泊，以時會哨。 外海師船，以海軍規制漸立，僅任沿海捕盜之責。 各省內河師船，均仿長江水師舢板船之式。 惟巡緝等船，分巡支河汊港，利用輕捷，船制少殊耳。
Provincial warships reported to garrison banners, berthed at assigned stations, and rendezvoused on schedule. As modern naval regulations took shape, open-sea vessels were reduced to coastal pirate suppression. Provincial inner-river fleets followed the Yangtze sampan model. Patrol craft on branch streams and inlets differed slightly for lightness and speed.
38
其漕、河水師營制，始於明代隆慶間。 清代略更其制。 以衛卒專司輓運漕糧，以營兵專任護漕，別設城守營守護城池。 分漕院與巡撫為二，漕運總督標下，統轄左、右、中三營及城守四營，駐山陽境及漕運要地，分別置兵。 淮郡舊為黃、淮二河交注之區，特建兩大閘，設河兵及堡夫守之。 河營遂與漕營並重，各有副將、參將、游擊、守備等官。 河營升遷之例，與軍功等，專司填築堤防之事，而緝捕之責不與焉。
Grain-transport and river naval camp systems dated to Ming Longqing. The Qing modified the system slightly. Guard soldiers hauled tribute grain, camp troops escorted it, and separate city garrisons guarded the towns. The grain bureau and governorship were split; under the grain-transport governor-general, left, center, and right camps plus four city garrisons were posted at Shanyang and key transport points. Huai prefecture, where the Yellow and Huai rivers met, had two great sluices guarded by river troops and fort laborers. River camps ranked with grain camps, each with deputy commanders, brigadiers, mobile brigadiers, and garrison commanders. River camp promotions followed military merit rules; their duty was dikes and embankments, not pursuit and capture.
39
清代水師武功之盛，守洞庭而平吳逆，戰重洋而殲蔡牽，下長江而制粵寇，東南數千里，威行桴鼓，勞臣健將，蹈厲功名，超逾曩代。 及海禁宏開，鐵船橫駛，舟師舊制，弱不敵堅，遂盡失所恃。 時會迫迕，非規畫之疏也。
Qing naval glory peaked in holding Dongting and crushing Wu Sangui, fighting the open sea to destroy Cai Qian, and descending the Yangtze against the Taiping—drum and oar commanding thousands of li in the southeast as tireless ministers and bold generals won fame beyond any earlier age. When the maritime barriers fell and iron-hulled vessels prowled the coast at will, the old river-and-sea forces—light craft against armored hulls—lost every advantage they had once depended on. It was the pressure of the age, not defective planning.
40
凡直省舊額船數分防之制，分列於篇：曰東三省，曰直隸，曰山東，曰江南，附太湖湖標、漕標各水師，曰浙江，曰福建，曰廣東，曰廣西，曰湖南，曰湖北，曰安徽，曰長江水師。
The old quotas and patrol divisions for each directly governed province are treated province by province below: the Three Eastern Provinces, Zhili, Shandong, Jiangnan (with the Taihu and Grain Transport naval banners noted separately), Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and the Yangtze flotillas.
41
東三省沿海各口岸，以金州、旅順口為尤要。 清初即有水師之制。 松花江、嫩江貫注吉林、黑龍江二省腹地。 所設水師營汛，由吉林而北抵墨爾根、黑龍江一帶。 至光緒間，旅順築海軍港，屯駐鐵艦，迥殊曩制。 其東部之圖們、混同江上，時有俄羅斯戰艦侵軼，非舊制師船，械弱兵單，所能控制矣。 列經制水師於後：
Of all the coastal ports in Manchuria, Jinzhou and Port Arthur mattered most. The Qing had maintained waterborne forces from the dynasty's earliest years. The Songhua and Nen rivers pierced the interior of Jilin and Heilongjiang. Naval garrisons and patrol stations ran north from Jilin to Mer-gen and the Amur country. In the Guangxu era, Port Arthur became a modern naval base with ironclads on station—a world apart from the old regime. Along the Tumen and Amur headwaters in the east, Russian warships periodically violated the frontier—far beyond what the legacy patrol fleet, outgunned and understrength, could restrain. The standing naval establishments follow:
42
奉天旅順口，於順治初年設水師營，以山東趕繒船十艘隸之，始編營汛。 康熙十五年，設水師協領二人，佐領二人，防禦四人，驍騎校八人，水兵五百人。 五十三年，由浙江、福建二省船廠造大戰船六艘，由海道至奉省，駐防海口。
At Lüshunkou in Fengtian, the court founded a naval camp in the early Shunzhi reign, assigning ten Shandong chase-net junks and establishing the first patrol stations. In the fifteenth year of Kangxi (1676), the roster stood at two assistant commandants, two company commandants, four defense officers, eight vanguard captains, and five hundred sailors. In Kangxi 53 (1714), six large warships built in Zhejiang and Fujian sailed north to Fengtian for harbor defense.
43
金州水師營隸城守尉，水兵百人。
Jinzhou's naval detachment answered to the city garrison colonel and mustered one hundred sailors.
44
吉林水師營，順治間，設四、五、六品官。 光緒十四年，增設總管一人，六品官二人。
During Shunzhi, Jilin's naval camp received fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-rank officers. In 1888 an additional superintendent and two sixth-rank officers were added.
45
齊齊哈爾水師營，康熙二十三年，設總管一人，四品官二人，六品官二人，造船四、五、六品官各一人，領催八人，水兵二百六十八人，後增至五百六十八人，大戰船二艘，二號戰船十五艘。 康熙四十年，撥歸黑龍江十艘。 雍正間，撥歸墨爾根六艘，存大小戰船二十五艘，江船五艘，划子船十艘。
At Qiqihar, Kangxi 23 (1684) brought a superintendent, two fourth-rank and two sixth-rank officers, shipwright officers of three ranks, eight supply officers, 268 sailors (later 568), two heavy junks, and fifteen second-class warships. In 1701 ten vessels were reassigned to the Heilongjiang flotilla. Under Yongzheng, six boats went to Mer-gen; Qiqihar retained twenty-five war junks of various sizes, five river craft, and ten rowboats.
46
墨爾根水師營，康熙二十三年，設四品官一人，領催一人，由本城協領兼轄，凡戰船六艘，水兵四十三人，雍正間增戰船六艘。
Mer-gen's naval camp, established Kangxi 23, had one fourth-rank officer and one supply officer under the city's assistant commandant; it began with six warships and forty-three sailors, and Yongzheng added six more.
47
黑龍江水師營，康熙二十三年，設總管一人，五品官二人，六品官二人，領催八人，戰船三十艘，水兵四百十九人。 四十年，自齊齊哈爾撥船增之，凡大戰船十艘，二號戰船四十艘，江船十艘，划子船十艘。
Heilongjiang's camp, Kangxi 23: one superintendent, two fifth- and two sixth-rank officers, eight supply officers, thirty warships, and 419 sailors. In 1701, transfers from Qiqihar raised its strength to ten heavy junks, forty second-class warships, ten river boats, and ten rowboats.
48
直隸省水師，始於雍正四年，設天津水師營，都統一人，駐天津，專防海口，水師凡二千人，省內各河，咸歸陸汛，無內河水師。 乾隆八年，增設副都統一人，水師千人，大小趕繒船二十四艘，仔船八艘。 三十二年，以海口無事，徒費餉糈，全行裁汰。 嘉慶二十一年，復設水師千人。 旋設大名鎮，以水師總兵歸併大名，實存守備一人，參將一人，千總二人，把總三人，水師四百九十一人。 嘉慶十九年，直隸督臣那彥成以官兵虛設，兵船多朽，疏請裁撤，仍併入大名鎮。 咸豐八年，以海疆多警，增設海口六營，於大沽南北兩岸，修築砲台，凡大砲台五座，平砲台十座，大砲九十九尊，水師三千人，以五百人為一營，分編左右六營。 九年，改為一千八百人。 同治八年，督臣李鴻章疏請酌定營制，設大沽協副將，駐新城海口，防守砲台。 光緒元年，李鴻章於大沽、北塘等處，增建砲台，購置歐洲鐵甲快船、碰船、水雷船，以海軍將領統之，不隸舊制協標之內。
Zhili's naval arm dates to Yongzheng 4 (1726), when a Tianjin naval camp was raised under a banner general to guard the estuary with two thousand sailors; inland rivers were left to land garrisons, with no separate river flotilla. In 1743 a vice banner general joined the command, along with a thousand sailors, twenty-four chase-net junks, and eight tenders. In 1767, with the harbor quiet and pay going to waste, the whole establishment was scrapped. In 1816 a thousand-man naval contingent was restored. Daming garrison was soon created; the naval brigade general was absorbed into it, leaving one garrison commander, one regimental commander, two battalion commanders, three platoon commanders, and 491 sailors. In 1814 Governor Nayancheng of Zhili reported that the force was hollow and the hulls rotting, and asked that it be dissolved back into Daming garrison. In 1858, with the coast under repeated threat, six harbor camps were added along both shores of Dagu: five main forts, ten barbette positions, ninety-nine heavy guns, and three thousand sailors in six battalions of five hundred each. The next year the force was cut to 1,800 men. In 1869 Li Hongzhang proposed a permanent organization: an assistant brigade general at Dagu, based at Xincheng mouth to hold the forts. In 1875 Li Hongzhang extended the Dagu and Beitang batteries and bought European ironclads, rams, and torpedo craft under naval officers—outside the old assistant-command structure.
49
其內河水師船，始於同治間，仿長江水師之制，設督標水師中營，管帶官一人，哨官三十二人，水師四百七十六人，舢板戰船三十二艘，駐三岔河口，親兵總哨官一人，哨官十四人，水師二百二人，舢板戰船十四艘，駐西沽河口。
River patrols came in the Tongzhi era, copied from the Yangtze model: a central naval battalion under the governor's banner with 476 sailors and 32 sampan gunboats at Sancha mouth, plus a personal guard detachment of 202 men and 14 boats at Xigou mouth.
50
山東，順治元年，始於登州府設水師營，領以守備、千總等官，凡沙唬船、邊江船十三艘，水兵三百八十六人，駐紮水城，分防東西海口。 十五年，移沂州鎮於膠州，改膠州水師為陸營。 十八年，移臨清鎮於登州，以隸屬城守營之水師，改為前營水師。 康熙四十三年，增設游擊二員及守備以下各官，增水師為千二百人，改沙唬船為趕繒船二十艘，分巡東西海口，東至寧海州，西至萊州府，分為前後二營，各專其職。 四十五年，以前營水師移駐膠州，巡哨南海，後營水師駐水城，巡哨北海。 五十三年，裁後營經制員弁，裁水師七百人，撥趕繒船十艘赴旅順口，僅存前營水師游擊等官，趕繒船十艘，分南北二汛，以游擊、守備分轄兵船之半。 雍正七年，每船增兵十人，兩汛共增兵百人，增雙篷艍船七艘，每艘配兵三十人，南汛艍船三艘，北汛艍船四艘，北汛增將弁一人。 九年，又增設艍船三艘，增兵一百九十人，每艍船共配兵四十人，南北汛各五艘。 十二年，增將弁六人，又於成山頭增設東汛水師，抽撥南北汛趕繒船各一艘，雙篷艍船各一艘，分配戰守兵，撥南北汛將弁四人，配船巡哨成山、馬頭嘴一帶，與各汛會旗，總歸水師前營管轄，以本鎮統之。 列定制於後：
Shandong's first naval camp, Shunzhi 1, was at Dengzhou under garrison and battalion commanders: thirteen patrol junks, 386 sailors, billeted in the Water City to cover both harbor mouths. In Shunzhi 15, Yizhou garrison relocated to Jiaozhou, and Jiaozhou's naval unit became a land garrison. In Shunzhi 18, Linqing garrison moved to Dengzhou; the city garrison's sailors were reorganized as the Forward Naval Camp. In 1704 two brigade commanders and a full officer corps were added, raising strength to 1,200 sailors and replacing sand junks with twenty chase-net boats; patrols ran from Ninghai east to Laizhou west in separate Forward and Rear camps. In 1706 the Forward Camp shifted to Jiaozhou for the southern patrol, while the Rear Camp stayed in the Water City for the northern coast. In 1714 the Rear Camp's officers were struck and 700 men cut; ten junks went to Lüshunkou, leaving the Forward Camp with ten boats in north and south divisions under the brigade and garrison commanders. In 1729 each boat gained ten men—a hundred in all—and seven double-sailed ju craft joined the fleet, thirty men apiece; the south patrol took three, the north four, with an extra officer on the northern station. In 1731 three more ju boats and 190 sailors were added, forty men per boat, giving each patrol season five ju craft. In 1734 six officers were added and an East Patrol was stood up at Chengshan Head, each existing division contributing one chase-net junk and one ju boat; four officers patrolled Chengshan and Matouzui, coordinating by signal flag with the other stations—all under the Forward Camp and the garrison general. The authorized roster follows:
51
前營水師，游擊、守備各一人，千總二人，把總四人，外委千總二人，外委把總四人，水戰兵八百人，守兵二百人，趕繒船十艘，雙篷艍船十艘，每船各帶腳船一艘。 南汛駐膠州之頭營子，游擊一人，把總二人，外委千總、把總各一人，趕繒船四艘，雙篷船四艘，共配戰守兵四百人，南境巡哨至江南交界之鶯游山，東至榮成縣馬頭嘴，與東汛會旗。 東汛駐養魚池，千總、把總各一人，外委千總、把總各一人，趕繒船四艘，雙篷艍船四艘，共配戰守兵四百人，南境巡哨至馬頭嘴，與南汛會旗，北境巡哨至成山頭，與北汛會旗。 北汛駐登州府水城，中軍守備、千總、把總各一人，外委把總二人，趕繒船四艘，雙篷艍船四艘，共配戰守兵四百人，南境巡哨至成山頭，與東汛會旗，北境巡哨至隍城島，與直隸水師、盛京水師分界。
The Forward Naval Camp mustered one brigade commander, one garrison commander, two battalion commanders, four platoon commanders, two brevet battalion commanders, four brevet platoon commanders, 800 combat sailors and 200 garrison sailors, ten chase-net junks and ten double-sailed ju boats—each towing a tender. The South Patrol, based at Touyingzi in Jiaozhou, fielded a brigade commander, two platoon commanders, brevet officers, four chase-net and four double-sailed boats, and 400 sailors; its beat ran south to Yingyoushan on the Jiangnan border and east to Matouzui, where it met the East Patrol by signal flag. The East Patrol at Yangyuchi had battalion and platoon commanders, brevet officers, four chase-net and four ju boats, and 400 men; it linked south with the South Patrol at Matouzui and north with the North Patrol at Chengshan Head. The North Patrol at Dengzhou's Water City held a garrison commander, battalion and platoon commanders, two brevet platoon commanders, four chase-net and four ju boats, and 400 sailors; southward it met the East Patrol at Chengshan Head, northward it marked the boundary with Zhili and Shengjing at Huangcheng Island.
52
江南水師，順治初年，江蘇松江等營，各有捕盜小快船四十艘，常州、鎮江等營，各有一、二十艘不等。 自康熙七年，查毀沿江海各營出海之船，其內河快船，亦從裁汰。 嗣巡撫馬祜、提督楊捷疏請蘇、松、常、鎮四府，各塘汛設水師巡船三百二十五艘，以靖水盜。 雍正元年，江蘇、浙江督撫會商，以太湖連跨二省，夙為盜藪，乃於湖濱各口，增設水師營汛巡船，分界巡防。 其湖內各地，系二省交會者，令參將各率水師會同巡緝。 五年，令京口八旗營仿天津水師之制，設京口水師營，分撥京口大小戰船二十艘至江寧練習。 其駐寧水師，凡滿洲、蒙古兵千人，設協領四人，佐領、防禦、驍騎校各十二人。 是為江南水師之始。
Jiangnan's naval arm began in early Shunzhi, when Songjiang and other Jiangsu garrisons each kept forty small anti-piracy cutters and Changzhou and Zhenjiang held ten to twenty apiece. From Kangxi 7 (1668) the court seized and scrapped seagoing craft from every river and coastal garrison, and inland fast boats were cut as well. Governor Ma Hu and Regional Commander Yang Jie later asked that Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, and Zhenjiang post 325 patrol boats at their river stations to suppress water bandits. In 1723 the Jiangsu and Zhejiang governors agreed that Taihu, spanning both provinces and long a thieves' haven, needed new naval camps and patrol craft at its outlets for joint policing. In waters where the two provinces met, the brigade generals on each side led their sailors in combined patrols and arrests. In 1727 the Jingkou Eight Banners were ordered to copy Tianjin's naval model, founding a Jingkou naval camp and sending twenty war junks downriver to Jiangning for training. The Ning garrison mustered a thousand Manchu and Mongol sailors under four assistant commandants and twelve company commandants, defense officers, and vanguard captains each. Thus began the Jiangnan naval establishment.
53
鎮守京口左右兩路水師，設統兵官二人，分統左右營，各置沙船二十八艘，水艍船八艘，犁繒船八艘，舵椗手二百二十人，水手、匠役四百九十二人。 康熙二十一年，改隸江南提督標下，分為中、左、右三營。 三十六年，裁總兵官，設副將以下各官，每營設沙船二十三艘，唬船七艘，小巴船四艘，水手四百六十八人。 自雍正二年後，迭有改撥，每營存唬船二艘，小巴唬船七艘，渡馬淺船六艘。
The Jingkou left and right naval routes each had a commander, twenty-eight sand junks, eight ju patrol boats, eight li-zeng boats, 220 helmsmen and anchorsmen, and 492 sailors and shipwrights. In 1682 they passed to the Jiangnan regional commander's banner and were split into central, left, and right camps. In 1697 the brigade general was removed in favor of a vice general and subordinates; each camp then held twenty-three sand junks, seven display boats, four small ba craft, and 468 sailors. After Yongzheng 2 (1724) repeated reallocations left each camp with two display boats, seven small ba-hu craft, and six shallow horse-ferries.
54
江南提督水師標兵，順治四年，始設參將以下各官，分為中、左、右、前、後五營及城守六營。 中營唬船一艘，巡船十五艘，中號四櫓哨船二艘，槳櫓快哨船二艘。 左營唬船三艘，巡船十五艘，中號四櫓哨船二艘，槳櫓快哨船二艘。 右營浦江游巡哨船四艘，改設哨船一艘，槳船一艘，二櫓哨船一艘，巡船七艘。 前營中號四櫓哨船二艘，槳櫓快哨船二艘，巡船二十二艘。 後營唬船一艘，中號四櫓哨船二艘，槳櫓快哨船二艘，巡船八艘。
The Jiangnan regional commander's naval banner, established Shunzhi 4, placed regimental commanders and subordinates over five sea camps—central, left, right, forward, and rear—and six city-garrison detachments. The central camp: one display boat, fifteen patrol craft, two medium four-oared sentry boats, and two fast oared sentry boats. The left camp: three display boats, fifteen patrol craft, two medium four-oared sentry boats, and two fast oared sentry boats. The right camp's Pu River patrol had held four sentry boats; it was reorganized to one sentry boat, one oared craft, one two-oared sentry boat, and seven patrol boats. The forward camp: two medium four-oared sentry boats, two fast oared sentry boats, and twenty-two patrol boats. The rear camp: one display boat, two medium four-oared sentry boats, two fast oared sentry boats, and eight patrol boats.
55
松江城守營唬船一艘，中號四櫓哨船二艘，槳櫓快哨船二艘，巡船一艘。
Songjiang city garrison: one display boat, two medium four-oared sentry boats, two fast oared sentry boats, and one patrol boat.
56
金山營巡船十三艘。
Jinshan garrison: thirteen patrol boats.
57
柘林營巡船四艘。
Zhelin garrison: four patrol boats.
58
青村營巡船二艘，小哨船一艘。
Qingcun garrison: two patrol boats and one small sentry craft.
59
南匯營大罟船二艘，小哨船四艘。
Nanhui garrison: two large seine-net boats and four small sentry craft.
60
川沙營捕匪大罟船三艘，放大罟船三艘，大罟船二艘，小哨船二艘，小號二櫓哨船二艘。
Chuansha garrison: three large anti-bandit seine boats, three extended seine craft, two large seiners, two small sentry boats, and two small two-oared sentry boats.
61
劉河營巡船八艘。
Liuhe garrison: eight patrol boats.
62
吳淞營沙船三艘，艍犁船四艘。
Wusong garrison: three sand junks and four ju-li patrol craft.
63
福山營沙船四艘，官渡船四艘，巡船十六艘，後改為福山鎮標，設總兵以下各官。
Fushan garrison held four sand junks, four official ferries, and sixteen patrol boats; it was later upgraded to a garrison banner under a brigade general.
64
太湖營沙船、快船、巴唬船共三十二艘，後改為太湖協標，設副將以下各官。
Taihu garrison mustered thirty-two sand junks, fast boats, and ba-hu craft combined; it later became an assistant-command banner under a vice general.
65
常州營巡船二十九艘。
Changzhou garrison: twenty-nine patrol boats.
66
江陰營唬船二艘，巡船七艘。
Jiangyin garrison: two display boats and seven patrol craft.
67
靖江營唬船二艘。
Jingjiang garrison: two display boats.
68
楊舍營巡船二艘。
Yangshe garrison: two patrol boats.
69
鎮江城守營，順治十五年，設鎮守蘇、松水師總兵官，分中、左、右水師三營，各設沙船九艘，趕繒船五艘，尋改為參將等官，設巡船二十三艘。
Zhenjiang's city garrison, Shunzhi 15, raised a brigade general for Suzhou-Songjiang naval forces with three camps, each holding nine sand junks and five chase-net boats; the post was soon reduced to a regimental commander with twenty-three patrol boats.
70
江南督標游兵營，順治初年，隸操江巡撫標下，設游擊以下各官，大唬船一艘，小唬船二十七艘。 康熙元年，裁併入督標。
The Jiangnan governor's mobile camp, early Shunzhi, served under the River-Patrol governor with a brigade commander, one large display boat, and twenty-seven small display craft. In 1662 it was abolished and absorbed into the governor's banner.
71
奇兵營，順治初年，隨操江巡撫赴安徽省駐防，改為太平右營，設游擊以下各官。 康熙元年，裁併入安慶營。
The Irregular camp, early Shunzhi, accompanied the River-Patrol governor to Anhui and was renamed the Taiping Right camp under a brigade commander. In 1662 it was abolished and merged into the Anqing garrison.
72
瓜洲營，順治二年，設守備以下各官，專防江北水汛，唬船八艘。 康熙元年，改為參將，併入江南督標。 十一年，改為瓜洲城守備，唬船八艘。 其各縣分防水師，寶應汛船十五艘，氾水汛船十四艘，永安汛船二十三艘，高郵汛船十六艘，江都汛船十四艘。
Guazhou garrison, Shunzhi 2, placed a garrison commander and subordinates to guard the north-bank water line with eight display boats. In 1662 it was downgraded to a regimental command and folded into the Jiangnan governor's banner. In 1672 it became a city garrison command at Guazhou with eight display boats. County detachments posted: Baoying fifteen boats, Fanshui fourteen, Yong'an twenty-three, Gaoyou sixteen, Jiangdu fourteen.
73
淮安廟灣營，順治初年，設游擊以下各官，沙船五艘，唬船四艘。
Huai'an's Miaowan garrison, early Shunzhi, fielded a brigade commander, five sand junks, and four display boats.
74
佃湖營，雍正九年，由廟灣營分防，設都司以下各官，沙船三艘，巡船四艘，唬船一艘，內河巡哨船一艘。
Dianhu garrison, spun off from Miaowan in Yongzheng 9, held a brigade commander, three sand junks, four patrol boats, one display boat, and one inland patrol craft.
75
營城營，順治三年，設守備以下各官，唬船四艘，小巡船四艘。 乾隆十一年，改為唬船一艘，巡海哨船二艘，三號四號沙船二艘，小巡船四艘。
Yingcheng garrison, Shunzhi 3, placed a garrison commander with four display boats and four small patrol craft. In 1746 its fleet was reset to one display boat, two coastal sentry craft, two third- and fourth-class sand junks, and four small patrol boats.
76
小關營，雍正十一年，由鹽城營分防，設都司以下各官，沙船二艘，唬船一艘，快船一艘。
Xiaoguan garrison, detached from Yancheng in Yongzheng 11, kept a brigade commander, two sand junks, one display boat, and one fast craft.
77
海州營，順治四年，設游擊以下各官，小巡船五艘。 康熙三年，併入東海營，增設沙唬船十艘。
Haizhou garrison, Shunzhi 4, mustered a brigade commander and five small patrol boats. In 1664 it was merged into the Donghai garrison, which gained ten sand-display boats.
78
東海營，順治初年，設守備以下各官。 十八年裁撤。 康熙十八年復設。 其分防汛地，鷹游內外洋汛船二艘，大浦汛商船二艘，海頭汛唬船一艘，臨洪口汛哨船二艘，高公島汛沙船一艘。
The Donghai garrison, early Shunzhi, was led by a garrison commander and subordinates. It was abolished in Shunzhi 18. It was restored in Kangxi 18 (1679). Its patrol sectors held: two boats at the Yingyou inner and outer sea station, two merchant-craft at Dapu, one display boat at Haitou, two sentry craft at Linhong mouth, and one sand junk at Gaogong Island.
79
江蘇撫標左右營，順治四年，設參將以下各官，左營巡船十艘，右營巡船十艘。
The Jiangsu governor's left and right camps, Shunzhi 4, each placed a regimental commander with ten patrol boats.
80
蘇州城守營，順治四年，設參將以下各官，巡船五十八艘。
The Suzhou city-defense garrison, established in Shunzhi 4 (1647), was led by a regimental commander and held fifty-eight patrol boats.
81
平望營，順治三年，設游擊以下各官，巡船十七艘。 初隸提督標，乾隆以後，改隸巡撫標，巡船二十艘。
Pingwang garrison, Shunzhi 3, mustered a mobile brigade commander with seventeen patrol boats. It first answered to the regional commander's banner, but after the Qianlong reign was reassigned to the governor's banner, with twenty patrol boats.
82
福山營，自提督標分防，設游擊以下各官，其沙船四艘，巡船六艘，官渡船四艘，船數仍如曩制。 道光間，以海疆要地，改為鎮標，設總兵以下各官，分為中、左、右三營。
Fushan garrison, detached from the regional commander's banner for separate defense, kept a mobile brigade commander, four sand junks, six patrol boats, and four official ferry craft—the fleet unchanged from the earlier establishment. In the Daoguang years, as a vital coastal post, it was raised to a brigade banner with a commander and subordinates split into center, left, and right camps.
83
淞北營，原隸督標內河水師，同治十一年，改隸江南提標水師，增設副將以下各官，仿長江水師之制，設舢板船十六艘。
Songbei garrison, once part of the governor's inland fleet, passed in Tongzhi 11 to the Jiangnan regional naval command; a deputy commander was added, the Yangtze model was adopted, and sixteen sampan warcraft were assigned.
84
淞南營，同治十一年，改隸里河淞北協標，增設游擊以下各官，仿長江水師之制，設舢板船、座船凡三十七艘。
Songnan garrison, in Tongzhi 11, was placed under the inland Songbei cooperative banner; a mobile brigade commander was added, the Yangtze pattern followed, and thirty-seven sampan and command craft were fielded.
85
江北狼山鎮標，順治十八年，設總兵以下各官．分中、左、右三營。 中營趕繒船一艘，沙船一艘，唬船三艘，渡船五艘。 左營趕繒船一艘，沙船二艘，唬船三艘，渡船六艘。 右營趕繒船六艘，沙船一艘，唬船四艘，渡船三艘。
The Jiangbei Langshan brigade banner, Shunzhi 18, was led by a commander and split into center, left, and right camps. The center camp: one pursuit junk, one sand junk, three display boats, and five ferry craft. The left camp: one pursuit junk, two sand junks, three display boats, and six ferry craft. The right camp: six pursuit junks, one sand junk, four display boats, and three ferry craft.
86
泰州營，順治二年，設游擊以下各官，趕繒船二艘，沙船二艘。
Taizhou garrison, Shunzhi 2, placed a mobile brigade commander with two pursuit junks and two sand junks.
87
掘港營，順治三年，設守備以下各官，唬船三艘。
Juegang garrison, Shunzhi 3, was led by a garrison commander and kept three display boats.
88
康熙二十三年，以京口將軍標下沙船二十二艘，唬船十八艘，隸狼山鎮標，為海口巡防水師。 二十八年，以戰船四艘，仍撥歸京口。 四十八年，改為中、左、右三營。 中營趕繒船三艘，沙船二艘。 左營趕繒船三艘，沙船三艘。 右營趕繒船四艘，沙船二艘，唬船四艘。 雍正十年，實存大小水師船二十二艘。 十三年，右營增小哨沙船一艘。 同治五年，增設綏通、綏海二營，隸長江水師提督。
In Kangxi 23 (1684), twenty-two sand junks and eighteen display boats from the Jingkou general's banner were transferred to the Langshan brigade banner as the estuary patrol fleet. In Kangxi 28, four warships were reassigned to Jingkou. In Kangxi 48 it was reorganized into center, left, and right camps. The center camp held three pursuit junks and two sand junks. The left camp held three pursuit junks and three sand junks. The right camp held four pursuit junks, two sand junks, and four display boats. In Yongzheng 10 (1732), twenty-two large and small naval vessels were actually on the rolls. In Yongzheng 13 the right camp gained one small sentry sand junk. In Tongzhi 5 (1866), the Suitong and Suihai garrisons were added under the Yangtze naval regional commander.
89
江南福山鎮標，道光二十三年，設總兵以下各官，分中、左、右三營，以舊有之福山營水師為福中營，蘇松奇兵營水師為福左營，楊厙水師為福右營。 中營舊設巡船十五艘，日久朽壞無存，以沙船四艘增換闊頭舢板船五艘，左營設大小舢板船八艘，右營設大小舢板船五艘。 同治九年，改定營制，以中營併入左右營，以左營原轄之海門廳屬西半洋沙等汛，隸通州營，以左營分中左右三哨，分駕巡船十二艘，出巡洋面，以右營駐防陸路各汛。
The Jiangnan Fushan brigade banner, Daoguang 23 (1843), placed a commander and split into center, left, and right camps: the old Fushan naval garrison became the center camp, the Su-Song irregular naval force the left, and the Yangshe fleet the right. The center camp's fifteen patrol boats had rotted away; four sand junks were traded in for five broad-bowed sampans, while the left camp received eight large and small sampans and the right camp five. In Tongzhi 9 (1870) the establishment was reset: the center camp was absorbed into the wings; the left camp's Haimen sectors on the western Ban-yang-sha sandbars passed to Tongzhou; the left wing was split into three squadrons sharing twelve patrol boats for open-sea cruising, while the right wing held the land stations.
90
太湖水師，始於雍正間。 太湖連跨蘇州、常州、湖州之境，為全吳巨浸。 湖中風浪與江海異，故巡湖水師，船制亦殊。 其衛所巡司則以巡船，水師則以哨船。 雍正二年，設太湖營游擊、千總、把總各一人。 五年，以大錢汛口為浙江省瀕湖要道，增守備、千總各一人，把總三人，戰守水兵原額千人，歷年裁併，實存水戰兵一百八十六人，守兵四百七十二人，分防各處：甪頭汛兵一百八十五人，沙快船五艘； 西山汛兵六十九人，沙快船二艘； 浙江烏程汛兵一百九十七人，沙快船九艘； 伍浦汛兵六十九人，快巡船九艘； 南浦汛兵一百七人，快巡船九艘。 七年，以沙船六艘為湖中大汛巡防，其餘改小號巡船二十艘，巡緝支河小港。 九年，分水師為左右二營，左營守備駐簡村，列汛凡六，當震澤縣界。 千總一人，駐鯰魚口，列汛十有二，當吳縣、吳江、震澤界。 把總二人：一駐東山，列汛凡八，當吳縣界； 一駐吳江，列汛凡八，當吳江、震澤界。 右營守備駐周鐵橋，列汛凡六，當宜興、陽湖界。 千總一人，駐馬山，列汛十有四，當常州、無錫、陽湖界。 把總二人：一駐黿山，列汛凡七，當吳縣界； 一駐鳳川，列汛凡七，當宜興、荊溪界。 乾隆間，設副將以下各官，水師戰船，凡巴唬船十六艘，沙船三艘，大快船七艘，小快船三十二艘。 至道光間，存巴唬船十六艘，沙船二艘，大快船六艘，小快船二十艘，槳船十艘。 迨咸豐年粵匪亂後，營伍船械全失。 同治間，重整水師，盡易舊制，仿長江營制，設太湖協標二營，舢板戰船三十六艘。 此江南水師之制也。
The Taihu navy dates to the Yongzheng reign. Taihu sprawls across Suzhou, Changzhou, and Huzhou—the great inland sea of the lower Yangzi delta. Wind and chop on the lake differ from river and sea conditions, so the lake patrol fleet used its own hull types. Guard posts and patrol offices sailed patrol craft; the navy itself manned sentry boats. In Yongzheng 2 (1724) the Taihu garrison was created with one mobile brigade commander, one battalion officer, and one platoon officer. In Yongzheng 5, as Daqian mouth was Zhejiang's chief lakeside crossing, a garrison commander, battalion officer, and three platoon officers were added; though the original quota stood at a thousand sailors, cuts left 186 combat hands and 472 garrison troops posted thus: Lutou, 185 men and five fast sand junks; Xishan, 69 men and two fast sand junks; Wucheng in Zhejiang, 197 men and nine fast sand junks; Wupu, 69 men and nine fast patrol craft; Nanpu, 107 men and nine fast patrol craft. In Yongzheng 7 six sand junks guarded the lake during the high season; the remainder became twenty small patrol boats for tributaries and back channels. In Yongzheng 9 the fleet split into left and right camps; the left garrison commander at Jiancun held six posts along the Zhenze county line. One battalion officer at Nianyu mouth covered twelve posts where Wu, Wujiang, and Zhenze met. Two platoon officers: one at Dongshan with eight posts on the Wu county line; one at Wujiang with eight posts on the Wujiang–Zhenze line. The right camp's garrison commander at Zhoutie Bridge held six posts on the Yixing–Yanghu border. One battalion officer at Mashan covered fourteen posts where Changzhou, Wuxi, and Yanghu converged. Two platoon officers: one at Turtle Hill with seven posts on the Wu county line; one at Fengchuan with seven posts on the Yixing–Jingxi line. Under Qianlong a deputy commander was appointed, and the war fleet numbered sixteen ba-display boats, three sand junks, seven large fast craft, and thirty-two small fast craft. By the Daoguang years the rolls showed sixteen ba-display boats, two sand junks, six large and twenty small fast craft, and ten oared boats. After the Taiping uprising in the Xianfeng era, the garrisons lost every ship and weapon. In the Tongzhi restoration the fleet was rebuilt on the Yangtze model: a two-camp Taihu cooperative banner with thirty-six sampan warcraft, the old establishment discarded entirely. Such was the organization of the Jiangnan navy.
91
其長江水師之在江南省者，為瓜洲鎮標，轄瓜洲營、孟湖營、三江營、江陰營，戰船兵額，與各省長江水師同。
The Yangtze fleet in Jiangnan was the Guazhou brigade banner, overseeing Guazhou, Menghu, Sanjiang, and Jiangyin garrisons—its ships and quotas matched the Yangtze commands of other provinces.
92
河道總督標營凡二十營，雍正七年，以漕標右營改隸河標設，巡船九艘。 山清里河上營，康熙十七年設，船六十八艘。 里河下營，雍正六年，由里河營分設，船十三艘。 外河上營，船一百十四艘。 山安海防河營，雍正七年，由外河營分設，船五十四艘。 高堰上營，康熙三十八年，由盱眙營分設，船三十四艘。 山盱下營，雍正七年，由高堰營分設，船十七艘。 桃源安清營，康熙三十八年設，船二十三艘。 揚河上營，康熙十七年設，船八十二艘。 揚河下營，雍正七年設，船十四艘。 徐河南北營，雍正六年設，船三十艘。 邳睢河營，順治初年設，船七十五艘。 宿虹南北營，順治初年設，船百艘。 桃源南北營，順治初年設，船六十八艘。 宿遷運河營，雍正六年設，船十九艘。 凡河防各營，設守備以下各官，大小各船，分浚船、柳船二類，修防河工，以營制部勒之。
The canal director-general's banner comprised twenty garrisons; one, spun off from the grain fleet's right wing in Yongzheng 7, kept nine patrol boats. The Shanqing inner-river upper garrison, founded in Kangxi 17 (1678), fielded sixty-eight boats. The inner-river lower garrison, detached in Yongzheng 6, held thirteen boats. The outer-river upper garrison mustered one hundred fourteen boats. The Shan'an coastal-defense river garrison, split from the outer-river command in Yongzheng 7, kept fifty-four boats. The Gaoyan upper garrison, detached from Xuyi in Kangxi 38 (1699), held thirty-four boats. The Shan-Xu lower garrison, split from Gaoyan in Yongzheng 7, kept seventeen boats. The Taoyuan–Anqing garrison, established in Kangxi 38, fielded twenty-three boats. The Yangzhou canal upper garrison, founded in Kangxi 17, mustered eighty-two boats. The Yangzhou canal lower garrison, created in Yongzheng 7, held fourteen boats. The Xu River north-south garrison, established in Yongzheng 6, kept thirty boats. The Pi–Sui river garrison, early Shunzhi, fielded seventy-five boats. The Su–Hong north-south garrison, early Shunzhi, mustered one hundred boats. The Taoyuan north-south garrison, early Shunzhi, held sixty-eight boats. The Suqian canal garrison, established in Yongzheng 6, kept nineteen boats. Every river-defense garrison placed a garrison commander and subordinates, with dredgers and willow-boat fleets of various sizes to maintain the works—all marshaled under the camp system.
93
漕運總督水師標營，分中營、左營、右營、城守四營，以中、左、右三營任護漕之責，以城守四營任地方之責，駐山陽境及漕運所經之地。 其運輓漕糧，則以衛卒任之。
The grain-transport director-general's naval banner split into center, left, right, and city-defense camps: the first three escorted the tribute grain, the city-defense wing held local posts, all stationed in Shanyang and along the canal route. Actual hauling of the tribute grain fell to the guard soldiers.
94
浙江水師，杭州協錢塘水師營，順治初年，設守備各官，兵一百十五人，鱉子門汛兵七十九人，新城汛兵三十一人，塘棲汛兵九十三人，錢江汛兵七十七人，富陽汛兵一百五十人，防守河庄山唬船四艘，運河內河快唬船十一艘，錢塘江渡馬船六艘。
In Zhejiang the Hangzhou cooperative Qiantang naval garrison, early Shunzhi, placed a garrison commander with 115 troops: Biezi Gate 79, Xincheng 31, Tangxi 93, Qianjiang 77, Fuyang 150; its fleet comprised four display boats at Hezhuang Mountain, eleven fast display craft on the canal, and six horse ferries on the Qiantang River.
95
乍浦水師營，雍正二年，以定海鎮右營改歸乍浦，設參將各官，水戰兵二百四十人，守兵二百七十六人，戰船十艘，內洋岑港轄洋面汛三十三，內洋瀝港轄洋面汛十五，內洋岱山轄洋面汛十九。
Zhapu naval garrison, Yongzheng 2 (1724), absorbed the Dinghai brigade's right wing; a regimental commander led 240 combat sailors and 276 garrison troops with ten warships, covering thirty-three open-sea sectors from Cen Harbor, fifteen from Ligang, and nineteen from Daishan.
96
嘉興協營，設副將各官，駐防府城，兵四百三十二人，快唬船五艘。 海鹽汛兵一百七十五人，快唬船三艘。 乍浦汛兵二百十三人，快唬船二艘。 澉浦汛兵百人，快唬船一艘。 石門汛兵一百十人，快唬船四艘。 桐鄉汛兵七十六人，快唬船二艘。 濮院汛兵六十一人，快唬船三艘。 新城汛兵四十人，快唬船一艘。 平湖汛兵九十九人，快唬船三艘。 嘉善汛兵七十人，快唬船二艘。 嘉興汛兵六十九人，快唬船二艘。 王江涇汛兵五十六人，快唬船二艘。 雍正十年，裁撤快唬船二十艘，改造大號巡船二十艘，小號巡船二十艘，分配各汛。
The Jiaxing cooperative garrison, led by a deputy commander at the prefectural seat, mustered 432 troops and five fast display boats. Haiyan station: 175 men and three fast display boats. Zhapu station: 213 men and two fast display boats. Kanpu station: 100 men and one fast display boat. Shimen station: 110 men and four fast display boats. Tongxiang station: 76 men and two fast display boats. Puyuan station: 61 men and three fast display boats. Xincheng station: 40 men and one fast display boat. Pinghu station: 99 men and three fast display boats. Jiashan station: 70 men and two fast display boats. Jiaxing station: 69 men and two fast display boats. Wangjiangjing station: 56 men and two fast display boats. In Yongzheng 10 twenty fast display boats were scrapped and rebuilt as twenty large and twenty small patrol craft, then parcelled out among the stations.
97
湖州協營，設副將各官，駐防府城，兵四百七十六人，快巡船十三艘。 左營分防雙林汛兵五十人，快巡船三艘，德清汛兵三十四人，快巡船四艘，新市汛兵四十二人，快巡船四艘，含山汛兵四十二人，快巡船四艘，菱湖汛兵三十九人，快巡船五艘。 右營分防泗安汛兵五十人，快巡船三艘。 長興汛兵四十四人，快巡船二艘。 武康汛兵二十人，快巡船一艘。 馬要汛兵二十人，快巡船一艘。 烏鎮汛兵二十四人，快巡船一艘。 南潯汛兵五十八人，快巡船六艘。 菁山汛兵十六人，快巡船一艘。 梅溪汛兵八十人，快巡船二艘。
The Huzhou cooperative garrison, led by a deputy commander at the prefectural seat, mustered 476 troops and thirteen fast patrol boats. The left wing posted: Shuanglin, 50 men and three fast patrol craft; Deqing, 34 and four; Xinshi, 42 and four; Hanshan, 42 and four; Linghu, 39 and five. The right wing held Si'an with 50 men and three fast patrol craft. Changxing station: 44 men and two fast patrol craft. Wukang station: 20 men and one fast patrol craft. Mayao station: 20 men and one fast patrol craft. Wuzhen station: 24 men and one fast patrol craft. Nanxun station: 58 men and six fast patrol craft. Jingshan station: 16 men and one fast patrol craft. Meixi station: 80 men and two fast patrol craft.
98
紹興協營，設副將各官，水師一千八百七十二人，用衛所之制，設臨海、觀海二衛，瀝海、三江二所。 雍正十年，設周家路水師汛，置紹字一、二號巡船二艘。
The Shaoxing cooperative garrison, led by a deputy commander, numbered 1,872 sailors organized on the Ming guard-post model: the Linhai and Guanhai guards and the Lihai and Sanjiang posts. In Yongzheng 10 the Zhoujialu naval station was opened with two patrol boats, Shao No. 1 and Shao No. 2.
99
寧波府，順治三年，設水師營參將二人，分左右二營，水戰兵四百人，守兵四百人。 十四年，設寧台溫水師總兵官及以下各官。 康熙九年，設水師提督及左右二路總兵官，七年罷之。 設總兵官一人，轄中左右水師三營，兵三千人。 春秋二汛，率戰船出洋巡緝。 其戰船之數，隨時增改。 順治三年，水師左右二營，大小戰船五十二艘。 九年，定海鎮左右二營，戰船四十九艘。 十四年，水師左右前後四營，戰船二百二艘。 康熙元年，水師前左右三營，戰船一百七十三艘。 九年，定海鎮中左右三營，戰船八十艘，增設哨船二十艘。 歷年裁汰，定為水艍船十二艘，犁繒船七號水艘中艍船一艘，中號犁繒船五艘，沙船七艘，雙篷艍船十三艘，唬船二艘，哨船二十艘。 象山城守營，設副將各官，哨船四艘，海口汛兵一百五十人，哨船十艘。 雍正四年，裁存四艘。 昌石營，設都司等官，汛兵五百六十五人，戰船六艘。 鎮海營，原設定海水師左右二營。 雍正二年，改設鎮海營參將各官，汛兵二百三十五人，哨船八艘。
At Ningbo prefecture, Shunzhi 3 (1646), two regimental commanders were appointed over left and right naval camps, mustering 400 combat sailors and 400 garrison troops. In Shunzhi 14 a commander was placed over the Ningbo, Taizhou, and Wenzhou naval forces with subordinates below. In Kangxi 9 (1670) a naval regional commander and wing commanders were appointed; seven years later the post was abolished. A single commander was then appointed over center, left, and right naval camps totaling three thousand men. Each spring and autumn season he led the warships to sea for patrol and pursuit. The number of warships in service was adjusted from time to time as needs changed. In Shunzhi 3 (1646) the left and right naval camps together mustered fifty-two large and small warships. In Shunzhi 9 the left and right camps of the Dinghai brigade held forty-nine warships. In Shunzhi 14 four naval camps—left, right, front, and rear—fielded 202 warships. In Kangxi 1 (1662) the front, left, and right naval camps numbered 173 warships. In Kangxi 9 the Dinghai brigade's center, left, and right camps had eighty warships, with twenty patrol craft added. After successive reductions the fleet was fixed at twelve armed junks, seven li-zeng boats, one medium armed junk among the numbered water vessels, five medium li-zeng boats, seven sand junks, thirteen double-sail armed junks, two display boats, and twenty patrol craft. The Xiangshan city-defense garrison, led by a deputy commander, kept four patrol boats; the estuary station had 150 men and ten patrol craft. In Yongzheng 4 (1726) only four boats were kept after reductions. Changshi garrison, under a battalion commander, mustered 565 post troops and six warships. Zhenhai garrison had originally been organized as the left and right camps of the Dinghai naval force. In Yongzheng 2 it was reorganized as the Zhenhai garrison under a regimental commander, with 235 post troops and eight patrol boats.
100
台州府，順治十四年，設寧台總鎮。 十五年，改水師提督。 尋改總兵。 設黃岩鎮標三營，水師二千七百七十五人，戰哨船二十五艘。 海門駐游擊等官。 前所駐都司等官。 右營分防海洋七汛：玉環山、干江、雞齊山、標桃嶼、石塘、龍王堂、沙護。 中營分防海洋六汛：郎幾山、黃礁門、深門、三山、老鼠嶼、川礁。 左營分防海洋八汛：聖堂門、米篩門、白岱門、牛頭門、靖寇門、狗頭門山、茶盤山、迷江山。
At Taizhou prefecture, Shunzhi 14 (1657), a commander was appointed over the Ningbo-Taizhou district. The next year the post was raised to naval regional commander. It was soon reduced again to brigade commander. The Huangyan brigade banner was organized in three camps with 2,775 sailors and twenty-five war and patrol craft. A mobile brigade commander was posted at Haimen. A battalion commander was posted at Qiansuo. The right camp patrolled seven open-sea stations: Yuhuanshan, Ganjiang, Jiqishan, Biaotaoyu, Shitang, Longwangtang, and Shahu. The center camp covered six open-sea stations: Langjishan, Huangjiaomen, Shenmen, Sanshan, Laoshuyu, and Chuanjiao. The left camp guarded eight open-sea stations: Shengtangmen, Mishaimen, Baidaimen, Niutoumen, Jingkoumen, Goutoumenshan, Chapanshan, and Mijiangshan.
101
溫州府，順治三年，設副將各官。 十三年，改總兵官，設鎮標中左右水師三營，戰哨船二十二艘。 中營水戰兵六十五人，守兵一百五十二人，戰船九艘，快哨船二艘，釣船三艘。 分巡二處：一專防三盤口，水師百六十二人，戰船二艘； 一專防長沙海洋，水師一百二十八人，沙戰船二艘。 分防汛地凡七：曰霓嶴、黃大嶴、三盤、大門、長沙、鹿西、雙排。 左營水戰兵六十八人，守兵一百七十三人，戰船九艘，快哨船二艘。 分巡二處：一專防鳳山汛，一專防南龍海洋。 分防汛地凡五：曰鳳皇山、銅盤山、南龍山、大瞿山、白腦門。 右營轄陸地汛兵。 瑞安水師營，設副將各官，水戰兵九十八人，守兵一百四十三人，內洋巡哨戰船四艘，外洋巡哨戰船五艘，快哨船四艘，釣船二艘。 分巡二處：一專防北關洋，水師七十人，戰船一艘； 一專防官山洋，水師五十人，戰船一艘。 分防汛地凡六：曰北關、官山、金鄉嶴、琵琶山、南鹿山、四大嶼。 玉環水師營，設參將等官，水戰兵一百四十五人，守兵二百五十四人，八槳船四艘，戰船四艘，快哨船四艘。 左營轄陸地汛兵。 右營水師一百八十四人，戰船四艘。 分巡二處：一專防坎門，水師六十五人，戰船一艘； 一專防長嶼，水師三十四人，戰船一艘。 內洋凡三汛：曰烏洋、梁灣、黃門。 外洋一汛，曰沙頭。 左右營率水師一百八十四人，戰船一艘，輪巡洋面。 又江口水師一百八十四人，戰船四艘。
At Wenzhou prefecture, Shunzhi 3, a deputy commander was appointed with subordinates. In Shunzhi 13 the post became brigade commander; the brigade banner's center, left, and right naval camps fielded twenty-two war and patrol craft. The center camp had 65 combat sailors and 152 garrison troops, with nine warships, two fast patrol boats, and three fishing craft. Patrol was split between two sectors: one devoted to Sanpankou with 162 sailors and two warships; the other to the Changsha open sea with 128 sailors and two sand-hulled warships. Seven garrison posts were assigned: Ni'ao, Huangda'ao, Sanpan, Damen, Changsha, Luxi, and Shuangpai. The left camp mustered 68 combat sailors and 173 garrison troops, with nine warships and two fast patrol boats. Patrol was divided between Fengshan station and the Nanlong open sea. Five garrison posts were assigned: Fenghuangshan, Tongpanshan, Nanlongshan, Daqushan, and Bainaomen. The right camp oversaw land-based garrison troops. The Ruian naval garrison, under a deputy commander, had 98 combat sailors and 143 garrison troops, with four inner-sea and five outer-sea patrol warships, four fast patrol boats, and two fishing craft. Patrol was split: one detachment guarded the Beiguan sea with 70 sailors and one warship; another guarded the Guanshan sea with 50 sailors and one warship. Six garrison posts were assigned: Beiguan, Guanshan, Jinxiang'ao, Pipashan, Nanlushan, and Sida'yu. The Yuhuan naval garrison, under a regimental commander, fielded 145 combat sailors and 254 garrison troops, with four eight-oar boats, four warships, and four fast patrol craft. The left camp oversaw land-based garrison troops. The right camp mustered 184 sailors and four warships. Patrol was divided: one detachment guarded Kanmen with 65 sailors and one warship; another guarded Changyu with 34 sailors and one warship. Three inner-sea stations were assigned: Wuyang, Liangwan, and Huangmen. One outer-sea station, Shatou, completed the line. The left and right camps together put 184 sailors and one warship on rotation to patrol the open waters. The estuary detachment added 184 sailors and four warships.
102
雍正二年，額定四種戰船：曰水艍船，曰趕繒船，曰雙篷船，曰快哨船。 其六槳船、八槳船，雍正七年後所增設也。
In Yongzheng 2 four types of warship were fixed by regulation: the armed junk, pursuit junk, double-sail boat, and fast patrol craft. Six-oar and eight-oar boats were added after Yongzheng 7.
103
福建水師，順治十三年，始設福建水師三千人，唬船、哨船、趕繒船、雙篷船百餘艘。 康熙二十四年，裁撤雙篷船八十艘，以二十艘分防颱灣及澎湖島。 雍正三年，於福州、漳州、台灣三處各設船廠，製造外海內河大小戰船。 七年，設泉州船廠，修造各提、鎮、協標水師戰船。 福州船廠承修四十六艘。 泉州船廠承修四十八艘。 漳州船廠承修五十二艘。 台灣船廠承修九十六艘。 乾隆十六年，令三江口戰船按季燂洗。 三十三年，裁撤哨船五十艘。 嘉慶四年，令戰船悉改同安船式。 五年，裁撤內地額設戰船三十艘，增造米艇船三十艘，編為勝字號。 七年，以福寧府陸路鎮標左營改為水師左營，駐三沙海口，編新字號戰船十二艘。 十年，增台灣水師同安梭船三十艘，編為善字號，分設台灣協標中左右三營。 十一年，增米艇八艘，編為捷字號，又增大橫洋梭船二十艘，分編為集字號十艘，成字號十艘，分防內地。 十三年，裁撤中號、小號梭船十七艘。 十四年，增集字號、成字號大同安梭船二十艘，捷字號米艇八艘。 十五年，裁撤台灣港口善字號船二十一艘，於鹿耳門增守港師船十六艘，編為知字號，增八槳快船十六艘，編為方字號。 十六年，裁撤各營中號、小號梭船三十七艘。 道光二年，裁撤捷字號米艇、勝字號米艇共十五艘，餘改為一、二、三號同安梭船之式。 七年，裁撤台灣水師營知字號、方字號船共三十二艘，善字號船九艘，別造白底艍船三十二艘，編為順字號十六艘，濟字號十六艘，分撥台灣協標中左右三營，澎湖協標艋舺營。
The Fujian naval force, established in Shunzhi 13 (1656), initially mustered 3,000 men and more than a hundred display boats, patrol craft, pursuit junks, and double-sail vessels. In Kangxi 24 (1685) eighty double-sail boats were struck from the rolls; twenty were retained to patrol Taiwan and the Penghu Islands. In Yongzheng 3 shipyards were opened at Fuzhou, Zhangzhou, and Taiwan to build large and small warships for open sea and inland waters. In Yongzheng 7 a Quanzhou yard was added to repair and build warships for every regional, brigade, and cooperative naval command. The Fuzhou yard was responsible for forty-six vessels. The Quanzhou yard handled forty-eight. The Zhangzhou yard maintained fifty-two. The Taiwan yard serviced ninety-six. In Qianlong 16 warships at Sanjiangkou were ordered scraped and cleaned each season. In Qianlong 33 fifty patrol boats were decommissioned. In Jiaqing 4 all warships were ordered converted to the Tong'an model. In Jiaqing 5 thirty inland warships were struck and thirty rice barges were built, registered under the Sheng series. In Jiaqing 7 the left camp of the Funing land brigade became a naval left camp at Sansha estuary, with twelve warships registered under the Xin series. In Jiaqing 10 thirty Tong'an shuttle boats were added for the Taiwan navy under the Shan series, and the Taiwan cooperative banner was split into center, left, and right camps. In Jiaqing 11 eight rice barges were added under the Jie series, and twenty large ocean-going shuttle boats were split into ten Ji-series and ten Cheng-series craft for inland defense. In Jiaqing 13 seventeen medium and small shuttle boats were decommissioned. In Jiaqing 14 twenty large Tong'an shuttle boats were added to the Ji and Cheng series, and eight Jie-series rice barges. In Jiaqing 15 twenty-one Shan-series boats were removed from Taiwan harbor; sixteen harbor-guard command craft were added at Lu'ermen under the Zhi series, and sixteen fast eight-oar boats under the Fang series. In Jiaqing 16 thirty-seven medium and small shuttle boats were struck from the various camps. In Daoguang 2 fifteen Jie- and Sheng-series rice barges were decommissioned; the rest were rebuilt to the No. 1, 2, and 3 Tong'an shuttle-boat patterns. In Daoguang 7 thirty-two Zhi- and Fang-series boats and nine Shan-series boats were struck from the Taiwan naval command; thirty-two white-bottom armed junks were built as sixteen Shun-series and sixteen Ji-series vessels and distributed to the Taiwan cooperative banner's three camps and the Penghu cooperative banner's Mengjia garrison.
104
其外海戰船名號凡十類：曰趕繒船，曰雙篷艍船，曰雙篷船，曰平底哨船，曰圓底雙篷船，曰白艕船，曰哨船，曰平底船，曰雙篷哨船，曰平底船。 內河戰船名號凡九類：曰八槳船，曰六槳平底小巡船，曰花駕座船，曰八槳哨船，曰小八槳船，曰中八槳船，曰大八槳船，曰花官座船，曰哨艍船。 各船水師多寡之數，以船之大小為衡。
Open-sea warships fell into ten registered types: pursuit junk, double-sail armed junk, double-sail boat, flat-bottom patrol craft, round-bottom double-sail boat, white fu boat, patrol boat, flat-bottom boat, double-sail patrol boat, and flat-bottom boat. Inland warships were classified in nine types: eight-oar boat, six-oar flat-bottom patrol skiff, decorated command boat, eight-oar patrol boat, small, medium, and large eight-oar boats, decorated official command boat, and patrol armed junk. The complement assigned to each vessel depended on its size.
105
提督標分中、左、右、前、後五營，中營戰船九艘，左營八艘，右營八艘，前營十艘，後營十艘。 總督標水師左營戰船二艘。 金門協標後改鎮標，左營戰船九艘，右營九艘，改鎮標後，增戰船二艘。 海壇協標後改鎮標，左營戰船十艘，右營八艘。 閩安協標左營戰船七艘，右營七艘。 福寧鎮標左營戰船十艘。 烽火營戰船十一艘。 南澳鎮標戰船十艘。 銅山營戰船十一艘。 台灣協標中營戰船十九艘，左營十四艘，右營十六艘。 澎湖協標左營戰十七艘，右營十六艘，艋舺營十四艘。
The regional commander's banner was split into center, left, right, front, and rear camps with nine, eight, eight, ten, and ten warships respectively. The governor's banner naval left camp kept two warships. The Kinmen cooperative banner, later raised to a brigade banner, had nine warships in each wing; two more were added after the upgrade. The Haitan cooperative banner, likewise raised to brigade status, fielded ten warships in the left camp and eight in the right. The Min'an cooperative banner had seven warships in each camp. The Funing brigade banner's left camp kept ten warships. Fenghuo garrison maintained eleven warships. The Nan'ao brigade banner had ten warships. Tongshan garrison fielded eleven warships. The Taiwan cooperative banner mustered nineteen warships in the center camp, fourteen in the left, and sixteen in the right. The Penghu cooperative banner had seventeen warships in the left camp, sixteen in the right, and fourteen at the Mengjia garrison.
106
廣東水師，自順治九年設官弁千人，嗣設總督標水師，駐肇慶府，分為中、左、右、前、後五營。 中營二櫓槳船一艘，急跳船一艘。 左營槳船二艘，急跳船一艘，舢板船三艘。 右營槳船二艘，急跳船二艘。 前營急跳船二艘，舢板船四艘。 後營槳船一艘，急跳船一艘，舢板船三艘。 水師營二櫓槳船十四艘，四櫓槳船六艘，急跳船六艘。 四會營四字號槳船三艘。 新會營急跳船一艘，急跳槳船一艘，小舢板船二艘。 後改肇慶城守協標，轄左右營、四會營、那扶營、永安營。 以新會營改隸提標水師之順德協。
The Guangdong naval force, first mustered in Shunzhi 9 with a thousand officers and men, later gained a governor's-banner fleet based at Zhaoqing and organized into center, left, right, front, and rear camps. The center camp had one two-scull oared boat and one rapid-leap craft. The left camp kept two oared boats, one rapid-leap craft, and three sampans. The right camp had two oared boats and two rapid-leap craft. The front camp fielded two rapid-leap boats and four sampans. The rear camp had one oared boat, one rapid-leap craft, and three sampans. The naval garrison added fourteen two-scull oared boats, six four-scull oared boats, and six rapid-leap craft. Sihui garrison kept three oared boats of the Si series. Xinhui garrison had one rapid-leap boat, one rapid-leap oared craft, and two small sampans. It was later reorganized as the Zhaoqing city-defense cooperative banner, overseeing the left and right camps plus the Sihui, Nafu, and Yong'an garrisons. The Xinhui garrison was transferred to the Shunde cooperative under the regional naval command.
107
巡撫標轄水師左右營、廣州協左右營、三水營、前山營、順德協左右營、新會左右營、增城左右營、大鵬營、永靖營。 光緒二十九年，裁廣東巡撫，以各營分隸提督標及廣州城守協。
The governor-general's banner oversaw the naval left and right camps, the Guangzhou cooperative's two wings, and the Sanshui, Qianshan, Shunde cooperative, Xinhui, Zengcheng, Dapeng, and Yongjing garrisons. In Guangxu 29 (1903) the Guangdong governorship was abolished and its garrisons were reassigned to the regional commander's banner and the Guangzhou city-defense cooperative.
108
水師提督標，康熙元年設，駐惠州府，轄四營。 嘉慶後移駐虎門，分中、左、右、前、後五營，香山協左右營，順德協左右營，新會左右營，大鵬左右營，赤溪協左右營，清遠右營，廣海寨營，永靖營。 凡六櫓船十一艘，八櫓船四艘，十櫓船二艘，十二櫓船二艘，米艇十一艘，撈繒船六艘，快槳船二十七艘，淺水槳船十二艘，巡船十四艘，二櫓船六艘，四櫓船十二艘，艍船四艘。 嗣後裁廣海寨營，以清遠左右營隸三江口協標，以永靖營改隸撫標，又改隸城守協標，增設赤溪左右營。
The naval regional commander's banner, established in Kangxi 1, was based at Huizhou and commanded four camps. After the Jiaqing reign it moved to Humen, with center, left, right, front, and rear camps plus the Xiangshan, Shunde, Xinhui, Dapeng, and Chixi cooperatives, the Qingyuan right camp, Guanghai stockade, and Yongjing garrison. Its fleet comprised eleven six-scull boats, four eight-scull, two ten-scull, and two twelve-scull craft, eleven rice barges, six net-dragging boats, twenty-seven fast oared boats, twelve shallow-water oared craft, fourteen patrol boats, six two-scull and twelve four-scull boats, and four armed junks. Later the Guanghai stockade was abolished; Qingyuan's left and right camps passed to the Sanjiangkou cooperative banner; Yongjing was reassigned first to the governor-general's banner and then to the city-defense cooperative; and the Chixi left and right camps were added.
109
南澳水師鎮標，左營戰船十艘，屬福建省，右營趕繒船九艘，仔船六艘，八槳船二艘。 澄海協，左營艍船二艘，膨仔船二艘，烏船一艘，快槳船三艘； 右營趕繒船一艘，艍船二艘，仔船一艘，烏船一艘，快槳船二艘。 海門營趕繒船二艘，艍船二艘，仔船四艘，快槳船四艘。 達濠營艍船二艘，仔船一艘，快槳船一艘。
The Nan'ao naval brigade banner's left camp, under Fujian province, had ten warships; the right camp kept nine pursuit junks, six tender craft, and two eight-oar boats. The Chenghai cooperative's left camp had two armed junks, two Pengzai tenders, one Wu boat, and three fast oared craft; the right camp had one pursuit junk, two armed junks, one tender, one Wu boat, and two fast oared craft. Haimen garrison kept two pursuit junks, two armed junks, four tenders, and four fast oared boats. Dahao garrison had two armed junks, one tender, and one fast oared boat.
110
碣石水師鎮標，康熙八年展界，分中左右三營，米艇十艘，哨船一艘。 平海營，康熙元年，以惠州協右營駐平海所，雍正四年，設平海營，隸鎮標，一號趕繒船一艘，二、三、四號艍船三艘，五、六、七、八號拖風船四艘，一號快船一艘。 歸善城守營，舢板哨船十三艘。 惠來營，屬陸路。 潮州鎮標，分中左右三營。 城守營快船五艘。 饒平營快船四艘。 黃岡協左右營，左營哨船二艘，右營哨船二艘。
The Jieshi naval brigade banner, after the coastal boundary was restored in Kangxi 8 (1669), was organized into center, left, and right camps with ten rice barges and one patrol boat. Pinghai garrison: in Kangxi 1 the Huizhou cooperative's right camp was posted at Pinghai; in Yongzheng 4 (1726) a Pinghai camp was established under the brigade banner, with one No. 1 pursuit junk, three armed junks (Nos. 2–4), four tow-sail boats (Nos. 5–8), and one No. 1 fast boat. The Guishan city-defense garrison kept thirteen sampan patrol craft. Huilai garrison was an army, not naval, unit. The Chaozhou brigade banner was divided into center, left, and right camps. The city-defense garrison had five fast boats. Raoping garrison kept four fast boats. The Huanggang cooperative's left and right camps each had two patrol boats.
111
北海鎮標及城守營，康熙初年設。 二十三年，改設龍門水師協標，分左右二營，左營水師八百二十三人，右營八百十一人，共大米艇三艘，中米艇四艘，小米艇一艘，撈繒船三艘，艍船一艘。 乾隆二十年後，實存趕繒船二艘，艍船四艘，拖風船一艘，快馬船三艘。 舊轄有硇州營，大小戰船二十七艘，後改隸高廉水師鎮標。
The Beihai brigade banner and its city-defense garrison were established in the early Kangxi reign. In Kangxi 23 (1684) it was reorganized as the Longmen naval cooperative banner with left and right camps—823 sailors in the left, 811 in the right—together fielding three large rice barges, four medium rice barges, one small rice barge, three net-dragging boats, and one armed junk. After Qianlong 20 (1755) the fleet on hand comprised two pursuit junks, four armed junks, one tow-sail boat, and three fast horse boats. It had formerly overseen Naozhou garrison with twenty-seven large and small warships; later that unit was reassigned to the Gaolian naval brigade banner.
112
高廉鎮標陽江營，嘉慶十五年，以南韶連鎮標左翼兵移駐陽江，設陽江鎮標，左營大米艇五艘，撈繒船二艘，右營大米艇三艘，撈繒船一艘，後改隸高廉鎮標。 電白營雙篷艍船七艘。 吳川營外海雙篷艍船二艘，外海拖風船三艘，槳船二艘。 硇州營舊為乾體營，大戰船十三艘，龍艇六艘，哨船五艘。 康熙四十二年，改為硇州營，存趕繒船三艘，艍船六艘，拖風船十二艘，外海雙篷船四艘，快槳船七艘。 東山營大米艇一艘，撈繒船二艘。
Yangjiang garrison under the Gaolian brigade banner: in Jiaqing 15 (1810) troops from the left wing of the Nanshaolian brigade banner were posted to Yangjiang and a Yangjiang brigade banner was created—the left camp with five large rice barges and two net-dragging boats, the right with three large rice barges and one net-dragging boat—later reassigned to the Gaolian brigade banner. Dianbai garrison kept seven double-sail armed junks. Wuchuan garrison had two double-sail armed junks for open sea, three tow-sail boats for open sea, and two oared craft. Naozhou garrison had originally been Ganti garrison, with thirteen large warships, six dragon tenders, and five patrol boats. In Kangxi 42 (1703) it was renamed Naozhou garrison, retaining three pursuit junks, six armed junks, twelve tow-sail boats, four open-sea double-sail craft, and seven fast oared boats. Dongshan garrison had one large rice barge and two net-dragging boats.
113
雷瓊鎮標，康熙二十七年設，分左右二營，趕繒船二艘，艍船六艘，快哨船六艘。 雍正間，增快哨船十艘。 嘉慶十五年，改稱水師營，左營水師八百七十六人，右營水師八百八十八人。 海安營，康熙初年，設副將各官。 八年，改設游擊，隸鎮標，大小哨船凡二十艘。 白鴿寨營，順治初年，設參將各官，大小哨船九艘。 康熙間裁撤，存哨船三艘。 海口營，嘉慶十五年，設水師協標，左營水師四百九十二人，右營四百八十五人，後改參將，並左右營為一營。 崖州水師協標，中營屬陸路，右營水師一、二、三號拖風哨船三艘，四、五、六號艍船三艘。
The Lei-Qiong brigade banner, established in Kangxi 27 (1688), had left and right camps with two pursuit junks, six armed junks, and six fast patrol boats. During the Yongzheng reign ten fast patrol boats were added. In Jiaqing 15 (1810) it was renamed the naval camp, with 876 sailors in the left camp and 888 in the right. Haian garrison, in the early Kangxi reign, was led by a deputy commander and his staff. In Kangxi 8 it was reorganized under a brigade commander subordinate to the brigade banner, with twenty large and small patrol boats in all. Baigezhai garrison, established in the early Shunzhi reign under a regimental commander, had nine large and small patrol boats. During the Kangxi reign it was reduced; only three patrol boats remained. Haikou garrison: in Jiaqing 15 (1810) a naval cooperative banner was created—the left camp with 492 sailors, the right with 485—later placed under a regimental commander with the two camps merged into one. The Yazhou naval cooperative banner's center camp was an army unit; the right camp's naval force had three tow-sail patrol boats (Nos. 1–3) and three armed junks (Nos. 4–6).
114
又廣東駐防八旗營水師，乾隆十年，設領催等三十人，水師四百七十人，分左右二營，匠役十二人，教習副工兵百人。
Guangdong's garrison Eight Banners also maintained a naval force: in Qianlong 10 (1745) thirty lead-pressers and similar personnel were appointed, with 470 sailors in left and right camps, twelve artisans, and a hundred instructor-assistant labor troops.
115
廣西水師，舊設駐柳州，後移駐龍州。 康熙二十一年，以梧州地居兩廣之中，扼三江之要，分額設弁兵之半，於潯、南一帶，設哨船巡防。 其後惟梧州、潯州、平樂、南寧、慶遠各府有經制水師，為數無多。
Guangxi's naval force was originally based at Liuzhou and later moved to Longzhou. In Kangxi 21 (1682), because Wuzhou stood midway between the two Guang provinces and commanded the junction of three rivers, half the allotted officers and men were posted along the Xun and Nan reaches with patrol boats for river defense. Thereafter only the prefectures of Wuzhou, Xunzhou, Pingle, Nanning, and Qingyuan maintained regular naval forces, and these were few in number.
116
至光緒初年，以灕江、左江、右江水程綿亙，盜賊充斥，設水師五營。 嗣因餉絀，並為三營。 旋增募勇丁，凡巡哨船一百四十艘，兵丁一千三百餘人。 仍苦不敷分佈，乃復設水師五軍，以水程之長短，定師船之多少。 自桂林府至平樂府，為中軍汛地，設將領四人，巡船四十艘，兵五百人。 自梧州府至潯州府，為前軍汛地，設將領二人，巡船二十艘，兵三百五十二人。 自太平府至南寧府，為左軍汛地，設將領三人，巡船三十艘，兵三百七十六人。 自慶遠府至武宣，為右軍汛地，設將領四人，撥車扒船四艘，巡船三十六艘，兵五百三十六人。 自南寧府至百色等廳河面，為後軍汛地，設將領三人，扒船八艘，巡船二十艘，兵四百二十四人。 此光緒季年之制也。
By the early Guangxu reign (1870s), with bandits rampant along the long stretches of the Li, Left, and Right rivers, five naval camps were established. Later, pay shortages forced a consolidation to three camps. Brave recruits were soon added, bringing the force to 140 patrol craft and more than 1,300 men. Still spread too thin, the force was reorganized into five naval armies, with the number of command vessels set according to the length of each river stretch. From Guilin to Pingle was the center army's sector, with four commanders, forty patrol boats, and 500 troops. From Wuzhou to Xunzhou was the front army's sector, with two commanders, twenty patrol boats, and 352 troops. From Taiping to Nanning was the left army's sector, with three commanders, thirty patrol boats, and 376 troops. From Qingyuan to Wuxuan was the right army's sector, with four commanders, four cart scoop boats assigned, thirty-six patrol boats, and 536 troops. From Nanning to the waters of Baise and other subprefectures was the rear army's sector, with three commanders, eight scoop boats, twenty patrol boats, and 424 troops. Such was the system of the late Guangxu period.
117
其舊設水師弁兵船數列後：梧州府水師三營，設副將各官，水師千人，塘船十三艘，快船六艘，舢板船三十八艘。 慶遠府協標左營，兼轄水師哨船二艘。 平樂府水師哨船四十七艘。 廣運營八槳哨船七艘，柳兵哨船七艘。 大亮營八槳哨船一艘，柳兵哨船一艘。 大定營八槳哨船一艘，柳兵哨船二艘。 足灘營柳兵哨船十二艘。 潯州府左營，兼轄來賓江口水師哨船，勒馬汛水師哨船。 南寧府隆安縣水塘十八處，哨船十五艘，水師一百四十人，橫州水塘二十處，哨船三艘，水師三十四人。 永淳縣水塘九處，哨船一艘，水師十人。
The earlier establishment of naval officers, men, and vessels is listed below: Wuzhou prefecture's three naval camps, under a deputy commander, mustered 1,000 sailors with thirteen station boats, six fast boats, and thirty-eight sampans. The Qingyuan cooperative banner's left camp also oversaw two naval patrol boats. Pingle prefecture had forty-seven naval patrol boats. Guangyun garrison had seven eight-oar patrol boats and seven willow-troop patrol boats. Daliang garrison had one eight-oar patrol boat and one willow-troop patrol boat. Dading garrison had one eight-oar patrol boat and two willow-troop patrol boats. Zutan garrison kept twelve willow-troop patrol boats. Xunzhou prefecture's left camp also oversaw naval patrol boats at the Laibin river mouth and at the Lema post. In Nanning prefecture, Long'an county had eighteen water posts with fifteen patrol boats and 140 sailors; Hengzhou had twenty water posts with three patrol boats and 34 sailors. Yongchun county had nine water posts with one patrol boat and ten sailors.
118
湖北水師，武昌府城守營，舊有水師營，設守備以下各官。 乾隆二年，撥入漢陽營，任江、漢巡防之責。 武昌省城，存城守營內河巡哨船五艘，下游道士洑營巡江船三艘。 漢陽城守營兼轄水師營，戰船三艘，虎戰船一艘，漢川虎戰船二艘。 黃州協營，巡江船三艘。 蘄州城守營，巡江船二艘。 荊州水師營，設守備以下各官，戰船二十五艘，巡江船二艘。 宜昌府水師，順治十三年設彝陵鎮，轄水師前後二營。 康熙十九年，改為彝陵水師協標。 乾隆元年，改為宜昌鎮標，仍設水師前後二營，戰船三十艘，小船十一艘。 經粵寇之亂，舊制無存。 同治間，設長江水師。 其屬湖北省者，為漢陽水師鎮標，轄漢陽營、田鎮營、簰洲營、巴河營。 其戰船、兵額，與各省長江水師同制。
Hubei's naval force: Wuchang prefecture's city-defense garrison had formerly maintained a naval camp under a battalion commander and his staff. In Qianlong 2 (1737) it was transferred to Hanyang garrison to patrol the Yangtze and Han rivers. At the Wuchang provincial capital the city-defense garrison kept five inner-river patrol boats; downstream, Daoshifu garrison had three river-patrol craft. Hanyang city-defense garrison also oversaw the naval camp, with three warships, one tiger war boat, and two tiger war boats at Hanchuan. Huangzhou cooperative garrison had three river-patrol boats. Qizhou city-defense garrison kept two river-patrol boats. Jingzhou naval camp, under a battalion commander, fielded twenty-five warships and two river-patrol boats. Yichang's naval force: in Shunzhi 13 (1656) the Yiling brigade was established, commanding front and rear naval camps. In Kangxi 19 (1680) it became the Yiling naval cooperative banner. In Qianlong 1 (1736) it was renamed the Yichang brigade banner, still with front and rear naval camps, thirty warships, and eleven small boats. The Taiping Rebellion destroyed the old establishment entirely. During the Tongzhi reign the Yangtze naval force was created. The Hubei component was the Hanyang naval brigade banner, commanding the Hanyang, Tianzhen, Paizhou, and Bahe garrisons. Its warships and troop quotas followed the same system as the Yangtze naval forces of the other provinces.
119
江西水師，清初設九江鎮標水師營，南湖水師營、鄱湖水師營，唬船二十艘，分防水巡，各營設塘船一艘。 康熙元年，改九江鎮標為九江協標，水師七百七十三人，增設沙船三十艘，水汛巡哨船十七艘。 乾隆間，實存沙船八艘，唬船二十三艘。 後改為城守營。 同治八年，裁撤城守營。 其南湖水師營、鄱湖水師營，自設長江水師後，亦皆裁撤。 長江水師之屬於江西省者，為湖口水師鎮標，轄湖口營、吳城營、饒州營、華陽營、安慶營，戰船、兵額，與各省長江水師同制。
Jiangxi's naval force: in the early Qing the Jiujiang brigade banner naval camp and the Nanhu and Pohu naval camps were established, with twenty display boats for divided water patrol; each camp had one station boat. In Kangxi 1 (1662) the Jiujiang brigade banner became a cooperative banner with 773 sailors, thirty sand junks added, and seventeen water-post patrol boats. During the Qianlong reign the fleet on hand comprised eight sand junks and twenty-three display boats. Later it was reorganized as a city-defense garrison. In Tongzhi 8 (1869) the city-defense garrison was abolished. The Nanhu and Pohu naval camps were also abolished after the Yangtze naval force was established. Jiangxi's Yangtze naval component was the Hukou naval brigade banner, commanding the Hukou, Wucheng, Raozhou, Huayang, and Anqing garrisons, with warships and troop quotas matching the other provincial Yangtze forces.
120
安徽省水師，安慶鎮標、壽春鎮標及游兵營、泗州營，均有戰船。 順治初年，安慶鎮標游兵營隸操江巡撫標。 康熙元年，改隸江南總督標。 泗州營舊隸江南提督標，後改隸安徽巡撫標。 安慶鎮標，分防懷寧、桐城、望江、東流、貴池、銅陵及江西彭澤縣等處，大唬船一艘，小唬船二十二艘。 游兵營，分防和州、無為、含山、銅城、繁昌、蕪湖、當塗等處及江蘇之江寧縣，大唬船一艘，小唬船二十七艘。 壽春鎮標，潁州營哨船二艘，泗州營扒唬船四艘。 經粵寇之亂，師船盡毀。 同治間，設長江水師，屬安徽省者，為長江提督標中營，駐太平府，轄裕溪營、蕪湖營、大通營、金陵營，戰船、兵額，與各省長江水師同制。
Anhui's naval forces—the Anqing and Shouchun brigade banners and the mobile-troop and Sizhou garrisons—all maintained warships. In the early Shunzhi reign the Anqing brigade banner's mobile-troop camp was under the Caojiang governor-general's banner. In Kangxi 1 (1662) it was reassigned to the Jiangnan governor-general's banner. Sizhou garrison had originally been under the Jiangnan regional commander's banner and was later transferred to the Anhui governor-general's banner. The Anqing brigade banner patrolled Huaining, Tongcheng, Wangjiang, Dongliu, Guichi, Tongling, and Pengze county in Jiangxi, with one large display boat and twenty-two small display boats. The mobile-troop camp patrolled Hezhou, Wuwei, Hanshan, Tongcheng, Fanchang, Wuhu, Dangtu, and Jiangning county in Jiangsu, with one large display boat and twenty-seven small display boats. The Shouchun brigade banner's Yingzhou garrison had two patrol boats; Sizhou garrison had four scoop-display boats. The Taiping Rebellion destroyed every command vessel. During the Tongzhi reign the Yangtze naval force was established; Anhui's component was the center camp of the Yangtze regional commander's banner, based at Taiping prefecture and commanding the Yuxi, Wuhu, Datong, and Jinling garrisons, with warships and troop quotas matching the other provinces.
121
湖南水師，清初設辰州、洞庭二營。 康熙二十八年，裁辰州水師，改設岳州水師營，歸岳州營參將兼轄，設守備各官，頭舵戰兵六十八人，水步戰兵六十五人，水守兵一百四十八人，分防岳州府城及東西湖、上下江二汛。 自雍正至嘉慶，迭有增減，存頭舵戰兵三十四人，水步戰兵三十九人，水守兵一百四十二人，戰船十八艘。
Hunan's naval force: in the early Qing the Chenzhou and Dongting camps were established. In Kangxi 28 (1689) the Chenzhou naval force was abolished and a Yuezhou naval camp created under the Yuezhou garrison's regimental commander, with a battalion commander and staff—68 head-steer combat troops, 65 water-infantry combat troops, and 148 water garrison troops—patrolling Yuezhou city, the East and West lakes, and the upper and lower river posts. From Yongzheng through Jiaqing the force was repeatedly adjusted, settling at 34 head-steer combat troops, 39 water-infantry combat troops, 142 water garrison troops, and eighteen warships.
122
洞庭水師營，原設洞庭協標。 嘉慶二年，以洞庭副將、都司移駐常德，改常德為協。 以常德游擊、守備移駐洞庭，改洞庭協為水師營，設游擊各官，戰兵一百九人，守兵四百三十六人，戰船十二艘，分防小船、游巡小船各十艘，分駐龍陽縣及東西湖各汛。 承平日久，將弁兵丁，咸居陸地，船敝不修，舊制浸廢。
The Dongting naval camp had originally been organized as the Dongting cooperative banner. In Jiaqing 2 (1797) the Dongting deputy commander and battalion commander were posted to Changde, and Changde was made a cooperative banner. The Changde brigade commander and battalion commander were posted to Dongting; the Dongting cooperative became a naval camp under a brigade commander, with 109 combat troops, 436 garrison troops, twelve warships, ten small boats and ten patrol small boats each, stationed at Longyang county and the East and West lake posts. After long years of peace officers and men all lived ashore; boats rotted unrepaired, and the old system fell into disuse.
123
咸豐三年，曾國籓治水師於湖南，造船練兵，以長龍船、舢板船尤為便利。 粵寇定後，至同治八年，裁撤水勇，設長江水師。 在湖南境者，設岳州鎮標四營，為岳州營、沅江營、荊州協標營、陸溪營。 原設之岳州水師，歸併岳州城守營。 原設洞庭水師，歸併龍陽城守營。
In Xianfeng 3 (1853) Zeng Guofan built a naval force in Hunan, constructing vessels and drilling troops; long-dragon boats and sampans proved especially effective. After the Taiping rebels were suppressed, by Tongzhi 8 (1869) the water braves were disbanded and the Yangtze naval force was established. Within Hunan, the Yuezhou brigade banner was organized into four camps: Yuezhou, Yuanjiang, Jingzhou cooperative banner, and Luxi. The original Yuezhou naval force was absorbed into the Yuezhou city-defense garrison. The original Dongting naval force was absorbed into the Longyang city-defense garrison.
124
咸豐軍興以後，常於省城駐水師二營，湘潭駐水師一營，衡州駐水師一營，益陽縣則由省城撥師船駐防，常德駐水師一營，辰州駐一營，靖州之洪江駐一營，澧州則由常德撥師船駐防，又於岳州、安鄉合駐水師一營，不在經制水師之列，而分地駐巡，參錯布置，實與經制水師相輔雲。
After the Xianfeng military mobilization, two naval camps were usually posted at the provincial capital, one each at Xiangtan and Hengzhou; Yiyang county received command vessels from the capital; Changde, Chenzhou, and Hongjiang in Jingzhou each had a camp; Lizhou received boats from Changde; and Yuezhou and Anxiang jointly hosted one camp. Though outside the regular establishment, these dispersed postings interlocked with the regular naval forces in mutual support.
125
長江水師，道光季年，各省內河水師及沿江水師，船多朽敝，值操練之期，虛衍儀式。 粵寇東犯，無以制之。 咸豐三年，江忠源始建制艦練兵之議。 四年，命侍郎曾國籓治水師于衡州，造拖罟、快解、長龍、舢板各船，惟舢板船尤為輕捷制勝，長龍船次之。 大率水師一營，設長龍船一、二艘，舢板船或十餘艘，或二十餘艘，以拖罟船、快解船守營，不以出戰。 其後水師日增，悉廢拖罟、快蟹舊式之船，專以舢板船摧敵。 任彭玉麟、楊岳斌為水師統帥，循長江轉戰東下，克名城以百計，踣巨憝於金陵。
By the late Daoguang reign, inner-river and Yangtze naval forces in every province had mostly rotting vessels; when drill season came, the exercises were empty ceremony. When the Taiping rebels swept eastward, there was nothing to stop them. In Xianfeng 3 (1853) Jiang Zhongyuan first proposed building proper warships and drilling a naval force. In the fourth year (1854) Vice Minister Zeng Guofan was ordered to build a naval force at Hengzhou, constructing tow-net boats, fast couriers, long-dragon vessels, and sampans; the sampans proved lightest and swiftest in battle, with long-dragons a close second. As a rule each naval camp fielded one or two long-dragons and ten to twenty sampans, while tow-net and fast-courier boats guarded the base and did not sortie for combat. As the fleet grew, the old tow-net and fast-crab designs were scrapped entirely; sampans alone carried the fight. Peng Yulin and Yang Yuebin were placed in overall command; fighting down the Yangtze they took scores of great cities and brought down the arch-rebel at Jinling.
126
同治三年，東南底定，曾國籓、彭玉麟以江防重要，疏請設立長江經制水師。 簡授長江水師提督一人，得專摺奏事，隸兩江、湖廣總督節制，率提標五營駐安徽太平府。 每歲於所轄湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江南五省江面巡閱。 設岳州、漢陽、瓜洲、湖口四總兵官。 每鎮標各統水師四營，惟湖口鎮標五營，以狼山鎮標水師二營並隸之，凡二十四營。 總兵及參將、游擊，於收泊戰艦處所立汛建署，為營汛治事之地。 以船為家，不得在署常居。 都司、守備各官以至兵丁，不得陸居。
In Tongzhi 3 (1864), with the southeast pacified, Zeng Guofan and Peng Yulin memorialized the throne on the vital importance of river defense and asked to create a regular Yangtze naval establishment. A Yangtze naval commander-in-chief was appointed with the privilege of direct memorials to the throne, under the Two Jiangs and Huguang governors-general, commanding five banner camps from headquarters at Taiping in Anhui. Each year he inspected the river surface across his five provinces: Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Jiangnan. Brigade generals were posted at Yuezhou, Hanyang, Guazhou, and Hukou. Each brigade banner normally commanded four naval camps; Hukou had five, with two Langshan brigade camps attached, twenty-four camps in all. Brigade generals, deputy generals, and brigade commanders established river posts and offices where their warships moored—these were the camp stations for administration. They made their boats their homes and might not live ashore in the offices. Division and battalion commanders and all ranks down to the common sailors were forbidden to live on land.
127
總兵座船三艘，督陣舢板二艘，親兵十二人。 副將座船二艘，督陣舢板一艘，長龍二艘，親兵十二人。 游擊座船二艘，督陣舢板一艘，長龍一艘，親兵十二人。 都司二人，各座船一艘，長龍一艘。 守備二人，各座船一艘，舢板一艘，飛劃一艘。 四哨千總八人，各座船一艘，舢板一艘，飛劃一艘。 四哨把總九人，各座船一艘，舢板一艘，飛劃一艘。 四哨外委十一人，各座船一艘，舢板一艘，飛劃一艘。 又外委一人，管帶督陣舢板，有座船一艘，無舢板。 戰船之大者，每艘或設兵二十人，為舵兵一人，頭兵一人，砲兵二人，槳兵十六人； 或設兵二十五人，為舵兵一人，艙兵一人，頭兵一人，砲兵四人，槳兵十八人。 舢板船每艘設兵十四人。
A brigade general had three command boats, two battle-direction sampans, and twelve bodyguards. A deputy general had two command boats, one battle-direction sampan, two long-dragons, and twelve bodyguards. A brigade commander had two command boats, one battle-direction sampan, one long-dragon, and twelve bodyguards. Two division commanders each had one command boat and one long-dragon. Two battalion commanders each had one command boat, one sampan, and one flying-oar craft. Eight company commanders of the four squadrons each had one command boat, one sampan, and one flying-oar craft. Nine platoon commanders of the four squadrons each had one command boat, one sampan, and one flying-oar craft. Eleven sub-officers of the four squadrons each had one command boat, one sampan, and one flying-oar craft. One additional sub-officer commanded the battle-direction sampan; he had a command boat but no sampan of his own. The larger warships carried twenty men each: one helmsman, one bowman, two gunners, and sixteen oarsmen; or twenty-five: one helmsman, one hold-man, one bowman, four gunners, and eighteen oarsmen. Each sampan carried fourteen men.
128
總兵以下各官，設稿書、書識，自七人至一人不等。 以都司一人管駕長龍船為領哨，守備為副領哨。 每哨戰船十艘。 惟岳州、漢陽系游擊營制，而統戰船三十三艘，視參將例。 左哨都司專任錢糧，右哨都司專任船砲軍械及巡查諸務。
Officers from brigade general downward were allotted drafting and record clerks, from seven down to one according to rank. One division commander commanding the long-dragon served as squadron leader, with the battalion commander as assistant squadron leader. Each squadron had ten warships. Yuezhou and Hanyang, though organized on the brigade-commander camp model, each controlled thirty-three warships on the deputy-general scale. The left-squadron division commander handled pay and provisions; the right-squadron division commander handled vessels, ordnance, arms, and patrol duties.
129
大小戰船咸設砲位。 長龍船千斤頭砲二位，七百斤邊砲四位，艘砲一位。 舢板船八百斤頭砲一位，六、七百斤哨砲一位，船邊五十斤轉珠小砲二位。 洋槍刀矛之屬，隨宜分配。 旗幟以桅旗為主，懸方式長龍旗，凡長一丈二尺。 舢板船旗長九尺，船艄懸尖式龍旗，書某標某營某哨。 桅上小旗，或船首立旗，書駕船將弁之姓，以示區別。
All warships large and small carried gun mounts. A long-dragon mounted two thousand-jin bow guns, four seven-hundred-jin broadside guns, and one stern gun. A sampan carried one eight-hundred-jin bow gun, one six- or seven-hundred-jin sentry gun, and two fifty-jin swivel guns along the rails. Foreign muskets, spears, and the like were distributed as needed. The mast flag was paramount: a square long-dragon flag, twelve chi in length. Sampan flags were nine chi long; a pointed dragon flag at the stern bore the banner, camp, and squadron designation. Small flags on the mast or a flag at the bow bore the commanding officer's surname for identification.
130
凡駐師之處，漁船由水師編號稽查，以清盜源。 其疏防之責，以哨官為專汛，營官為本轄，遇有盜劫，視汛地所轄題參。 江、鄂各營，半年更調一次。 副將與副將之營互調，參將、游擊與參將、游擊之營互調。 每營調居客汛二次，又調回本汛一次，如承緝盜案未獲，則不得更調。
Wherever the fleet was stationed, fishing boats were registered and inspected by the navy to cut off bandit supply lines. Responsibility for lax defense fell on the squadron officer at the post and the camp commander in overall charge; robberies were reported and officials impeached according to the territory. Camps on the Jiang and E sections rotated every half year. Deputy generals rotated with other deputy generals' camps; brigadier generals and brigade commanders rotated among camps of their rank. Each camp served two tours on detached posts and one return to home station; if a bandit case remained unsolved, rotation was withheld.
131
凡副將、參將以下，由本境巡撫節制，總兵由總督節制。 土匪猝發，須用戰船，由督撫檄調境內水師往剿。 總兵奉檄即發兵。 督撫調水師操練，亦奉檄即行。 其事涉重大者，督撫會同長江提督疏陳。 其餘水營政務，由長江提督主持。
Deputy and brigadier generals and all officers below them answered to the provincial governor; brigade generals to the governor-general. When bandits broke out suddenly and warships were needed, the governor-general or governor ordered the local naval force to suppress them. On receipt of the order the brigade general sailed at once. When governors ordered naval drills, the fleet likewise moved on command. Major affairs were jointly memorialized by the governors and the Yangtze commander. Other naval administration rested with the Yangtze commander.
132
餉糈之制，將弁則視其職以定廉養公費。 兵丁月餉，每名銀三兩有差。 全軍餉糈，由沿江釐捐局指定支撥。
Officers' pay followed rank, with fixed stipends and office allowances. Common sailors drew a monthly wage of a little over three taels of silver each. The fleet's entire payroll was disbursed from designated Yangtze transit-levy offices.
133
設火藥局於湖北、安徽，購硝斤於江蘇、江西、湖南。 設子彈局於湖南之長沙。 設造船廠於湖北之漢陽，江西之吳城，江南之草鞋夾。 戰船均三年一修，十二年更換。
Gunpowder works were set up in Hubei and Anhui; saltpeter was bought from Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Hunan. A bullet factory was established at Changsha in Hunan. Shipyards were built at Hanyang in Hubei, Wucheng in Jiangxi, and Caoxiejia in Jiangnan. Warships were overhauled every three years and replaced every twelve.
134
定水師事宜三十條，未盡者續定十條。 銀米有稽，銓補有章，訓練有規。 鄭重江防，嚴申禁約，有犯必懲。 自荊州以達海門，沿江數千里，稱天塹雄師。 至光緒季年，特命大臣查閱長江營伍，實存長龍、舢板戰船七百六十二艘，飛划船六百四十二艘，水師弁兵一萬有七十九人。
Thirty regulations governing the navy were promulgated, with ten supplementary articles where the first set fell short. Pay and rations were audited, appointments governed by rule, and training held to standard. River defense was treated with utmost seriousness; prohibitions were strictly enforced and violations punished without exception. From Jingzhou to Haimen, thousands of li of river were guarded by what was hailed as an army behind heaven's moat. By the late Guangxu reign an imperial commissioner inspecting Yangtze garrisons found 762 long-dragon and sampan warships, 642 flying-oar craft, and 10,079 naval officers and men actually on the rolls.
135
其自荊州以上，溯江至宜昌、巴東，漢陽以上，溯江至襄陽、鄖陽，湖南之湘江、沅江，江西之吳城，以上諸河，各疆吏自設防營。 其淮河一帶，自正陽關至洪澤湖，及江蘇境各支河水師，隸淮陽鎮標，光緒間，改設江北提督。 凡清江營、洋河營、廟灣營、佃湖營、洪湖營、葦盪營咸隸之。 自鎮江以東，內河各汛及太湖水師五營，則統以江南提督。 凡各省內河有水師者，悉改舊式，一準長江水師。 其海口原有之狼山鎮、福山鎮，仍如前制，由鎮將督率大號戰船，巡防內海。 惟狼山鎮兼隸長江水師提督，每營設大舢板船二十艘，並仿紅單、拖罟船式，設大號戰船數艘，多置砲位，為巡緝內洋之用。 其長江水師營制防汛列後：
Above Jingzhou, upstream to Yichang and Badong; above Hanyang to Xiangyang and Yunyang; the Xiang and Yuan in Hunan; Wucheng in Jiangxi—these rivers were patrolled by defense camps raised separately by the provincial authorities. The Huai River sector from Zhengyang Pass to Hongze Lake, with Jiangsu's tributary fleets, fell under the Huaiyang brigade banner; in the Guangxu era this became the Jiangbei commander's jurisdiction. The Qingjiang, Yanghe, Miaowan, Dianhu, Honghu, and Weidang camps all reported to it. East of Zhenjiang, inner-river posts and the five Tai Lake naval camps came under the Jiangnan commander. Every provincial inner-river navy was reorganized on the Yangtze model. The Langshan and Fushan brigades at the sea mouths kept their old establishments; brigade generals led large warships in patrol of the inner seas. Langshan also answered to the Yangtze commander; each camp added twenty large sampans and several big gun-decked warships modeled on red-sail junks and tow-net boats for inner-coast patrol. The Yangtze naval establishment and its flood-defense dispositions are listed below:
136
岳州設總兵官，置中軍中營游擊，戰船三十三艘，仿參將營之例，分防自城陵磯至鹿角、壘石、瀘陵潭、湘陰一帶。 沅江設參將，屬岳州鎮左營，分防君山、西湖及常德、龍陽、華容等河通洞庭湖之處。 其沅、湘等水汛，由湖南省別行設防。 荊州設副將，屬岳州鎮後營，分防自荊州以下江面，石首、監利一帶，至荊河口止。 陸溪口設游擊，屬岳州鎮前營，分防自荊州河以下江面，螺山、新堤及倒口內之黃蓋湖。
Yuezhou: a brigade general and headquarters brigade commander, thirty-three warships on the deputy-general scale, patrolling from Chenglingji through Lujiao, Leishi, Lulingtan, and Xiangyin. Yuan River: a deputy general of the Yuezhou left camp, covering Junshan, West Lake, and the Changde, Longyang, and Huarong waterways into Dongting. Other Yuan and Xiang river posts were garrisoned separately by Hunan. Jingzhou: a deputy general of the Yuezhou rear camp, from Jingzhou downstream through Shishou and Jianli to the Jinghe estuary. Luxikou: a brigade commander of the Yuezhou front camp, from the Jingzhou river downstream through Luoshan and Xindi, including Huanggalake inside Daokou.
137
漢陽設總兵官，置中軍中營游擊，戰船三十三艘，仿參將營之例，分防自沌口以下江面，至團風等處，並防省城兩岸，後湖、青林湖。 其漢水上通樊城千餘里及各河汊，由湖北省別行設防。 簰洲設參將，屬漢陽鎮後營，分防自倒口以下江面至沌口，兼防金口以內之斧頭湖。 巴河設游擊，屬漢陽鎮右營，分防自團風以下江面，黃州、蘭溪至道士洑，兼樊口以內之梁子湖。 田家鎮設副將，屬漢陽鎮前營，分防自道士洑以下江面，湋源口、蘄州、武穴至陸家嘴，兼防湋源口及隆平以內之湖。
Hanyang: a brigade general and headquarters brigade commander, thirty-three warships on the deputy-general scale, from Zhuankou downstream to Tuanfeng, including both banks of the provincial capital, Hou Lake, and Qinglin Lake. The Han River above, more than a thousand li to Fancheng and its branches, was garrisoned separately by Hubei. Paizhou: a deputy general of the Hanyang rear camp, from Daokou downstream to Zhuankou, including Futou Lake inside Jinkou. Bahe: a brigade commander of the Hanyang right camp, from Tuanfeng downstream through Huangzhou and Lanxi to Daoshifu, including Liangzi Lake above Fan mouth. Tianjiazhen: a deputy general of the Hanyang front camp, from Daoshifu downstream through Weiyuankou, Qizhou, and Wuxue to Lujiazui, including the lakes above Weiyuankou and Longping.
138
湖口設總兵官，置中軍中營游擊，分防自陸家嘴以下江面，至九江老洲頭。 吳城設參將，屬湖口鎮左營，分防自湖口以內姑塘、南唐、渚磯一帶。 饒州設參將，屬湖口鎮後營，分防都昌、鄱陽、康山一帶。 其彭蠡湖東境各湖，南達省城贛江，由江西省別行設防。 華陽鎮設游擊，屬湖口鎮右營，分防自老洲頭以下江面，彭澤縣、香口至東流等處，兼防吉水溝以內各湖。 安慶府設副將，屬湖口鎮前營，分防自東流以下江面，黃石磯、李陽河至樅陽，兼防北岸鹽河及樅陽以下，南岸通殷家匯之河。
Hukou: a brigade general and headquarters brigade commander, from Lujiazui downstream to Laozhoutou at Jiujiang. Wucheng: a deputy general of the Hukou left camp, covering Gutang, Nantang, and Zhuji inside Hukou. Raozhou: a deputy general of the Hukou rear camp, patrolling Duchang, Poyang, and Kangshan. Lakes on the east shore of Poyang and the Gan River south to the provincial capital were garrisoned separately by Jiangxi. Huayang: a brigade commander of the Hukou right camp, from Laozhoutou downstream through Pengze and Xiangkou to Dongliu, including lakes inside Jishuigou. Anqing: a deputy general of the Hukou front camp, from Dongliu downstream through Huangshiji and Liyang River to Zongyang, including the north-bank salt river and the south-bank waterway to Yinjiashui below Zongyang.
139
太平府設長江水師提督衙署，置中軍中營副將，分防金柱關以下江面至烏江。 大通設參將，屬提標後營，分防自樅陽以下江面，池州土橋至荻港。 蕪湖設游擊，屬提標右營，分防自荻港以下江面至裕溪口，並灣沚、青弋江等處。 裕溪口設參將，屬提標左營，分防東西梁山江面至金柱關，兼防運漕、無為州各內河，及巢湖百餘里水汛。 金陵草鞋夾設參將，屬提標前營，分防烏江以下江面至通江集，兼防江浦、六合內河。
Taiping: headquarters of the Yangtze commander with a deputy general of the command banner, from Jinzhuguan downstream to Wujiang. Datong: a deputy general of the command rear camp, from Zongyang downstream through Chizhou Tuqiao to Dihgang. Wuhu: a brigade commander of the command right camp, from Dihgang downstream to Yuxikou, including Wanzhi and the Qingyi River. Yuxikou: a deputy general of the command left camp, from the Liangshan narrows to Jinzhuguan, including the transport canal, Wuwei inner rivers, and a hundred li of Chaohu posts. Caoxiejia at Jinling: a deputy general of the command front camp, from Wujiang downstream to Tongjiangji, including Jiangpu and Liuhe inner rivers.
140
瓜洲設總兵官，置中軍中營游擊，分防通江集以下江面至焦山，兼防內河至揚州。 自揚州以上，高郵等湖，由淮揚鎮別行設防。 孟河營設游擊，屬瓜洲鎮右營，分防南岸各夾江，自焦山至江陰口。 其南岸內河，由松江提標別行設防。 三江營設游擊，屬瓜洲鎮左營，分防北岸各夾江，自焦山至靖江口。 其北岸內河，由淮揚鎮別行設防。 江陰設副將，屬瓜洲鎮前營，分防自江陰以下江面，而至鹿苑港及壽興等河。 其鹿苑港以下，由福山鎮標接防。
Guazhou: a brigade general and headquarters brigade commander, from Tongjiangji downstream to Jiaoshan, including the inner river to Yangzhou. Lakes above Yangzhou, including Gaoyou, were garrisoned by the Huai-Yang brigade. Menghe camp: a brigade commander of the Guazhou right camp, patrolling south-bank channels from Jiaoshan to Jiangyin. South-bank inner rivers were garrisoned by the Songjiang commander. Sanjiang camp: a brigade commander of the Guazhou left camp, patrolling north-bank channels from Jiaoshan to Jingjiang. North-bank inner rivers were garrisoned by the Huai-Yang brigade. Jiangyin: a deputy general of the Guazhou front camp, from Jiangyin downstream to Luyuan Harbor and the Shouxing waterways. Below Luyuan Harbor the Fushan brigade took over.
141
狼山鎮總兵，循舊日之制，增水師二營，兼隸長江提督。 原統中左右三營，鹽捕、揚州、三江、泰州、泰興、掘港各營，悉仍其舊。 惟通州設綏通營，置游擊各官，分防自靖江八團港以下江面至通州，凡長龍戰船二艘，督陣舢板一艘，舢板十艘，大舢板十艘，仍酌增紅單、拖罟等船。 海門廳設綏海營，置副將各官，分防自狼山至海門北岸江口海汊，凡長龍戰船二艘，督陣舢板二艘，大舢板二十艘，仍酌增兵輪船，及紅單、拖罟等船。 其崇明南岸海汊，由江南提督別行設防。
The Langshan brigade general kept the old establishment but added two naval camps under the Yangtze commander. He still commanded the original middle, left, and right camps plus the salt patrol, Yangzhou, Sanjiang, Taizhou, Taixing, and Juegang garrisons unchanged. At Tongzhou the Sui-Tong camp was added under a brigade commander, patrolling from Ba Tuan Harbor at Jingjiang to Tongzhou with two long-dragons, one battle-direction sampan, ten sampans, ten large sampans, and additional red-sail junks and tow-net boats as needed. At Haimen the Sui-Hai camp under a deputy general patrolled from Langshan to the north-bank estuary at Haimen with two long-dragons, two battle-direction sampans, twenty large sampans, and such steam gunboats, red-sail junks, and tow-net boats as were deemed necessary. The sea channels along Chongming's south shore were defended separately by the Jiangnan naval regional commander.
142
綜長江經制水師，副將六營，參將七營，游擊十一營，凡二十四營。
Taken together, the regular Yangtze navy fielded twenty-four camps: six under deputy commanders, seven under regimental commanders, and eleven under mobile brigadiers.