1
志一百十一
Treatise 111
2
兵七
Military 7
3
海軍
Navy
4
中國初無海軍，自道光年籌海防，始有購艦外洋以輔水軍之議。 同治初，曾國籓、左宗棠諸臣建議設船廠、鐵廠。 沈葆楨興船政於閩海，李鴻章築船塢於旅順，練北洋海軍，是為有海軍之始。 而甲申馬江，甲午東海，師船盡毀。 嗣後兵艦歲有購置。 自光緒中葉迄宣統初，南北洋海軍僅有船五十餘艘，舊式居半。 其能出海任戰者，止海籌、海圻等巡洋艦四艘，楚泰、楚謙、江元、江亨等砲艦十餘艘而已。 爰紀開創之漸，修繕之規，廠塢之建築，兵艦之購造，咸列於篇。
China initially had no navy. Once coastal defense was taken up in the Daoguang reign, officials first began to discuss buying warships overseas to strengthen the river fleets. Early in the Tongzhi reign, Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang, and other ministers urged the founding of shipyards and iron mills. Shen Baozhen launched the Fujian ship administration on the Min coast; Li Hongzhang built a dry dock at Lüshun and drilled the Beiyang Navy. This marked the real beginning of a Chinese navy. Yet at Mawei in 1884 and in the East China Sea in 1894, the fleet was wiped out. Afterward warships were bought every year. From the middle Guangxu years through the early Xuantong reign, the northern and southern fleets together mustered only a little more than fifty ships, and half were obsolete designs. Of these, only four cruisers—the Haichou, Haiqi, and their like—and a dozen or so gunboats such as the Chutai, Chuqian, Jiangyuan, and Jiangheng were fit to fight at sea. What follows records step by step the founding of the service, rules for repair, the building of yards and docks, and the purchase and construction of warships.
5
十一年，曾國籓疏請購買外洋船砲。 奕訢等請以關稅買購外洋小兵輪十餘艘。 飭廣東、江蘇各督撫募內地人學習駕駛。 以已租之美利堅輪船二艘，一名土只坡，一名可敷本，為護運之用，配以砲械，駛赴安慶，隸曾國籓調遣。
In the eleventh year [Xianfeng, 1861], Zeng Guofan memorialized asking to buy foreign ships and guns. Yixin and others proposed paying for more than ten small foreign steamers out of customs duties. The governors-general of Guangdong and Jiangsu were ordered to recruit inland men to learn how to sail the ships. Two American steamers already on lease—the Tulip and the Cabbage—were armed for convoy duty, sent up to Anqing, and placed at Zeng Guofan's disposal.
6
五年，左宗棠疏請於福建省擇地設廠，購機器，募洋匠，自造火輪兵船。 聘洋員日意格等，買築鐵廠船槽及中外公廨、工匠住屋、築基砌岸一切工程。 開設學堂，招選生徒，習英、法語言文字、算學、圖畫。 採辦鋼鐵木料。 期五年內成大小輪船若干，均仿外洋兵船之式，需銀三百萬兩。 並陳船政事宜十則，請簡重臣督理。 旋以沈葆楨為船政大臣。
In the fifth year [Tongzhi, 1866], Zuo Zongtang asked permission to choose a site in Fujian, buy machinery, hire foreign engineers, and build steam gunboats on their own. Foreign advisers including Prosper Giquel were engaged to procure and erect the iron mill, slipways, offices for Chinese and foreign staff, workers' housing, and all foundation and quay work. A school was opened and pupils recruited to study English and French, mathematics, and drafting. Steel, iron, and timber were procured. Within five years a number of large and small steamers were to be finished, all modeled on foreign warships, at a cost of three million taels. He also laid out ten points on how the ship administration should be run and asked that a senior minister be appointed to oversee it. Shen Baozhen was soon appointed Minister of the Ship Administration.
7
六年，李鴻章遷虹口製造局於高昌廟，建船塢，名曰江南製造局。 沈葆楨疏言：「福州馬尾山，為省垣奧區天險，設船塢於馬尾之中歧。 塢周四百五十丈有奇。 鐵船槽長三十丈，寬十五丈，可修造二千五百頓之船。 塢內濱江者為鐵廠、輪廠、斫木匠架木棧房。 塢東北為船政大臣駐所，紳員公所及外國匠房。 其左為法文、英文學堂及生徒住舍。 江干為煤廠，山麓為中國匠房，山之左駐楚軍一營，山之右為洋員駐所。 傍江岸為官街，以便貿易。」 旋派洋員日意格回國採辦器具，選用工匠。 是年，瑞麟向英國訂購六兵船。
In the sixth year [Tongzhi, 1867], Li Hongzhang moved the Hongkou arsenal to Gaochangmiao, built a dry dock, and renamed the complex the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau. Shen Baozhen reported: "Mount Mawei at Fuzhou guards the capital's approaches by land and water; the dry dock was placed at the middle reach of the Mawei anchorage. The yard measured a little more than four hundred and fifty zhang around its perimeter. The iron slip was thirty zhang long and fifteen wide and could service vessels of twenty-five hundred tons. Along the riverfront inside the yard stood the ironworks, engine shop, carpenters' sheds, and timber stacks. To the northeast lay the minister's residence, offices for gentry and staff, and quarters for foreign craftsmen. To the left were the French and English schools and the students' dormitories. The coal yard stood on the riverbank; Chinese workshops lined the hillside; a battalion of Hunan troops camped on the left slope and foreign staff quarters on the right. An official street ran along the shore to support local trade." Giquel was then sent back to Europe to buy tools and recruit skilled workers. That year Ruilin ordered six gunboats from Britain.
8
七年，沈葆楨疏言：「於船塢之右，創建船臺四座，臺長二十餘丈，船成入水，順推而下。 其旁增五廠，曰鐵廠，曰水缸廠，曰打鐵廠，曰鑄鐵廠，曰合攏鐵器廠。 規模既具，次第興工。」 尋疏陳：「外洋機器到閩，復運煤運木於臺灣，運塼於廈門。 廠內增設轉鋸廠、木模廠、銅廠、風洞、繪事廠、廣儲廠、儲材廠、東西考工所，先後告竣。」 疏入，諭英桂、馬新貽、李福泰、卞寶第等籌給經費，俾蕆要工。 是年，曾國籓疏言：「上海設廠，自造第一號輪船告成。 汽爐船身，皆考究圖說，自出機杼。 長十八丈，寬二丈餘，命名恬吉。 請續造二十餘丈之大艦。」 旋諭兩江總督馬新貽等，從曾國籓、李鴻章所請，製器設廠，增建譯館諸端，悉心講求。 是年，福州船廠自造安瀾等小輪船十艘告成，濟安、永保、海鏡等輪船亦告成。
In the seventh year [Tongzhi, 1868], Shen Baozhen reported that four launching ways, each more than twenty zhang long, had been built to the right of the dry dock so that completed hulls could be eased straight into the water. Five shops were added beside them: the ironworks, boiler shop, forge, foundry, and iron-fitting assembly plant. With the layout in place, construction moved ahead in stages. He soon added that once foreign machinery reached Fujian, coal and timber were shipped in from Taiwan and bricks from Xiamen. Inside the yard they added a sawmill, pattern shop, copper works, wind tunnel, drafting office, storehouses, and eastern and western inspection shops, finishing them one after another. The throne then ordered Yinggui, Ma Xinyi, Li Futai, Bian Baodi, and others to supply funds so the critical work could be finished. That year Zeng Guofan reported that the Shanghai yard had launched its first home-built steamer. Its boiler and hull were designed from careful study of the plans and were original work. Eighteen zhang long and a little over two wide, she was named the Tianji. He asked that larger ships of more than twenty zhang be built next. The court then told Liangjiang governor-general Ma Xinyi and his colleagues to carry out Zeng Guofan's and Li Hongzhang's proposals on arsenals, shipyards, translation schools, and the like with full attention. That year the Fuzhou yard finished ten small steamers including the Anlan, and the Jian, Yongbao, Haijing, and other vessels as well.
9
八年，沈葆楨疏言：「廠中自製第一號大輪船下水，長二十三丈八尺，寬二丈七尺八寸，每小時行八十里，以副將率弁兵水手管駕，安置巨砲，駛出大洋，暫名曰萬年青。 第二號暫名曰湄雲，俟駛赴天津，再請錫名，以光海宇。」 是年，購法國澄波兵船。 江南製測海、操江兵船成。 又購建威、海東雲二船。
In the eighth year [Tongzhi, 1869], Shen Baozhen reported that the yard's first large steamer had been launched—twenty-three zhang eight chi long, two zhang seven chi eight cun wide, and eighty li an hour under steam. A vice commander took charge of officers, sailors, and marines; heavy guns were mounted; and the ship put to sea under the provisional name Wannianqing. The second was provisionally called the Meiyun; once she reached Tianjin, they would ask the throne for an imperial name to honor the fleet. That year they bought the French gunboat Chengbo. The Jiangnan yard finished the Cehai and Caojiang. They also bought the Jianwei and Haidongyun.
10
九年，沈葆楨疏言：「第三號福星船，第四號伏波船告成，本屬戰艦，利於巡洋，以學堂上等學生移處船中，令洋員教其駕駛，由近而遠，以收實效。」 是年，江南威靖兵船成。
In the ninth year [Tongzhi, 1870], Shen Baozhen reported that the Fuxing and Fubo were finished. Built as cruisers, they now housed the school's senior students, with foreign instructors teaching them to sail from coastal waters out to the open sea. That year the Jiangnan yard also finished the Weijing.
11
十年，令學生十八人駕建威練船，巡歷南北各海口。 是年，曾國籓疏請仿英國小鐵船式，令滬廠製造，為守海口之用。
In the tenth year [Tongzhi, 1871], eighteen students were sent out on the training ship Jianwei to visit ports north and south. That year Zeng Guofan asked that the Shanghai yard copy Britain's small ironclads for harbor defense.
12
十一年，船政製安瀾、鎮海、揚武、飛雲、靖遠五兵船成。 文煜、宋晉等以造船費重，疏請暫罷，不許。 是年，李鴻章疏言：「滬廠造成第五號船，長三十丈，鍋爐均在水線之下，置大砲二十六尊，系仿外洋三枝桅兵船式，英、法人稱為中國最巨之船。 請飭沿江海各省，不得自向外洋購船，如有所需，向閩、滬二廠商撥訂製，以節度支。」
In the eleventh year [Tongzhi, 1872], the ship administration launched five gunboats: the Anlan, Zhenhai, Yangwu, Feiyun, and Jingyuan. Wenyu, Song Jin, and others asked to suspend construction because of the expense, but the court refused. That year Li Hongzhang reported that the Shanghai yard had launched its fifth ship—thirty zhang long, boilers below the waterline, and twenty-six heavy guns—a copy of a foreign three-masted warship that British and French observers called the largest vessel in China. He asked that coastal provinces be forbidden to buy ships abroad on their own and told to order from the Fujian and Shanghai yards instead, so funds would not be wasted.”
13
十二年，江南製海安兵船成。 沈葆楨疏言：「閩廠七號揚武、八號飛雲兵船下水。 揚武用英國前膛砲，飛雲用布國後膛砲。 以後十三、十四、十五號兵船，請兼仿外洋商舶之式，運載貨物，以裕經費。 九號靖遠、十號振威、十一號濟安、十二號永保、十三號海鏡兵船已告成，以都司、游擊等管駕出洋。 其建威練船，巡歷浙江、上海、天津、牛庄及香港、新加坡、檳榔嶼等處。 在船學徒，練習風濤，成績甚優。 來年遣散洋匠，以中國學徒自造。 然能守已成之法，不能拓未竟之緒。 請選擇學生，分赴英、法二國，深究造船駕駛之方，練兵制勝之理。」
In the twelfth year [Tongzhi, 1873], the Jiangnan yard finished the Haian. Shen Baozhen reported that the Fujian yard had launched the Yangwu (No. 7) and Feiyun (No. 8). The Yangwu carried British muzzle-loaders; the Feiyun, Prussian breech-loaders. He asked that ships thirteen through fifteen also follow merchant-ship lines so they could carry cargo and help pay for the program. The Jingyuan (No. 9), Zhenwei (No. 10), Jian (No. 11), Yongbao (No. 12), and Haijing (No. 13) were already in service, commanded at sea by brigade and regimental officers. The training ship Jianwei had cruised to Zhejiang, Shanghai, Tianjin, Niuzhuang, Hong Kong, Singapore, Penang, and other ports. The apprentices aboard had trained in heavy weather with excellent results. The following year the foreign engineers would be sent home and Chinese apprentices would build the ships alone. They could follow methods already mastered, but could not advance techniques still unfinished. He asked that selected students be sent to Britain and France to master shipbuilding and navigation and the principles of drilling men and winning battles.”
14
十三年，船政製濟安、琛航、大雅三運船成。 福建善後局購美國二砲船，曰福勝、建勝。 李鴻章疏言：「中國東南北三洋，請各設大兵船六艘，根缽小兵船十艘，合成四十八艘。 三洋各需大鐵船二艘。 北洋駐煙臺、旅順等處，東洋駐長江口外，南洋駐廈門、虎門等處。 鐵甲船每艘需銀百萬兩外，分年向外洋購置。 餘船由閩、滬二廠仿造，以足四十八艘之數。 請飭沿江沿海各省，裁併新舊紅單、拖罟、艇船、舢板等船，以節省之款，專練海軍。」 是年，沈葆楨疏言：「續辦船工，尚有三端：一、挖土大機船，一、船土鐵脅，一、新式輪機。 鐵脅須購自法國，以閩船皆法匠所造也。 臥機、立機須購自英國，以其製精無弊也。」
In the thirteenth year [Tongzhi, 1874], the ship administration finished three transports: the Jian, Chenhang, and Daya. The Fujian Pacification Bureau bought two American gunboats, the Fusheng and Jiansheng. Li Hongzhang proposed that China's eastern, southern, and northern fleets each receive six large warships and ten smaller gunboats, forty-eight ships in all. Each fleet also needed two large ironclads. The northern squadron would base at Yantai and Lüshun, the eastern off the Yangzi mouth, and the southern at Xiamen, Humen, and similar ports. Each ironclad would cost more than a million taels and was to be bought abroad year by year. The rest were to be built at the Fujian and Shanghai yards until the full forty-eight were ready. He asked coastal provinces to scrap redundant patrol craft—old and new hongdan, tuogu, launches, and sampans—and devote the savings to building the navy. That year Shen Baozhen added that three projects still lay ahead: a large dredger, iron framing for hulls, and modern engines. Iron ribs would have to come from France, since Fujian's yards relied on French shipwrights. Horizontal and vertical engines should be bought in Britain, where workmanship was finest.”
15
二年，沈葆楨會同李鴻章奏派學生，分赴英、法各國，入大學堂、製造局練習。 此為第一屆出洋學生。 是年，船政製登瀛洲、蓺新兩兵船成。 製造局製金甌小鐵甲船成。
In the second year [Guangxu, 1876], Shen Baozhen and Li Hongzhang jointly sent students to Britain and France for training in universities and arsenals. This was the first group of students sent overseas. That year the ship administration launched the Dengyingzhou and Yixin. The manufacturing bureau finished the small ironclad Jin'ou.
16
三年、四年，泰安、威遠、超武兵船亦成。 沈葆楨疏請各省協款，每年解南北洋各二百萬，專儲為籌辦海軍之用，期十年成南洋、北洋、粵洋海軍三大枝，猶恐緩不濟急，請以四百萬先解北洋，俟成軍後，再解南洋。
In the third and fourth years [Guangxu, 1877–1878], the Taian, Weiyuan, and Chaowu were launched as well. Shen Baozhen asked the provinces to contribute two million taels a year to each of the northern and southern fleets, with the goal of three full squadrons within ten years. Fearing delay, he proposed sending four million taels to the northern fleet first and funding the south only after it was ready.
17
五年，李鴻章疏言，外洋訂購之四砲船來華，以福建船政局員管駕，名飛霆、策電、龍驤、虎威，砲射甚遠，輪機亦精，請再購四艘。 沈葆楨疏言，續購蚊砲船四艘到華，以留學英國畢業生管駕，名鎮東、鎮西、鎮南、鎮北，分防吳淞、江陰二口，為夾護砲臺之用。 何璟疏言：「閩廠製造各兵船，惟揚武、威遠、濟安較為得力，其餘止供巡緝內洋之用。」 旋諭沿江海各督撫整頓海軍。 沈葆楨旋卒，海軍屬李鴻章。 設海軍營務處於天津。
In the fifth year [Guangxu, 1879], Li Hongzhang reported that four gunboats ordered abroad had arrived—the Feiting, Cedain, Longxiang, and Huwei—manned by Fujian shipyard officers. Their guns ranged far and their engines were excellent, and he asked to buy four more. Shen Baozhen reported that four more mosquito gunboats had arrived, commanded by graduates of study in Britain—the Zhendong, Zhenxi, Zhennan, and Zhenbei—stationed at Wusong and Jiangyin to shield the forts. He Jing observed that of the Fujian-built gunboats only the Yangwu, Weiyuan, and Jian were truly useful; the rest could patrol only coastal waters. The court then ordered coastal governors to reorganize the navy. Shen Baozhen died soon after, and Li Hongzhang took charge of the navy. A naval headquarters was set up at Tianjin.
18
六年，江督劉坤一疏言：「蚊砲船購自外洋，費鉅而砲位過重。 請由粵自造木殼船，丈尺與包鐵者同，砲位改用三萬餘斤之後膛砲，先造二艘，以備守口之用。」 李鴻章疏請購外洋每半時行十五海里之快船及碰船、蚊子船。 又疏言：「購辦鐵甲船之舉，倡議已歷七年。 福建已定購蚊子船四艘，碰船二艘。 請移二碰船之價一百三十萬兩，先購鐵甲船一艘，專歸臺灣防剿。 以原有之福勝、建勝二蚊子船及船廠自造兵輪之堅利者，合為一軍，則臺防可固。 南洋擬購之快碰船二艘，亦請抵購鐵甲船一艘。 當與南洋大臣會商，合原有之各兵輪，編練海軍，互為應援。」 旋以滬廠因鑄造槍砲經費過重，停造輪船。 閩廠亦以財絀停造木質兵船，專造快船與鐵甲船。 是年，吉林將軍銘安請於三姓一帶造舢板戰船。 諭李鴻章籌度。 鴻章覆陳俄國於庫葉島設廠造兵輪，輒由混同江駛入松花江等處，非舢板所能敵。 請於三姓水深之處，設廠造蚊子船，可巡駛及黑龍江，以佐陸軍。 鴻章尋向英訂造新式鐵甲船，並飭閩廠仿造。 彭玉麟亦請飭閩廠分造十七、八丈之小兵輪十艘，以長江任戰之員為管帶，巡緝洋面。 諭兩江、福建、廣東各省籌辦。 是年，在英廠訂造之超勇、揚威快碰船來華，令提督丁汝昌管駕，與鎮中、鎮邊蚊砲船二艘，同泊旅順。 又於閩廠訂造快船二艘，專為朝鮮口岸之用。 李鴻章設水師學堂於天津。 旋以在德國船廠定購之定遠、鎮遠二鐵艦，濟遠穹甲艦將成，令管輪學生赴德國練習。 令洋教習率鎮東等四兵船赴渤海一帶梭巡。 是年，船政製澄慶兵船成。
In the sixth year [Guangxu, 1880], Jiangsu governor-general Liu Kunyi complained that foreign mosquito gunboats were costly and top-heavy. He asked Guangdong to build wooden-hulled ships the size of ironclads, mounting thirty-thousand-jin breech-loaders instead, starting with two for harbor defense. Li Hongzhang, meanwhile, asked to buy foreign dispatch vessels capable of fifteen knots, plus rams and mosquito boats. He added that plans to buy ironclads had been debated for seven years. Fujian had already ordered four mosquito boats and two rams. He proposed redirecting the 1.3 million taels set aside for the two rams to buy one ironclad for Taiwan's defense instead. If the existing Fusheng and Jiansheng mosquito boats were combined with the sturdiest yard-built gunboats into a single squadron, Taiwan's defenses could be held. He further asked that the two quick-firing rams the Nanyang Fleet intended to buy be applied instead toward purchasing one ironclad. He should confer with the Nanyang governor-general to consolidate existing gunboats, drill a navy, and coordinate mutual support. Shortly thereafter, the Shanghai yard halted ship construction because casting guns and cannon had grown prohibitively expensive. The Fujian yard likewise stopped building wooden gunboats for lack of funds and concentrated on fast cruisers and ironclads. That year, Jilin Governor Ming'an proposed building sampan fighting craft around Sansxing. The throne ordered Li Hongzhang to study the matter. Li Hongzhang replied that Russia was building gunboats at a yard on Sakhalin and sailing them up the Amur into the Songhua and elsewhere—craft that sampans could not withstand. He asked to erect a yard at a deep-water site near Sansxing to build mosquito boats capable of patrolling the Amur in support of the land forces. Li Hongzhang soon contracted with Britain for a new ironclad and ordered the Fujian yard to copy the design. Peng Yulin also asked that the Fujian yard build ten small gunboats of seventeen or eighteen zhang, commanded by Yangtze combat officers, to patrol offshore waters. The throne directed Liangjiang, Fujian, and Guangdong to carry out the plan. That year the Chaoyong and Yangwei quick-firing rams built in Britain arrived; Admiral Ding Ruchang was put in command of them and the mosquito gunboats Zhenzhong and Zhenbian, all of which were stationed at Lüshun. Two fast cruisers were also ordered from the Fujian yard for service at Korean ports. Li Hongzhang founded a naval academy at Tianjin. When the ironclads Dingyuan and Zhenyuan and the protected cruiser Jiyuan, all ordered from German yards, were nearing completion, engine cadets were sent to Germany for training. Foreign instructors were dispatched with four gunboats including the Zhendong to patrol the Bohai Gulf. That year the Fujian shipyard launched the gunboat Chengqing.
19
七年，李鴻章在大沽口建船塢。 九月，超勇、揚威二艦製成來華。 鴻章乘赴旅順，察看形勢，籌備建築船塢、砲壘。 大沽設水雷營、水雷學堂。 旅順設水雷魚雷營、挖泥船。 威海設魚雷局、機器廠，並設屯煤所。 以丁汝昌統領北洋海軍。 定兵艦國旗質地章色之制。 會同福建船政派學生赴歐洲肄業。
In the seventh year [Guangxu, 1881], Li Hongzhang built a dry dock at Dagu. In the ninth month the Chaoyong and Yangwei were completed and arrived in China. Li Hongzhang sailed to Lüshun to survey the ground and plan dry docks and batteries. Dagu gained a torpedo corps and torpedo school. Lüshun received a torpedo and mine unit along with dredgers. Weihai was furnished with a torpedo bureau, machine shops, and coal storage depots. Ding Ruchang was placed in overall command of the Beiyang Navy. Regulations governing naval ensigns—their fabric, color, and badge—were promulgated. Students were sent to Europe for training in cooperation with the Fujian shipyard.
20
八年，北洋、粵督各購德國雷艇數艘。 以英人琅威理司海軍訓練，與各國兵艦相遇，始有迎送交接之禮。 李鴻章疏言英、法、美、德國近年所造船，曰穹面鋼甲快船，入水十五尺八寸，馬力二千八百匹，壓水力二千三百頓，每時行十五海里，合中國五十里，機艙等鋼面厚三寸半，砲臺周圍鋼面厚至十寸，每艘需銀六十二萬兩，與鐵艦相輔，最為海軍利器。 閩廠自造快船不及其精，已由出使大臣訂購一艘，與鎮遠鐵艦同駛來華。
In the eighth year [Guangxu, 1882], the Beiyang Fleet and the Guangdong governor each bought several German torpedo boats. Under the British adviser William Lang, naval drill introduced for the first time the ceremonial courtesies observed when meeting foreign warships. Li Hongzhang reported that Britain, France, the United States, and Germany were now building domed-armor steel cruisers drawing fifteen chi eight cun, rated at 2,800 horsepower and 2,300 tons displacement, and capable of fifteen knots—about fifty Chinese li per hour. Their engine rooms were armored with three-and-a-half-cun steel plate and their batteries with up to ten cun; each cost 620,000 taels. Paired with ironclads, they were the navy's most effective weapons. The Fujian yard's own fast cruisers were inferior; the minister abroad had therefore ordered one to sail home alongside the ironclad Zhenyuan.
21
九年，船政製開濟快碰船成。 南洋向德國購南琛、南瑞二巡洋艦。
In the ninth year [Guangxu, 1883] the Fujian shipyard launched the quick-firing ram Kaiji. The Nanyang Fleet bought the cruisers Nanchen and Nanrui from Germany.
22
十年，船政製鏡清快碰船、橫海兵船成。 李鴻章疏言，自光緒元年至六年，經營北洋海防，有龍驤等蚊砲船八艘，水雷小艇一艘。 其龍、虎、霆、電四船，於六年撥赴南洋調遣。 七年以後，先後購到超勇、揚威快碰船二艘，鎮中、鎮邊蚊砲船二艘。 由閩廠調至北洋，修改練船之威遠、康濟兵輪二艘。 調赴朝鮮、旅順等處，海鏡一艘。 在滬製造之快馬小輪船一艘。 在津製造之利順小輪船一艘。 守雷、下雷所用之暗輪包鋼小輪船二艘。 察看船隻之大小，頓載之輕重，機器、砲位、桅帆器械之繁簡，配定人數、餉章，與水師統領、教習洋員分別損益，務使利器可得實用。 是年五月，以長江水師提督李成謀總統南洋兵輪。 總督曾國荃疏言：「江南購買兵輪蚊、快等船及自造者，為數無多。 所有登瀛洲、靖遠、澄慶、開濟、龍驤、虎威、飛霆、策電、威靖、測海、馭遠、金甌大小兵輪，及新購之南琛、南瑞，上海機器局所造之鋼板保民兵輪，各船大小不齊，兵額不一，以之海戰則不足，以之扼守江海門戶，與砲臺相輔，藉固江防。」 八月，法國海軍犯福建。 駐防福州海口之揚武、振威、飛雲、伏波、濟安、福星、蓺新兵船七艘，蚊砲船二艘，琛航、永保商輪二艘，與法國兵船戰於馬江，悉數沈毀，存者惟伏波、蓺新二船。 時李鴻章令德國武員率快船五艘，與曾國荃所部開濟、南琛、南瑞、澄慶、馭遠五船援閩，未至而閩師已覆，澄慶、馭遠二船亦沉於石浦。 是年，總理衙門請設海軍專部。 出使大臣許景澄在德國訂購之定遠、鎮遠鐵甲艦二艘，濟遠鋼甲艦一艘均告成。 粵督向德國訂購雷艇八艘。
In the tenth year [Guangxu, 1884] the Fujian shipyard launched the quick-firing ram Jingqing and the gunboat Henghai. Li Hongzhang reported that from the first through sixth years of Guangxu [1875–1880], in building up Beiyang coastal defense he had acquired eight mosquito gunboats including the Longxiang, plus one small torpedo boat. In the sixth year the Longxiang, Huwei, Feiting, and Cedain were assigned to the Nanyang Fleet. After the seventh year [1881] he successively acquired the quick-firing rams Chaoyong and Yangwei and the mosquito gunboats Zhenzhong and Zhenbian. The drill ships Weiyuan and Kangji were transferred from the Fujian yard to the Beiyang Fleet and refitted. The Haijing was stationed at Korea, Lüshun, and other stations. One small fast steamer was built at Shanghai. One small steamer, the Lishun, was built at Tianjin. Two small screw steamers sheathed in steel for laying and recovering mines. He assessed each ship's size, tonnage, and the complexity of its machinery, guns, masts, and gear, then set complements, pay, and rations in consultation with the fleet commander and foreign instructors, adjusting details so that these advanced vessels could be used effectively. In the fifth month of that year, Yangtze naval commander Li Chengmo was made commander of the Nanyang gunboat force. Governor-General Zeng Guoquan reported that Jiangnan's purchased and locally built mosquito boats, fast cruisers, and other gunboats were few in number. The force included the Dengyingzhou, Jingyuan, Chengqing, Kaiji, Longxiang, Huwei, Feiting, Cedain, Weijing, Cehai, Yuyuan, Jin'ou, the newly bought Nanchen and Nanrui, and the Shanghai-built steel gunboat Baomin—vessels of varied size and crew strength. They were too few for open battle, but together with coastal batteries they could guard the river mouths and bolster river defense. In the eighth month the French navy attacked Fujian. Seven gunboats defending the Fuzhou estuary—the Yangwu, Zhenwei, Feiyun, Fubo, Ji'an, Fuxing, and Yixin—along with two mosquito gunboats and the merchant steamers Chenhang and Yongbao, fought the French at the Mawei River. All were sunk except the Fubo and Yixin. Li Hongzhang then sent a German officer with five fast cruisers and Zeng Guoquan's Kaiji, Nanchen, Nanrui, Chengqing, and Yuyuan to reinforce Fujian, but they arrived too late—the Fujian squadron was already destroyed, and the Chengqing and Yuyuan were sunk at Shipu. That year the Zongli Yamen asked to create a separate naval department. The ironclads Dingyuan and Zhenyuan and the armored cruiser Jiyuan that Minister Abroad Xu Jingcheng had ordered in Germany were all completed. The Guangdong governor ordered eight torpedo boats from Germany.
23
十一年，曾國荃疏言：「於福建、廣東、浙江三省增設鐵艦、快艦、雷艇。 嗣後各兵船專事操練巡洋，不得載勇拖船。」 與北洋大臣會奏，派第三屆學生出洋。 同時，左宗棠疏請開採鐵礦，擇吳、楚扼要處，立船政砲廠，專造鐵甲兵船、後膛巨砲。 製造局製保兵鋼板船成。 九月，海軍衙門成立。 以醇親王總理海軍，慶郡王、李鴻章為會辦，曾紀澤、善慶為幫辦。
In the eleventh year [Guangxu, 1885], Zeng Guoquan proposed adding ironclads, fast cruisers, and torpedo boats in Fujian, Guangdong, and Zhejiang. Thereafter every warship was to train and cruise exclusively, without carrying troops or towing other vessels. He and the Beiyang governor-general jointly memorialized to send the third cohort of students overseas. At the same time, Zuo Zongtang asked to open iron mines, establish shipyards and foundries at strategic sites in the Yangtze region, and concentrate on building ironclads and heavy breech-loading guns. The Manufacturing Bureau launched the steel-plated gunboat Baomin. In the ninth month the Naval Yamen was established. Prince Chun was placed in charge of the navy, with Prince Qing and Li Hongzhang as co-directors and Zeng Jize and Shan Qing as deputies.
24
十二年，粵省造淺水兵輪，曰廣元、廣亨、廣利、廣貞，防護海口。 向德國購福龍魚雷艇一艘。 三月，南洋兵船赴北洋會操。 命醇親王、李鴻章校閱海陸軍及沿海臺壘。 丁汝昌率兵船巡歷朝鮮。 船政大臣裴廕森於福州增設練船，造鐵甲船，疏言：「江蘇之上海，廣東之黃埔，雖有船塢，而港道狹淺。 福建羅星塔之下、員山寨之上，兩山間有天成巨港，請建大船塢，備定遠等鐵艦修理之處。」
In the twelfth year [Guangxu, 1886], Guangdong built the shallow-draft gunboats Guangyuan, Guangheng, Guangli, and Guangzhen for harbor defense. One torpedo boat, the Fulong, was purchased from Germany. In the third month Nanyang gunboats sailed north for joint exercises with the Beiyang Fleet. Prince Chun and Li Hongzhang were ordered to review the land and naval forces and coastal fortifications. Ding Ruchang led a squadron on patrol through Korean waters. Naval Superintendent Pei Yinsen, who had added drill ships at Fuzhou and begun building ironclads, reported that although Shanghai and Whampoa each had dry docks, their channels were too narrow and shallow. Below Luoxing Pagoda and above Yuanshan Fort in Fujian, a great natural harbor lay between two hills; he asked to build a large dry dock there to service ironclads such as the Dingyuan.”
25
十三年，閩廠寰泰快碰船、廣甲兵船造成，並造雙機鋼甲輪船及穹式快船、淺水兵輪。 是年，北洋向英國購左一出海魚雷大快艇一艘，向德國購左二、左三、右一、右二、右三魚雷艇五艘，挖泥船一艘。 北京設水師學堂於昆明湖，廣東設水師學堂於黃埔。
In the thirteenth year [Guangxu, 1887] the Fujian yard launched the quick-firing ram Huantai and the gunboat Guangjia, and also built twin-engine armored steamers, domed cruisers, and shallow-draft gunboats. That year the Beiyang Fleet bought from Britain one large seagoing torpedo launch, Left One, from Germany five torpedo boats—Left Two, Left Three, Right One, Right Two, and Right Three—and one dredger. Naval academies were founded at Kunming Lake in Beijing and at Whampoa in Guangdong.
26
十四年，海軍衙門奏定官制，設提督、總兵、副將、參將、游擊、都司、守備、千總、把總、經制外委等官。 是年，在英、德廠所造致遠、靖遠、經遠、來遠四快船來華。 英百濟公司所造出海魚雷快艇亦告成。 六月，臺灣番民叛，命致遠、靖遠二艦往剿平之。
In the fourteenth year [Guangxu, 1888] the Naval Yamen promulgated a rank structure, creating posts from admiral down through vice admiral, rear admiral, commodore, captain, commander, lieutenant commander, lieutenant, sub-lieutenant, and brevet midshipman. That year the four fast cruisers Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Jingyuan, and Laiyuan ordered from Britain and Germany arrived in China. Seagoing torpedo launches built by the British Baiji company were also completed. In the sixth month, when Taiwan aborigines rebelled, the Zhiyuan and Jingyuan were sent to suppress the uprising.
27
十五年，船政製平遠鋼甲船、廣庾兵船成。
In the fifteenth year [Guangxu, 1889] the Fujian shipyard launched the armored ship Pingyuan and the gunboat Guangyu.
28
十六年，裴廕森疏言，閩廠修整龍威鋼甲兵輪，更名平遠，廣乙魚雷快船亦告成，併入北洋艦隊操演。 又言石船塢告成，請簡專員董理。 八月，北洋設水師學堂於劉公島，南洋設水師學堂於南京。 十月，李鴻章疏言旅順口船塢工竣，堪為修理鐵艦之用，並築劉公島、青島等處沿海砲臺。 北洋所聘海軍總查英人琅威理，以爭提督升旗，辭職回國。 英政府遂拒我海軍學生在英留學。
In the sixteenth year [Guangxu, 1890], Pei Yinsen reported that the Fujian yard had refitted the armored gunboat Longwei as the Pingyuan, that the torpedo cruiser Guangyi was also finished, and that both joined Beiyang fleet exercises. He also reported that the stone dry dock was finished and asked that a dedicated superintendent be appointed. In the eighth month the Beiyang Fleet opened a naval academy on Liugong Island and the Nanyang Fleet opened one at Nanjing. In the tenth month Li Hongzhang reported that the Lüshun dry dock was finished and fit to repair ironclads, and that coastal batteries had also been built at Liugong Island, Qingdao, and elsewhere. William Lang, the British chief inspector of the Beiyang Navy, resigned and returned home after a dispute over hoisting the admiral's flag. The British government then barred Chinese naval cadets from studying in Britain.
29
十七年，船政製廣丙魚雷快船成。 二月，命直隸總督李鴻章、山東巡撫張曜出海閱海軍操。 北洋之定遠等十二艦，廣東之廣甲等三艦，南洋之寰泰等六艦，畢會於旅順口，操演船陣槍砲魚雷，並勘砲臺、船塢。 四月，戶部請停購外洋槍砲船隻機器二年，以所節價銀解部充餉。 六月，提督丁汝昌率兵艦六艘赴日本東京。 七月，威海增設魚雷三營。
In the seventeenth year [Guangxu, 1891] the Fujian shipyard launched the torpedo cruiser Guangbing. In the second month, Zhili Governor-General Li Hongzhang and Shandong Governor Zhang Yao were ordered to sea to inspect naval exercises. Twelve Beiyang ships led by the Dingyuan, three Guangdong ships including the Guangjia, and six Nanyang ships including the Huantai assembled at Lüshun for formation, gunnery, and torpedo drills, and to inspect batteries and dry docks. In the fourth month the Board of Revenue asked to suspend foreign purchases of arms, cannon, ships, and machinery for two years and send the savings to the capital to cover salaries. In the sixth month Admiral Ding Ruchang sailed six warships to Tokyo. In the seventh month three torpedo battalions were added at Weihai.
30
十九年，船政製福靖魚雷快船成。 粵督改水師講堂為水師學堂。
In the nineteenth year [Guangxu, 1893] the Fujian shipyard launched the torpedo cruiser Fujing. The Guangdong governor reorganized the naval lecture hall as a naval academy.
31
二十年，船政製通濟練船成。 訂購英國砲艦一艘，命名福安。 二月，鎮遠、定遠二艦置新式克鹿卜快砲十二尊。 四月，朝鮮內亂，北洋遣兵艦往剿。 五月，與日本兵船戰於牙山口外，濟遠船傷，廣乙船沈，操江船失，載兵之高升商船亦沈。 九月，丁汝昌率北洋兵艦與日本戰於大東溝，失致遠、經遠、超勇、揚威四艦。
In the twentieth year [Guangxu, 1894] the Fujian shipyard launched the drill ship Tongji. One gunboat was ordered from Britain and named the Fu'an. In the second month the Zhenyuan and Dingyuan were fitted with twelve new Krupp quick-firing guns. In the fourth month, when Korea fell into civil disorder, the Beiyang Fleet sent warships to intervene. In the fifth month they fought Japanese warships off the Yalu estuary: the Jiyuan was damaged, the Guangyi sunk, the Caojiang captured, and the troopship Gaosheng sunk as well. In the ninth month Ding Ruchang fought the Japanese in the Battle of the Yalu, losing the Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Chaoyong, and Yangwei.
32
二十一年，日本以師船攻威海，定遠、鎮遠各艦亦失，丁汝昌敗死。 冬，南洋訂購之辰、宿、列、張四雷艇來華。 飛霆、飛鷹二驅逐艦在英、德廠造成。 以康濟、飛霆、飛鷹、建靖各艦駐防北洋。 以南洋之開濟、鏡清、寰泰、南琛，福建之福靖兵艦往來調防。
In the twenty-first year [Guangxu, 1895], Japan's fleet attacked Weihai; the Dingyuan, Zhenyuan, and other ships were lost, and Ding Ruchang was defeated and took his own life. That winter the four torpedo boats Chen, Su, Lie, and Zhang ordered by the Nanyang Fleet arrived. The destroyers Feiting and Feiying were completed in Britain and Germany. The Kangji, Feiting, Feiying, and Jianjing were assigned to Beiyang defense. The Nanyang ships Kaiji, Jingqing, Huantai, and Nanchen and the Fujian gunboat Fujing were rotated among stations as needed.
33
二十二年，福州羅星塔石塢成。 閩浙總督邊寶泉請設法擴充船政。 總理衙門疏陳：「船政始於大學士左宗棠、兩江總督沈葆楨。 嗣後十餘年，泰西製造日精，閩廠雖有出洋畢業學生，而財力短絀，既不能增機拓廠，復不能製料儲材。 自光緒八、九年後，以購買之機器，就廠合攏，成寰泰、鏡清、平遠、開濟各快艦。 而新出之法，以無機無廠，不能急起謀新。 同治年間所製之琛航、靖遠木質各艦，馬力微者，又不適於用。 凡一船之成，材居其七，工居其三。 各材之中，屬煤、鐵、土、木等為生料，有產自中國者，有產自外洋者； 屬鋼甲、鐵甲、帆、纜等為熟料，有能自製者，有必待增機廠而製者。 請簡用重臣督辦，開採礦產，增購機械，獎勵學生，籌度經費，以期日起有功。」 四月，在德國訂造海容、海籌、海琛三巡洋艦。 五月，在英國訂造海天、海圻二巡洋艦。 是年，以福州將軍裕祿兼船政大臣，諭加整頓。
In the twenty-second year [Guangxu, 1896], the stone dry dock at Luoxing Pagoda near Fuzhou was completed. Bian Baoquan, governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang, asked for ways to expand the naval shipyard administration. The Zongli Yamen reported that the ship administration had been founded by Grand Secretary Zuo Zongtang and Two Jiangs Governor-General Shen Baozhen. In the decade that followed, Western shipbuilding grew ever more advanced. The Fujian yard had graduates of overseas study, but funds were too short to add machinery, expand the yards, or manufacture and stock materials. From Guangxu 8–9 [1882–83] onward, purchased machinery was assembled at the yard to build the fast cruisers Huantai, Jingqing, Pingyuan, and Kaiji. New methods could not be adopted quickly for lack of machinery and expanded facilities. The wooden ships Chenhang and Jingyuan built in the Tongzhi era were underpowered and likewise unsuitable for service. Building a ship costs roughly seventy percent in materials and thirty percent in labor. Raw materials included coal, iron, earth, and timber, some sourced domestically and some from abroad; Finished goods such as steel plate, iron plate, sails, and cables—some could be made locally, others only after adding machinery and expanding the yards. It asked that a senior official be appointed to supervise mining, purchase machinery, support students, and plan funding so that progress might be made day by day. In the fourth month three cruisers—the Haichong, Haichou, and Haichen—were ordered from Germany. In the fifth month two cruisers—the Haitian and Haiqi—were ordered from Britain. That year Fuzhou General Yu Lu was also made naval superintendent and ordered to put the administration in order.
34
二十三年，德國據山東膠州灣，法租廣州灣，英租威海衛，俄租旅順、大連灣。 是年，船政製福安運船成。
In the twenty-third year [Guangxu, 1897] Germany seized Jiaozhou Bay in Shandong, France leased Guangzhou Bay, Britain leased Weihaiwei, and Russia leased Lüshun and Dalian Bay. That year the ship administration launched the transport Fu'an.
35
二十四年，船政製吉雲拖船成。 諭各督撫於船政原有經費外，別籌專款，以振海軍。
In the twenty-fourth year [Guangxu, 1898] the ship administration completed the tug Jiyun. The throne ordered governors-general and governors to raise dedicated funds beyond existing shipyard appropriations to rebuild the navy.
36
二十五年，在德訂購之海龍、海華、海青、海犀來華。 諭沿海疆臣，增設海軍學堂，講求駕駛戰術。
In the twenty-fifth year [Guangxu, 1899] the Hailong, Haihua, Haiqing, and Haixi, ordered in Germany, arrived in China. Coastal officials were ordered to establish naval academies and train officers in navigation and tactics.
37
二十六年，拳匪亂作，北洋各艦悉赴南洋。
In the twenty-sixth year [Guangxu, 1900] the Boxer uprising erupted and every Beiyang vessel was sent south to Nanyang.
38
二十七年，和議成，海容軍艦回防。
In the twenty-seventh year [Guangxu, 1901], after peace was made, the Haichong returned to her station.
39
二十八年，船政製建威、建安魚雷快船、建翼魚雷艇成。 又製淺水巡洋兵船二艘，一曰安海，一曰定海。 是年，船政會辦魏瀚，以監督杜業爾不職，遣回法國。
In the twenty-eighth year [Guangxu, 1902] the ship administration completed the torpedo fast boats Jianwei and Jian'an and the torpedo boat Jianyi. It also launched two shallow-water cruiser gunboats, the Anhai and the Dinghai. That year co-director Wei Han dismissed the French supervisor Du Ye'er for neglect of duty and sent him home.
40
二十九年，張之洞疏言：「南洋各兵艦年久，咸不適用，徒費國帑。 各艦惟寰泰、鏡清二兵輪，威靖、登瀛二運船，尚可備巡緝之用。 其南瑞、南琛、保民三兵輪，龍驤、虎威、飛霆、策電四蚊船，請一律裁停。 鈞和一船，令商人自養，為護商之用。 以所節之款，積之十年，可購長江淺水新式快船六、七艘。」 允之。 是年，煙臺設海軍學校。 江督向日本訂造江元淺水快船。
In the twenty-ninth year [Guangxu, 1903] Zhang Zhidong reported that Nanyang's warships were obsolete, unfit for duty, and a drain on the treasury. Only the gunboats Huantai and Jingqing and the transports Weijing and Dengying remained useful for patrol duty. He asked to decommission the gunboats Nanrui, Nanchen, and Baomin and the mosquito boats Longxiang, Huwei, Feiting, and Cedain. The Junhe alone was to be kept by merchants for convoy duty. Savings accumulated over ten years could buy six or seven new shallow-water fast ships for the Yangtze. The proposal was approved. That year a naval school was opened at Yantai. The Jiangsu governor ordered the shallow-water fast cruiser Jiangyuan from Japan.
41
三十年，端方疏請選擇水師學生，由駐滬英國水師總兵，分派在英艦學習，較出洋遊歷，費少而收效同。 報可。 南洋大臣周馥等，疏請以提督葉祖珪督辦南洋水師學堂、上海船塢。 湖廣總督張之洞在日本廠購雷艇四艘，曰湖鵬、湖鶚、湖鷹、湖隼； 淺水砲艦六艘，曰楚泰、楚同、楚豫、楚有、楚觀、楚謙。 兩廣總督岑春煊開辦魚雷局於黃埔。
In the thirtieth year [Guangxu, 1904] Duanfang proposed training naval cadets aboard British ships under the British commodore at Shanghai—a cheaper alternative to overseas tours with comparable results. The request was approved. Nanyang Superintendent Zhou Fu and others asked that Admiral Ye Zugui oversee the Nanyang naval academy and the Shanghai dry dock. Huguang Governor-General Zhang Zhidong bought four torpedo boats from Japanese yards—the Hupeng, Hu'e, Huying, and Hun; and six shallow-water gunboats—the Chutai, Chutong, Chuyu, Chuyou, Chuguan, and Chuqian. Liangguang Governor-General Cen Chunxuan opened a torpedo bureau at Whampoa.
42
三十一年，以薩鎮冰總理南北洋海軍。 江督在日本廠購淺水快艦三艘，曰江亨、江利、江貞。
In the thirty-first year [Guangxu, 1905] Sa Zhenbing was made director of the Beiyang and Nanyang navies. The Jiangsu governor bought three shallow-water fast cruisers from Japan—the Jiangheng, Jiangli, and Jiangzhen.
43
三十二年，政務處王大臣疏言：「振興海軍，首重軍港。 沿海惟象山港形勢合宜。 請飭南北洋大臣勘度經營，以重戎備； 並飭各省選派學生四十人，赴日本留學海軍。」
In the thirty-second year [Guangxu, 1906] a grand councillor argued that reviving the navy required naval bases above all. Of coastal sites, only Xiangshan Harbor had suitable terrain. He asked the Beiyang and Nanyang superintendents to survey and develop it to strengthen coastal defense; and ordered each province to send forty students to Japan for naval training."
44
三十三年，設海軍處附於陸軍部內，設正副二使，機要、船政、運籌、儲備、醫務、法務六司。 北洋大臣令海籌、海容二艦巡歷西貢、新加坡等處。 商部令海圻、海琛二艦巡歷菲律賓島、爪哇島、蘇門答拉等處。 粵督令廣亨、廣貞、安香、安東四艦巡歷九洲洋等處。
In the thirty-third year [Guangxu, 1907] a Naval Office was placed under the Army Ministry, with two commissioners and six bureaus covering secretariat, ship administration, operations, stores, medical affairs, and legal affairs. The Beiyang superintendent sent the Haichou and Haichong to cruise Saigon, Singapore, and other ports. The Ministry of Commerce ordered the Haiqi and Haichen to cruise the Philippines, Java, Sumatra, and other islands. The Guangdong governor sent the Guangheng, Guangzhen, Anxiang, and Andong to patrol the Jiuzhou seas and neighboring waters.
45
三十四年，江南船塢製甘泉、安豐二船成。 派學生赴日本習航海各技術。
In the thirty-fourth year [Guangxu, 1908] the Jiangnan dry dock launched the Ganquan and Anfeng. Students were sent to Japan to train in navigation and related skills.
46
二年，江南船塢製聯鯨兵船成。 日本訂購之二砲艦亦成。 七月，載洵等赴日、美二國考察。 尋在英造應瑞、肇和，在德造建康、豫章、同安、江鯤、江犀，在日本造永翔、永豐，在江南船塢造永建、永績，在揚子江造船公司造建中、拱辰、永安，在膠州船塢造舞風各軍鑒。 冬，改海軍事務處為海軍部，以載洵、譚學衡為海軍部正副大臣，薩鎮冰為海軍統制，定九級官制。
In the second year [Xuantong, 1910] the Jiangnan dry dock completed the gunboat Lianjing. Two gunboats ordered from Japan were also delivered. In the seventh month Zaixun and his party toured Japan and the United States. Thereafter warships were built across several yards: the Yingrui and Zhaohe in Britain; the Jiankang, Yuzhang, Tong'an, Jiangkun, and Jiangxi in Germany; the Yongxiang and Yongfeng in Japan; the Yongjian and Yongji at Jiangnan; the Jianzhong, Gongchen, and Yong'an at the Yangzi River Shipbuilding Company; and the Wufeng at Jiaozhou. That winter the Naval Affairs Office became the Navy Ministry, with Zaixun and Tan Xueheng as chief and vice ministers, Sa Zhenbing as navy controller, and a nine-grade rank system established.
47
三年，令海琛軍艦赴南洋各埠，撫慰華僑。 六月，查察沿海砲臺。 令海圻軍艦赴英賀加冕禮，旋赴美國。 八月，江南船塢造澄海砲船成。 是月，武昌變起，江海各兵艦悉附民軍。 此建置海軍之概略也。
In the third year [Xuantong, 1911] the Haichen was sent to southern ports to reassure overseas Chinese communities. In the sixth month coastal fortifications were inspected. The Haiqi was dispatched to Britain for the coronation and then to the United States. In the eighth month the Jiangnan dry dock launched the gunboat Chenghai. That month, after the Wuchang uprising, every river and sea warship went over to the revolutionary army. Such is the broad outline of how the navy was established.
48
北洋海軍規制，北洋海軍，設於光緒中葉，直隸總督李鴻章實總之。 其時有鎮遠、定遠鐵甲船二艘，濟遠、致遠、靖遠、經遠、來遠、超勇、揚威快船七艘，鎮中、鎮邊、鎮東、鎮西、鎮南、鎮北蚊砲船六艘，魚雷艇六艘，威遠、康濟、敏捷練船三艘，利運運船一艘。 鎮遠、定遠弁兵各三百二十九人。 致遠、濟遠、靖遠、來遠、經遠弁兵各二百二人。 超勇、揚威弁兵各一百三十七人。 左隊一號魚雷艇，弁兵二十九人。 二號魚雷艇，三號魚雷艇，右隊一號魚雷艇，二號魚雷艇，三號魚雷艇，弁兵各二十八人。 鎮中、鎮東蚊砲船弁兵各五十五人。 鎮邊、鎮西、鎮南、鎮北弁兵各五十五人。 威遠、康濟練船弁兵各一百二十四人。 敏捷夾板練船弁兵六十人。 利運運船弁兵五十七人。 練勇學堂弁兵十四人。 砲目練勇二百七十人。 凡弁兵四千餘人。
Regulations of the Beiyang Navy. The Beiyang Navy was founded in mid-Guangxu under the effective direction of Zhili Governor-General Li Hongzhang. Its fleet then comprised the ironclads Zhenyuan and Dingyuan; the cruisers Jiyuan, Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Jingyuan, Laiyuan, Chaoyong, and Yangwei; six mosquito gunboats; six torpedo boats; the drill ships Weiyuan, Kangji, and Minjie; and the transport Liyun. The Zhenyuan and Dingyuan each carried 329 officers and men. The Zhiyuan, Jiyuan, Jingyuan, Laiyuan, and Jingyuan each had 202 officers and men. The Chaoyong and Yangwei each had 137 officers and men. Left Squadron torpedo boat No. 1 had a complement of 29. Left Squadron torpedo boats No. 2 and No. 3 and Right Squadron Nos. 1, 2, and 3 each had 28 officers and men. The mosquito gunboats Zhenzhong and Zhendong each had 55 officers and men. The Zhenbian, Zhenxi, Zhennan, and Zhenbei each had 55 officers and men. The drill ships Weiyuan and Kangji each had 124 officers and men. The composite-hulled drill ship Minjie had 60 officers and men. The transport Liyun had 57 officers and men. The drill cadet school had 14 officers and men. Gun crews included 270 drill cadets. The total complement exceeded four thousand officers and men.
49
其員弁之目：曰管帶，曰幫帶大副，曰魚雷大副，曰駕駛二副，曰槍砲二副，曰船械三副，曰舢板三副，曰正砲弁，曰水手總頭目，曰副砲弁，曰巡查，曰總管輪，曰二、三等管輪，曰水手正、副頭目，曰一、二、三等水手，曰一、二等管旗，曰魚雷頭目，曰一、二、三等升火，曰二等管艙，曰一、二等管油，曰一等管汽，曰油漆匠，曰木匠，曰電燈、鍋爐、洋槍、魚雷等匠，曰夫役，曰文案，曰支應官，曰醫官，曰一、二等舵工，曰一、二等雷兵，曰一、二、三等練勇，曰教習，曰學生。
Officers and ratings included commanding officers, executive and torpedo first lieutenants, navigation and gunnery second lieutenants, ship's equipment and cutter third lieutenants, chief and assistant gunners, boatswains and seamen of various grades, engineers and stokers, artificers, laborers, clerks, supply and medical officers, helmsmen, torpedo men, drill cadets, instructors, and students.
50
其官制，設海軍提督一員，統領全軍，駐威海衛。 總兵二員，分左右翼，各統鐵艦，為領隊翼長。 副將以下各官，以所帶船艦之大小，職事之輕重，別其品秩。 總兵以下各官船居，不建衙署。 副將五員，參將四員，游擊九員，都司二十七員，守備六十員，千總六十五員，把總九十九員，經制外委四十三員。
The command structure placed one naval commander-in-chief at Weihaiwei over the entire fleet. Two major generals led the left and right wings, each commanding the ironclad squadron as wing commander. Ranks from brigadier general downward varied with the size of the ship commanded and the importance of the post. From major general down, officers lived aboard ship and maintained no shore headquarters. The roster comprised five brigadier generals, four colonels, nine lieutenant colonels, twenty-seven captains, sixty majors, sixty-five company captains, ninety-nine lieutenants, and forty-three extra-regiment deputies.
51
其升擢之階，分為三途：曰戰官，由水師學堂出身，兼備天算、地輿、槍砲、魚雷、水雷、汽機諸學，及戰守機宜，充各船管帶，暨大、二、三副職事。 曰藝官，由管輪學堂出身，充各船管輪，專司汽機者。 曰弁目，由練勇水手出身，充砲弁、水手等，專司槍砲、帆繩者。 各歸各途，論資升轉。 提鎮大員等，請旨簡放。 弁目等咨選海軍衙門送兵部帶領引見。 統由北洋大臣節制調遣。
Promotion followed three tracks. Combat officers came from the naval academy, trained in astronomy, mathematics, geography, gunnery, torpedoes, mines, steam engineering, and tactics, and served as commanding officers and lieutenants; technical officers came from the engineer academy and served as chief engineers in charge of machinery; petty officers came from drill cadets and seamen and handled guns, sails, and ropes. Each track promoted by seniority within its own line. Commanders-in-chief and major generals were appointed by imperial selection. Petty officers were nominated through the naval yamen and presented to the Board of War for imperial audience. The entire force remained under the Beiyang governor-general's command.
52
其考選海軍官學生也，一、英國語言文字，二、地輿圖說，三、算學至開平方諸方，四、幾何原本前六卷，五、代數至造對數表法，六、平弧三角法，七、駕駛諸法，八、測量天象推算經緯度諸法，九、重學，十、化學格致。 肄業期四年，學成錄用。
Naval cadets were examined in ten subjects: English; geography and maps; mathematics through roots; the first six books of Euclid; algebra through logarithm tables; plane and spherical trigonometry; navigation; celestial observation and latitude-longitude calculation; mechanics; and chemistry and natural philosophy. Training lasted four years, after which graduates entered service.
53
其考選練勇也，招沿海漁戶年壯者充之。 在練船練習帆繩盪槳泅水及輪砲之操法，洋槍刀劍之操法。 由三等遞升至一等，以備充補水手。 水手以上各級，核其才藝勞績，以次遞擢。
Drill cadets were recruited from sturdy young men of coastal fishing families. They trained on drill ships in rigging, rowing, swimming, and gun drill, and in rifle, sword, and bayonet exercises. They rose from third to first class to fill seaman vacancies. Above seaman rank, promotion followed skill and service record.
54
其俸餉規制，曰官弁俸銀，兵匠錢糧，船上差缺薪糧，各船俸餉，官弁傷廢俸，兵丁加賞，行船公費，醫藥費，酬應公費，歲需銀一百七十六萬八千一百餘兩。
Pay covered officers' salaries, artisans' and soldiers' rations, ship allowances, pensions, bonuses, voyage and medical expenses, and entertainment funds—more than 1,768,100 taels annually.
55
其定儀制也，曰冠服，曰相見禮節，曰國樂，曰軍樂，曰王命旗牌，曰印信。
Ceremonial regulations covered dress, etiquette, national and military music, imperial command insignia, and seals.
56
其立軍規也，由提督秉公酌擬，呈報北洋大臣核辦，輕者記過，重者降級、革職、撤任。 其餘不法等事，由提督援引會典雍正元年軍規四十條，參酌行之。
Discipline was set by the commander-in-chief, submitted to the Beiyang governor-general for approval: minor offenses earned demerits, serious ones reduction in rank, dismissal, or removal from office. Other violations were handled by the commander-in-chief under the forty articles of Yongzheng-era military regulations in the Collected Statutes, applied as circumstances required.
57
其簡閱巡防也，逐日小操，按月大操。 立冬以後，各艦赴南洋，與南瑞、南琛、開濟、鏡清、寰泰、保民等艦合操，巡閱江、浙、閩、廣沿海要隘，至新加坡以南各島，保護華商，兼資歷練。 每逾三年，欽派王大臣與北洋大臣出海校閱，以定賞罰。
Inspection and patrol relied on daily small drills and monthly full exercises. After winter began, ships sailed south to drill with the Nanrui, Nanchen, Kaiji, Jingqing, Huantai, Baomin, and others, patrolling key coastal positions from Jiangsu to Guangdong and islands south of Singapore to protect Chinese merchants and train crews. Every three years an imperial commissioner and the Beiyang governor-general conducted sea inspections to assign rewards and penalties.
58
水師後路，儲備有資，應時取給。 船政由本境駐防提督主之。 槍砲藥彈，收發考驗，則總管軍火專員主之。 兵弁衣糧，因公用費，總管糧餉專員主之。 他若學堂專員，測候譯書畫圖專員，醫藥專員，皆受命于海軍部，以專責任。 旅順口大石船塢，及海口操防，特命文武大員董理。 其大沽木船塢，海防支應局，旅順、天津軍械局、製造局，旅順魚雷營，威海機器廠、養病院，由北洋大臣簡員董理，規模略備。
Rear logistics were adequately stocked and issued on demand. Local ship administration fell to the garrison commander-in-chief. A dedicated ordnance officer handled firearms, guns, and ammunition—receipt, issue, and inspection. A pay and provisions officer managed rations, uniforms, and operational expenses. Academy staff, surveyors, translators, draftsmen, and medical officers all answered to the Navy Ministry, each with a defined charge. The Lüshunkou stone dry dock and harbor defenses were placed under senior civil and military officials. The Beiyang governor-general appointed supervisors for the Dagu wooden dock, coastal defense support office, Lüshun and Tianjin arsenals and factories, Lüshun torpedo station, and Weihai machine works and hospital—the facilities were largely in place.
59
自海軍挫敗，所餘南洋各兵艦，新舊大小不齊，僅備巡防之用。 後雖復設北洋統領及幫統官，董理海軍事宜，名存而已。
After the navy's defeat, surviving southern warships were a mismatched mix, fit only for patrol duty. Later the Beiyang commander and deputies were restored on paper, but effective control was gone.
60
福州船廠，，創於閩浙總督左宗棠、船政大臣沈葆楨。 閩縣馬尾江，距省會四十里，海口六十里。 船塢，，創於船政大臣裴廕森，十九年告成。 羅星塔距船廠三里，費二千餘萬，實為中國海軍之基。
The Fuzhou shipyard was established in Tongzhi 5 by Fujian-Zhejiang governor-general Zuo Zongtang and ship administration superintendent Shen Baozhen. It stood on the Mawei River in Min County, forty li from the provincial seat and sixty li from the estuary. The dry dock was begun in Guangxu 13 under superintendent Pei Yinsen and finished in Guangxu 19. Three li from the yard stood Luoxing Pagoda. The project cost more than twenty million taels and became the foundation of the Chinese navy.
61
其船廠所分隸者：一曰工程處辦公所，以洋員領辦公所，華員入工程處。
The yard was divided into departments. First was the engineering office, headed by a foreign adviser with Chinese staff in the engineering section.
62
一曰繪事院，承繪船身、船機、鍋爐以及鑲配等總圖、分圖，圖成，乃按圖造船，兼精測算之學。 院廣六千八百方尺，繪生三十九人。
Second was the drafting office, which produced master and detail plans of hulls, engines, boilers, and fittings; ships were built to these drawings, and the staff were trained in mathematics as well. The drafting hall covered 6,800 square feet and employed thirty-nine draftsmen.
63
一曰模廠，專任製造船模、汽鼓模各機件，以及細木雕刻各工。 其能力須審圖理，諳折算，悉模型奧竅，辨五金冷熱漲縮之度。 廠廣一萬五千一百二十方尺，設各種鋸機、刨機，各種旋機，凡二十具。 工程繁時，匠額一百六十人，恆時四十七人。
Third was the pattern shop, which made ship molds, boiler patterns, machine parts, and fine wood carving. Workers had to read drawings, perform conversions, master modeling technique, and understand how metals expand and contract with temperature. The shop covered 15,120 square feet and held twenty machines—saws, planers, and lathes of various kinds. At peak production it employed 160 artisans; the standing complement was 47.
64
一曰鑄鐵廠，專任船上所需之鑄銅鐵機件。 其能力須諳圖理，明算術，仿木模製土模，及鼓鑄之時，辨明火候，研考銅鐵原質。 曾鑄成重大鐵件達三萬斤，銅件達一萬斤。 廠廣二萬八千八百餘尺，設鑄銅鐵大小爐凡十一座，轉運重件之將軍柱、碾機、風箱、風櫃凡二十三具。 工程繁時，匠額一百六十餘人，恆時五十餘人。
Fourth was the foundry, which cast the copper and iron parts ships required. Foundrymen had to read drawings, calculate precisely, turn wooden patterns into sand molds, control furnace heat, and know the properties of copper and iron. It had cast iron pieces up to 30,000 jin and copper pieces up to 10,000 jin. The foundry covered over 28,800 square feet, with eleven copper and iron furnaces and twenty-three heavy-lifting machines—trip hammers, rolling mills, bellows, and blast chests. At peak production it employed over 160 artisans; the standing complement was over 50.
65
一曰船廠，凡舢板、皮廠、板築廠咸屬之，專任船身工程。 設石製船臺一座，長二百九十七英尺，木製船臺一座，長二百七十六英尺。 凡船身長短廣狹，桅舵、艙位、頓載、速率、中心點度數，咸均算之。 先繪經寸總圖，後繪全船，按圖造船。 曾造木質、鐵質、鋼質、穹甲、鋼甲各式兵船四十餘艘。 其能力可製四、五千頓之船。 所有起蓋鑲配，亦廠中經理。 設有鋸木機八架。 所轄之皮廠，則製皮帶及各式皮件。 舢板廠則製桅舵及大小舢板船。 板築所則造船上爐灶，及各煙筒爐灶一切泥水修築各工。 廠廣十五萬六千四百餘尺。 工程繁時，匠額一千三百餘人，恆時一百五十人。
Fifth was the main shipyard, including the sampan, leather, and masonry shops, devoted to hull construction. It had a stone slip 297 feet long and a wooden slip 276 feet long. Hull length, beam, masts, rudder, compartments, displacement, speed, and center of gravity were all calculated. Builders first drew a scaled master plan, then full-ship drawings, and built to those plans. It had built more than forty warships in wood, iron, steel, arched-armor, and steel-armor designs. It was capable of building ships of four to five thousand tons. Raising, decking, and fitting were handled within the yard as well. It operated eight lumber saws. Its leather shop made belts and assorted leather fittings. The sampan shop built masts, rudders, and boats large and small. The masonry shop built galley stoves, funnels, and all related brick and plaster work. The yard covered over 156,400 square feet. At peak production it employed over 1,300 artisans; the standing complement was 150.
66
一曰鐵脅廠，專任製造鋼鐵船脅、船殼、龍骨橫梁、及船上鋼鐵件、拗彎鑲配各工廠。 於光緒元年增設。 其能力須審識船身圖理制度、鋼鐵原質各法。 曾製成鋼甲鋼鐵船身二十餘艘。 廠廣七萬九千八百餘尺，配設鋸機、翦機、鑽機、卷機、碾機、刨機三十五具。 工程繁時，匠額七百人，恆時六十八人。
Sixth was the iron-rib shop, which fabricated steel ribs, plating, keels, beams, and all bending and fitting of shipboard metal. It was added in Guangxu 1. Workers had to master hull drawings and the properties of steel and iron. It had built more than twenty armored steel hulls. The shop covered over 79,800 square feet and held thirty-five saws, shears, drills, rollers, grinders, and planers. At peak production it employed 700 artisans; the standing complement was 68.
67
一曰拉鐵廠，專任拉製銅鐵，為製船所必需。 能拉製重大之銅鋼鐵板、銅鐵槽條，及重大之輪機、轉輪軸、車軸、轉輪臂、汽餅桿、活軌、鐵錨各件。 廠廣九萬四千四百餘尺，設汽鎚七架，汽鎚力大者至七頓。 此外拉機翦旋床、鑽機刨床、並轉運重機之將軍柱，凡大小五十一具。 拉銅鐵打鐵各爐，凡大小五十七座。 工程繁時，匠額三百八十餘人，恆時八十七人。
Seventh was the rolling mill, which rolled copper and iron essential to ship construction. It rolled heavy copper, steel, and iron plates and bars, plus large engine parts—wheel shafts, axles, crank arms, piston rods, slide rails, and anchors. The shop covered over 94,400 square feet and operated seven steam hammers, the largest rated at seven tons. It also held fifty-one machines in all—rolling and shearing lathes, drills, planers, and trip hammers for heavy lifting. It had fifty-seven furnaces for rolling and forging copper and iron. At peak production it employed over 380 artisans; the standing complement was 87.
68
一曰輪機廠，附屬有合攏廠，專任全船大小機器，製成，先在廠試驗，故合攏廠屬之。 須較准中線，尤須審明圖理，通曉進脫冷暖壓助噓吃機關各竅汽力。 廠廣三萬三千二百餘尺，設車光機、削機、刨機、礪石機、螺絲床、鉗床等，凡大小二百二十三具。 工程繁時，匠額三百六十人，恆時一百二十人。
Eighth was the engine shop with an attached assembly shop. It built all ship machinery, which was bench-tested before installation, so the assembly shop fell under it. Engineers had to align center lines, read drawings precisely, and master steam mechanics—admission, release, heating, cooling, pressure, assist, exhaust, and intake. The shop covered over 33,200 square feet and held 223 machines—turning, cutting, planing, and grinding tools, screw lathes, and vices. At peak production it employed 360 artisans; the standing complement was 120.
69
一曰鍋爐廠，專任鍋爐、煙筒、煙艙、汽表、向盤各工。 其能力須審辨鋼鐵原質，究汽機之理由，天氣之漲力，以及鑲配法度。 廠廣二萬九千六百尺，配設卷鐵床、水力泡丁機翦床、鑽床、船床，凡四十一具。 工程繁時，匠額三百五十人，恆時一百十七人。
Ninth was the boiler shop, which built boilers, funnels, smoke chambers, steam gauges, and steering wheels. Boilermakers had to know steel and iron properties, steam-engine theory, atmospheric pressure, and fitting standards. The shop covered 29,600 square feet and held forty-one machines—plate rollers, hydraulic punch shears, drills, and shaping beds. At peak production it employed 350 artisans; the standing complement was 117.
70
一曰帆纜廠，專造船上之風帆、天遮、帆索、桅上鑲配繩索，及起重搭架各工。 其能力須審帆纜制度，登高工作，及風帆面積、繩索力度。 廠廣一萬八千五百尺，不設機器，以手製為多。 工程繁時，匠額七十人，恆時四十人。
Tenth was the sail and rigging shop, which made sails, awnings, halyards, mast ropes and fittings, and hoisting rigging. Riggers had to know rigging standards, work aloft safely, and calculate sail area and rope strength. The shop covered 18,500 square feet and relied mostly on hand work, with little machinery. At peak production it employed 70 artisans; the standing complement was 40.
71
一曰儲砲廠，專備收儲各船砲械、砲彈、魚雷各件。 廠廣二千六十尺，恆時守兵二人。
Eleventh was the ordnance depot, which stored guns, shells, and torpedoes for all ships. The depot covered 2,060 square feet and was guarded by two sentries.
72
一曰廣儲所，附設儲材所，專任收發銅鐵煤炭機件油雜各料件，儲材之所，專任收發各種木料。 凡船政料件到工，先由兩廠驗收。 其職任須審料質之良窳，慎重存儲。 凡儲料棧房九座，廣四萬二千一百尺。 儲煤廠廣一萬五千一百尺。 廣儲所夫役，工程繁時六十人，恆時四十人。 儲材所簰夫，工程繁時三十六人，今存二人。
Twelfth was the general storehouse with an attached timber yard. The main store handled copper, iron, coal, machine parts, oil, and supplies; the timber yard handled all lumber. All materials arriving at the yard were inspected first by both storehouses. Storekeepers judged material quality and stored goods with care. Nine material warehouses covered 42,100 square feet in all. The coal yard covered 15,100 square feet. The general storehouse employed 60 laborers at peak and 40 normally. The timber yard had 36 raft hands at peak production; only two remained.
73
一曰船槽，各國自建船塢後，多不設船槽，此槽乃初興船政時所設，可修一千頓以上之船。 年久多損，僅能修整小船，較入塢為易。 槽長三百二十二尺，上設機房，凡廣一萬七千三百尺。 設拖船機四十架，大螺絲四十條，四十匹馬力一副。 工程繁時，匠額六十人，恆時三十七人。
Thirteenth was the ship slip. Most countries abandoned slips once they had dry docks; this one dated from the yard's founding and could service ships over 1,000 tons. Age had worn it down; it could handle only small vessels, while the dry dock was easier to use. The slip was 322 feet long with a machine house above, covering 17,300 square feet in all. It had forty hauling winches, forty large screws, and a 40-horsepower engine set. At peak production it employed 60 artisans; the standing complement was 37.
74
一曰船塢，建築費五十萬，塢身純用石砌，長四百二十尺，廣一百十尺，足容定遠等鐵艦，閩、粵、江、浙各兵艦，及外國兵艦，咸得入塢修整。 並建抽水機廠、機器廠、丁役水手房、木料棧房等。 面積凡二十九萬三千尺。 有船入塢，由各廠飭匠修之。 恆時匠額二十七人。
Fourteenth was the dry dock. It cost 500,000 taels to build, with a stone basin 420 by 110 feet—large enough for ironclads like the Dingyuan, provincial warships from Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, and foreign vessels. It also included pumping stations, machine shops, crew quarters, and timber sheds. The whole facility covered 293,000 square feet. When a ship entered the dock, artisans from every shop were assigned to repair it. The standing repair crew numbered 27.
75
船政經費，，首次報銷造船購費、蓋廠各費達五百十六萬兩，養船費十九萬兩。 後，船政常年費為六十萬兩。 自至，造船四十艘，用銀八百五十二萬兩。 營造廠屋，用銀二百十一萬兩。 裝造機器，用銀六十四萬兩。 洋員歲俸，及修機器、置書籍，用銀五百五萬兩。 學堂費六十七萬兩。 養船費一百四十六萬兩。 經營船政四十餘年，凡用銀一千九百萬兩有奇。 此福州船廠、船塢之概略也。 又製火磚練鐵，亦具規模。 至以後，洋監工全數遣散，遂無續製之船云。
Ship administration finances: the first Tongzhi 13 reimbursement for construction and purchases totaled 5.16 million taels, with 190,000 taels for maintenance. After Guangxu 2 the yard's annual budget stood at 600,000 taels. From Tongzhi 5 to Guangxu 33, forty ships were built at a cost of 8.52 million taels. Workshop construction cost 2.11 million taels. Machinery installation cost 640,000 taels. Foreign advisers' salaries, machine repairs, and books cost 5.5 million taels. The academy cost 670,000 taels. Ship upkeep cost 1.46 million taels. Over more than forty years of operation, total spending exceeded 19 million taels. Such was the Fuzhou shipyard and dry dock in outline. Firebrick and iron refining were also developed on a substantial scale. After Guangxu 33 all foreign supervisors were dismissed, and shipbuilding ceased.
76
旅順船塢，創議於直隸總督李鴻章。 時值外洋訂購兵艦到華，鴻章疏言，奉天金州旅順口形勢險要，局廠、船塢各工，當陸續籌興。 九年二月，續陳旅順工程，開山濬海，工大費鉅，實難預為估定。 旋由法國人德威尼承攪，鴻章派員督同興辦，並增築攔潮石壩。
The Lüshun dry dock was first proposed by Zhili governor-general Li Hongzhang. As foreign-built warships arrived in China, Li Hongzhang memorialized that Lüshunkou at Jinzhou, Fengtian, was strategically vital and that arsenals, yards, and dry docks should be built there in stages. In the second month of Guangxu 9 he reported again on Lüshun: mountain cutting and dredging would be enormous in scope and cost, and hard to estimate in advance. Thereafter the French contractor Devigne took over the work; Li Hongzhang sent officials to supervise construction jointly and added a stone tide barrier.
77
十六年秋，全工告成，派員赴旅順驗工。 所築大石船塢，長四十一丈三尺，寬十二丈四尺，深三丈七尺，石階鐵梯滑道俱全。 塢口以鐵船橫攔為門。 全塢石工，俱用山東大方石，堊以西洋塞門德土，凝結堅實，堪為油修鐵甲戰艦之用。 其塢外停艦大石澳，東南北三面，共長四百十丈六尺，西面攔潮大石壩，長九十三丈四尺，形如方池。 潮落時，尚深二丈四尺。 西北留一口門，為兵船出入所由。 四周悉砌石岸。 由岸面量至澳底，深三丈八尺。 周岸泊船，不患風浪鼓盪。 凡兵艦入塢油底之後，即可出塢傍岸，鑲配修整，至為便利。 塢邊修船各廠九座，佔地四萬八千五百方尺，為鍋爐廠、機器廠、吸水鍋爐廠、吸水機器廠、木作廠、銅匠廠、鑄鐵廠、打鐵廠、電燈廠。 又澳南岸建大庫四座，塢東建大庫一座。 每座佔地四千八百七十八方尺，備儲船械雜料。 以上廠庫，概用鐵梁鐵瓦，高寬堅固，足防風雪火患。 又於澳塢之四周，聯以鐵道九百七丈，間段設大小起重鐵架五座，專起重大之物，以濟人力之窮。 又於各廠庫馬頭等處，設大小電燈四十六座，為並作夜工之用。 慮近海鹹水之不宜食用也，遠引山泉，束以鐵管，由地中穿溪越隴，曲屈達於澳塢四旁，使水陸將士，機廠工匠，不致飲水生疾。 又慮臨海遠灘之不便起卸也，建丁字式大鐵馬頭一座，使往來兵艦上煤運械，不致停滯。 其餘如修小輪船之小石塢，藏舢板之鐵棚，繫船浮標鐵臼，以及各廠內一應修船機器，設置完備。 於是年九月二十七日工竣。 由是日起，限一年，系代德威尼擔保之銀行照料。 限滿，再保固十年，均與包工監工洋人訂明。 此項工程，共用銀二百餘萬兩。 甲午後，遂迭為日、俄所踞云。
In the autumn of Guangxu 16 the whole project was finished, and inspectors were sent to Lüshun to accept the works. The stone dry dock measured forty-one zhang three chi by twelve zhang four chi, with a depth of three zhang seven chi; stone steps, iron ladders, and slipways were all in place. The entrance was closed by an iron caisson ship laid across the mouth like a gate. The dock was built entirely of large Shandong ashlar, grouted with Western cement into a mass hard enough for docking ironclads for bottom work and repair. Beyond the dock lay a stone anchorage basin: four hundred ten zhang six chi along the east, south, and north, closed on the west by a ninety-three zhang four chi tide dam—altogether like a square pool. Even at low tide the basin still held two zhang four chi of water. A single opening was left on the northwest for warships to pass in and out. Stone quays were built all around. From the quay surface to the basin floor measured three zhang eight chi. Vessels moored along the quays were sheltered from wind and swell. After a warship had been docked and her bottom caulked, she could leave the dock and lie alongside for fitting-out and repair with great convenience. Nine workshops stood beside the dock on forty-eight thousand five hundred square chi: boiler, engine, pump-boiler, pump-engine, carpentry, coppersmith, foundry, forge, and electric-light shops. Four large warehouses went up on the basin's south shore and one east of the dock. Each covered four thousand eight hundred seventy-eight square chi and held stores, gear, and miscellaneous supplies. All these buildings were framed in iron and roofed with iron plate—high, broad, and stout enough to withstand wind, snow, and fire. Nine hundred seven zhang of railway encircled the basin and dock, with five large and small iron gantries at intervals to lift heavy loads where manpower alone would not suffice. Forty-six electric lamps, large and small, were set up at the workshops, warehouses, and wharves so that night work could proceed in parallel. Because nearby seawater was unfit to drink, spring water was piped in from the hills through iron conduits buried underground, winding across streams and ridges to the basin and dock on every side, so that soldiers, sailors, and yard hands would not sicken on brackish water. Because the open tidal flat made loading and unloading awkward, a large T-shaped iron pier was built so that coaling and cargo work for visiting warships would not stall. There were also a small stone dock for steam launches, an iron shed for sampans, mooring buoys and iron bollards, and every sort of repair machinery in the shops—all fully provided. On the twenty-seventh day of the ninth month of that year the works were declared complete. From that date a one-year term was fixed during which upkeep would be handled by the bank that had guaranteed Devigne. When that year ended, a further ten-year warranty was agreed—all spelled out with the foreign contractor and supervising engineer. The whole undertaking cost more than two million taels of silver. After the Jiawu War it passed in turn to Japanese and then Russian control, it is said.
78
沿海軍港，旅順、威海既失，海軍無駐泊之所，於是籌邊者起議築港。 宣統初，命親籓南下，建築未遑。 而沿海七千里，港灣鱗次，就海軍部所預籌，分為四區。 第一區，營口在奉天遼河左岸錦州灣，為渤海兩岸之良港。 大沽口為直隸諸水入海所匯。 秦皇島東控山海關，為不凍之港。 長山列島分內外三層，為旅順外援。 大連灣在遼東半島南。 芝罘港在山東福山縣，三面負山，北臨渤海。 第二區，揚子江口為沿江七省之門戶，沙灘連亙，多喑礁。 舟山在定海縣，諸山環列，為杭州海灣之屏蔽。 象山港海深可泊巨艦，為寧波後路。 三門灣在臨海縣，有三門列島，海水甚深。 第三區，永嘉灣即甌江口，三都澳即三沙灣，在福建霞浦縣，港口水淺，港內水深，容大軍艦。 福州灣即閩江口，群島林立，淺岸交錯，為完固之港。 海檀島為閩省海岸中樞。 廈門港有廈門、金門二島，近接臺灣。 汕頭港在廣東澄海縣，崖岸峻險。 番禺灣即廣州灣，巨石環列，擅天然形勢。 第四區，海口島在廣東瓊山縣北，與雷州島對峙，為扼隘之所。 榆林港在瓊州島南，背負崖壁，前臨東京灣。 以上各港，惟象山港、三都澳確定為修築軍港之地。 他如北塘口、榮成灣、靖海灣、葫蘆島、大鵬灣、廟島等處，亦由漸擴充云。
With Lüshun and Weihai gone, the fleet had nowhere to anchor along the coast, and frontier planners began debating new naval bases. Early in the Xuantong reign a prince of the blood was ordered south to oversee the work, but building had not yet started. Yet along seven thousand li of coastline harbors and bays lay one after another; the Navy Ministry's preliminary plan divided them into four zones. Zone one: Yingkou at Jinzhou Bay on the Liao River's left bank in Fengtian—a sound harbor on both sides of the Bohai. The Dagu estuary is where Zhili's rivers gather and reach the sea. Qinhuangdao commands Shanhaiguan to the east and offers an ice-free harbor. The Changshan islands form three concentric tiers and serve as an outer screen for Lüshun. Dalian Bay sits on the southern side of the Liaodong Peninsula. Zhifu Harbor lies in Fushan County, Shandong, mountains on three sides and the Bohai to the north. Zone two: the Yangzi estuary is the gateway to seven river provinces; sandbars run on and on, and hidden reefs are many. Zhoushan, in Dinghai County, is ringed by peaks and shields Hangzhou Bay. Xiangshan Bay is deep enough for capital ships and secures Ningbo's rear. Sanmen Bay in Linhai County, with the Sanmen islands offshore, holds very deep water. Zone three: Yongjia Bay is the Ou River estuary; Sandu Ao, or Sansha Bay, in Xiapu County, Fujian, has a shallow entrance but deep inner waters fit for large warships. Fuzhou Bay at the Min River mouth is studded with islands and shoals—a naturally defensible harbor. Haitan Island sits at the center of Fujian's coast. Xiamen Harbor comprises Xiamen and Kinmen islands, close to Taiwan. Shantou Harbor in Chenghai County, Guangdong, has steep cliffs and rugged shores. Panyu Bay—Guangzhou Bay—is encircled by great rocks and enjoys a commanding natural position. Zone four: Haikou Island north of Qiongshan County, Guangdong, faces Leizhou Peninsula across the strait—a natural choke point. Yulin Harbor on southern Hainan lies against cliff walls and looks out on the Gulf of Tonkin. Of these harbors, only Xiangshan Bay and Sandu Ao were chosen as definite sites for naval bases. Others—Beitang, Rongcheng Bay, Jinghai Bay, Huludao, Dapeng Bay, Miaodao, and the like—were also to be developed step by step, it is said.
79
外國訂購各兵艦，始於咸豐十年，廷議購船艦砲位助剿粵寇。 十一年，總理各國事務衙門與總稅務司會商購買。 自同治、光緒朝迄宣統初年，歷五十年，得船不及百艘，爰依次歲月列其船名。 凡所購之國，所造之廠，及丈尺、馬力、頓數、砲位、兵弁咸詳之。 其應瑞巡洋艦一艘，永豐、永翔砲艦二艘，建康、豫章、同安驅逐艦三艘，建中、永安、拱辰淺水快船二艘，告成於宣統三年後者不與焉。
China's foreign warship purchases began in Xianfeng 10, when the court debated buying ships and guns to help suppress the Guangdong rebels. In the eleventh year the Zongli Yamen and the Inspector General of Customs jointly planned the purchases. From Tongzhi and Guangxu through early Xuantong—fifty years in all—China acquired fewer than a hundred vessels; their names are listed below in order. For each, country of purchase, builder, dimensions, horsepower, tonnage, armament, and complement are recorded in full. The cruiser Yingrui, gunboats Yongfeng and Yongxiang, destroyers Jiankang, Yuzhang, and Tong'an, and shallow-draft fast boats Jianzhong, Yong'an, and Gongchen—vessels finished after Xuantong 3—are omitted here.
80
金臺船、原名北京。 一統船、原名中國。 廣萬船、原名廈門。 得勝船、原名穆克德恩。 百粵船、原名廣東。 三衛船、原名天津。 鎮吳船，原名江蘇。 同治元年，在英國訂購。 二年到華，價銀八十萬兩。 以英國總兵阿思本為總統，以長江水師武員分統各船。 旋議以武職大員為漢總統，阿思本副之。 是年六月，李鴻章以金陵垂克，勿庸外國兵船助剿，疏請所購七船，令阿思本駕駛回英，變價售賣，款歸中國。 所募水兵，一律遣散。
The Jintai, originally named the Beijing. The Yitong, originally named the China. The Guangwan, originally named the Xiamen. The Desheng, originally named the Mukd'en. The Baiyue, originally named the Guangdong. The Sanwei, originally named the Tianjin. The Zhenwu, originally named the Jiangsu. Ordered from Britain in Tongzhi 1. They reached China in the second year at a cost of eight hundred thousand taels. Britain's Commander Osborn was appointed fleet commander; Yangtze naval officers took charge of individual ships. Soon it was proposed that a senior Chinese officer command the fleet with Osborn as his deputy. In the sixth month of that year Li Hongzhang, with Jinling nearly taken and foreign gunboats no longer needed, asked that Osborn sail the seven purchased ships back to Britain, sell them, and remit the proceeds to China. All enlisted sailors were discharged.
81
天平船，同治二年，由總稅務司購買。
The Tianping: purchased by the Inspector General of Customs in Tongzhi 2.
82
安瀾船、定濤船、澄清船、綏靖船、飛龍船、鎮海船，同治五、六年間，兩廣總督瑞麟自英國購置，價銀二十四萬兩。
The Anlan, Dingtao, Chengqing, Suijing, Feilong, and Zhenhai: bought from Britain by Liangguang governor-general Ruilin in Tongzhi 5–6 for two hundred forty thousand taels.
83
恬波船，同治七年，兩廣總督瑞麟自法國購置，價銀四萬兩。
The Tianbo: purchased from France by Ruilin in Tongzhi 7 for forty thousand taels.
84
海東雲船，原名五雲車。 同治九年，閩浙總督英桂自洋商購置，以武員管駕，巡緝臺灣洋面。 主建威練船，同治九年，閩浙總督英桂購自德國，為駐練學生之用。
The Haidongyun, originally named the Wuyunche. In Tongzhi 9 Fujian-Zhejiang governor-general Yinggui bought her from foreign merchants; naval officers patrolled the seas off Taiwan. The Jianwei training ship: bought from Germany by Yinggui in Tongzhi 9 for cadets in residence.
85
福勝砲艦、建勝砲艦，同治十三年，福建善後局購自美國，光緒二年到華，價銀二十四萬兩。
The gunboats Fusheng and Jiansheng: ordered from the United States by the Fujian Pacification Bureau in Tongzhi 13, arrived in Guangxu 2 at a cost of two hundred forty thousand taels.
86
龍驤砲艦、虎威砲艦、飛艇砲艦、策電砲艦，光緒元年，直隸總督李鴻章自英國阿摩士庄廠訂購，每艘價銀十五萬兩，撥歸南洋調遣。
The gunboats Longxiang, Huwei, Feiting, and Cedain: ordered from Britain's Armstrong works by Li Hongzhang in Guangxu 1 at one hundred fifty thousand taels each and assigned to the Nanyang fleet.
87
鎮東砲艦、鎮西砲艦、鎮南砲艦、鎮北砲艦，光緒元年，兩江總督李宗羲自英國阿摩士庄廠訂購，每艘價銀十五萬兩，撥歸北洋調遣。
The gunboats Zhendong, Zhenxi, Zhennan, and Zhenbei: ordered from Armstrong by Li Zongyi in Guangxu 1 at one hundred fifty thousand taels each and assigned to the Beiyang fleet.
88
鎮中砲艦、鎮邊砲艦，光緒七年，李鴻章代山東省自英國船廠訂購，每艘價銀十五萬兩。
The gunboats Zhenzhong and Zhenbian: ordered from a British yard by Li Hongzhang for Shandong in Guangxu 7 at one hundred fifty thousand taels each.
89
超勇巡洋艦、揚威巡洋艦，光緒五年，李鴻章自英國阿摩士庄廠訂購。 六年，令提督丁汝昌率員弁二百餘人，赴英國駕駛回華。 二艦均木身鋼板。
The cruisers Chaoyong and Yangwei: ordered from Armstrong by Li Hongzhang in Guangxu 5. In the sixth year Rear Admiral Ding Ruchang took more than two hundred officers and men to Britain and brought the ships home. Both were wooden ships sheathed in steel plate.
90
定遠鐵甲艦、鎮遠鐵甲艦，光緒六年，李鴻章自德國伏爾鏗廠訂購，價銀六百二十萬馬克。 十一年來華，附小魚雷艇三艘，魚雷筒三具，小輪船一艘。
The ironclads Dingyuan and Zhenyuan: ordered from Germany's Vulcan works by Li Hongzhang in Guangxu 6 for six million two hundred thousand marks. They reached China in the eleventh year, accompanied by three small torpedo boats, three torpedo tubes, and one steam launch.
91
濟遠鋼甲艦，光緒六年，與定遠船同廠訂購。
The armored cruiser Jiyuan: ordered from the same yard as the Dingyuan in Guangxu 6.
92
單雷艇二艘，光緒八年，由德國訂購，歸北洋調遣。
Two single-hulled torpedo boats: ordered from Germany in Guangxu 8 and assigned to the Beiyang fleet.
93
雷龍魚雷艇、雷虎魚雷艇、雷中魚雷艇，光緒八年，兩廣總督張之洞由德國訂購。
The torpedo boats Leilong, Leihu, and Leizhong: ordered from Germany by Zhang Zhidong in Guangxu 8.
94
雷乾魚雷艇、雷坤魚雷艇、雷離魚雷艇、雷坎魚雷艇、雷震魚雷艇、雷艮魚雷艇、雷巽魚雷艇、雷兌魚雷艇，光緒十年，兩廣總督張之洞由德國訂購。
The torpedo boats Leiqian, Leikun, Leili, Leikan, Leizhen, Leigen, Leixun, and Leidui: ordered from Germany by Zhang Zhidong in Guangxu 10.
95
南琛巡洋艦、南瑞巡洋艦，又名運送艦。 光緒九年，兩江總督左宗棠由德國伏爾鏗廠訂購。 知福龍魚雷艇，光緒十二年，由德國訂購。 十六年隸北洋海軍。
The cruisers Nanchen and Nanrui, also known as transport ships. Ordered from Vulcan by Zuo Zongtang in Guangxu 9. The torpedo boat Zhifulong: ordered from Germany in Guangxu 12. In the sixteenth year she was attached to the Beiyang Navy.
96
致遠巡洋艦、靖遠巡洋艦，光緒十二年，由英國訂購，船價及砲位，凡銀一百六十九萬有奇。 經遠巡洋艦、來遠巡洋艦，光緒十二年，由德國訂購，船價及砲位，凡銀一百七十三萬有奇。 光緒十三、四年，與致遠、靖遠先後到華，均隸北洋海軍。
The cruisers Zhiyuan and Jingyuan: ordered from Britain in Guangxu 12 for a little over one million six hundred ninety thousand taels including guns. The cruisers Jingyuan and Laiyuan: ordered from Germany in Guangxu 12 for a little over one million seven hundred thirty thousand taels including guns. In Guangxu 13–14 they reached China after the Zhiyuan and Jingyuan and joined the Beiyang Navy.
97
左隊一號魚雷大快艇，光緒十二年，直隸總督李鴻章由英國百濟公司訂購，價銀八萬有奇，十三年到華。
Left Squadron No. 1 torpedo launch: ordered from the British Baiji company by Li Hongzhang in Guangxu 12 for a little over eighty thousand taels; arrived in Guangxu 13.
98
左隊二號魚雷大快艇、左隊三號魚雷大快艇、右隊一號魚雷大快艇、右隊二號魚雷大快艇、右隊三號魚雷大快艇，以上魚雷艇六艘，光緒十二、三年，先後由德國船廠購買材料，到華配合，以德員教授。
Left Squadron Nos. 2 and 3 and Right Squadron Nos. 1, 2, and 3—six torpedo boats in all: in Guangxu 12–13 materials were bought from German yards, assembled in China, and German instructors were employed.
99
辰字魚雷艇、宿字魚雷艇，由德國伏爾鏗廠訂購，光緒二十一年到華。
The torpedo boats Chen and Su: ordered from Vulcan and arrived in Guangxu 21.
100
列字魚雷艇、張字魚雷艇，由德石效廠訂購，光緒二十一年到華。
The torpedo boats Lie and Zhang: ordered from Germany's Schichau works and arrived in Guangxu 21.
101
福安砲艦，光緒二十年，由英國阿摩士庄廠訂購。
The gunboat Fu'an: ordered from Armstrong in Guangxu 20.
102
飛霆驅逐艦，光緒二十一年，由英國阿摩士庄廠訂購。
The destroyer Feiting: ordered from Armstrong in Guangxu 21.
103
飛鷹驅逐艦，光緒二十二年，由德國伏爾鏗廠訂購。
The destroyer Feiying: ordered from Vulcan in Guangxu 22.
104
海天巡洋艦、海圻巡洋艦，即穹甲快船。 光緒二十二年，由總稅務司在英國阿摩士庄廠訂購，每艘價值三十二萬八千二百四十二鎊。 古海籌巡洋艦、海容巡洋艦、海琛巡洋艦，光緒二十二年，由總理衙門在德國伏爾鏗廠訂購，每艘價值十六萬三千鎊。 二十四年，與海天、海圻巡洋艦先後到華。
The cruisers Haitian and Haiqi were protected cruisers. In Guangxu 22 the Inspector General of Customs ordered them from Armstrong in Britain at three hundred twenty-eight thousand two hundred forty-two pounds each. The cruisers Haichou, Hairong, and Haichen: ordered from Germany's Vulcan works by the Zongli Yamen in Guangxu 22 at one hundred sixty-three thousand pounds each. In the twenty-fourth year they reached China in succession, along with the Haitian and Haiqi.
105
江元砲艦、江亨砲艦、江利砲艦、江貞砲艦，由兩江總督在日本川畸廠訂購。 江元於光緒三十三年告成。 江亨於三十四年告成。 江利、江貞於宣統元年告成。 先造一艘，價日本金三十一萬五千元。 續造三艘，每艘價日本金二十九萬三百二十五元。
The gunboats Jiangyuan, Jiangheng, Jiangli, and Jiangzhen were ordered from Kawasaki in Japan by the Liangjiang governor-general. The Jiangyuan was completed in Guangxu 33. The Jiangheng was completed in the thirty-fourth year. The Jiangli and Jiangzhen were completed in Xuantong 1. The first vessel cost three hundred fifteen thousand yen. Three more followed, each at two hundred ninety thousand three hundred twenty-five yen.
106
湖鵬魚雷艇、湖鶚魚雷艇、湖鷹魚雷艇、湖隼魚雷艇，由湖廣總督張之洞在日本川畸廠訂購。 湖鵬、湖鶚二艇，於光緒三十三年到華。 湖鷹、湖隼二艇，於三十四年到華。 每艘合日本金三十八萬元。
The torpedo boats Hupeng, Hu'e, Huying, and Hun were ordered from Kawasaki by Zhang Zhidong, governor-general of Huguang. The Hupeng and Hu'e reached China in Guangxu 33. The Huying and Hun arrived in the thirty-fourth year. Each cost three hundred eighty thousand yen.
107
楚泰砲艦、楚同砲艦、楚豫砲艦、楚有砲鑒、楚觀砲艦、楚謙砲艦，均航海砲艦。 由湖廣總督張之洞在日本川畸廠訂購。 楚同、楚泰、楚有三砲艦，於光緒三十三年二月到華。 楚豫、楚觀、楚謙三砲艦，於十月到華。 每艘合日本金四十五萬五千元。
The seagoing gunboats Chutai, Chutong, Chuyu, Chu You, Chuguan, and Chuqian. Zhang Zhidong ordered them from Kawasaki in Japan. Chutong, Chutai, and Chu You reached China in the second month of Guangxu 33. Chuyu, Chuguan, and Chuqian arrived in the tenth month. Each cost four hundred fifty-five thousand yen.
108
海龍魚雷艇、海青魚雷艇、海華魚雷艇、海犀魚雷艇，在德國實碩廠訂購，於光緒三十四年到華。
The torpedo boats Hailong, Haiqing, Haihua, and Haixi were ordered from Schichau in Germany and reached China in Guangxu 34.
109
舞鳳航海砲艦，宣統三年，在青島德國船廠訂購。
The seagoing gunboat Wufeng: ordered from a German yard at Qingdao in Xuantong 3.
110
江犀砲艦、江鯤砲艦，均淺水砲艦，原名新璧、新珍。 江犀艦在德國克魯伯廠訂購，江鯤艦在德國伏爾鏗廠訂購，均以材料運華，宣統三年，在江南造船所配合，每艘價值一萬八千九百八十鎊。 古肇和巡洋艦，宣統三年，在英國阿摩士庄廠訂購，價值二十一萬鎊。
The shallow-draft gunboats Jiangxi and Jiangkun had originally been named Xinbi and Xinzhen. The Jiangxi was ordered from Krupp and the Jiangkun from Vulcan; their materials were sent to China and assembled at the Jiangnan shipyard in Xuantong 3, at eighteen thousand nine hundred eighty pounds each. The cruiser Zhaohe: ordered from Armstrong in Britain in Xuantong 3 for two hundred ten thousand pounds.
111
福州船廠，自造各兵艦。 始建船廠，聘工師於法，延教員於英。 建船臺，購機器。 同治八年秋，第一號萬年清輪船成。 十二年冬，華匠漸諳製造，廠機亦稍備，乃遣散洋員。 凡九年，成大小兵船、商船十五艘，成於洋員者十二，成於華匠者三。 光緒三年，始遣學生、藝徒至英、法二國留學。 六年歸國，製造、駕駛，悉以任之。 其製船之質，始皆以木，繼易木脅為鐵脅，易木板為鐵板，更進則純用鋼脅、鋼板，且護以鋼甲。 船機則由立機改臥機。 船式則由常式為快船、為穹甲、為鋼甲。 至光緒三十三年，成船達四十艘。 凡商船八艘，木質兵船十四艘，鐵脅木質兵船五艘，鋼脅木質兵船一艘，鐵甲雙重木質快碰船三艘，鋼甲兵船一艘，鋼甲鋼脅魚雷快船六艘，鋼脅拖船一艘，鋼脅練船一艘。 已失者二十六艘。 存者十四艘，曰湄雲、曰伏波、曰靖遠、曰琛航、曰元凱、曰登瀛洲、曰鏡清、曰通濟、曰福安、曰吉雲、曰建威、曰建安、曰建翼、曰淺水江船。 備列船制於後：
The Fuzhou shipyard built warships of its own. At its founding the yard hired engineers from France and instructors from Britain. It built a slipway and bought machinery. In the autumn of Tongzhi 8 the first vessel, the steamer Wannianqing, was launched. By the winter of the twelfth year Chinese artisans had grown skilled, the yard's equipment was largely in place, and the foreign staff were sent home. In nine years the yard completed fifteen warships and merchant vessels, twelve under foreign supervision and three by Chinese craftsmen alone. In Guangxu 3 the yard first sent students and apprentices to study in Britain and France. They returned in the sixth year, and shipbuilding and sailing were placed wholly in their hands. Ships were first built entirely of wood, then wooden ribs gave way to iron ribs and wooden planking to iron plate; later still the yard used only steel ribs and steel plate, armored with steel plating. Engines shifted from vertical to horizontal types. Designs moved from conventional hulls to fast cruisers, protected cruisers, and armored warships. By Guangxu 33 the yard had completed forty vessels. These comprised eight merchant vessels, fourteen wooden warships, five iron-ribbed wooden gunboats, one steel-ribbed wooden gunboat, three iron-armored double-hulled wooden quick-firing rams, one armored warship, six armored steel-ribbed torpedo cruisers, one steel-ribbed tug, and one steel-ribbed training ship. Twenty-six had already been lost. Fourteen survived: Meiyun, Fubo, Jingyuan, Chenhang, Yuankai, Dengyingzhou, Jingqing, Tongji, Fu'an, Jiyun, Jianwei, Jian'an, Jianyi, and a shallow-draft river gunboat. Their specifications are given below:
112
湄雲，木質兵船，船價銀十六萬三千兩，同治八年八月造成。
Meiyun, a wooden warship built in the eighth month of Tongzhi 8 at a cost of one hundred sixty-three thousand taels.
113
福星，木質兵船，船價銀十萬六千兩，同治九年九月造成。
Fuxing, a wooden warship built in the ninth month of Tongzhi 9 at a cost of one hundred six thousand taels.
114
伏波，木質兵船。 船價銀十六萬一千兩，同治十年二月造成。
Fubo, a wooden warship. Built in the second month of Tongzhi 10 at a cost of one hundred sixty-one thousand taels.
115
安瀾，木質兵船，船價銀十六萬五千兩，同治十一年十一月造成。
Anlan, a wooden warship built in the eleventh month of Tongzhi 11 at a cost of one hundred sixty-five thousand taels.
116
鎮海，木質兵船，船價銀十萬九千兩，同治十一年六月造成。
Zhenhai, a wooden warship built in the sixth month of Tongzhi 11 at a cost of one hundred nine thousand taels.
117
揚武，木質兵船，船價銀二十五萬四千兩，同治十一年十一月造成。
Yangwu, a wooden warship built in the eleventh month of Tongzhi 11 at a cost of two hundred fifty-four thousand taels.
118
飛雲，木質兵船。 船價銀十六萬三千兩，同治十一年九月造成。
Feiyun, a wooden warship. Built in the ninth month of Tongzhi 11 at a cost of one hundred sixty-three thousand taels.
119
靖遠，木質兵船，船價銀十一萬兩，同治十一年十一月造成。
Jingyuan, a wooden warship built in the eleventh month of Tongzhi 11 at a cost of one hundred ten thousand taels.
120
振威，木質兵船，船價銀十一萬兩，同治十二年二月造成。
Zhenwei, a wooden warship built in the second month of Tongzhi 12 at a cost of one hundred ten thousand taels.
121
濟安，木質兵船，船價銀十六萬三千兩，同治十三年三月造成。
Ji'an, a wooden warship built in the third month of Tongzhi 13 at a cost of one hundred sixty-three thousand taels.
122
永保，木質武裝商船，船價銀十六萬七千兩，同治十二年九月造成。
Yongbao, an armed wooden merchantman built in the ninth month of Tongzhi 12 at a cost of one hundred sixty-seven thousand taels.
123
元凱，木質兵船，船價銀十六萬二千兩，光緒元年八月造成。
Yuankai, a wooden warship built in the eighth month of Guangxu 1 at a cost of one hundred sixty-two thousand taels.
124
藝新，木質兵船，船價銀五萬一千兩，光緒二年閏五月造成。
Yixin, a wooden warship built in the intercalary fifth month of Guangxu 2 at a cost of fifty-one thousand taels.
125
登瀛洲，木質兵船，船價銀十六萬二千兩，光緒二年七月造成。
Dengyingzhou, a wooden warship built in the seventh month of Guangxu 2 at a cost of one hundred sixty-two thousand taels.
126
泰安，木質兵船，船價銀十六萬二千兩，光緒三年三月造成。
Tai'an, a wooden warship built in the third month of Guangxu 3 at a cost of one hundred sixty-two thousand taels.
127
威遠，鐵脅木殼兵船，船價銀十九萬五千兩，光緒三年八月造成。
Weiyuan, an iron-ribbed wooden-hull warship built in the eighth month of Guangxu 3 at a cost of one hundred ninety-five thousand taels.
128
超武，鐵脅木殼兵船，船價銀二十萬兩，光緒四年八月造成。
Chaowu, an iron-ribbed wooden-hull warship built in the eighth month of Guangxu 4 at a cost of two hundred thousand taels.
129
澄慶，鐵脅木殼兵船，船價銀二十萬兩，光緒六年十一月造成。
Chengqing, an iron-ribbed wooden-hull warship built in the eleventh month of Guangxu 6 at a cost of two hundred thousand taels.
130
開濟，鐵脅雙重快碰船，船價銀三十八萬六千兩，光緒九年八月造成。
Kaiji, an iron-ribbed double-hulled quick-firing ram built in the eighth month of Guangxu 9 at a cost of three hundred eighty-six thousand taels.
131
橫海，鐵脅木殼兵船，船價銀二十萬兩，光緒十年二月造成。
Henghai, an iron-ribbed wooden-hull warship built in the second month of Guangxu 10 at a cost of two hundred thousand taels.
132
鏡清，鐵脅雙重木殼快碰船，船價銀三十六萬六千兩，光緒十年七月造成。
Jingqing, an iron-ribbed double-hulled wooden quick-firing ram built in the seventh month of Guangxu 10 at a cost of three hundred sixty-six thousand taels.
133
寰泰，鐵脅雙重木殼快碰船，船價銀三十六萬六千兩，光緒十三年七月造成。
Huantai, an iron-ribbed double-hulled wooden quick-firing ram built in the seventh month of Guangxu 13 at a cost of three hundred sixty-six thousand taels.
134
廣甲，鐵脅木殼兵船，船價銀二十二萬兩，光緒十三年十月造成。
Guangjia, an iron-ribbed wooden-hull warship built in the tenth month of Guangxu 13 at a cost of two hundred twenty thousand taels.
135
平遠，鋼甲鋼殼兵船，船價銀五十二萬四千兩，光緒十五年四月造成。
Pingyuan, an armored steel-hull warship built in the fourth month of Guangxu 15 at a cost of five hundred twenty-four thousand taels.
136
廣乙，鋼脅鋼殼魚雷快船，船價銀二十萬兩，光緒十六年十月造成。
Guangyi, a steel-ribbed steel-hull torpedo cruiser built in the tenth month of Guangxu 16 at a cost of two hundred thousand taels.
137
廣庚，鋼脅木殼兵船，船價銀六萬兩，光緒十五年十月造成。
Guanggeng, a steel-ribbed wooden-hull warship built in the tenth month of Guangxu 15 at a cost of sixty thousand taels.
138
廣丙，鋼脅鋼殼魚雷快船，船價銀十二萬兩，光緒十七年十月造成。
Guangbing, a steel-ribbed steel-hull torpedo cruiser built in the tenth month of Guangxu 17 at a cost of one hundred twenty thousand taels.
139
福靖，鋼脅鋼殼魚雷快船，船價銀二十萬兩，光緒十九年十月造成。
Fujing, a steel-ribbed steel-hull torpedo cruiser built in the tenth month of Guangxu 19 at a cost of two hundred thousand taels.
140
通濟，鋼脅鋼殼練船，船價銀二十二萬六千兩，光緒二十年八月造成。
Tongji, a steel-ribbed steel-hull training ship built in the eighth month of Guangxu 20 at a cost of two hundred twenty-six thousand taels.
141
吉雲，鋼脅鋼殼拖船，船價銀五萬六千兩，光緒二十四年八月造成。
Jiyun, a steel-ribbed steel-hull tug built in the eighth month of Guangxu 24 at a cost of fifty-six thousand taels.
142
建威，鋼脅鋼殼魚雷快船，船價銀六十三萬七千兩，光緒二十八年十一月造成。
Jianwei, a steel-ribbed steel-hull torpedo cruiser built in the eleventh month of Guangxu 28 at a cost of six hundred thirty-seven thousand taels.
143
建安，鋼脅鋼殼魚雷快船，船價銀六十三萬七千兩，光緒二十八年十一月造成。
Jian'an, a steel-ribbed steel-hull torpedo cruiser built in the eleventh month of Guangxu 28 at a cost of six hundred thirty-seven thousand taels.
144
建翼，鋼脅鋼殼魚雷艇，船價銀二萬四千兩，光緒二十八年五月造成。
Jianyi, a steel-ribbed steel-hull torpedo boat built in the fifth month of Guangxu 28 at a cost of twenty-four thousand taels.
145
廣東船廠，自造各兵艦，光緒十二年，兩廣總督張之洞於省河設廠，選募華工，採用香港英國船廠圖說，自造淺水兵輪四艘，曰廣元、廣亨、廣利、廣貞。
The Guangdong shipyard also built its own warships. In Guangxu 12 Zhang Zhidong established a yard on the provincial river, recruited Chinese workers, used plans from a British yard in Hong Kong, and built four shallow-draft gunboats: Guangyuan, Guangheng, Guangli, and Guangzhen.
146
直隸大沽船塢，自造拖船，遇順暗輪鋼拖船，光緒十四年造成，又守雷暗輪包鋼小輪船一艘，下雷暗輪包鋼小輪船一艘。
The Dagu dockyard in Zhili built tugs of its own, including the Yushun, a screw steel tug completed in Guangxu 14, plus the armored screw launches Shoulei and Xialei.
147
江南船廠，自造各兵艦。 咸豐十一年，曾國籓始有購買船砲及中國試造輪船之疏。 同治二年，於安慶設局，不用洋員，自造一小輪行駛。 令容閎出洋購買機器。 四年，國籓於上海虹口奏設製造局。 李鴻章撫蘇，偕丁日昌於上海鐵廠專造槍砲，以供征伐。 六年四月，國籓疏請撥留洋稅一成，為專造輪船之用。 汽爐、機器、船殼三者，咸研究圖說，自出機杼。 先造汽爐廠、機器廠、熟鐵廠、洋槍樓、木工廠、鑄銅鐵廠、火箭廠、庫房、棧房、工務房、工匠室，以應要需。 復築船塢以整破舟，建瓦棚以儲材料，立學館以譯圖說。 建築既堅，規模亦肅。 同治六年，李鴻章建江南製造局，從事製船。 八年，測海、操江兩兵船製成。 九年，威靖兵船成。 以萬金購德國船為練船之用。 十二年，海安兵船製成。 光緒元年，馭遠兵船製成。 二年，金甌小鐵甲船製成。 五年，兩江總督沈葆楨疏言：「江南船廠所製兵船，五百匹馬力以下者五艘，其兵數餉章，與福州所造各兵船相等。」 八年，購外洋商船一艘，改造為防緝之用，名曰鈞和。 嗣後未有造作。
The Jiangnan shipyard built warships of its own. In Xianfeng 11 Zeng Guofan first memorialized the throne on buying ships and guns and on China's attempt to build steamships. In Tongzhi 2 a bureau was set up at Anqing, and without foreign help it built a small steamer that actually ran. Rong Hong was sent overseas to buy machinery. In the fourth year Guofan petitioned to establish a manufacturing bureau at Hongkou, Shanghai. While Li Hongzhang governed Jiangsu, he and Ding Richang used the Shanghai ironworks solely to cast muskets and cannon for the war effort. In the fourth month of the sixth year Guofan asked that one-tenth of customs revenue be reserved solely for building steamships. Boilers, engines, and hulls were all studied from plans and developed on their own designs. First came a boiler shop, machine shop, wrought-iron shop, musket hall, carpentry shop, foundry, rocket shop, warehouses, storage sheds, engineering offices, and workers' quarters. A dry dock was added to repair damaged hulls, tiled sheds to store materials, and a school to translate technical drawings. The buildings were solid and the layout orderly and imposing. In Tongzhi 6 Li Hongzhang founded the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau and turned to building ships. In the eighth year the warships Cehai and Caojiang were completed. In the ninth year the warship Weijing was launched. Ten thousand taels in gold bought a German vessel for training duty. In the twelfth year the warship Hai'an was completed. In Guangxu 1 the warship Yuyuan was completed. In the second year the small ironclad Jin'ou was launched. In the fifth year Liangjiang governor-general Shen Baozhen wrote: "The Jiangnan yard had built five warships of under five hundred horsepower, with complements and pay scales matching those of Fuzhou-built vessels." In the eighth year a foreign merchantman was bought, converted for patrol duty, and named Junhe. No further building followed.
148
光緒三十年，南洋大臣周馥等，以南洋近年以來，舊有兵船，日益窳朽，徒糜餉項，無裨實際，亟應分別裁留，認真整理。 非定章程，不能革除舊習； 非專派大員督辦，不能造就將才。 因奏派現統北洋海軍廣東水師提督葉祖珪督辦南洋水師學堂、上海船塢，凡餉械支應一切事宜，有與海軍相關者，均歸考核。 嗣復奏稱江南製造機器總局內舊有船塢，本為製造官商輪船並修理船械而設，日久弊生，多糜經費，而辦理之員，類無造船專門之學，以致承修船隻，工價高昂。 近年以來，商船裹足不前，兵船反入洋塢，非認真整理，無由振興。 經與北洋大臣會商，定議船塢別簡大員經理，仿商塢辦法，掃除舊習，妥籌改良船塢，與海軍事相表裡。 廣東水師提督葉祖珪，系總理南北洋海軍，往來津、滬，則上海船塢事宜，自應歸其督察，以一事權。 遂將船塢與製造局劃分，名曰江南船塢，製造局歸陸軍部轄，船塢歸海軍部轄，以專責任。
In Guangxu 30 Zhou Fu and other Nanyang officials reported that the fleet's old warships had grown ever more rotten, wasting funds without serving any real purpose, and urgently needed selective retention, cuts, and thorough reorganization. Without firm regulations the old abuses could not be uprooted; Only by appointing a senior officer to oversee the work could the navy train real commanders. He recommended Ye Zugui—who already commanded the Beiyang Fleet as Guangdong naval commander—to run the Nanyang Naval Academy and the Shanghai dry dock, with authority over every naval matter of pay, arms, and supply. He later reported that the Jiangnan arsenal's old dry dock, meant to build government and merchant steamers and repair warships, had grown corrupt and costly; managers without real shipbuilding training charged exorbitant repair fees. In recent years merchant work had dried up while warships were sent to foreign yards; nothing would improve without a thorough overhaul. After talks with the Beiyang minister, they agreed to put the dock under its own senior manager, run it like a commercial yard, root out old abuses, and rebuild it as the navy's industrial partner. Ye Zugui, who commanded both northern and southern fleets and shuttled between Tianjin and Shanghai, should supervise the Shanghai dock to keep authority in one hand. The dock was split off as the Jiangnan Shipyard: the arsenal went to the Army Ministry and the dock to the Navy Ministry, each with a clear mandate.
149
此後製造復興，三十四年，甘泉、安豐二兵船成。 宣統二年，聯鯨兵船成。 三年，澄海砲船成。
Building revived afterward; in the thirty-fourth year [Guangxu, 1908] the Ganquan and Anfeng were launched. In Xuantong 2 [1910] the Lianjing was finished. In the third year [Xuantong, 1911] the gunboat Chenghai was completed.
150
海軍自甲午戰後，所餘南洋各艦，不復成軍。 嗣後逐漸購置，其編製非復北洋舊章。 每艦設艦長一員，副長一員，協長一員，航海正一員，航海副一員或二員，槍砲正一員，槍砲副一員或二員，魚雷正、魚雷副一員或二員，輪機長一員，輪機正一員或二員，輪機副一員至八員，軍需正一員，軍需副一員或二員，軍醫正一員，軍醫副一員或二員，書記官一員。
After the war of 1894–95, what was left of the southern fleet no longer counted as a real navy. Ships were bought back piecemeal, and the organization no longer followed Beiyang practice. Each vessel carried a captain, executive and assistant executive officers, navigation and gunnery officers with assistants, torpedo officers, a chief engineer with up to eight assistants, supply and medical staff with assistants, and a secretary.
151
其戰艦約分新舊二類，新式而有武力者，巡洋艦四，曰海圻、四千三百頓。 曰海容、曰海琛、曰海籌。 各二千九百五十頓。 砲艦十一，曰楚泰、曰楚謙、曰楚觀、曰楚豫、曰楚有、曰楚同、各七百八十頓。 曰江元、曰江亨、曰江利、曰江貞、曰江鏡。 各五百頓。 水雷砲艦一，曰飛鷹。 八百五十頓。 其屬於舊式者，巡洋艦五，曰通濟、一千九百頓。 曰南琛、一千九百零五頓。 曰鏡清、一千一百頓。 曰保民、一千四百七十七頓。 曰登瀛洲。 一千二百五十八頓。 水雷砲艦二，曰建威、曰建安。 各八百十七頓。 砲艦二十，曰泰安、曰甘泉、曰廣玉、曰廣戌、曰靖海、曰廕洲海、曰並徵、曰海鏡清、曰廣金、曰廣己、曰廣庚、曰策電、曰第電、曰海長清、曰清海、曰鈞和、曰飛虎、曰靖遠、曰綏遠、曰鎮濤。 共一萬零八百二十七頓。 報知艦四，曰超武、曰琛航、曰元凱、曰伏波。 共五千一百七十七頓。 雷魚艇八，曰湖鵬、曰湖隼、曰湖鶚、曰湖鷹、曰辰、曰宿、曰列、曰張。 共一千頓。 新舊大小各艦凡五十五艘。
Warships fell roughly into new and old categories. Among the modern fighting ships were four cruisers, beginning with the Haiqi at 4,300 tons. The Hairong, Haichen, and Haichou. Each 2,950 tons. Eleven gunboats—the Chutai, Chuqian, Chuguan, Chuyu, Chuyou, and Chutong—each 780 tons. The Jiangyuan, Jiangheng, Jiangli, Jiangzhen, and Jiangjing. Each 500 tons. One mine gunboat, the Feiying. 850 tons. Older types included five cruisers, beginning with the Tongji at 1,900 tons. The Nanchen, 1,905 tons. The Jingqing, 1,100 tons. The Baomin, 1,477 tons. The Dengyingzhou. 1,258 tons. Two mine gunboats, the Jianwei and Jian. Each 817 tons. Twenty gunboats in all—the Taian, Ganquan, Guangyu, Guangxu, Jinghai, and fourteen others including the Jingyuan, Suiyuan, and Zhentao—listed by name in the register. Together 10,827 tons. Four dispatch vessels: the Chaowu, Chenhang, Yuankai, and Fubo. Together 5,177 tons. Eight torpedo boats: the Hupeng, Hun, Hu'e, Huying, Chen, Su, Lie, and Zhang. Together 1,000 tons. In all, fifty-five vessels old and new, large and small.