1
法蘭西一名佛郎機，在歐羅巴之西。 清來廣東互巿，廣東總督佟養甲疏言：「佛郎機國人寓居濠境澳門，與粵商互巿，仍禁深入省會。」 法人素崇天主教，康熙以來，屢禁漢人入教。
France, also known by the older name Folangji, lies in the western part of Europe. When the Qing opened trade at Guangdong, Governor-General Tong Yangjia memorialized that Folangji nationals lived at Macao in the Qiaojing quarter, traded with Cantonese merchants, and were still barred from penetrating the provincial capital. The French had long been devoted to Catholicism, and since the Kangxi reign the court had repeatedly forbidden Chinese to take the faith.
2
九年五月，法公使布林布隆以進京換約為名，隨英公使普魯斯赴天津，拒不納，致傷敗數百人，折回上海，聲言調兵復仇。 未幾，法人復北駛，分擾登、青等處。 十年六月，隨英來攻，連陷新河、唐兒沽北岸砲台，遂入天津。 先是遣西寧辦事大臣文俊、武備院卿恆祺往議，不報。 至是，又遣桂良、恆福為欽差大臣，往津會議，冀緩師，而法與英益恣要求。 初，津約原許補法軍費二百萬，英四百萬。 至是，英索倍加，法欲照英數，復要求天津通商、京師長駐。 朝旨不許。 乃隨英督兵北上，進逼通州，京師戒嚴。 怡親王載垣等再議和，不就。 進薄京師。 八月，恭親王奕訢留守，再議和。 九月，和議成，所得通商、軍費、權利與英等，而傳教、建堂初無限制。 十月，始定傳教之人須薙須服中國衣冠，其入內地，預領中、法合同護照，向所過地方官鈐印，以為信據。 法人以江南為新許商埠，欲早通商，請助剿粵賊，不許。 十一年二月，法公使布林布隆偕英使普魯斯由津如京，此為各國公使駐京之始。 先是條約有還清軍費始行退出廣東省城之議。 至是，法人哥士耆來言，原先撤兵退出粵城，並求廣東籓署賃作領事署，又索還京城及各省天主堂舊基，均許之。 九月，交還廣東省城。
In the fifth month of the ninth year, French minister Bourboulon, claiming he was going to Beijing to exchange treaties, accompanied British minister Bruce to Tianjin; when the Chinese refused them entry, several hundred men were wounded; they withdrew to Shanghai and threatened to bring up troops for revenge. Before long the French sailed north again and raided Dengzhou, Qingzhou, and other places in separate detachments. In the sixth month of the tenth year they came with the British, took the north-bank forts at Xinhe and Tang'ergu in succession, and entered Tianjin. The court had earlier sent Xining commissioner Wen Jun and Director of the Armory Heng Qi to negotiate, but received no answer. The court now sent Gui Liang and Heng Fu as imperial commissioners to Tianjin in the hope of slowing the armies, but France and Britain pressed their demands ever harder. The Tianjin treaty had originally allowed two million taels in military indemnity to France and four million to Britain. Britain now demanded double that sum; France wanted the same amount as Britain and also demanded trade at Tianjin and a permanent legation in the capital. The throne refused. They then followed Britain north with troops, pressed on Tongzhou, and Beijing was placed under martial law. Prince Yi Zaiyuan and others tried to negotiate peace again, but failed. They drew up close to Beijing. In the eighth month Prince Gong Yixin remained in the capital and opened peace talks again. In the ninth month peace was concluded; France gained trade, indemnity, and privileges equal to Britain's, while missionary work and church building were at first left unrestricted. In the tenth month it was first ruled that missionaries must shave the head and wear Chinese dress; those entering the interior had to obtain joint Sino-French passports in advance and have them stamped by officials along the route as proof of identity. With Jiangnan newly opened as a treaty port, the French wished to trade there at once and asked to help suppress the Guangdong rebels; the request was refused. In the second month of the eleventh year French minister Bourboulon and British minister Bruce went from Tianjin to Beijing—marking the beginning of permanent foreign legations in the capital. The treaty had earlier stipulated that Guangzhou would not be evacuated until military indemnities were fully paid. Now the Frenchman Gros said troops would first be withdrawn from Guangzhou, asked that the Guangdong provincial yamen rent quarters for a consulate, and sought the return of old Catholic church sites in the capital and the provinces—all were granted. In the ninth month Guangzhou was handed back.
3
九年夏五月，天津民擊殺法領事豐大業。 初，天津喧傳天主教堂迷拐幼孩，抉眼割心為藥料，人情洶洶。 三口通商大臣崇厚等詣法領事豐大業赴堂同訊，觀者麕集。 偶與教堂人違言，磚石相拋擊，豐大業怒，徑至崇厚署忿詈，至擬以洋槍。 出遇劉傑，復以槍擊傷某僕，遂群起毆斃豐大業，鳴鑼集眾，焚毀教堂、洋房數處，教民及洋人死者數十人。 事聞，命大學士直隸總督曾國籓赴津查辦。 國籓至津，示諭士民，宣佈懷柔外國、息事安民之意。 法公使羅淑亞來見，以四事相要：曰賠修教堂； 曰埋葬豐大業； 曰查辦地方官； 曰懲究兇手。 尋牒請將府、縣官及提督陳國瑞抵罪，國籓拒之。 與崇厚會奏，稱：「仁慈堂查出男女，訊無被拐情事，懇降諭各省，俾士民咸知謠傳多系虛誣，請將道、府、縣三員均撤任查辦。」 奏入，報可。 遂於八月擬結，辦為首十數人，天津府、縣減戍黑龍江。
In the fifth month of summer in the ninth year the people of Tianjin killed French consul Fontanier. At first Tianjin was rife with rumors that the Catholic church kidnapped children and gouged out their eyes and hearts for medicine, and popular feeling ran high. On the third day Trade Commissioner Chonghou and others went with French consul Fontanier to the church for a joint inquiry, and a dense crowd gathered to watch. Words crossed with church people and bricks and stones flew; Fontanier in a rage went straight to Chonghou's yamen and abused him, even leveling a foreign gun at him. Outside he met Liu Jie and shot and wounded a servant; the crowd then rose and beat Fontanier to death, rang gongs to rally the people, and burned several churches and foreign houses; dozens of converts and foreigners were killed. When word reached the court, Grand Secretary and Zhili Governor-General Zeng Guofan was ordered to Tianjin to investigate. When Guofan reached Tianjin he issued proclamations to gentry and commoners, announcing the policy of conciliating foreigners and settling affairs to calm the people. French minister Rochechouart came to an audience and pressed four demands: compensation and repair of the churches; burial of Fontanier; investigation of local officials; punishment of the culprits. Shortly afterward a note demanded that the prefect and county magistrate and Commander Chen Guorui be held criminally liable; Guofan refused. Together with Chonghou they memorialized that men and women found at the Benevolent Hall showed no evidence of kidnapping, asked that an edict go out to the provinces so people would know the rumors were largely false, and requested that the circuit intendant, prefect, and county magistrate all be removed and investigated. The memorial was submitted and approved. In the eighth month a settlement was drafted: more than ten ringleaders were punished, and the Tianjin prefect and county magistrate were sentenced to penal service in Heilongjiang with reduced terms.
4
十一年，法遣全權大臣熱福里如京換約，並進書籍。 十二年，穆宗親政，各國請覲見，法與焉。 是年法人侵越南，入河內省城。
In the eleventh year France sent plenipotentiary Théophile to Beijing to exchange treaties and presented books as gifts. In the twelfth year Emperor Muzong assumed personal rule; the various powers requested audiences, and France was among them. That year the French invaded Vietnam and entered the provincial city of Hanoi.
5
越南向隸籓屬，自法據西貢，脅越人訂約，許于紅江通舟。 曾紀澤與法外部言：「法、越私立之約，中國不能認。」 不省。 八年二月，法兵船由西貢駛至海防進口。 三月，陷河內省。 朝議始遣提督黃桂蘭等軍出關。 既而法公使寶海向北洋大臣李鴻章要求中國退兵，及通商保勝，驅逐盜賊，畫紅江南北為界。 朝廷下各督撫議。 法人見不允所求，遂欲增軍撤使以相恫喝。
Vietnam had long been a tributary state; after France seized Saigon it forced the Vietnamese into a treaty allowing navigation on the Red River. Zeng Jize told the French Foreign Ministry: 'A private treaty between France and Vietnam is one China cannot recognize.' The French paid no heed. In the second month of the eighth year French warships sailed from Saigon to Haiphong and entered the harbor. In the third month they took Hanoi province. The court at last ordered Commander Huang Guilan and other forces out through the frontier passes. Then French minister Ba Hai demanded of Beiyang Commissioner Li Hongzhang that China withdraw its troops, open trade at Baosheng, drive out bandits, and fix the Red River as the boundary between north and south. The court referred the matter to the provincial governors for discussion. When the French saw their demands refused, they threatened to reinforce their armies and recall their minister.
6
九年三月，戰事起。 法據南定，旋為劉永福所敗。 會越王薨，法以兵脅嗣王立新約二十七條，盡攘其兵權、利權、政權，並申明越境全歸保護，中國不得干預。 中國聞之，乃命唐炯、徐延旭出關，彭玉麟辦粵防，張佩綸會辦軍務。 會山西、北寧連陷，官軍退守太原，法乘勢擾浙、閩，陷基隆、澎湖，至是始宣戰。 十年二月，諒山大捷，法忽請和，帝命吳大澂、陳寶琛、張佩綸會辦海防，以議和全權任李鴻章。 先是福祿諾所擬五條，僅允不索兵費，不入滇境，而要脅中國不再與聞越事。 議久不決。 五月，法兵以巡防為名，忽攻諒山，敗走。 藉口中國不能如約退師，責賠費，不允。 法使巴德諾出京。 六月，攻臺北基隆，為劉銘傳所敗。 秋七月，法水師提督孤拔等率兵船入閩，泊馬尾等處，迫交船廠，欲據為質。 時張佩綸以會辦海防兼船政大臣，漫不設備，法遂開砲毀船廠。 復分兵擾東京、臺灣，陷基隆，窺諒山。 十一年春正月，犯鎮南關，楊玉科戰沒。 旋收復，大創之，並砲斃孤拔於南洋。 法人乃請和，原照天津原約，不索償款。 李鴻章與議新約十條：一，法自行弭亂，華不派兵赴北圻； 二，法與越自立約，或已定或續立，中、越往來，不礙中國威望體面，亦不違此次約； 三，六個月會勘界，北圻界處或稍改正，以期兩益； 四，法保護人民欲過界入中國，邊員給照，華人入越，請法給照； 五，保勝以西、諒山以北通商，華設關，法設領事，北圻亦可駐華領事； 六，三個月內會定商款，法運越貨稅照他處較減； 七，法在北圻造鐵路，中國若造鐵路，雇法工； 八，此約十年再修； 九，法即退基隆，二月內臺灣、澎湖全退，中、法前約照舊等語。 旋法派戈可當代為駐華公使，欲改前約，出所擬二十四條。 鴻章以與原約不符，不許。 戈使又欲辦滇、粵礦務，及製造土貨，運越南食鹽，復拒之。 又欲於雲南省城及廣西內地設領事。 時正遣鄧承修、周德潤與法勘界，鴻章謂宜俟邊界勘明，方能指定通商碼頭。 戈使又要求稅則減半，鴻章祗允五分減一。 又另擬通商章程十八款，並將互交逃犯、洋藥進出口各條亦擬在內。 法使復援咸豐八年約內第七款有「工作」二字，仍要求增入在口製造，許之。
In the third month of the ninth year fighting broke out. The French seized Nam Dinh but were soon defeated by Liu Yongfu. When the Vietnamese king died, France used force to make the new king sign a twenty-seven-article treaty that stripped Vietnam of military, economic, and political power, placed the whole country under French protection, and barred Chinese intervention. When China heard of this, it ordered Tang Jiong and Xu Yanxu into Tonkin, Peng Yulin to organize Guangdong defenses, and Zhang Peilun to assist in military affairs. When Sơn Tây and Bac Ninh fell in succession, Chinese forces fell back to Thái Nguyên; France then raided Zhejiang and Fujian, seized Keelung and Penghu, and only then did China declare war. In the second month of the tenth year came the great victory at Lang Son; France suddenly sued for peace; the Emperor ordered Wu Dacheng, Chen Baochen, and Zhang Peilun to oversee coastal defense and gave Li Hongzhang full powers to negotiate peace. Earlier Fournier's five draft articles promised only not to demand indemnity or enter Yunnan, but required China to cease all involvement in Vietnam. Talks dragged on without resolution. In the fifth month French troops, claiming to be on patrol, suddenly attacked Lang Son and were driven back in defeat. They claimed China had failed to withdraw troops as agreed and demanded indemnity; China refused. French minister Patenôtre left Beijing. In the sixth month they attacked Keelung in northern Taiwan and were defeated by Liu Mingchuan. In the seventh month of autumn French admiral Courbet led warships into Fujian, anchored at Mawei and elsewhere, demanded the shipyard, and sought to hold it hostage. Zhang Peilun, then joint overseer of coastal defense and Superintendent of the Naval Dockyard, had made no preparations; the French opened fire and destroyed the yard. They again sent detachments to harass Tonkin and Taiwan, seized Keelung, and threatened Lang Son. In the first month of spring in the eleventh year they attacked Zhennan Pass; Yang Yuko was killed in battle. The pass was soon retaken and the French suffered a crushing defeat; Courbet was also killed by shellfire in the South Seas. The French then sued for peace on the original Tianjin terms, demanding no indemnity. Li Hongzhang negotiated a new ten-article treaty: first, France would pacify Tonkin on its own and China would not send troops there; second, treaties France made or would make with Vietnam would not impair China's prestige in dealings with Vietnam, nor violate this treaty; third, within six months the boundary would be jointly surveyed and Tonkin border sections might be slightly adjusted for mutual benefit; fourth, French protected persons crossing into China would receive passes from border officials, and Chinese entering Vietnam would obtain passes from France; fifth, trade would open west of Baosheng and north of Lang Son; China would establish customs houses, France consuls, and China might also station consuls in Tonkin; sixth, commercial tariffs would be fixed within three months, with taxes on French goods shipped through Vietnam lower than elsewhere; seventh, France might build railways in Tonkin; if China built railways, it would employ French workers; eighth, this treaty would be revised in ten years; ninth, France would immediately withdraw from Keelung and fully evacuate Taiwan and Penghu within two months, with prior Sino-French treaties remaining in force, and similar provisions. Soon France sent Gérard as minister to China, seeking to alter the prior treaty and presenting twenty-four proposed articles. Li Hongzhang refused on the grounds that they conflicted with the original treaty. Gérard also sought mining rights in Yunnan and Guangdong, manufacture of native goods, and transport of Vietnamese salt; these too were refused. He also sought to establish consulates in the Yunnan provincial capital and in the interior of Guangxi. Deng Chenxiu and Zhou Derun were then surveying the boundary with France; Li Hongzhang said treaty ports could be designated only after the border was surveyed. Gérard again demanded halving the tariff; Li Hongzhang allowed only a one-fifth reduction. He also drafted eighteen articles of commercial regulations, including provisions on extradition of fugitives and import and export of foreign opium. The French minister cited the word 'work' in Article 7 of the Xianfeng eighth-year treaty and again demanded the right to manufacture in treaty ports; this was granted.
7
時雲南界務，周德潤會商岑毓英後，出關與法使狄隆晤商，擬先勘保勝上游一二段，並同擬全局辦法八條：一，中、法兩國勘界大臣等說明所應勘之界，俱是現在之界； 一，勘現界後，或有改正之處，兩國勘界大臣公同商酌，如彼此意見不合，各請旨商辦； 一，續開勘雲、越交界，中國大臣等意欲一律勘完，所以照會法國請旨； 一，各大臣等商議先由老街勘到龍膊河，及龍膊河鄰近地方，復回老街，再勘老街鄰近地方； 一，勘老街至龍膊河之界，中、法繪圖各官從紅江南岸歸，一路同走，中國繪圖官歸法國保護，自老街起至龍膊河止，兩國勘界大臣等各走雲、越邊界； 一，紅河自北河岸之老鏊至南岸之龍膊，以河中為界； 一，雲、越之界，遇有以河為界，均以河中為界，如有全河現在歸中國界者，仍歸中國，現在歸越南界者，仍歸越南； 一，勘界時隨處開節略圖說，均由兩國大臣等畫押。 以上節略，彼此畫押遵守。 德潤與狄隆各按地圖校改，互有爭執，而於大小賭呪河、猛援、猛賴兩段，爭執尤力。 會法勘路弁兵在者蘭被越遊勇所戕，法指為雲南提督散勇，中國不承，狄隆欲緩勘，但就圖定界。 粵東、粵西界務，鄧承修與張之洞、李秉衡等會商，其與法使浦理燮在關門文淵會議。 承修執約內「北圻邊界必要更正，以期兩國有益」之語，欲以諒山迤西自艽葑、高平省至保樂州，東自祿平、那陽、先妥州至海寧府劃歸中界。 浦使以據約不過於兩邊界址略為更改，不能及諒山及東西地。 旋允請示本國，卒不行。 十二年復議界，會浦理燮病，僅由鎮南起勘至平關而止，東西不過三百餘里，餘未履勘。 浦理燮旋回國，法改派狄隆由滇赴粵，與鄧承修等議界。
For the Yunnan boundary, after consulting Cen Yuying, Zhou Derun went out through the passes to meet French commissioner Dillon; they planned first to survey one or two sections upstream of Baosheng and jointly drafted eight general principles: first, Chinese and French boundary commissioners would clarify that the boundaries to be surveyed were the present boundaries; second, after surveying the present boundary, any sections needing correction would be discussed jointly; if the commissioners disagreed, each would refer to his government; third, in continuing the Yunnan-Vietnam border survey, the Chinese commissioners wished to complete the entire survey at once and therefore notified France to seek instructions; fourth, the commissioners agreed to survey first from Lao Cai to the Long Bo River and nearby areas, then return to Lao Cai and survey the areas near Lao Cai; fifth, in surveying from Lao Cai to the Long Bo River, Chinese and French mapping officers would travel together along the south bank of the Red River, with Chinese officers under French protection; from Lao Cai to the Long Bo River each country's commissioners would travel the Yunnan-Vietnam border; sixth, from Lao Ao on the north bank of the Red River to Long Bo on the south bank, the middle of the river would be the boundary; seventh, wherever the Yunnan-Vietnam border followed a river, the middle of the river would be the boundary; if an entire river now lay within Chinese territory it would remain so, and if within Vietnamese territory it would remain so; eighth, during the survey brief maps and descriptions would be drawn up on the spot and signed by commissioners of both countries. The above summary was signed by both sides and was to be observed. Derun and Dillon each revised according to their maps and disputed one another; the disputes were especially fierce over the Greater and Lesser Du Zhou River and the Meng Yuan and Meng Lai sections. When French survey troops were killed by Vietnamese irregulars at Zhelan, France claimed they were dispersed troops of the Yunnan commander; China denied this; Dillon wished to suspend the survey and fix the boundary from maps alone. For the Guangdong boundary, Deng Chenxiu consulted with Zhang Zhidong, Li Bingheng, and others; he met French commissioner Poulichou at Guanmen in Wenyuan. Chenxiu cited the treaty language that 'Tonkin boundaries must be corrected for the benefit of both countries' and sought to assign to China west of Lang Son from Mang Cai and Cao Bang to Baole, and east from Luc Binh, Na Duong, and Tien Yen to Ha Ninh. Pou replied that under the treaty only slight adjustments on both sides of the boundary were permitted, and could not extend to Lang Son and the eastern and western territories. He soon agreed to refer the matter to Paris, but in the end it was not carried out. In the twelfth year boundary talks resumed; when Poulichou fell ill, surveying ran only from Zhennan to Pingguan—a span of little more than three hundred li east to west; the rest was never surveyed on the ground. Poulichou soon returned home, and France replaced him with Dillon, who traveled from Yunnan to Guangdong to negotiate the boundary with Deng Chenxiu and others.
8
先是鴻章欲先議界，後議商約，法使不從，乃復議商約。 至是議成十九款：一，保勝以上某處、諒山以北某處，中國設關通商，許法設立領事； 二，中國可在河內、海防二處設立領事，並可商酌在北圻他處設領事，惟須後日； 三，兩國領事駐紮及商民通商，均須優待； 四，中國人在越置地建屋，及官商往來公文、書信、電報，法允保護遞送； 五，兩國遊歷人過界，各發給護照； 六、七，出口貨照稅則三分減一，進口貨照稅則五分減一，估價之貨為稅則所未載者，進出口仍照值百抽五徵收，至洋土各貨赴內地買賣，應完子口稅，不在減徵之列； 八、九，載明洋、土各貨在邊關已完稅，復轉運通商各海關者，均照海關稅則另收正稅，不以邊關單作抵，其在邊關所領存票，亦只准在邊關抵稅，概不發還現銀； 十至十二，嚴防詐偽偷漏之法； 十三，定洋人自用雜物免稅之法； 十四，定洋、土各藥不准販運買賣； 十五，米穀等糧不准販運出中國邊關，進關准免稅，違禁物各禁； 十六，中國商民僑居越南，所有命案、賦稅、詞訟等件，法國應優待； 十七，中國人犯罪，照中律，法領事宜拘送，不得庇匿； 十八、十九，定條約續修期限及互換遵守各事。 是為滇粵邊界通商約。
Li Hongzhang had wanted to settle the boundary first and the commercial treaty afterward, but the French minister refused, so negotiations turned back to the commercial treaty. At this point nineteen articles were agreed. First, at designated points above Baosheng and north of Lang Son, China would open customs houses for trade and allow France to establish consuls. Second, China might establish consuls at Hanoi and Haiphong and could later discuss consular posts elsewhere in Tonkin. Third, consuls of both countries and their merchants were to receive favorable treatment. Fourth, France agreed to protect Chinese land purchases and house-building in Vietnam and to safeguard and deliver official and commercial documents, letters, and telegrams. Fifth, travelers from both countries crossing the border would each receive passports. Sixth and seventh, exports would receive a one-third tariff reduction and imports a one-fifth reduction; unlisted goods would still be taxed at five percent ad valorem, and foreign and native goods sent inland remained subject to transit duties and were excluded from the reductions. Eighth and ninth, goods that had paid duty at a border pass and were then forwarded to treaty-port customs would pay full customs duty again; border-pass receipts could not be used as credit, and deposit tickets issued at border passes could offset duty only at those passes and would never be redeemed in cash. Articles ten through twelve set out strict measures against fraud, forgery, and smuggling. Thirteenth, rules were fixed for duty-free treatment of foreigners' personal effects. Fourteenth, the transport and sale of foreign and native drugs were prohibited. Fifteenth, rice and grain might not be exported through China's border passes; imports were duty-free; and all prohibited goods were banned. Sixteenth, France was to treat Chinese merchants and commoners residing in Vietnam favorably in cases of homicide, taxation, and litigation. Seventeenth, when Chinese committed crimes they were to be handled under Chinese law; French consular officials were to arrest and surrender offenders and must not shelter them. Eighteenth and nineteenth, the schedule for treaty revision and provisions for exchange and compliance were fixed. This was the Yunnan-Guangdong border trade treaty.
9
商約既定，鄧承修即赴欽州之東興與狄隆議勘東界。 狄隆以中國所屬江平、黃竹、白龍尾為越境。 鄧承修以數地皆內地，有圖可據，不許。 辯論不洽。 狄隆又約履勘，承修欲照雲南分途履勘辦法，並請先撤江平法兵。 越日，復議請旨立約三條：一，大段相合； 二，較圖不合，作為未定，各請示本國； 三，勒其去江平之兵及辦事官員。 又令以後未定界內，不得再派兵及官員前往。 狄隆不允，轉要承修不得於未定界內駐兵。 時張之洞所派道員王之春、李興銳亦與會議。 議界將及一年，中國屢請撤兵，法兵分屯江平、黃竹、石角、句冬、白龍尾等處如故。 會總署允承修所定三條，承修命王之春往議，狄隆執不允，而法人突以兵踞白龍尾，驅害汛兵。 華民築營壘，承修詰令撤退，狄隆諉之。 時桂界已校竣，欽界南自嘉隆河、北抵北侖十萬山分茅嶺、西至峒中墟北，亦允歸中國，而白龍、江平，狄隆謂須以商務抵換。 又以九頭山未議，及之春與議，亦無效。 狄隆又欲議海界，以津約所無，未奉旨議海界，卻之。 法又欲以白龍、江平抵換龍州通商。 初恭思當來華也，即有求改商約之請，總署以界務方殷，且商約既經畫押，何能議改？ 拒之。 至是復以為請，並以商務苟可通融，界務亦可稍讓。 稱已奉本國訓，准令在京商辦。 總署以狄隆與鄧承修議界久不決，允與商辦。 恭思當始允中國廣東邊界除現在勘界大臣劃定外，所有白龍尾及江平、黃竹一帶地方，並雲南邊界前歸另議之南丹山以北、西至狗頭寨、東至清水河一帶地方，均歸中國管轄。 又議減稅，總署以俄國通商章程辦有成案，滇、桂邊界皆為陸路，不得不酌議減稅，以歸平允。 於是議進口稅減十分之三，出口稅減十分之四，滇土藥每百斤定稅釐各二十兩，必完釐者，方准法商完稅接買，並不准法、越商人往入內地販運，高平、諒山往來之船隻免徵稅，仍納船錢，惟運販食鹽、接辦鐵路及越南與滇、粵通商進出口稅則，均請減半，運中國土貨往中國各海口，稅則減三分之一各節，均拒絕刪節。 計訂商務續約十條，界務續約四條。 又照會緩設領事，及法在龍、蒙等處之領事等官，不得設立租界二端。 是為與法勘界通商續約。
Once the commercial treaty was settled, Deng Chenxiu went to Dongxing in Qinzhou to discuss surveying the eastern boundary with Dillon. Dillon claimed that Jiangping, Huangzhu, and Bailongwei—Chinese territory—belonged to Vietnam. Deng Chenxiu refused, citing maps to show that all these places lay within Chinese interior territory. The talks broke down. Dillon again proposed a ground survey; Chenxiu wanted to follow the Yunnan practice of surveying by separate routes and asked that French troops at Jiangping be withdrawn first. The next day he proposed three articles for imperial approval: first, where major sections of the boundary agreed, second, where the maps disagreed, treat the matter as undetermined and refer it to each government; third, compel withdrawal of troops and officials from Jiangping. He also stipulated that neither side might again send troops or officials into undetermined territory. Dillon refused and in turn demanded that Chenxiu not station troops in undetermined territory. Circuit intendant Wang Zhichun and Li Xingrui, whom Zhang Zhidong had dispatched, also joined the talks. Boundary talks had dragged on for nearly a year. China repeatedly asked for troop withdrawal, but French forces remained garrisoned at Jiangping, Huangzhu, Shijiao, Goudong, Bailongwei, and other points. When the Zongli Yamen approved Chenxiu's three articles, Chenxiu sent Wang Zhichun to negotiate, but Dillon stubbornly refused; meanwhile French troops suddenly seized Bailongwei and drove off the garrison. Chinese residents built fortifications; Chenxiu demanded their removal, and Dillon disclaimed responsibility. The Guangxi boundary had already been settled; for the Qinzhou section, from the Jialong River in the south to Fenmao Ridge in the Beilun Shiwan Mountains and west to north of Dongzhong Market, China had also been allowed to retain territory. But Dillon insisted that Bailong and Jiangping must be traded for commercial concessions. Jiutou Mountain remained unsettled; Zhichun joined the talks, but to no effect. Dillon again sought to negotiate the maritime boundary, but China refused: the Tianjin treaty made no such provision, and no imperial order authorized it. France also sought to trade Bailong and Jiangping for opening trade at Longzhou. When Gérard first arrived in China he had already asked to revise the commercial treaty. The Zongli Yamen replied that boundary affairs were still urgent and that a treaty already signed and sealed could not be reopened. The request was refused. He now renewed the request, offering that if commercial terms could be accommodated, China might make slight concessions on the boundary. He said he had received instructions from Paris authorizing negotiations in Beijing. Because Dillon and Deng Chenxiu had failed for so long to settle the boundary, the Zongli Yamen agreed to negotiate. Gérard then agreed that on the Guangdong boundary, aside from what the current commissioners had demarcated, Bailongwei and the Jiangping-Huangzhu strip would remain under Chinese jurisdiction, as would the Yunnan section previously left open—north of Nandanshan, west to Goutouzhai, and east to the Qingshui River. Tariff reductions were also discussed. The Zongli Yamen noted that Russia's commercial regulations had set a precedent and that overland routes on the Yunnan and Guangxi borders required some tariff relief to restore fairness. Import duty was cut by three-tenths and export duty by four-tenths. Yunnan native drugs were fixed at twenty taels each of regular duty and likin per hundred catties; French merchants might purchase only after likin was paid, and French and Vietnamese merchants were barred from inland transport and sale. Vessels between Gaoping and Lang Son were tax-exempt but still paid boat fees. China rejected French demands to halve tariffs on salt, railways, and Vietnam-Yunnan-Guangdong trade and to cut duties by one-third on native goods shipped to China's seaports. In all, a ten-article commercial supplementary treaty and a four-article boundary supplementary treaty were concluded. Notes were also exchanged deferring consular establishment and stipulating that French consular officials at Longzhou, Mengzi, and elsewhere might not establish concessions. This was the Sino-French supplementary treaty on boundary demarcation and trade.
10
十四年，法領事藉口華船常到海防，向廉州請示諭船戶須向領事領照，無照即將船扣留。 張之洞以條約向章所無，海防各國船隻均可往，何獨華船不許？ 嗣聞法領事張貼告白，收取船規，每船輸銀自數元至數十元不等，雲系法使所定。 之洞致總署請其停止收規。 是年，法人請接中國兩粵電線，許之。 又芒街法兵越界焚劫那沙，之洞致總署，請向法使責賠償。 十五年，法船駛進瓊州所屬崖州東百里之榆林港測探水道，上岸釘椿插標，阻之。 法領事又在北海徵收漁船照費，政府以有侵中國主權，不許。 十月，定界委員李受彤與法官勘東興一帶河界，定議此後河中淤有沙洲，近華者歸華，近越者歸越，河道即有更改，無論河在何境，兩國均許行船。 是年，法使以華兵駐越南之板邦為言。 又稱那沙墟不在中國界內，實在北圻橫模社對面先安河北岸，與板邦相近。 又稱去冬官兵迎收被剿敗匪，系指離芒街八里之寧陽大廟對面大河北岸而言。 並命查復。 嗣李受彤復電，謂：「州西分界，自八莊曆板興、板山、冷峒止，前有溝離越南峒中三里，即以此溝為界，冷峒系醜艮寅向，峒中系未坤申向，那沙在西北，戌乾亥向，峒中墟居中，兩旁有溝，水向西合流入先安省。 以方向論，溝西南概為越地，溝西北概為華地。 以社論，那沙與板峒為建延社地，與峒中為橫模社地無涉。 以交界論，那沙北曆那懷，約二十五里即北岩，系廣西上思州地。 以欽差所定界圖論，那懷屬我，那沙即附連那懷，相離僅三里，前並無墟。 去年正月，峒中墟華民始由峒中遷此。 去年十一月以前，法未逾溝到此，十二月始有焚殺那沙墟事，擄去婦女，隨即給銀放回。 其法官自向婦女言系逾界誤拏。 再查界圖，西北有板邦隘，系廣西地。 又土人言橫模西南離六十里有板邦，屬越地。 峒中之東並無板邦，只有板奔，離峒中約九里，系內地。 去年秋，萃軍防營駐此，因疫退駐板興，今板奔並無防勇。 又查寧陽離芒街十餘里，在東興西南，中隔河，必船乃渡，即有勇亦難迎庇，且並無勇。」 等語。 又馮子材電亦云然。 張之洞以兩說歧異，由於華民以溝水為界，法以先安河北岸為界。 溝即河也，原圖均未指明。 那沙系去年正月新立之墟，距界甚近，故致彼此爭執。 既悉板邦隘另是一地，實屬廣西。
In the fourteenth year the French consul, citing frequent visits by Chinese vessels to Haiphong, asked Lianzhou to order boat owners to obtain consular licenses on pain of detention. Zhang Zhidong replied that no treaty authorized this: vessels of all nations might enter Haiphong, so why forbid Chinese ships alone? Later the French consul posted a notice collecting boat fees of several to several dozen yuan per vessel, claiming the French minister had authorized them. Zhang Zhidong wrote the Zongli Yamen asking that the fees be stopped. That year France requested connection to Guangdong and Guangxi telegraph lines, and permission was granted. French troops at Mong Cai also crossed the border to burn and plunder Nasha; Zhang Zhidong wrote the Zongli Yamen asking that the French minister be held liable for compensation. In the fifteenth year French vessels entered Yulin Harbor, a hundred li east of Yazhou in Qiongzhou, to survey the channel; when they went ashore to drive stakes and set markers, they were stopped. The French consul also collected license fees from fishing boats at Beihai; the government refused, holding that this infringed Chinese sovereignty. In the tenth month boundary commissioner Li Shoutong and French officials surveyed the river boundary around Dongxing. They agreed that future sandbars would belong to whichever side they lay nearer, and that even if the channel shifted, both countries would allow navigation regardless of which territory the river crossed. That year the French minister protested that Chinese troops were stationed at Banbang in Vietnam. He also claimed that Nasha Market lay outside Chinese territory—on the north bank of the Xian'an River opposite Hengmo commune in Tonkin, near Banbang. He also said that when government troops last winter received defeated bandits, this referred to the north bank of the great river opposite Ningyang Temple, eight li from Mong Cai. He ordered an investigation and report. Li Shoutong telegraphed again: 'On the prefecture's western boundary, from Bazhuang through Banxing, Banshan, and Lengdong, a ditch three li from Vietnamese Dongzhong serves as the boundary. Lengdong lies to the northeast, Dongzhong to the southwest, and Nasha to the northwest. Dongzhong Market stands at the center with ditches on both sides; their waters merge westward into Xian'an province. By compass bearing, territory southwest of the ditch is Vietnamese and northwest of it is Chinese. By administrative commune, Nasha and Bandong belong to Jianyan commune and have no connection with Dongzhong in Hengmo commune. By adjacent boundaries, north of Nasha through Nahua, about twenty-five li further lies Beiyan, which belongs to Shangsi Prefecture in Guangxi. On the imperial commissioner's boundary map, Nahua belongs to China; Nasha adjoins it only three li away, and no market existed there before. Last year in the first month, Chinese residents from Dongzhong Market first moved here from Dongzhong. Before the eleventh month of last year the French had not crossed the ditch; in the twelfth month they burned Nasha Market and carried off women, who were released after ransom was paid. The French official himself told the women they had been seized by mistake across the border. The boundary map shows Banbang Pass to the northwest, which is Guangxi territory. Locals also say that sixty li southwest of Hengmo lies another Banbang, which is Vietnamese territory. East of Dongzhong there is no Banbang—only Banben, about nine li away, which lies within Chinese interior territory. Last autumn the Cuigun garrison was posted here but withdrew to Banxing because of disease; Banben now has no troops. Ningyang lies more than ten li from Mong Cai, southwest of Dongxing, with a river in between that requires a boat to cross; even if troops were present they could hardly shelter bandits there—and in fact there are none.' —and similar remarks. Feng Zicai's telegram said the same. Zhang Zhidong held that the dispute arose because Chinese residents took the ditch as the boundary while the French took the north bank of the Xian'an River. The ditch is the river, and the original maps specified neither. Nasha was a market newly established last year in the first month, very close to the boundary, which explains the dispute. Once it was established that Banbang Pass was a separate place, it clearly belonged to Guangxi.
11
十六年九月，歸逃人魏名高等十八人。 十七年八月，法使林椿改擬新咖雷多尼招工合同第十四條。 緣第十四條中國原擬派員作「理事官」，林使不允，改作為「華工統領」，所得權利僅止赴訴公堂及請狀師理論。 李鴻章以所改仍與工頭無異，焉得有權保護？ 不許。 時湖南民攻詆洋教，法領事欲赴長沙開馬頭、設教堂，阻之。 十九年四月，請東興、芒街接修電線。 粵督以前辦界案，尚有數十里至今未定，遽與接線，界未劃定之處歸何人保護？ 必致多生轇轕。 仍促先速定界。 二十年，法使日海遞國書。 又議寓越華人減身稅事，並論暹羅邊界。 李鴻章據英與法議暹羅交界有甌脫地，應歸中國，日海不允。 三月，與法會勘欽、越界。 初，法派巴拉第、法蘭亭均以約內載明屬我之板興、嶺懷等處爭為己有，政府不允。 至是法改派柯麻暨其總辦籞釐籥接辦。 粵督李瀚章派李受彤與會勘，始知巴拉第、法蘭亭所爭險要，與越南皆隔深溝峻嶺，而溝尤多。 因與約定，按界線有水處以水為界，有山處以山為界，計長四百里。 陸界僅五十里，皆峻嶺，餘悉溝界，惟披勞縱橫約三里，各分一半。 餘如原勘圖約所載，分茅嶺、板興、板典、嶺懷等處，及峒中十里，均歸中國。 時滇、越亦議界。 滇督王文韶不允爭已定界，祗就黃樹皮、箐門及猛岡各處向駐有華兵處，緩撤兵以待法防之至。 界約遂定。 二十一年，中、日約成，法求換商約、界約，遂許開龍州、蒙自等埠，並與越界線內猛烏、烏得二地。 初，中國認此二地為寧洱縣屬車裏土司之地，法使謂舊屬越，遂歸法有。
In the ninth month of the sixteenth year, eighteen fugitives including Wei Minggao were returned. In the eighth month of the seventeenth year, French minister Lin Chun revised Article Fourteen of the New Caledonia labor contract. China had originally proposed dispatching an official titled 'commissioner' under Article Fourteen; Minister Lin refused and changed the title to 'leader of Chinese laborers,' limiting the post to bringing suit in court and retaining counsel. Li Hongzhang replied that the revised title was no different from a labor contractor's—how could it carry protective authority? He refused. Hunan residents were attacking foreign missions; when the French consul sought to open a wharf and church in Changsha, he was blocked. In the fourth month of the nineteenth year France requested a telegraph connection between Dongxing and Mong Cai. The governor-general of Guangdong replied that in the earlier boundary negotiations several tens of li remained unsettled; if lines were connected hastily, who would protect undemarcated territory? It would inevitably cause endless complications. He urged that the boundary be settled first. In the twentieth year French minister Harmand presented his letter of credence. He also discussed reducing the poll tax on Chinese in Vietnam and raised the Siamese boundary. Li Hongzhang, citing Anglo-French discussions of the Sino-Siamese border, argued that buffer territory should belong to China; Harmand refused. In the third month China and France jointly surveyed the Qinzhou-Vietnam boundary. France had initially sent Barradé and Franquet, who claimed Banxing, Linghuai, and other places the treaty assigned to China; the government refused. France now replaced them with Commaille and his chief officer Yu Liyue. Governor-general Li Hanzhang sent Li Shoutong to join the survey and found that the strategic points Barradé and Franquet had disputed were separated from Vietnam by deep ravines and steep ridges, with ravines especially numerous. They agreed that water would mark the boundary where water lay along the line and mountains where mountains lay—a total length of four hundred li. Only fifty li of land boundary ran along steep ridges; the rest followed ravines, except Pilao—about three li across—which was divided equally. As the original survey maps and agreements recorded, Fenmao Ridge, Banxing, Bandian, Linghuai, and ten li around Dongzhong all remained with China. Yunnan and Vietnam were negotiating their boundary at the same time. Yunnan governor-general Wang Wenshao refused to reopen settled boundaries; he ordered only a gradual withdrawal from Huangshupi, Qingmen, Menggang, and other posts where Chinese troops were stationed, pending arrival of French garrisons. The border agreement was settled. In the twenty-first year, after the Sino-Japanese treaty was concluded, France sought revisions of the commercial and boundary agreements; China then allowed Longzhou, Mengzi, and other ports to open and ceded Mengwu and Wude within the Vietnamese border. China had originally considered these two districts part of the Cheli native chieftaincy under Ning'er County, but the French minister argued they had long belonged to Vietnam, and they were accordingly ceded to France.
12
二十三年，法要求瓊州不割讓租借於他國，許之。 二十四年，法乘廣東雷州人殺其士民二人，以兵艦據廣州灣，來商租借，言為停船屯煤之所，無損中國主權，而所租借跨高、雷二府之間，由海岸以入內地，所得東海、匈洲各島，及赤坎、志滿、新墟等處，均歸入租界。 又得吳川之半島及通明港。 是年，又以兵強佔上海、寧波四明公所義地，寧人罷巿，幾激變。 久之始定。 時廣西永安有殺斃法教民之事，方議辦犯、劾官、賠償、建堂四條，適值北海鐵路造至南寧，援龍州鐵路案，中、法合辦，法使遂要求將鐵路歸併教案。 議久始允就案議結，不及他事。 又施南、宜昌、長沙均因教堂、教民啟釁未結。 二十六年春，拳匪亂，法人調兵與德、英、俄、美、日本聯軍入京，復督兵西進至廣昌，屢阻之。 二十七年，展漢口租界。 是年法遣鮑渥為駐華公使。 二十八年，外務部與法隆興公司總辦彌樂石訂雲南礦務章程。 先是彌樂石到滇，與礦務大臣唐炯議欲設中西礦務公司，唐炯入告，奉旨交雲貴總督魏光燾等與彌樂石議，曆七閱月始竣。 乃入奏，略謂：一，初議限制中國公司延聘礦師，貸用洋款，後亦不入別國洋股，專用英、法礦師，定議； 一，運礦自修鐵路，接通滇越幹路，訂明俟幹路成時再議，並禁售票搭載客貨，預存限制； 一，公司收買山地，按民間租價，公平租賃，地由滇官指交，價由公司照給，逾限三年不辦，原地歸還業主； 一，完納礦稅，議定按出井出爐礦質，每百抽五，抵納稅課，並派員分礦監收。 適彌樂石由滇入京，向外務部催訂合同，外務部告以礦地未定，未便先議章程，並不准攬辦全省。 彌樂石允指澂江、臨安、開化、雲南、楚雄等府及元江州、永北廳凡七處，載入章程第一款內，將原議「嗣後別國公司概不准來滇辦礦」，改為「嗣後別國公司概不准在公司所指之地勘采」，以清界限。 彌樂石以原議包辦全省礦利，故原歲給京銅一百五十萬斤，並津貼員弁兵勇護廠銀二萬兩。 今既改為七處，應請減議定繳京銅一百萬斤。 護廠費由公司給發，不拘定數。 招募土勇，改為稟請地方官招募，遴選武官一員管帶。 遂定議。 惟第一款內載有「公司尋出之金、銀、煤、鐵、五金、白銅、錫及火油、寶石、硃沙礦，允給公司承辦」等語，滇督魏光燾以礦類白金、白銅、錫三項為原章所無，因咨外務部，請照滇中前定原章，照會英、法公使，轉令彌樂石仍將三項刪除。
In the twenty-third year France demanded a pledge that Qiongzhou would not be ceded or leased to any other power; China agreed. In the twenty-fourth year, after two French nationals were killed by men from Leizhou in Guangdong, France sent warships to seize Guangzhou Bay and opened lease negotiations, claiming the bay was only for anchorage and coal storage and would not touch Chinese sovereignty; the leased zone nonetheless sprawled across Gaozhou and Leizhou prefectures from the coast inland, bringing Donghai and Naozhou islands and places such as Chikan, Zhi Man, and Xinxu into the concession. The lease also took in the Wuchuan peninsula and Tongming Harbor. That year French troops also seized by force the burial grounds of the Siming guild halls in Shanghai and Ningbo; Ningbo merchants shut down the markets and unrest nearly broke out. It took some time before calm returned. Meanwhile in Yong'an, Guangxi, French converts had been killed, and talks were underway on four points: punishing the culprits, disciplining officials, paying compensation, and erecting churches. When Beihai railway construction reached Nanning, France cited the precedent of the jointly run Longzhou railway and demanded that the railway issue be folded into the missionary-case settlement. After prolonged debate China agreed to settle the case alone, without conceding anything else. Disputes over churches and converts at Shinan, Yichang, and Changsha also remained open. In the spring of the twenty-sixth year, during the Boxer uprising, France sent troops into Beijing with the German, British, Russian, American, and Japanese allies, and again pushed forces west as far as Guangchang, where they met repeated resistance. In the twenty-seventh year the Hankou concession was enlarged. That year France dispatched Beaux as minister to China. In the twenty-eighth year the Ministry of Foreign Affairs signed Yunnan mining regulations with Milleson of the French Longxing Company. Milleson had earlier reached Yunnan and discussed forming a joint Chinese-Western mining company with mining commissioner Tang Jiong; Tang memorialized the court, and an edict assigned governor-general Wei Guangtao of Yunnan-Guizhou to negotiate with him—a process that took seven months to finish. In his memorial he summarized the terms: first, on the original limits on Chinese companies hiring foreign mining engineers and borrowing foreign capital—and on excluding other nations' capital while employing only British and French engineers—agreement was reached; second, on ore-hauling railways linking to the Yunnan-Vietnam main line, it was agreed to revisit the matter once the trunk line was built, with prior restrictions including a ban on selling tickets for passengers or freight; third, hill lands were to be acquired at fair rents set by local rates, with Yunnan officials designating parcels and the company paying; land unused after three years would revert to the owners; fourth, mining tax was set at five percent of ore raised from shafts and furnaces, paid in lieu of other duties, with officials assigned to collect at each site; When Milleson arrived in Beijing from Yunnan and pressed for a contract, the ministry said the mining districts were unsettled and refused to finalize regulations in advance—or to grant a province-wide monopoly. Milleson agreed to limit operations to seven districts—Chengjiang, Lin'an, Kaihua, Yunnan, Chuxiong, Yuanjiang, and Yongbei—listed in Article One, and the original ban on other foreign companies mining anywhere in Yunnan was narrowed to a ban on surveying and mining only within those designated areas. Because the original scheme had covered all Yunnan's mining, it had called for 1,500,000 jin of copper yearly to Beijing plus 20,000 taels for guards and troops. With only seven districts in play, the annual copper tribute was reduced to 1,000,000 jin. Guard costs would be borne by the company without a fixed cap. Local militia would be recruited through local officials, under a selected military officer. Agreement was reached. Article One, however, listed gold, silver, coal, iron, mixed metals, white copper, tin, petroleum, gems, and cinnabar as company concessions; Governor Wei Guangtao noted that platinum, white copper, and tin had not appeared in the original Yunnan terms and asked the ministry to notify the British and French ministers to have Milleson strike those three categories.
13
二十九年，總理外務部慶親王奕劻與法使呂班訂滇越鐵路條約三十四條：:一，鐵路自河口抵蒙自，或由蒙自附近至雲南省城，日後擬改，須彼此商准； :二至四，勘路繪圖及交地購地各事； :五，各項廠棧同時開工； :六，鐵軌寬一邁當； :七，鐵路經過地方，不得損壞城垣公署； :八、九，購料及挖取沙石、採伐林木各事； :十，運路及暫時興工各地，用竣後即交還； :十一，幹路造成，商接支路； :十二，各執事凡須專門學者，可用外國人； :十三、四，工匠之招募管理及賞恤傷亡、懲辦犯罪各辦法； :十五，巡丁可募土民，不得請派西兵； :十六，洋員請給護照事； :十八，租賃房屋事； :十九，不得損及民人產業，有則賠償； :二十，火藥炸藥之運制及防險； :二十一、二，運貨納稅、免稅各例； :二十三，收費、減費、免費各例； :二十四，鐵路不准載運交鹽及西國兵械，如中國有戰事，悉聽調度； :二十八，設專門學堂； :二十九，設電線、電話； :三十一，滇省派員襄助公司； :三十二，定公司補償中國查看費，各員來往照料費； :三十四，此路十八年期滿，中國可與法國商議收回。
In the twenty-ninth year Prince Qing Yikuang, head of foreign affairs, and French minister Beau signed the thirty-four-article Yunnan-Vietnam Railway Treaty: Article 1—the line would run from Hekou to Mengzi, or from near Mengzi to the Yunnan capital; any later route change would require mutual consent. Articles 2 through 4 covered route survey and mapping, land handover and purchase, and related matters; Article 5 required all workshops and depots to begin construction at the same time; Article 6 fixed the track gauge at one meter; Article 7 forbade damage to city walls or government offices along the route; Articles 8 and 9 covered procurement of materials, excavation of sand and stone, and felling of timber; Article 10 required haul roads and temporary construction sites to be returned once work was complete; Article 11 allowed branch lines to be negotiated after the trunk line was completed; Article 12 permitted foreigners to fill posts requiring specialized training; Articles 13 and 14 set rules for recruiting and managing laborers, compensating injury and death, and punishing crimes; Article 15 allowed local patrolmen to be recruited but barred the dispatch of foreign troops; Article 16 covered passports for foreign staff; Article 18 covered the leasing of houses; Article 19 forbade harm to private property and required compensation where damage occurred; Article 20 regulated the transport, manufacture, and safe handling of gunpowder and explosives; Articles 21 and 22 set rules on freight duties and exemptions; Article 23 laid down rules on charges, reductions, and exemptions; Article 24 forbade carrying contraband salt or foreign arms on the line and required the railway to follow government orders in time of war; Article 28 provided for specialized schools; Article 29 authorized telegraph and telephone lines; Article 31 required Yunnan to assign officials to assist the company; Article 32 fixed company payment of China's inspection costs and officials' travel expenses; Article 34 allowed China, after eighteen years, to negotiate with France for recovery of the line.
14
是年，法人因吉林教案索賠償。 三十年秋七月，法使館交還欽天監觀象臺儀器二十八件。 三十一年春，法商欲自上海至紹興行輪，阻之。 是年與各國定值百抽五稅則，法有違言，久之始允。 三十二年春正月二十九日，南昌縣知縣江召棠被殺於天主堂。 先是召棠辦教案頗持正。 法教士王安之因上年荏港教案，有二教民鄧貴和、葛洪泰在南昌縣監禁，強請釋放，召棠向索縱囚，其一匿法教堂中，王安之不交，函約召棠會飲，被殺。 民情大憤，集眾毀法教堂，傷斃王安之及教習等數名，並波及英教堂，久之始定。 法人欲坐召棠自刎，及派兵船來贛責償。 命鄂督張之洞查辦，屢執仵傷單及醫憑單與爭，終徇其請，賠以法銀二十餘萬。 三十三年，法遣領事入滇商辦事。 六月，蒙自法郵局設代收遞人役，詰之。 九月，索還法人所占塘沽碼頭。
That year France demanded compensation over a missionary case in Jilin. In the seventh month of autumn of the thirtieth year the French legation returned twenty-eight observatory instruments from the Directorate of Astronomy. In the spring of the thirty-first year French merchants sought to run steamers from Shanghai to Shaoxing; China blocked them. That year China fixed ad valorem five-percent tariff rates with the foreign powers; France objected at first but eventually agreed after prolonged negotiation. On the twenty-ninth day of the first month of spring in the thirty-second year, Jiang Zhaotang, magistrate of Nanchang County, was killed in a Catholic church. Jiang had earlier handled missionary cases with marked fairness. Over the previous year's Ren'gang incident, French missionary Wang Anzhi had two converts, Deng Guihe and Ge Hongtai, held in Nanchang jail and demanded their release. Magistrate Jiang pressed for custody of the prisoners; one was hidden in the French church and Wang refused to hand him over. Wang then invited Jiang to a banquet by letter—and killed him there. Fury seized the populace; mobs wrecked French churches and killed Wang Anzhi and several teachers, and violence spilled into British missions before calm slowly returned. France insisted Jiang had killed himself and sent gunboats to Jiangxi to demand indemnity. Zhang Zhidong of Huguang was ordered to investigate; he repeatedly contested France with the coroner's report and medical evidence, but ultimately gave way and paid over 200,000 French silver dollars. In the thirty-third year France sent a consul into Yunnan to handle commercial affairs. In the sixth month the French post office at Mengzi began using couriers to collect and deliver mail on others' behalf; China protested. In the ninth month China demanded the return of the Tianjin wharf the French had occupied.