Volume 221 Biographies 8: Princes 7: Gao Zongzhuzi, Ren Zong Zhu Zi, Xuan Zongzhuzi, Wen Zongzi

諸王七

Princes 7

高宗十七子：孝賢純皇后生端慧太子永璉、哲親王永琮，皇后納喇氏生貝勒永璂、永璟，孝儀純皇后生永璐、仁宗、第十六子、慶僖親王永璘，純惠皇貴妃蘇佳氏生循郡王永璋、質莊親王永瑢，哲憫皇貴妃富察氏生定安親王永璜，淑嘉皇貴妃金佳氏生履端親王永珹、儀慎親王永璇、第九子、成哲親王永瑆，愉貴妃珂里葉特氏生榮純親王永琪，舒妃葉赫納喇氏生第十子。永珹出為履懿親王允祹後，永瑢出為慎靖郡王允禧後。永璟、永璐、第九子、第十子、第十六子皆殤，無封。

Emperor Gaozong fathered seventeen sons. Empress Xiaoxian Chun gave birth to Crown Prince Duanhui Yonglian and Prince Zhe Yongzong. Empress Nara bore Beile Yongji and Yongjing. Empress Xiaoyi Chun bore Yonglu, the man who would become Emperor Renzong, a sixteenth son, and Prince Qingxi Yonglin. Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui of the Su clan bore Prince Xun Yongzhang and Prince Zhizhuang Yongying. Imperial Noble Consort Zhemin of the Fu clan bore Prince Ding'an Yonghuang. Imperial Noble Consort Shujia of the Jin clan bore Prince Luduan Yongyi, Prince Yishen Yongxuan, a ninth son, and Prince Chengzhe Yongrong. Imperial Concubine Yu of the Kerilet clan bore Prince Rongchun Yongqi. Consort Shu of the Yehe Nara clan bore a tenth son. Yongyi was adopted as heir to Prince Luyi Yunxiang, and Yongying as heir to Prince Shenjing Yunxi. Yongjing, Yonglu, the ninth son, the tenth son, and the sixteenth son all died in infancy and were never enfeoffed.

定安親王永璜，高宗第一子。乾隆十三年，上南巡，還蹕次德州，孝賢純皇后崩，永璜迎喪，高宗斥其不知禮，切責之。十五年三月，薨。上諭曰：「皇長子誕自青宮，齒序居長。年逾弱冠，誕毓皇孫。今遘疾薨逝，朕心悲悼，宜備成人之禮。」追封定親王，諡曰安。

Prince Ding'an Yonghuang was Gaozong's eldest son. In Qianlong 13, while the emperor was on a southern tour, the returning procession halted at Dezhou upon the death of Empress Xiaoxian Chun. Yonghuang went out to meet the funeral cortege, but Gaozong denounced his breach of propriety and rebuked him severely. He died in the third month of the fifteenth year. The emperor decreed: "The eldest imperial son was born in the Eastern Palace and stands first in line among the princes. He was already past twenty and had fathered imperial grandsons. Now illness has taken him, and my heart mourns. The full funeral rites owed an adult should be performed." He was posthumously created Prince of Ding, with the temple name An.

子綿德，襲郡王。坐事，奪爵。弟綿恩，襲。五十八年，進封親王。嘉慶四年正月，封其子奕紹為不入八分輔國公。八年閏二月，有陳德者，匿禁門，犯蹕，諸王大臣捍禦。論功，賜綿恩御用補褂，進奕紹貝子。二十年，授御前大臣。道光二年，薨，賜銀五千治喪，諡曰恭。子奕紹，先以上六十萬壽進貝勒，至是襲親王。十五年，奕紹年六十，封其子載銓為輔國公。十六年，奕紹薨，賜銀治喪，諡曰端。載銓襲。

His son Miande succeeded to the princedom of the commandery. He was stripped of his title after being convicted of an offense. His younger brother Mian'en succeeded in his place. In the fifty-eighth year he was promoted to full prince. In the first month of Jiaqing 4 his son Yishao was created an auxiliary state duke outside the Eight Privileges. In the intercalary second month of the eighth year, a man named Chen De concealed himself at the palace gate and rushed the imperial procession; princes and high ministers fought him off. For their service, Mian'en was awarded an imperial supplementary jacket and Yishao was promoted to beile. In the twentieth year he was appointed a minister in attendance before the throne. He died in Daoguang 2. Five thousand taels of silver were granted for his funeral, and he received the posthumous name Gong. His son Yishao had earlier been promoted to beile on the emperor's sixtieth birthday; he now succeeded to the princedom. In the fifteenth year, when Yishao turned sixty, his son Zaiquan was created auxiliary state duke. In the sixteenth year Yishao died. Silver was granted for his funeral, and he received the posthumous name Duan. Zaiquan succeeded to the title.

載銓初封二等輔國將軍，三進封輔國公，授御前大臣、工部尚書、步軍統領，襲爵。道光末，受顧命。文宗即位，益用事。咸豐二年六月，給事中袁甲三疏劾：「載銓營私舞弊，自謂'操進退用人之權'。刑部尚書恆春、侍郎書元潛赴私邸，聽其指使。步軍統領衙門但準收呈，例不審辦；而載銓不識大體，任意顛倒，遇有盜案諮部，乃以武斷濟其規避。又廣收門生，外間傳聞有定門四配、十哲、七十二賢之稱。」舉所繪息肩圖朝官題詠有師生稱謂為證。上諭曰：「諸王與在廷臣工不得往來，歷聖垂誡周詳。恆春、書元因審辦案件，趨府私謁，載銓並未拒絕。至拜認師生，例有明禁，而息肩圖題詠中，載齡、許誦恆均以門生自居，不知遠嫌。」罰王俸二年，所領職並罷。九月，仍授步軍統領。三年，加親王銜，充辦理巡防事宜。二月，疏請申明會議舊章，報可。四年九月，病作，詔以綿德曾孫溥煦為後。是月，薨。追封親王，賞銀五千兩治喪，諡曰敏。

Zaiquan was first created a second-rank auxiliary state general, was promoted three times to auxiliary state duke, and was appointed minister in attendance, Minister of Works, and metropolitan infantry commandant before succeeding to the princedom. Near the end of the Daoguang reign he was named to the regency council on the emperor's deathbed. After Emperor Wenzong took the throne, his influence grew still greater. In the sixth month of Xianfeng 2 the supervising secretary Yuan Jiasan impeached him in a memorial: "Zaiquan pursues private profit and bends the rules, boasting that he holds 'the power to promote, dismiss, and appoint officials. Minister of Punishments Hengchun and Vice Minister Shuyuan secretly visited his private mansion and took orders from him. By regulation the metropolitan infantry commandant's office was only to accept petitions, not to adjudicate cases; yet Zaiquan showed no sense of the larger interest, capriciously reversed rulings, and when theft cases were referred to the ministry used arbitrary power to help parties evade justice. He also took disciples on a grand scale, and rumor abroad compared his circle to Confucius's Four Associates, Ten Wise Ones, and Seventy-two Disciples." He offered as evidence the teacher-and-pupil language in court officials' inscriptions on the painted Resting-the-Shoulders scroll. The emperor decreed: "Princes and officials at court must not mingle; successive emperors have left explicit warnings on the point. Because of cases under review, Hengchun and Shuyuan paid private calls at his mansion, and Zaiquan did not turn them away. Acknowledging a teacher-disciple bond is expressly forbidden, yet in the Resting-the-Shoulders inscriptions Zailing and Xu Songheng each called themselves his pupils, showing no sense of propriety." He was fined two years of princely stipend and dismissed from every post he held. In the ninth month he was reappointed metropolitan infantry commandant. In the third year he was granted princely rank and charged with managing patrol and defense affairs. In the second month he memorialized to clarify the old rules on council deliberation, and the request was approved. In the ninth month of the fourth year, as illness took hold, an edict named Miande's great-grandson Puxu as his heir. He died that same month. He was posthumously created a full prince. Five thousand taels of silver were granted for his funeral, and he received the posthumous name Min.

溥煦襲郡王。光緒三十三年，薨，諡曰慎。子毓朗，襲貝勒。光緒末，授民政部侍郎、步軍統領。宣統二年七月，授軍機大臣。三年四月，改授軍諮大臣。

Puxu succeeded to the princedom of the commandery. He died in Guangxu 33 and received the posthumous name Shen. His son Yulang succeeded as beile. Late in the Guangxu reign he was appointed Vice Minister of Civil Affairs and metropolitan infantry commandant. In the seventh month of Xuantong 2 he was appointed to the Grand Council. In the fourth month of the third year he was reassigned to the Military Advisory Council.

端慧太子永璉，高宗第二子。乾隆三年十月，殤，年九歲。十一月，諭曰：「永璉乃皇后所生，朕之嫡子，聰明貴重，氣宇不凡。皇考命名，隱示承宗器之意。朕御極後，恪守成式，親書密旨，召諸大臣藏於乾清宮「正大光明」榜後，是雖未冊立，已命為皇太子矣。今既薨逝，一切典禮用皇太子儀注行。」旋冊贈皇太子，諡端慧。

Crown Prince Duanhui Yonglian was Gaozong's second son. In the tenth month of Qianlong 3 he died in childhood at the age of nine. In the eleventh month the emperor decreed: "Yonglian was born of the empress, my legitimate son—bright, noble in bearing, and possessed of an uncommon presence. My father's choice of name already hinted that he was meant to inherit the throne. After my accession I followed established practice, wrote a secret edict in my own hand, summoned the senior ministers, and had it placed behind the 'Upright and Glorious' plaque in the Palace of Heavenly Purity—so that although he was never formally installed, he had already been named heir. Now that he is gone, every ceremony shall follow the regulations prescribed for a crown prince." He was soon posthumously created crown prince with the temple name Duanhui.

循郡王永璋，高宗第三子。乾隆二十五年七月，薨。追封循郡王。四十一年，以永瑆子綿懿為後，襲貝勒。卒，子奕緒，襲貝子。卒，子載遷，襲鎮國公。

Prince Xun Yongzhang was Gaozong's third son. He died in the seventh month of Qianlong 25. He was posthumously created Prince of Xun. In the forty-first year Yongrong's son Mianyi was named heir and succeeded as beile. When he died his son Yixu succeeded as beizi. When he died his son Zaiqian succeeded as a state-supporting duke.

榮純親王永琪，高宗第五子。乾隆三十年十一月，封榮親王。永琪少習騎射，嫺國語，上鍾愛之。三十一年三月，薨，諡曰純。子綿億，四十九年十一月，封貝勒。嘉慶四年正月，襲榮郡王。綿億少孤，體羸多病，特聰敏，工書，熟經史。十八年，林清變起，綿億方扈蹕，聞警，力請上速還京師，上即日回鑾，因重視之，寵眷日渥。逾年，薨，諡曰恪。子奕繪，襲貝勒。卒，子載鈞，襲貝子。卒，子溥楣，襲鎮國公。

Prince Rongchun Yongqi was Gaozong's fifth son. In the eleventh month of Qianlong 30 he was created Prince of Rong. From boyhood Yongqi trained in riding and archery, was fluent in Manchu, and the emperor doted on him. He died in the third month of the thirty-first year and received the posthumous name Chun. His son Mianyi was created beile in the eleventh month of the forty-ninth year. In the first month of Jiaqing 4 he succeeded to the princedom of Rong. Mianyi was orphaned young, frail and often ill, yet unusually quick-witted, accomplished in calligraphy, and well versed in the classics and histories. In the eighteenth year, when the Lin Qing uprising erupted, Mianyi was with the imperial procession. On hearing the alarm he urgently urged the emperor to return at once to the capital. The emperor turned back that very day and thereafter held him in high regard, his favor deepening day by day. The next year he died and received the posthumous name Ke. His son Yihui succeeded as beile. When he died his son Zaijun succeeded as beizi. When he died his son Pumei succeeded as a state-supporting duke.

哲親王永琮，高宗第七子，與端慧太子同為嫡子。端慧太子薨，高宗屬意焉。乾隆十二年十二月，以痘殤，方二歲。上諭謂：「先朝未有以元後正嫡紹承大統者，朕乃欲行先人所未行之事，邀先人不能獲之福，此乃朕過耶！」命喪儀視皇子從優，諡曰悼敏。嘉慶四年三月，追封哲親王。

Prince Zhe Yongzong was Gaozong's seventh son and, like Crown Prince Duanhui, was born of the empress. After Crown Prince Duanhui's death, Gaozong fixed his hopes on him. In the twelfth month of Qianlong 12 he died of smallpox at the age of two. The emperor lamented: "No previous reign had ever passed the throne to the legitimate son of the primary empress. I meant to do what our ancestors had not done and to claim a blessing they could never win—is this my own fault?" He ordered funeral rites for a prince on the most generous scale and gave him the posthumous name Daomin. In the third month of Jiaqing 4 he was posthumously created Prince of Zhe.

儀慎親王永璇，高宗第八子。乾隆四十四年，封儀郡王。嘉慶四年正月，進封親王，總理吏部。二月，罷。諭曰：「六卿分職，各有專司，原無總理之名，勿啟專權之漸。」十三年正月，諭曰：「內廷行走諸王日入直，儀親王朕長兄，年逾六十，冬寒無事，不必進內。」十四年正月，封其子綿志為貝勒。十七年，以武英殿刻高宗聖訓，誤書廟諱，罷王俸三年。

Prince Yishen Yongxuan was Gaozong's eighth son. In Qianlong 44 he was created Prince of Yi. In the first month of Jiaqing 4 he was promoted to full prince and placed in general charge of the Board of Civil Office. In the second month he was relieved of the post. An edict declared: "The six ministers each have defined duties; there was never a title of general supervisor—do not open the door to concentrated power." In the first month of the thirteenth year the emperor ruled: "Princes serving in the inner court attend daily. Prince Yi is my elder brother, already past sixty; in the winter cold, when there is no pressing business, he need not come inside." In the first month of the fourteenth year his son Mianzhi was created beile. In the seventeenth year, because the Hall of Martial Glory's edition of Gaozong's sacred instructions violated an imperial taboo, his princely stipend was withheld for three years.

十八年，林清變起，賊入禁城，綿志從宣宗發鳥槍殪賊。仁宗褒其奮勇，加郡王銜，加俸歲千兩。永璇亦以督捕勤勞，免一切處分。二十年七月，命祭裕陵，阻雨，還京，坐降郡王，並奪綿志郡王銜及加俸，仍罰王俸五年。二十四年正月，复綿志郡王銜，賜三眼孔雀翎。七月，坐刺探政事，上諭曰：「朕兄儀親王年已七十有四，精力漸衰。所領事務甚多，恐有貽誤，探聽尚有可原。朕不忍煩勞長兄，致失頤養。嗣後止留內廷行走，平日不必入直。」六月，綿志坐縱妾父冒職官詐贓，奪郡王銜，罰貝勒俸四年。

In the eighteenth year, when the Lin Qing uprising brought rebels into the Forbidden City, Mianzhi followed the future Emperor Xuanzong in firing muskets and killing the attackers. Emperor Renzong praised his courage, granted him princely rank of the commandery, and added a thousand taels to his yearly stipend. Yongxuan, too, for his diligent work in supervising the pursuit, was spared every penalty. In the seventh month of the twentieth year he was sent to offer sacrifice at the Yuling mausoleum. Rain forced him back to the capital, and he was demoted to commandery prince; Mianzhi's princely rank and added stipend were stripped as well, and his own stipend was fined for another five years. In the first month of the twenty-fourth year Mianzhi's princely rank was restored and he was awarded a three-eyed peacock plume. In the seventh month, for meddling in government affairs, the emperor decreed: "My elder brother Prince Yi is already seventy-four, and his strength is failing. The duties he oversees are numerous, and I fear errors; his eavesdropping may yet be excused. I cannot bear to burden my elder brother and deprive him of a peaceful old age. Hereafter he is to retain only his place in palace service and need not attend daily duty." In the sixth month Mianzhi was stripped of his princely rank and fined four years of beile stipend for letting his concubine's father hold office under false pretenses and extort bribes.

二十五年七月，宣宗即位，諭儀親王不必遠迎，又諭召對宴賚無庸叩拜。道光三年正月，綿志复郡王銜，加俸。八年正月，命在紫禁城乘轎，並加賞俸銀五千，示親親敬長之意。十一月，复諭朝賀免行禮。十年十月，永璇詣圓明園視大阿哥，徑入福園門，諭罷綿志官。十一年，諭壽皇殿、安佑宮當行禮時，於府第內行禮。又諭元旦暨正月十四日宗親筵宴，均免其入宴，別頒果殽一席。十二年八月，薨，年八十八。賜銀五千治喪，親臨賜奠，諡曰慎。綿志襲郡王，薨，諡曰順。子奕絪，襲貝勒，加郡王銜。卒，曾孫毓崐，襲貝子。卒，弟毓岐，襲鎮國公。

In the seventh month of the twenty-fifth year, when Emperor Xuanzong took the throne, he excused Prince Yi from going far to welcome him and ruled that at audiences, banquets, and bestowals he need not perform the full kowtow. In the first month of Daoguang 3 Mianzhi's princely rank was restored and his stipend increased. In the first month of the eighth year he was permitted to travel by sedan chair within the Forbidden City and was granted an additional five thousand taels of stipend silver, in token of affection for kin and respect for elders. In the eleventh month he was again excused from performing ceremonial obeisance at court congratulations. In the tenth month of the tenth year Yongxuan went to the Old Summer Palace to visit the eldest imperial son, entered directly through the Fuyuan Gate, and Mianzhi was dismissed from office by imperial order. In the eleventh year he was ordered to perform rites owed at the Hall of Imperial Longevity and the Palace of Ancestral Blessing within his own residence. He was also excused from the New Year's and fourteenth-of-the-first-month banquets for imperial kin and was instead sent a separate tray of fruit and delicacies. He died in the eighth month of the twelfth year at the age of eighty-eight. Five thousand taels of silver were granted for his funeral. The emperor came in person to offer libations, and he received the posthumous name Shen. Mianzhi succeeded to the princedom; when he died he received the posthumous name Shun. His son Yishen succeeded as beile and was granted princely rank of the commandery. When he died his great-grandson Yukun succeeded as beizi. When he died his younger brother Yuqi succeeded as a state-supporting duke.

成哲親王永瑆，高宗第十一子。乾隆五十四年，封成親王。永瑆幼工書，高宗愛之，每幸其府第。嘉慶四年正月，仁宗命在軍機處行走，總理戶部三庫。故事，親王無領軍機者，領軍機自永瑆始。二月，儀親王永璇罷總理吏部，並命永瑆俟軍務奏銷事畢，不必總理戶部。三月，和珅以罪誅，沒其園第，賜永瑆。七月，永瑆辭總理戶部三庫，允之。八月，編修洪亮吉上書永瑆，譏切朝政，永瑆上聞，上治亮吉罪。語在亮吉傳。十月，上諭曰：「自設軍機處，無諸王行走。因軍務較繁，暫令永瑆入直，究與國家定制未符。罷軍機處行走。」

Prince Chengzhe Yongrong was Gaozong's eleventh son. In Qianlong 54 he was created Prince of Cheng. Yongrong showed early mastery of calligraphy, and Gaozong doted on him, often visiting his residence. In the first month of Jiaqing 4 Emperor Renzong placed him on the Grand Council and in general charge of the Board of Revenue's three treasuries. By precedent no prince had headed the Grand Council; Yongrong was the first. In the second month Prince Yi Yongxuan was relieved of general supervision of the Board of Civil Office, and Yongrong was told that once military accounts were closed he need no longer oversee the Board of Revenue. In the third month Heshen was executed for his crimes; his garden mansion was confiscated and given to Yongrong. In the seventh month Yongrong resigned supervision of the three treasuries, and the request was granted. In the eighth month the compiler Hong Liangji wrote Yongrong a letter sharply criticizing the government. Yongrong reported it, and the emperor punished Liangji. This is recounted in Liangji's biography. In the tenth month the emperor decreed: "Since the Grand Council was established, no prince has served on it. Because military affairs were unusually pressing, Yongrong was temporarily placed on duty, but this did not accord with established state practice. He was removed from the Grand Council."

永瑆嘗聞康熙中內監言其師少時及見董其昌以前三指握管懸腕作書，永瑆廣其說，作撥鐙法，推論書旨，深得古人用筆之意。上命書裕陵聖德神功碑，並令自擇書跡刻為詒晉齋帖，以手詔為序。刻成，頒賞臣工。

Yongrong once heard a Kangxi-era palace eunuch say that his teacher in youth had seen Dong Qichang write with three fingers on the brush and the wrist lifted from the table. Yongrong developed this into his lamp-pushing method and, in expounding the principles of calligraphy, captured the ancients' understanding of the brush. The emperor ordered him to inscribe the Stele of Sagely Virtue and Divine Merit at the Yuling mausoleum and to choose his own calligraphic works for carving as the Yijin Studio modelbook, with an autograph preface. When the carving was finished, copies were distributed to officials.

十八年，林清變起，永瑆在紫禁城內督捕，上嘉其勤勞，免一切處分及未完罰俸。二十四年正月，加其子不入八分輔國公綿懃郡王銜。五月，祭地壇，終獻時，贊引誤，永瑆依以行禮。上以永瑆年老多病，罷一切差使，不必在內廷行走，於邸第閉門思過，罰親王半俸十年。綿懃亦罷內大臣，居家侍父。二十五年六月，綿懃卒，贈郡王。有司請諡，以非例斥之，著為令。

In the eighteenth year, during the Lin Qing uprising, Yongrong supervised the pursuit inside the Forbidden City. The emperor praised his diligence and remitted every penalty and unpaid stipend fine. In the first month of the twenty-fourth year his son Mianqin, an auxiliary state duke outside the Eight Privileges, was granted princely rank of the commandery. In the fifth month, at the sacrifice at the Altar of Earth, the invocator made an error during the final offering and Yongrong followed his mistaken lead. Because Yongrong was old and often ill, the emperor relieved him of every assignment, excused him from inner-court service, ordered him to remain at his mansion in penitential seclusion, and fined half his princely stipend for ten years. Mianqin was also dismissed as inner minister and stayed home to attend his father. In the sixth month of the twenty-fifth year Mianqin died and was posthumously created a commandery prince. The authorities requested a posthumous title, but it was rejected as irregular and the refusal was made a standing rule.

仁宗崩，有旨免迎謁。語見儀親王傳。十月，命曾孫載銳襲貝勒。道光二年十月，上還自行在，永瑆進食品十六器，以非例卻之。三年三月，薨，年七十二，賜銀五千治喪，諡曰哲。載銳襲郡王。綿懃及載銳父奕綬並追封如其爵。咸豐九年，薨，諡曰恭。子溥莊，襲貝勒，加郡王銜。卒，子毓橚，襲貝子。

When Emperor Renzong died, an edict excused him from going out to welcome the new emperor. This is recorded in the biography of Prince Yi. In the tenth month his great-grandson Zairui was ordered to succeed as beile. In the tenth month of Daoguang 2, when the emperor returned from the traveling palace, Yongrong presented sixteen dishes of food, but the gift was refused as irregular. He died in the third month of the third year at seventy-two. Five thousand taels of silver were granted for his funeral, and he received the posthumous name Zhe. Zairui succeeded to the princedom. Mianqin and Zairui's father Yishou were both posthumously created to ranks matching their titles. He died in Xianfeng 9 and received the posthumous name Gong. His son Puzhuang succeeded as beile and was granted princely rank of the commandery. When he died his son Yushu succeeded as beizi.

貝勒永璂，高宗第十二子。乾隆四十一年，卒。嘉慶四年三月，追封貝勒。以成親王子綿偲為後，初封鎮國將軍，再進封貝子。道光十八年正月，諭曰：「綿偲逮事皇祖，昔同朕在上書房讀書者只綿偲一人。」進貝勒。二十八年，卒，子奕縉，襲貝子。卒，弟奕繕，襲鎮國公。

Beile Yongji was Gaozong's twelfth son. He died in Qianlong 41. In the third month of Jiaqing 4 he was posthumously created beile. Prince Cheng's son Miansi was named heir; he was first created a state-supporting general and later promoted twice to beizi. In the first month of Daoguang 18 the emperor said: "Miansi served my grandfather; of those who once studied with me in the Upper Study Hall, only Miansi remains." He was promoted to beile. He died in the twenty-eighth year; his son Yijin succeeded as beizi. When he died his younger brother Yishan succeeded as a state-supporting duke.

慶僖親王永璘，高宗第十七子。乾隆五十四年，封貝勒。嘉慶四年正月，仁宗親政，封惠郡王，尋改封慶郡王。三月，和珅誅，沒其宅賜永璘。五年正月，以祝穎貴太妃七十壽未奏明，命退出乾清門，留內廷行走。二十一年正月朔，乾清宮筵宴，輔國公綿？就席遲，奕紹推令入座，拂墮食？，永璘告內奏事太監。得旨：「諸王奏事不得迳交內奏事太監。」罰永璘俸。二十五年三月，永璘疾篤，上親臨視，命進封親王。尋薨，諡曰僖。命皇子往奠，上時謁陵歸，复親臨焉。

Prince Qingxi Yonglin was Gaozong's seventeenth son. In Qianlong 54 he was created beile. In the first month of Jiaqing 4, when Emperor Renzong assumed personal rule, he was created Prince of Hui and soon after Prince of Qing. In the third month Heshen was executed; his residence was confiscated and given to Yonglin. In the first month of the fifth year, because he had not reported in advance the seventieth birthday of Imperial Noble Consort Zhu Yinggui, he was ordered to withdraw from the Gate of Heavenly Purity while retaining inner-court duties. On New Year's Day of the twenty-first year, at a banquet in the Palace of Heavenly Purity, the auxiliary state duke Mianmin was late taking his seat; Yishao pushed him to sit down and knocked over the food bowls. Yonglin reported the matter to the inner memorializing eunuch. An edict declared: "When princes report affairs they must not hand memorials directly to the inner memorializing eunuch." Yonglin's stipend was fined. In the third month of the twenty-fifth year Yonglin fell gravely ill. The emperor visited him in person and ordered that he be promoted to full prince. He died soon after and received the posthumous name Xi. Princes were ordered to offer libations; when the emperor returned from visiting the imperial tombs he came in person as well.

子綿慜，襲郡王。綿慜奏府中有毘盧帽門口四座、太平缸五十四件、銅路鐙三十六對。上諭曰：「慶親王府第本為和珅舊宅，凡此違制之物，皆和珅私置。嗣後王、貝勒、貝子當依會典，服物寧失之不及，不可僭逾，庶幾永保令名。」府置諳達二，亦命裁汰。道光三年正月，賜綿慜三眼孔雀翎，管雍和宮、中正殿。十六年十月，薨，賜銀四千治喪，諡曰良。上命再襲郡王一次。

His son Mianmin succeeded to the princedom. Mianmin reported that his mansion held four gateways with Vairocana caps, fifty-four great peace jars, and thirty-six pairs of bronze road lamps. The emperor decreed: "The Prince of Qing's mansion was once Heshen's residence; all these objects that violate regulations were Heshen's private additions. Henceforth princes, beile, and beizi must follow the Collected Statutes: in dress and furnishings it is better to fall short than to overstep, if they wish to preserve a good name." The two Manchu instructors kept at the mansion were also ordered dismissed. In the first month of Daoguang 3 Mianmin was awarded a three-eyed peacock plume and placed in charge of the Yonghe Temple and the Zhongzheng Hall. He died in the tenth month of the sixteenth year. Four thousand taels of silver were granted for his funeral, and he received the posthumous name Liang. The emperor ordered that the princedom be inherited one further generation at commandery rank.

以儀順郡王綿志子奕採為後，襲郡王。十七年正月，命在御前行走。二十二年十月，奕採以服中納妾，下宗人府議處。奕採行賕請免，永璘第六子輔國公綿性亦行賕覬襲王爵，事發，奕採奪爵，綿性戍盛京。以永璘第五子不入八分鎮國公綿悌奉永璘祀。旋又坐事，降鎮國將軍。二十九年，卒。

Mianzhi's son Yicai of the Prince Yishun line was named heir and succeeded to the princedom. In the first month of the seventeenth year he was ordered to attend before the throne. In the tenth month of the twenty-second year Yicai took a concubine during mourning; the Imperial Clan Court was ordered to deliberate his punishment. Yicai offered bribes to escape punishment; Yonglin's sixth son Mianxing, an auxiliary state duke, also bribed in hope of inheriting the princedom. When the affair was exposed, Yicai was stripped of his title and Mianxing was exiled to Mukden. Yonglin's fifth son Mianti, a state-supporting duke outside the Eight Privileges, was appointed to maintain Yonglin's ancestral rites. Soon afterward he was convicted of another offense and demoted to state-supporting general. He died in the twenty-ninth year.

以綿性子奕劻為後。三十年，襲輔國將軍。咸豐二年正月，封貝子。十年正月，上三十萬壽，進貝勒。同治十一年九月，大婚，加郡王銜，授御前大臣。光緒十年三月，命管理總理各國事務衙門。十月，進慶郡王。十一年九月，會同醇親王辦理海軍事務。十二年二月，命在內廷行走。十五年正月，授右宗正。大婚，賜四團正龍補服，子載振頭品頂帶。二十年，太后六十萬壽，懿旨進親王。二十六年七月，上奉太后幸太原，命奕劻留京會大學士李鴻章與各國議和。二十七年六月，改總理各國事務衙門為外務部，奕劻仍總理部事。十二月，加載振貝子銜。二十九年三月，授奕劻軍機大臣，仍總理外務部如故。尋命總理財政處、練兵處，解御前大臣以授載振。

Mianxing's son Yikuang was named heir. In the thirtieth year he succeeded as auxiliary state general. In the first month of Xianfeng 2 he was created beizi. In the first month of the tenth year, on the emperor's thirtieth birthday, he was promoted to beile. In the ninth month of Tongzhi 11, at the grand wedding, he was granted princely rank of the commandery and appointed minister in attendance before the throne. In the third month of Guangxu 10 he was ordered to head the Yamen for the General Management of Foreign Affairs. In the tenth month he was promoted to Prince of Qing. In the ninth month of the eleventh year he was jointly assigned with Prince Chun to manage naval affairs. In the second month of the twelfth year he was ordered to serve in the inner court. In the first month of the fifteenth year he was appointed right director of the Imperial Clan Court. At the grand wedding he was granted a four-round-dragon supplementary robe, and his son Zaizhen was given a first-rank cap button. In the twentieth year, on the empress dowager's sixtieth birthday, a gracious edict promoted him to full prince. In the seventh month of the twenty-sixth year the emperor escorted the empress dowager to Taiyuan and left Yikuang in the capital to join Grand Secretary Li Hongzhang in peace negotiations with the foreign powers. In the sixth month of the twenty-seventh year the Yamen for Foreign Affairs was reorganized as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Yikuang remained at its head. In the twelfth month Zaizhen was granted the rank of beizi. In the third month of the twenty-ninth year Yikuang was appointed to the Grand Council while continuing to head the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Soon afterward he was placed in charge of the Bureau of Finance and the Office of Army Training, and his post as minister in attendance was transferred to Zaizhen.

載振赴日本大阪觀展覽會歸，請振興商務，設商部，即以載振為尚書。十月，御史張元奇劾載振宴集召歌妓侑酒。上諭：「當深加警惕，有則改之，無則加勉。」旋請開缺，未許。三十年三月，御史蔣式瑆奏：「戶部設立銀行，招商入股。臣風聞上年十一月慶親王奕劻將私產一百二十萬送往東交民巷英商匯豐銀行收存。奕劻自簡任軍機大臣以來，細大不捐，門庭如市。是以其父子起居、飲食、車馬、衣服異常揮霍，尚能儲蓄鉅款。請命將此款提交官立銀行入股。」命左都御史清銳、戶部尚書鹿傳霖按其事，不得實，式瑆回原衙門行走。

After Zaizhen returned from viewing the exhibition in Osaka, he proposed reviving commerce and creating a Ministry of Commerce, and Zaizhen was appointed its minister. In the tenth month Censor Zhang Yuanqi impeached Zaizhen for holding banquets with singing girls to entertain his guests. The emperor admonished him: "Be doubly vigilant—correct what is wrong, and where nothing is wrong, strive all the harder still. Soon afterward he asked to resign his office, but the request was denied. In the third month of the thirtieth year Censor Jiang Shixing submitted a memorial: "The Ministry of Revenue has established a bank and is inviting merchants to buy shares. I have heard that last November Prince Qing Yikuang deposited 1.2 million taels of personal wealth at the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank in the Legation Quarter. Since Yikuang's appointment to the Grand Council, he has turned away nothing great or small—his gate has been thronged like a marketplace. Yet despite the extraordinary extravagance of father and son in every aspect of daily life, they have still managed to accumulate a vast fortune. I ask that he be ordered to invest this sum in the government bank. Left Censor-in-Chief Qing Rui and Minister of Revenue Lu Chuanlin were ordered to investigate. They found no proof, and Shixing returned to his original post.

三十一年，充日、俄修訂東三省條約全權大臣。三十二年，遣載振使奉天、吉林按事。改商部為農工商部，仍以載振為尚書。三十三年，命奕劻兼管陸軍部事。東三省改設督撫，以直隸候補道段芝貴署黑龍江巡撫。御史趙啟霖奏：「段芝貴善於迎合，上年貝子載振往東三省，道經天津，芝貴以萬二千金鬻歌妓以獻，又以十萬金為奕劻壽，夤緣得官。」上為罷芝貴，而命醇親王載灃、大學士孫家鼐按其事，不得實，奪啟霖官。載振复疏辭御前大臣、農工商部尚書，許之。三十四年十一月，命以親王世襲。

In the thirty-first year he was appointed plenipotentiary commissioner for revising the treaty on the Three Eastern Provinces with Japan and Russia. In the thirty-second year Zaizhen was sent to Fengtian and Jilin on an investigative mission. The Ministry of Commerce was reorganized as the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, and Zaizhen remained at its head. In the thirty-third year Yikuang was placed in charge of the Army Ministry as well. The Three Eastern Provinces were given governors-general and governors; Duan Zhigui, an expectant intendant of Zhili, was appointed acting governor of Heilongjiang. Censor Zhao Qilin memorialized: "Duan Zhigui excels at ingratiation. Last year, when Beizi Zaizhen traveled through Tianjin en route to the Three Eastern Provinces, Zhigui procured a singing girl for twelve thousand taels as a gift and donated one hundred thousand taels toward Yikuang's birthday—buying his way into office. The emperor dismissed Zhigui and ordered Prince Chun Zaifeng and Grand Secretary Sun Jia'nai to investigate. Finding no proof, they stripped Qilin of his office. Zaizhen again submitted his resignation from his posts as minister in attendance and head of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, and was permitted to step down. In the eleventh month of the thirty-fourth year he was granted princedom with perpetual hereditary succession.

宣統三年四月，罷軍機處，授奕劻內閣總理大臣，大學士那桐、徐世昌協理大臣。八月，武昌兵起，初命陸軍部尚書廕昌視師，奕劻請於朝，起袁世凱湖廣總督視師。世凱入京師，代奕劻為內閣總理大臣，授奕劻弼德院總裁。十二月，詔遜位，奕劻避居天津。後七年薨，諡曰密。

In the fourth month of Xuantong 3 the Grand Council was abolished. Yikuang was appointed premier of the cabinet, with Grand Secretaries Natong and Xu Shichang as his deputies. In the eighth month the Wuchang garrison mutinied. Army Minister Yin Chang was first ordered to take the field, but Yikuang urged at court that Yuan Shikai, governor-general of Huguang, be recalled to command the campaign. Yuan Shikai came to the capital, replaced Yikuang as premier, and Yikuang was named president of the Academy of Moral Cultivation. In the twelfth month the abdication edict was issued, and Yikuang withdrew to Tianjin. He died seven years later and received the posthumous name Mi.

仁宗五子：孝淑睿皇后生宣宗，孝和睿皇后生惇恪親王綿愷、瑞懷親王綿忻，恭順皇貴妃鈕祜祿氏生惠端親王綿愉，和裕皇貴妃劉氏生穆郡王。

Emperor Renzong had five sons. Empress Xiaoshu Rui bore the future Emperor Xuanzong. Empress Xiaohe Rui bore Prince Dunke Miankai and Prince Ruihuai Mianxin. Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun of the Niuhuru clan bore Prince Huiduan Mianyu. Imperial Noble Consort Heyu of the Liu clan bore the Prince of Mu.

穆郡王，未命名，仁宗第一子。二歲，殤。宣宗即位，追封。

The Prince of Mu was never given a personal name; he was Renzong's first son. He died in infancy at the age of two. When Xuanzong succeeded to the throne, he was posthumously enfeoffed.

惇恪親王綿愷，仁宗第三子。嘉慶十八年，林清變起，綿愷隨宣宗捕賊蒼震門，得旨褒嘉。二十四年，封惇郡王。宣宗即位，進親王。子奕纘，封不入八分公。道光三年正月，命綿愷內廷行走。旋以福晉乘轎徑入神武門，坐罷，罰王俸五年。上奉太后幸綿愷第，仍命內廷行走，減罰王俸三年。七年，坐太監張明得私相往來，复匿太監苑長青，降郡王。八年十月，追？蒼震門捕賊，急難禦侮，复親王，諭加意檢束。十三年五月，綿愷以議皇后喪禮引書「百姓如喪考妣，四海遏密八音」，於義未協，退出內廷，罰王俸十年。十八年五月，民婦穆氏訴其夫穆齊賢為綿愷所囚，命定郡王載銓按實，复降郡王，罷一切職任。十二月，薨，复親王。上親臨奠，諡曰恪。奕纘前卒，追封貝勒，命賜福晉郡王半俸。

Prince Dunke Miankai was Renzong's third son. In Jiaqing 18, when the Lin Qing uprising broke out, Miankai joined the future Xuanzong in hunting down the rebels at Cangzhen Gate and was commended by imperial edict. In the twenty-fourth year he was created Prince Dun of the commandery. When Xuanzong succeeded to the throne, Miankai was promoted to full prince. His son Yizuan was created a state duke outside the Eight Privileges. In the first month of Daoguang 3 Miankai was ordered to serve in the inner court. Soon afterward his consort's sedan chair entered directly through the Shenwu Gate; he was dismissed from office and fined five years of princely stipend. The emperor escorted the empress dowager to Miankai's residence, restored him to inner-court service, and reduced the stipend fine to three years. In the seventh year he was demoted to commandery prince for private dealings with Eunuch Zhang Mingde and for again concealing Eunuch Yuan Changqing. In the tenth month of the eighth year his earlier service was formally acknowledged. For his role in capturing the rebels at Cangzhen Gate and standing firm against sudden danger, he was restored to full princely rank, with orders to govern himself more carefully. In the fifth month of the thirteenth year, while debating the empress's funeral rites, Miankai cited the line that "the people mourned as for a father and mother, and throughout the realm all music ceased for eight days of ritual silence." The citation was deemed improper; he withdrew from inner-court service and was fined ten years of princely stipend. In the fifth month of the eighteenth year a commoner named Lady Mu accused Miankai of imprisoning her husband Mu Qixian. Prince Ding Zaiquan was ordered to investigate; the charge was upheld. Miankai was again demoted to commandery prince and stripped of every office. He died in the twelfth month, and his full princely rank was posthumously restored. The emperor attended the funeral in person. Miankai received the posthumous name Ke. Yizuan had died earlier and was posthumously created beile; his consort was granted half a commandery prince's stipend.

二十六年，以皇五子奕脤為綿愷後，襲郡王。文宗即位，命在內廷行走。奕脤屢以失禮獲譴。咸豐五年三月，降貝勒，罷一切職任，上書房讀書。六年正月，复封惇郡王。十月，進親王。穆宗即位，諭免叩拜稱名。同治三年，江寧克復，封其子載濂不入八分鎮國公，載津賜頭品頂帶。四年六月，授宗令。七年正月，捻匪逼近畿，奕脤陳防守之策。八年十一月，醇郡王奕枻劾王自授宗令，藉整頓之名，啟攬權之漸，詔兩解之。十一年，大婚，賜紫內大臣班及帶豹尾槍。載濂進輔國公。十三年十二月，賜親？禁城乘四人肩輿，並免進領侍王雙俸。光緒五年六月，普祥峪吉地工竣，复賜食雙俸。十三年，上親政，免帶領引見。十五年正月，薨，上奉太后臨奠，諡曰勤。

In the twenty-sixth year the emperor's fifth son Yicong was named Miankai's heir and succeeded to the commandery princedom. When Xianfeng succeeded to the throne, Yicong was ordered to serve in the inner court. Yicong was repeatedly censured for lapses in ritual propriety. In the third month of Xianfeng 5 he was demoted to beile, stripped of all offices, and sent to study in the Upper Study Hall. In the first month of the sixth year he was restored to the princedom of Prince Dun. In the tenth month he was promoted to full prince. When Tongzhi succeeded to the throne, he was exempted from kneeling in obeisance and from speaking his personal name at audience. In Tongzhi 3, after the recapture of Jiangning, his son Zailian was created a state-supporting duke outside the Eight Privileges and Zaijin was granted a first-rank cap button. In the sixth month of the fourth year he was appointed imperial clan director. In the first month of the seventh year, as Nian rebels pressed toward the capital region, Yicong proposed defensive measures. In the eleventh month of the eighth year Prince Chun Yihuan impeached Yicong for securing the clan directorship for himself and, under the banner of reform, laying the groundwork for power-grabbing. An edict removed them both from office. At the grand wedding in the eleventh year he was granted a place among the inner ministers of purple rank and the privilege of carrying a leopard-tail musket. Zailian was promoted to auxiliary state duke. In the twelfth month of the thirteenth year he was granted the double stipend of a prince. He was permitted a four-bearer sedan chair within the Forbidden City and granted a place among the leading bodyguard inner ministers, with exemption from advancing in obeisance at audience. In the sixth month of Guangxu 5, after the imperial tomb site at Puxiangyu was completed, his double stipend was restored. In the thirteenth year, when the emperor took the reins of government, Yicong was exempted from leading appointment audiences. He died in the first month of the fifteenth year. The emperor, escorting the empress dowager, attended his funeral and granted him the posthumous name Qin.

子八，有爵者五：載濂、載漪、載瀾、載瀛、載津。載濂，奕脤第一子。初封一等輔國將軍，累進輔國公，襲貝勒，加郡王銜。二十五年，子溥偁，賜頭品頂帶。二十六年，載濂以庇義和拳，奪爵，弟載瀛，襲。載瀛，奕脤第四子。初封二等鎮國將軍，加不入八分輔國公銜，襲貝勒。載漪，奕脤第二子。出為瑞郡王奕志後。獲罪，奪爵，歸宗。語在瑞懷親王綿忻傳。載瀾，奕脤第三子。初封三等輔國將軍，再進封不入八分輔國公。以庇義和拳，奪爵，戍新疆。載津，奕脤第五子。封二等鎮國將軍，加不入八分輔國公銜。

He had eight sons, five of whom held noble ranks: Zailian, Zaiyi, Zailan, Zaiying, and Zaijin. Zailian was Yicong's eldest son. Initially created a first-rank auxiliary state general, he rose through the ranks to auxiliary state duke, succeeded as beile, and was granted princely rank of the commandery. In the twenty-fifth year his son Pucheng was granted a first-rank cap button. In the twenty-sixth year Zailian was stripped of his title for protecting the Boxers, and his brother Zaiying succeeded in his place. Zaiying was Yicong's fourth son. Initially created a second-rank state-supporting general with the rank of an auxiliary state duke outside the Eight Privileges, he succeeded as beile. Zaiyi was Yicong's second son. He was adopted as heir to Prince Rui Yizhi. Convicted of an offense, he was stripped of his title and restored to his birth family. The full account appears in the biography of Prince Ruihuai Mianxin. Zailan was Yicong's third son. Initially created a third-rank auxiliary state general, he was later promoted to auxiliary state duke outside the Eight Privileges. For protecting the Boxers he was stripped of his title and sent into exile in Xinjiang. Zaijin was Yicong's fifth son. He was created a second-rank state-supporting general with the rank of an auxiliary state duke outside the Eight Privileges.

瑞懷親王綿忻，仁宗第四子。嘉慶二十四年，封瑞親王。道光三年，命在內廷行走。八年七月，薨，諡曰懷。子奕約甫晬，上命定親王奕紹檢察邸第官吏，內務府大臣敬徵治家政。十月，奕約襲郡王，予半俸。尋更名奕志。三十年五月，薨，諡曰敏。無子。賜綿忻福晉郡王半俸。咸豐三年，福晉薨，复賜奕志福晉郡王半俸。

Prince Ruihuai Mianxin was Renzong's fourth son. In Jiaqing 24 he was created Prince Rui. In Daoguang 3 he was ordered to serve in the inner court. He died in the seventh month of the eighth year and received the posthumous name Huai. His son Yiyue was still an infant. The emperor ordered Prince Ding Yishao to inspect the household staff and Minister of the Imperial Household Jingzheng to supervise the domestic administration. In the tenth month Yiyue succeeded to the commandery princedom with half a prince's stipend. Soon afterward his name was changed to Yizhi. He died in the fifth month of the thirtieth year and received the posthumous name Min. He left no sons. Mianxin's consort was granted half a commandery prince's stipend. In Xianfeng 3 the consort died, and Yizhi's consort was granted half a commandery prince's stipend in turn.

十年，命以惇親王子載漪為奕志後，襲貝勒。同治十一年，大婚，命食貝勒全俸。光緒十五年，加郡王銜。十九年九月，授為御前大臣。二十年，進封端郡王。循故事，宜仍舊號；更曰端者，述旨誤，遂因之。載漪福晉，承恩公桂祥女，太后侄也。二十四年，太后復訓政。二十五年正月，賜載漪子溥？頭品頂帶。十二月，上承太后命，溥？入為穆宗後，號「大阿哥」，命在弘德殿讀書，以承恩公尚書崇綺、大學士徐桐為之傅。明年元旦，大高殿、奉先殿行禮，以溥？代。都下流言將下詔禪位，大學士榮祿與慶親王奕劻以各國公使有異同，諫止。

In the tenth year Zaiyi, son of Prince Dun, was named Yizhi's heir and succeeded as beile. At the grand wedding in Tongzhi 11 he was granted a beile's full stipend. In Guangxu 15 he was granted princely rank of the commandery. In the ninth month of the nineteenth year he was appointed minister in attendance before the throne. In the twentieth year he was promoted to Prince Duan of the commandery. By precedent he should have kept the old title; The change to "Duan" came from a clerical error in transcribing the imperial will, and the mistaken title stuck. Zaiyi's consort was a daughter of Duke of Enlargement Guixiang and the empress dowager's niece. In the twenty-fourth year the empress dowager resumed control of the government. In the first month of the twenty-fifth year Zaiyi's son Pujun was granted a first-rank cap button. In the twelfth month, acting on the empress dowager's order, the emperor had Pujun adopted as heir to Emperor Tongzhi, given the title "Great Heir Apparent," and assigned to study in the Hall of Illustrious Virtue under Duke of Enlargement and Minister Chongqi and Grand Secretary Xu Tong as tutors. On New Year's Day of the following year, when rites were held at the Hall of Great Height and the Hall of Ancestors, Pujun stood in for the emperor. Rumors swept the capital that an abdication edict was imminent. Grand Secretary Ronglu and Prince Qing Yikuang argued that the foreign ministers were divided on the matter and persuaded the court to abandon the plan.

二十六年，義和拳亂起，載漪篤信之，以為義民，亂遂熾。五月，命充總理各國事務大臣。義和拳擊殺日本使館書記杉山彬，复及德國使臣克林德，圍攻東交民巷使館。八月，諸國聯軍自天津逼京師，上奉太后出狩，載漪及溥？皆從。次大同，命載漪為軍機大臣，未踰月罷。命奕劻與大學士李鴻章議和，諸國目載漪為首禍。十二月，奪爵，戍新疆。二十七年十月，上奉太后還京師。次開封，諭：「載漪縱義和拳，獲罪祖宗，其子溥？不宜膺儲位，廢'大阿哥'名號。」賜公銜俸，歸宗。

In the twenty-sixth year the Boxer uprising erupted. Zaiyi embraced it wholeheartedly, hailed the Boxers as loyal patriots, and the turmoil swiftly spread. In the fifth month he was appointed minister for the management of foreign affairs. The Boxers murdered Sugiyama Akira, secretary at the Japanese legation, and the German minister Baron von Ketteler, then laid siege to the legation quarter in Dongjiaomin Lane. In the eighth month the allied armies pressed toward the capital from Tianjin. The emperor accompanied the empress dowager on flight to the west; Zaiyi and Pujun went with them. At Datong, Zaiyi was appointed to the Grand Council, but was removed less than a month later. Yikuang and Grand Secretary Li Hongzhang were charged with peace negotiations. The foreign powers singled out Zaiyi as the principal instigator. In the twelfth month he was deprived of his rank and exiled to Xinjiang. In the tenth month of the twenty-seventh year the emperor and the empress dowager returned to Beijing. At Kaifeng an edict was issued: "Zaiyi unleashed the Boxers and has sinned against the imperial ancestors. His son Pujun is unworthy of the succession; the title 'Great Heir Apparent' is revoked." He was granted a duke's stipend and sent back to his birth family.

二十八年六月，別以醇賢親王奕枻子鎮國公載洵為奕志後，襲貝勒。宣統間，為海軍部尚書。改海軍部大臣，加郡王銜。

In the sixth month of the twenty-eighth year, Prince Chun the Worthy Yixuan's son, State Duke Zai Xun, was adopted as Yizhi's heir and succeeded as beile. During the Xuantong era he served as minister of the navy. He was made minister of the navy department and granted the rank of commandery prince.

惠端親王綿愉，仁宗第五子。嘉慶二十五年七月，宣宗即位，封惠郡王，在內廷行走，上書房讀書。故事，親、郡王未及歲，食半俸。道光九年，命食全俸。十九年，進親王。文宗即位，諭：「惠親王為朕叔父，內廷召對及宴賚賞賜宜免叩拜，章奏免書名。」咸豐三年，賜御用龍褂。

Prince Huiduan Mianyu was Renzong's fifth son. When Xuanzong took the throne in the seventh month of Jiaqing 25, Mianyu was created Prince Hui of the commandery, assigned to the inner court, and set to his studies in the Upper Study. By custom, princes of the first and second rank who had not yet come of age received half pay. In Daoguang 9 he was granted full stipend. In the nineteenth year he was promoted to prince of the first rank. When Wenzong took the throne, an edict declared: "Prince Hui is my uncle. At inner-court audiences and at imperial banquets and grants he shall be excused from kneeling and bowing, and need not sign his name on memorials." In Xianfeng 3 he was granted an imperial dragon jacket.

洪秀全之徒北擾近畿，命為奉命大將軍，頒銳捷刀，統健銳、火器、前鋒、護軍、巡捕諸營，及察哈爾兵，哲里木、卓索圖、昭烏達東三盟蒙古兵，與科爾沁郡王僧格林沁督辦防剿。僧格林沁出駐涿州，綿愉留京師。九月，會奏頒行銀錢鈔法。時秀全兵至深州，請發哲里木盟馬隊一千及熱河、古北口兵各五百赴涿州助防；復奏請發蒙古兵三千，以德勒克色楞為將，督兵進擊。

When Hong Xiuquan's forces threatened the capital region from the north, Mianyu was appointed general-in-chief by imperial command, given a campaign saber, and placed over the Elite, Firearms, Vanguard, Guard, and Patrol battalions, Chahar troops, and Mongol levies from the eastern leagues of Jirem, Josutu, and Juu Uda, sharing command of defense and suppression with Prince of Horqin Sengge Rinchen. Sengge Rinchen took the field at Zhuozhou while Mianyu stayed in Beijing. In the ninth month he joined in memorializing for the promulgation of new regulations on silver, cash, and paper money. With Xiuquan's army at Shenzhou, he requested a thousand Jirem cavalry and five hundred troops each from Rehe and Gubeikou to reinforce Zhuozhou; and further requested three thousand Mongol troops under Delikeseleng to take the field and attack.

四年正月，命朝會大典外悉免叩拜。尋與恭親王奕訢、定郡王載銓疏請鑄鐵錢為大錢輔，上令王詳議以行。五年四月，北路肅清，行凱撤禮，上奉命大將軍印。十二月，以鑄鐵錢有效，下宗人府議敘。八年五月，以奏保耆英，罷中正殿、雍和宮諸職任。九年，罷鐵錢局。

In the first month of the fourth year he was excused from kneeling and bowing at all audiences save the major court ceremonies. Soon he joined Prince Gong Yixin and Prince Ding Zaiquan in memorializing to cast iron cash as a supplement to large-denomination coins. The emperor ordered Mianyu to study the proposal in detail and put it into effect. In the fourth month of the fifth year the northern front was cleared. After the victory withdrawal ceremony, the emperor took back the seal of general-in-chief. In the twelfth month, with the iron-cash policy judged a success, the case was sent to the Imperial Clan Court for commendation. In the fifth month of the eighth year he was stripped of his duties at the Zhongzheng Hall and Yonghe Temple for having recommended Qiying. In the ninth year the iron-cash bureau was shut down.

十年七月，英、法二國兵至天津，命至通州與僧格林沁辦防，並諭綿愉及怡親王載垣、鄭親王端華、尚書肅順、軍機大臣等籌商交涉。同治二年，穆宗典學，太后以綿愉行輩最尊，品行端正，命在弘德殿專司督責，並令王子奕詳、奕詢伴讀。三年十二月，薨，上親臨奠，賜銀五千治喪，諡曰端。

In the seventh month of the tenth year, as British and French forces reached Tianjin, he was sent to Tongzhou to organize defenses with Sengge Rinchen. Mianyu, Prince Yi Zaiyuan, Prince Zheng Duhua, Minister Sushun, and the Grand Councilors were also ordered to deliberate on diplomatic handling. In Tongzhi 2, when Emperor Tongzhi began his studies, the empress dowager—judging Mianyu the most senior in rank and of upright character—assigned him to supervise the emperor in the Hall of Illustrious Virtue and had Princes Yixiang and Yixun attend as study companions. He died in the twelfth month of the third year. The emperor attended the funeral in person, granted five thousand taels for the rites, and posthumously named him Duan.

子六，有爵者三：奕詳、奕詢、奕謨。奕詳，綿愉第五子。初封不入八分輔國公。賜三眼孔雀翎，進鎮國公，襲郡王。穆宗大婚，加親王銜。十三年，命食親王俸。光緒十年十月，太后萬壽，命食親王全俸。十一年六月，授內大臣。十二年正月，薨，諡曰敬。子載潤，襲貝勒。奕詢，綿愉第四子。初封不入八分輔國公，進封鎮國公。卒，無子，以愉恪郡王允潖五世孫載澤為後，襲輔國公，進鎮國公，加貝子銜。光緒末，授度支部尚書。奕謨，綿愉第六子。初封不入八分鎮國公，再進封貝子，加貝勒銜。卒，以醇賢親王奕枻孫溥佶為後，襲鎮國公。

He had six sons, three of whom held noble rank: Yixiang, Yixun, and Yimo. Yixiang was Mianyu's fifth son. He was first created an auxiliary state duke outside the Eight Privileges. He received a three-eyed peacock feather, was promoted to state duke, and succeeded to the commandery princedom. At Emperor Tongzhi's grand wedding he was granted the rank of prince of the first rank. In the thirteenth year he was granted a prince's stipend. In the tenth month of Guangxu 10, for the empress dowager's birthday, he was granted a prince's full stipend. In the sixth month of the eleventh year he was appointed minister of the inner court. He died in the first month of the twelfth year and received the posthumous name Jing. His son Zai Run succeeded as beile. Yixun was Mianyu's fourth son. He was first created an auxiliary state duke outside the Eight Privileges and later promoted to state duke. He died without heirs. Zai Ze, fifth-generation descendant of Prince Yu Ke Yunbi, was adopted as his successor, succeeded as auxiliary state duke, was promoted to state duke, and granted the rank of beizi. Late in the Guangxu era he was appointed minister of the Board of Revenue. Yimo was Mianyu's sixth son. He was first created a state duke outside the Eight Privileges, then promoted to beizi and granted the rank of beile. He died without heirs. Puji, grandson of Prince Chun the Worthy Yixuan, was adopted as his successor and succeeded as state duke.

宣宗九子：孝全成皇后生文宗，孝靜成皇后生順和郡王奕綱、慧質郡王奕繼、恭忠親王奕訢，莊順皇貴妃生醇賢親王奕譞、鍾端郡王奕詥、孚敬郡王奕譓，和妃納喇氏生隱志郡王奕緯，祥妃鈕祜祿氏生惇勤親王奕誴。奕誴出為惇恪親王綿愷後。

Xuanzong had nine sons: Empress Xiaquan Cheng bore Wenzong; Empress Xiaojing Cheng bore Princes Yigang of Shunhe, Yiji of Huizhi, and Yixin of Gongzhong; Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun bore Prince Chun the Worthy Yixuan, Prince Yihe of Zhongduan, and Prince Yihui of Fujing; Consort He of the Nara clan bore Prince Yiwei of Yinzhi; and Consort Xiang of the Niuhuru clan bore Prince Yikui of Dunqin. Yikui was adopted as heir to Prince Dunke Mian Kai.

隱志郡王奕緯，宣宗第一子。嘉慶二十四年，封貝勒。道光十一年四月，薨，以皇子例治喪，進封隱志貝勒。文宗即位，進郡王。無子，以貝勒綿懿子奕紀為後，襲貝勒。卒，諡恭勤。子溥倫，襲貝子，進貝勒；溥侗，授一等鎮國將軍。

Prince Yinzhi Yiwei was Xuanzong's eldest son. In Jiaqing 24 he was created beile. He died in the fourth month of Daoguang 11. He was buried with the rites due an imperial son and posthumously advanced to Beile of Yinzhi. When Wenzong took the throne, he was posthumously promoted to commandery prince. He left no sons. Yiji, son of Beile Mianyi, was adopted as his heir and succeeded as beile. He died and received the posthumous name Gongqin. His son Pulun succeeded as beizi and was later promoted to beile; Putong was made a first-rank state-supporting general.

順和郡王奕綱，宣宗第二子。二歲，殤。文宗即位，進封諡。

Prince Shunhe Yigang was Xuanzong's second son. He died in infancy at the age of two. When Wenzong took the throne, he was posthumously ennobled and given a posthumous name.

慧質郡王奕繼，宣宗第三子。三歲，殤。文宗即位，追封諡。

Prince Huizhi Yiji was Xuanzong's third son. He died in infancy at the age of three. When Wenzong took the throne, he was posthumously ennobled and given a posthumous name.

恭忠親王奕訢，宣宗第六子。與文宗同在書房，肄武事，共制槍法二十八勢、刀法十八勢，宣宗賜以名，槍曰「棣華協力」，刀曰「寶鍔宣威」，並以白虹刀賜奕訢。文宗即位，封為恭親王。咸豐二年四月，分府，命仍在內廷行走。

Prince Gongzhong Yixin was Xuanzong's sixth son. He studied alongside Wenzong and trained in the martial arts. Together they devised twenty-eight spear techniques and eighteen saber techniques. Xuanzong named them: the spear "Dihua Xieli" and the saber "Baoe Xuanwei." He also bestowed on Yixin the White Rainbow Saber. When Wenzong took the throne, he was created Prince Gong. In the fourth month of Xianfeng 2 he was given his own establishment but ordered to remain in inner-court service.

內大臣辦理巡防，命仍佩白虹刀。十月，全在軍機大臣上行走。四年，迭授都統、右宗正、宗令。五年四月，以畿輔肅清，予優敘。七月，孝靜成皇后崩，上責王禮儀疏略，罷軍機大臣、宗令、都統，仍在內廷行走，上書房讀書。七年五月，复授都統。九年四月，授內大臣。

Appointed inner minister to manage patrol defense, he was permitted to continue wearing the White Rainbow Saber. In the tenth month he was assigned to the Grand Council as a senior councilor. In the fourth year he was successively appointed banner general, right clan director, and clan director. In the fourth month of the fifth year, with the capital region pacified, he received special commendation. In the seventh month Empress Xiaojing Cheng died. The emperor faulted Yixin for lax observance of mourning rites, stripped him of his posts on the Grand Council, as clan director, and as banner general, and ordered him back to the inner court and the Upper Study. In the fifth month of the seventh year he was reappointed banner general. In the fourth month of the ninth year he was appointed minister of the inner court.

十年八月，英吉利、法蘭西兵逼京師，上命怡親王載垣、尚書穆廕與議和，誘執英使巴夏禮，與戰，師不利。文宗幸熱河，召回載垣、穆廕，授王欽差便宜行事全權大臣。王出駐長辛店，奏請飭統兵大臣激勵兵心，以維大局。克勤郡王慶惠等奏釋巴夏禮，趣王入城議和。英、法兵焚圓明園。豫親王義道等奏啟城，許英、法兵入。王入城與議和，定約，悉從英、法人所請，奏請降旨宣示，並自請議處。上諭曰：「恭親王辦理撫局，本屬不易。朕深諒苦衷，毋庸議處。」十二月，奏通商善後諸事。初設總理各國事務衙門，命王與大學士桂良、侍郎文祥領其事。王疏請訓練京師旗兵，並以吉林、黑龍江與俄羅斯相議練兵籌餉。上命都統勝保議練京兵，將軍景淳等議練東三省兵。

In the eighth month of the tenth year, as British and French forces closed on the capital, the emperor ordered Prince Yi Zaiyuan and Minister Muyin to treat for peace. They seized the British envoy Harry Parkes by deception; fighting ensued, and the Qing forces were defeated. Wenzong fled to Rehe. Zaiyuan and Muyin were recalled, and Yixin was appointed imperial commissioner with full plenipotentiary authority. Yixin took the field at Changxindian and memorialized urging the commanding generals to rally their troops and hold the line. Prince Keqin Qinghui and others memorialized for Parkes's release and pressed Yixin to enter the city to negotiate. British and French forces burned the Yuanming Yuan. Prince Yu Yidao and others memorialized to open the gates and admit the British and French armies. Yixin entered the city, negotiated peace, and signed a treaty accepting the British and French demands in full. He memorialized for an edict to promulgate the terms and asked that he be punished. The emperor replied: "Prince Gong's management of the settlement was bound to be difficult. I understand your predicament fully; no disciplinary action is required." In the twelfth month he memorialized on trade and post-treaty administration. The Zongli Yamen was established for the first time, with Yixin, Grand Secretary Guiliang, and Vice Minister Wen Xiang placed in charge. Yixin memorialized to drill the banner troops of the capital and proposed that Jilin and Heilongjiang negotiate with Russia on training troops and raising funds. The emperor ordered Banner General Sheng Bao to plan the drilling of capital troops and Generals Jing Chun and others to plan training for the Three Eastern Provinces.

十一年七月，文宗崩，王請奔赴，兩太后召見，諭以贊襄政務王大臣載垣、端華、肅順等擅政狀。穆宗侍兩太后奉文宗喪還京師，譴黜載垣等，授議政王，在軍機處行走，命王爵世襲，食親王雙俸，並免召對叩拜、奏事書名。王堅辭世襲，尋命兼宗令、領神機營。

In the seventh month of the eleventh year Wenzong died. Yixin asked leave to rush to the scene. The two empress dowagers received him and described how the regent princes Zaiyuan, Duhua, Sushun, and their faction had seized power. Emperor Tongzhi, accompanying the two empress dowagers, returned Wenzong's coffin to Beijing. Zaiyuan and his allies were purged. Yixin was made Prince Regent and Grand Councilor, granted a hereditary princedom, double prince's stipend, and exemption from kneeling at audiences and from signing memorials. Yixin firmly declined the hereditary grant. He was soon also appointed clan director and given command of the Shenji Battalion.

同治元年，上就傅，兩太后命王弘德殿行走，稽察課程。三年，江寧克復。上諭曰：「恭親王自授議政王，於今三載。東南兵事方殷，用人行政，徵兵籌餉，深資贊畫，弼亮忠勤。加封貝勒，以授其子輔國公載澂，並封載濬輔國公、載瀅不入八分輔國公。」四年三月，兩太后諭責王信任親戚，內廷召對，時有不檢，罷議政王及一切職任。尋以惇親王奕脤、醇郡王奕枻及通政使王拯、御史孫翼謀、內閣學士殷兆鏞、左副都御史潘祖廕、內閣侍讀學士王維珍、給事中廣誠等奏請任用，廣誠語尤切。兩太后命仍在內廷行走，管理總理各國事務衙門。王入謝，痛哭引咎，兩太后复諭：「王親信重臣，相關休戚，期望既厚，責備不得不嚴。仍在軍機大臣上行走。」

In Tongzhi 1, when the emperor began his formal schooling, the two empress dowagers assigned Yixin to the Hall of Illustrious Virtue to supervise the curriculum. In the third year, Nanjing was recovered. The emperor decreed: "Prince Gong has served as Prince Regent for three years now. With fighting still fierce in the southeast, he had been indispensable in staffing the government, raising armies, and securing funds—steadfast and devoted in counsel. He was raised to beile rank, which was transferred to his son Zai Cheng, already an assistant prince of the second rank; Zai Jun was also enfeoffed as assistant prince of the second rank, and Zai Ying as assistant prince of the second rank outside the Eight Privileges." In the third month of the fourth year, the two empress dowagers censured Yixin for trusting relatives and for occasional breaches of propriety at inner-court audiences, stripping him of the regency and every other post. Soon Prince Dun, Prince Chun, Transmission Commissioner Wang Zheng, Censor Sun Yimou, Hanlin bachelor Yin Zhaoyong, Left Vice Censor-in-Chief Pan Zuyin, Hanlin reader Wang Weizhen, Supervising Secretary Guang Cheng, and others petitioned for his return; Guang Cheng's words were especially urgent. The two empress dowagers ordered him to remain in inner-court service and to direct the Zongli Yamen. The prince came in to give thanks, weeping as he took the blame upon himself. The two empress dowagers again decreed: "You are a trusted senior minister whose fate is tied to our own; our expectations are high, and censure must therefore be stern. You shall continue to serve on the Grand Council."

七年二月，西捻逼畿輔，命節制各路統兵大臣。授右宗正。十一年九月，穆宗大婚，復命王爵世襲。十二年正月，穆宗親政，十三年七月，上諭責王召對失儀，降郡王，仍在軍機大臣上行走，並奪載澂貝勒。翌日，以兩太后命复親王世襲及載澂爵。十二月，上疾有間，於雙俸外復加賜親王俸。旋復加劇，遂崩。德宗即位，復命免召對叩拜、奏事書名。

In the second month of the seventh year, as the Western Nian rebels threatened the capital region, he was placed in overall command of the field commanders. He was appointed Right Director of the Imperial Clan. In the ninth month of the eleventh year, at Emperor Tongzhi's grand wedding, the hereditary princedom was restored to him. In the first month of the twelfth year Tongzhi assumed personal rule; in the seventh month of the thirteenth year the emperor censured Yixin for impropriety at audience, demoted him to junior prince while keeping him on the Grand Council, and stripped Zai Cheng of his beile rank. The next day, on the two empress dowagers' order, the hereditary princedom and Zai Cheng's title were restored. In the twelfth month, when the emperor's illness briefly improved, he was granted a prince's stipend on top of his double stipend. The illness soon turned worse again, and the emperor died. When Emperor Guangxu succeeded, Yixin was again exempted from kneeling at audiences and from signing memorials.

光緒元年，署宗令。十年，法蘭西侵越南，王與軍機大臣不欲輕言戰，言路交章論劾。太后諭責王等委靡因循，罷軍機大臣，停雙俸。家居養疾。十二年十月，复雙俸。自是國及甲數，歲時祀事賜神糕，節序輒有賞賚，以為常。

In Guangxu 1 he served as acting Director of the Imperial Clan. In the tenth year, as France invaded Vietnam, Yixin and the Grand Council were reluctant to speak lightly of war; memorials from the censorate and other remonstrators poured in denouncing them. The empress dowager rebuked Yixin and the others for weakness and delay, removed them from the Grand Council, and suspended the double stipend. He retired to his residence to convalesce. In the tenth month of the twelfth year the double stipend was restored. From then on, whenever the year's festivals came round, divine cakes were granted for seasonal rites, and gifts were regularly bestowed at each turn of the calendar—this became the norm.

二十年，日本侵朝鮮，兵？有慶屢增護事急，太后召王入見，復起王管理總理各國事務衙門，並總理海軍，會同辦理軍務，內廷行走；仍諭王疾未癒，免常川入直。尋又命王督辦軍務，節制各路統兵大臣。十一月，授軍機大臣。二十四年，授宗令。王疾作，閏三月增劇，上奉太后三臨視，四月薨，年六十七。上再臨奠，輟朝五日，持服十五日。諡曰忠，配享太廟，並諭：「王忠誠匡弼，悉協機宜，諸臣當以王為法。」

In the twentieth year, as Japan invaded Korea, the military crisis grew acute. As the crisis deepened again and again, the empress dowager summoned Yixin and restored him to head the Zongli Yamen, take charge of the navy, jointly oversee military affairs, and serve in the inner court; The edict also noted that his illness had not yet healed and exempted him from daily attendance on duty. Soon he was also ordered to supervise military affairs and coordinate all field commanders. In the eleventh month he was appointed Grand Councillor. In the twenty-fourth year he was appointed Director of the Imperial Clan. Yixin fell ill; in the intercalary third month his condition worsened; the emperor accompanied the empress dowager on three bedside visits; he died in the fourth month at sixty-seven. The emperor visited again to mourn; court was suspended for five days and mourning dress observed for fifteen. He was posthumously titled Zhong, granted a place in the Imperial Ancestral Temple, and an edict declared: "The prince served loyally and met every exigency—let all ministers take him as their model."

子四：載澂，貝勒加郡王銜，卒，諡果敏；載瀅，出為鍾端郡王奕硉後，襲貝勒，坐事奪爵歸宗；載濬，與載瀅同時受封；載潢，封不入八分輔國公。載澂、載濬、載潢皆前王卒。王薨，以載瀅子溥偉為載澂後，襲恭親王。

He had four sons: Zai Cheng, a beile with the additional rank of junior prince, who died and was posthumously titled Guomin; Zai Ying, adopted as heir to Prince Zhongduan Yixiu, inherited as beile, lost his rank for an offense, and returned to his birth clan; Zai Jun, enfeoffed at the same time as Zai Ying; Zai Huang, enfeoffed as assistant prince of the second rank outside the Eight Privileges. Zai Cheng, Zai Jun, and Zai Huang all died before their father. When Yixin died, Pu Wei, son of Zai Ying, was made heir to Zai Cheng and succeeded as Prince Gong.

醇賢親王奕譞，宣宗第七子。文宗即位，封為醇郡王。咸豐九年三月，分府，命仍在內廷行走。穆宗即位，諭免宴見叩拜、奏事書名。迭授都統、御前大臣、領侍神機營。同治三年，加親王銜。四年，兩太后命弘德殿行走，稽察課程。十一年，進封醇親王。十二年，穆宗親政，罷弘德殿行走。

Prince Chun the Worthy, Yixuan, was the seventh son of Emperor Daoguang. When Emperor Wenzong succeeded, he was enfeoffed as Prince Chun of the second rank. In the third month of Xianfeng 9 he was granted a separate residence but ordered to remain in inner-court service. When Emperor Tongzhi succeeded, he was exempted from kneeling at banquets and audiences and from signing memorials. In succession he was appointed banner general, grand minister of the imperial presence, and commander of the Shenji Battalion. In Tongzhi 3 he received the additional rank of prince of the first rank. In the fourth year the two empress dowagers assigned him to the Hall of Illustrious Virtue to supervise the curriculum. In the eleventh year he was promoted to Prince Chun of the first rank. In the twelfth year, when Tongzhi assumed personal rule, his assignment to the Hall of Illustrious Virtue was ended.

德宗即位，王奏兩太后，言：「臣侍從大行皇帝十有三年，昊天不弔，龍馭上賓。仰瞻遺容，五內崩裂。忽蒙懿旨下降，擇定嗣皇帝，倉猝昏迷，罔知所措。獨犯舊有肝疾，委頓成廢。惟有哀懇矜全，許乞骸骨，為天地容一虛糜爵位之人，為宣宗成皇帝留一庸鈍無才之子。」兩太后下其奏王大臣集議，以王奏誠懇請罷一切職任，但令照料菩陀峪陵工，從之。命王爵世襲，王疏辭，不許。光緒二年，上在毓慶宮入學，命王照料。五年，賜食親王雙俸。

When Emperor Guangxu succeeded, Yixuan memorialized the two empress dowagers, saying: "I attended the late emperor for thirteen years. Heaven showed no mercy; the dragon carriage has ascended on high. Beholding his departed face, my heart is torn apart. Suddenly receiving the empress dowager's decree to choose the heir to the throne, I was stunned and bewildered, not knowing what to do. My old liver ailment alone has left me prostrate and useless. I can only plead piteously for mercy and beg leave to retire, that heaven and earth may tolerate one who vainly holds a princely rank, and that Emperor Xuanzong may be left one dull and untalented son. The two empress dowagers circulated his memorial to the princes and ministers for joint deliberation. Finding his words sincere, they approved his request to be relieved of all offices and assigned him only to oversee work on the tomb at Putuoyu. He was granted a hereditary princedom; he memorialized to decline; the request was denied. In Guangxu 2 the emperor began his schooling in the Palace of Eternal Joy and Yixuan was ordered to supervise his upbringing. In the fifth year he was granted a double prince's stipend.

十年，恭親王奕訢罷軍機大臣，以禮親王世鐸代之，太后命遇有重要事件，與王商辦。時法蘭西侵越南，方定約罷兵，王議建海軍。十一年九月，設海軍衙門，命王總理，節制沿海水師，以慶郡王奕劻、大學士總督李鴻章、都統善慶、侍郎曾紀澤為佐。定議練海軍自北洋始，責鴻章專司其事。十二年三月，賜王與福晉杏黃轎，王疏辭，不許。鴻章經畫海防，於旅順開船塢，築砲台，為海軍收泊地。北洋有大小戰艦凡五，輔以蚊船、雷艇，复購艦英、德，漸次成軍。五月，太后命王巡閱北洋，善慶從焉，會鴻章自大沽出海至旅順，歷威海、煙台，集戰艦合操，遍視礮台、船塢及新設水師學堂，十餘日畢事。王還京，奏獎諸將吏及所聘客將，請太后御書榜懸大沽海神廟。

In the tenth year, when Prince Gong Yixin was removed from the Grand Council and Prince Li Shikuo replaced him, the empress dowager ordered that important matters be discussed with Yixuan. France was then invading Vietnam and had just concluded a treaty to end hostilities; Yixuan proposed building a navy. In the ninth month of the eleventh year the Navy Yamen was established; Yixuan was made its director with authority over the coastal fleet, assisted by Prince Qing Yikuang, Grand Secretary and Governor-General Li Hongzhang, Banner General Shan Qing, and Vice Minister Zeng Jize. It was decided to build the navy beginning with the Northern Squadron, with Li Hongzhang put solely in charge. In the third month of the twelfth year he and his consort were granted apricot-yellow sedan chairs; he memorialized to decline; the request was denied. Li Hongzhang planned coastal defenses, opening a dockyard at Lüshun and building batteries to serve as naval anchorages. The Northern Squadron had five warships large and small, supplemented by gunboats and torpedo craft; additional vessels were purchased from Britain and Germany, and the fleet gradually took shape. In the fifth month the empress dowager ordered Yixuan to inspect the Northern Squadron; Shan Qing accompanied him. Li Hongzhang joined them from Dagu out to sea as far as Lüshun, passing Weihai and Yantai; warships were assembled for joint maneuvers; batteries, dockyards, and the newly established naval academy were reviewed—the tour took more than ten days. Returning to the capital, Yixuan memorialized to reward the officers and the foreign instructors under hire, and requested that the empress dowager inscribe a plaque to hang at the Sea God Temple at Dagu.

太后命於明年歸政，王疏言：「皇帝甫逾志學，諸王大臣籥懇訓政，乞體念時艱，俯允所請，俟及二旬，親理庶務。至列聖宮廷規制，遠邁前代。將來大婚後，一切典禮，咸賴訓教。臣愚以為諸事當先請懿旨，再於皇帝前奏聞，俾皇帝專心大政，承聖母之歡顏，免宮闈之劇務。此則非如臣生深宮者不敢知，亦不敢言也。」太后命毋庸議。十三年正月，上親政。四月，太后諭預備皇帝大婚，當力行節儉，命王稽察。十四年九月，王奏：「太平湖賜第為皇帝發祥地。世宗以潛邸升為宮殿，高宗諭子孫有自籓邸紹承大統者，應用其例。」太后從之，别賜第，發帑十萬葺治。十五年正月，大婚禮成，賜金桃皮鞘威服刀，增護治邸第未竟，復發帑六萬。並進封諸子：載灃鎮國公，載洵輔國公，載濤賜頭品頂帶、孔雀翎。

The empress dowager ordered that she would restore power the following year. Yixuan memorialized: "The emperor has only just passed the age of fifteen; the princes and ministers earnestly plead for continued regency. I beg you to weigh the difficulties of the times and grant this request, deferring personal rule until he reaches twenty. The court institutions of the successive sage emperors far surpass those of earlier dynasties. After the future grand wedding, all ceremonial rites will depend on her instruction. In my humble view, all matters should first be referred to the empress dowager for her decree, then reported to the emperor, so that he may devote himself to great affairs of state, enjoy his mother's company, and be spared the heavy burdens of inner-palace routine. This is something one who, like me, was born deep within the palace dares neither fully to know nor openly to speak of. The empress dowager ordered that the matter need not be further discussed. In the first month of the thirteenth year the emperor assumed personal rule. In the fourth month the empress dowager decreed that preparations for the emperor's grand wedding must be strictly economical and ordered Yixuan to inspect compliance. In the ninth month of the fourteenth year Yixuan memorialized: "The residence granted at Taiping Lake is where the emperor's destiny first took shape. When Emperor Shizong rose from his princely residence it was converted into a palace; Emperor Gaozong decreed that descendants who succeed to the throne from a princedom should follow that precedent. The empress dowager agreed, granted another residence, and dispensed a hundred thousand taels for repairs. In the first month of the fifteenth year, after the grand wedding was completed, he was granted a ceremonial saber with gold peach-wood scabbard; as repairs to the residence were not yet finished, another sixty thousand taels were dispensed. His sons were also promoted: Zai Feng as defender prince of the third rank, Zai Xun as assistant prince of the second rank, and Zai Tao granted the first-rank cap button and peacock feather.

二月，河道總督吳大澂密奏，引高宗御批通鑑輯覽，略謂：「宋英宗崇奉濮王，明世宗崇奉興王，其時議者欲改稱伯叔，實人情所不安，當定本生名號，加以徽稱」；且言：「在臣子出為人後，例得以本身封典貤封本生父母，況貴為天子，天子所生之父母，必有尊崇之典，請飭廷臣議醇親王稱號禮節。」特旨宣示。上即位逾年，王密奏：「臣見歷代繼承大統之君，推崇本生父母者，備載史書。其中有適得至當者焉，宋孝宗不改子偁秀王之封是也。有大亂之道焉，宋英宗之濮議、明世宗之議禮是也。張璁、桂萼之儔，無足論矣。忠如韓琦，乃與司馬光議論牴牾，其故何歟？蓋非常之事出，立論者勢必紛沓擾攘，乃心王室，不無其人；而以此為梯榮之具，迫其主以不得不視為莊論者，正復不少。皇清受天之命，列聖相承，十朝一脈，詎穆宗毅皇帝春秋正盛，遽棄臣民。皇太后以宗廟社稷為重，特命皇帝入承大統，复推恩及臣，以親王世襲罔替。渥叨異數，感懼難名。原不須更生過慮，惟思此時垂簾聽政，簡用賢良，廷議既屬執中，邪說自必潛匿。倘將來親政後，或有草茅新進，趨六年拜相捷徑，以危言故事聳動宸聰，不幸稍一夷猶，則朝廷滋多事矣。仰懇皇太后將臣此摺，留之宮中。俟皇帝親政，宣示廷臣世賞之由及臣寅畏本意，千秋萬載，勿再更張。如有以治平、嘉靖之說進者，務目之為奸邪小人，立加屏斥。果蒙慈命嚴切，皇帝敢不欽遵，不但臣名節得以保全，而關乎君子小人消長之機者，實為至大且要。」太后如王言，留疏宮中。大澂疏入，諭曰：「皇帝入承大統，醇親王奕枻謙卑謹慎，翼翼小心，十餘年來，殫竭心力，恪恭盡職。每優加異數，皆涕泣懇辭，前賜杏黃轎，至今不敢乘坐。其秉心忠赤，嚴畏殊常，非徒深宮知之最深，實天下臣民所共諒。光緒元年正月初八日，王即有豫杜妄論一奏，請俟親政宣示，俾千秋萬載，勿再更張。自古純臣居心，何以過此？當歸政伊始，吳大澂果有此奏，特明白曉諭，並將王原奏發鈔，俾中外咸知賢王心事，從此可以共白。闞名希寵之徒，更何所容其覬覦乎？」

In the second month, Yellow River Director-General Wu Dacheng submitted a confidential memorial citing Emperor Gaozong's rescript on the Comprehensive Mirror, stating in summary: "When Emperor Yingzong of Song honored Prince Pu and Emperor Shizong of Ming honored Prince Xing, critics at the time wished to style them uncle and elder uncle—what human feeling could accept that? The style for the birth parents should be fixed and an honorific title added;" He also wrote: "When a subject is given out as heir to another line, he may by precedent extend his own honors to his birth parents; how much more the Son of Heaven—the birth parents of the emperor must have rites of honor. I request that the court ministers be ordered to deliberate on the style and ceremonial for Prince Chun." The special edict was promulgated. More than a year after the emperor's accession, Yixuan submitted a confidential memorial: "I have seen that emperors throughout history who succeeded to the great succession and honored their birth parents are fully recorded in the histories. Some hit the mark exactly—Emperor Xiaozong of Song did not alter his birth father Zisheng's enfeoffment as Prince of Xiuyi is one such case. There are also paths to great disorder—the Pu controversy under Emperor Yingzong of Song and the Rites controversy under Emperor Shizong of Ming are examples. Men like Zhang Cong and Gui E are not worth discussing. Loyal as Han Qi was, he yet clashed in debate with Sima Guang—what was the reason? When extraordinary matters arise, those who take positions are bound to swarm in confusion; among them are not lacking men whose hearts are loyal to the throne; yet there are also no few who use such matters as ladders to advancement, pressing their lord to treat their views as solemn doctrine whether he wishes to or not. The Great Qing received Heaven's mandate; successive sage emperors succeeded one another in a single line through ten reigns—how could Emperor Tongzhi the Resolute, in the prime of life, suddenly abandon his subjects? The empress dowager, placing the ancestral temples and altars of soil and grain foremost, specially ordered the emperor to enter and succeed to the great succession, and extended grace even to me with a hereditary princedom in perpetuity. I have received extraordinary favor beyond measure; gratitude and fear are beyond words. Originally there was no need for further excessive worry; only I reflect that at this time, with the empress dowager ruling from behind the curtain and selecting the worthy and good, court deliberation being even-handed, heterodox opinions will of themselves lie hidden. If after personal rule begins some newly risen man from the wilds should take the shortcut of reaching chancellor within six years, using alarming precedents to startle the imperial ear, and the emperor should unfortunately waver even slightly, the court would become ever more troubled. I humbly beg the empress dowager to keep this memorial of mine in the palace. When the emperor assumes personal rule, let it be proclaimed to the court ministers the reason for the hereditary honors granted and my own intent of reverent fear, that for ten thousand generations it may never be reopened. If anyone should advance arguments like those of the Zhiping or Jiajing controversies, he must be marked out as a wicked and base man and immediately removed. If I truly receive the empress dowager's stern command, how could the emperor fail to obey reverently? Not only would my own reputation and integrity be preserved, but what concerns the waxing and waning of gentlemen and petty men is truly of the greatest importance. The empress dowager did as Yixuan requested and kept the memorial in the palace. When Wu Dacheng's memorial was submitted, an edict stated: "The emperor has succeeded to the great succession. Prince Chun Yixuan is humble and cautious, treading with utmost care. For more than ten years he has exhausted heart and mind, reverently and respectfully fulfilling his duties. Whenever extraordinary honors were added, he wept and earnestly declined; the apricot-yellow sedan chair previously bestowed, he still dares not ride in to this day. His heart is utterly loyal and sincere, his reverence and awe beyond ordinary measure. Not only does the inner palace know this most deeply—it is understood throughout the realm by officials and common people alike. On the eighth day of the first month of Guangxu 1, Yixuan submitted a memorial to forestall reckless talk in advance, asking that when personal rule begins it be proclaimed, that for ten thousand generations it never be reopened. Since antiquity, what loyal subject's intent could surpass this? At the very beginning of the restoration of personal rule, Wu Dacheng did indeed submit such a memorial. The throne therefore gave clear instruction and circulated copies of Yixuan's original memorial, so that within and without the court all might know the virtuous prince's true intent—and from this the matter could be laid fully open. What room remains for those who crave fame and fawn for favor to harbor designs?"

十六年正月，以上二十萬壽，增護軍十五、藍白甲五十，授載濤二等鎮國將軍。十一月，王疾作，上親詣視疾。丁亥，王薨，年五十一。太后臨奠，上詣邸成服。定稱號曰皇帝本生考，稱本生考，遵高宗御批；仍原封，從王志也。諡曰賢，配享太廟。下廷臣議：上持服期年，縞素、輟朝十一日；初祭、大祭，奉移前一日，親詣行禮，禦青長袍褂，摘纓；期年內禦便殿，用素服；葬以王，祭以天子，立廟班諱。十八年，葬京師西山妙高峰。宣統皇帝即位，定稱號曰皇帝本生祖考。

In the first month of the sixteenth year, on the occasion of the emperor's twentieth birthday, fifteen guardsmen and fifty blue-and-white armor-bearers were added, and Zaitao was created second-rank state-supporting general. In the eleventh month Yixuan fell ill; the emperor went in person to inquire after his health. On the day dinghai the prince died, aged fifty-one. The empress dowager came to pay last respects; the emperor went to the prince's residence to don mourning robes. The title was fixed as the emperor's biological father; to call him biological father followed the Qianlong emperor's imperial annotation; His original enfeoffment was preserved, in accordance with Yixuan's own wish. He was given the posthumous name Xian and granted a share in sacrifices at the Imperial Ancestral Temple. Court ministers were ordered to deliberate: the emperor would observe mourning for one full year, wear white hemp, and suspend court for eleven days; for the initial and major sacrificial rites, on the day before the coffin was moved, he would go in person to perform the rites, wearing a blue long robe and jacket with the tassel of his hat removed; within the mourning year he would hold audience in the informal hall in plain garments; he would be buried with princely rites but sacrificed to with imperial rites, a temple would be established, and his name tabooed in the calendar. In the eighteenth year he was buried at Miao Peak in the Western Hills outside the capital. When Emperor Xuantong succeeded to the throne, the title was fixed as the emperor's biological grandfather.

子七：德宗，其第二子也；載洸，初封不入八分輔國公，進鎮國公；載灃，襲醇親王，宣統皇帝即位，命為監國攝政王；載洵，出為瑞郡王奕志後；載濤，出為鍾郡王奕硉後。宣統間，載洵為海軍部大臣，載濤為軍諮府大臣，主軍政。三年十月，並罷。十二月，遜位。

He had seven sons: Emperor Guangxu was his second son; Zaiguang was first created auxiliary state duke outside the Eight Privileges, then promoted to state duke; Zaifeng inherited the princedom of Chun; when Emperor Xuantong succeeded, he was appointed regent prince; Zaixun was adopted as heir to Prince Rui Yizhi; Zaitao was adopted as heir to Prince Zhong Yilü. During the Xuantong reign Zaixun served as minister of the navy and Zaitao as minister of the military advisory council, both directing military affairs. In the tenth month of Xuantong 3 both were dismissed. In the twelfth month the throne was abdicated.

鍾端郡王奕詥，宣宗第八子。文宗即位，封為鍾郡王。穆宗即位，命免宴見叩拜、奏事書名。同治三年，分府，仍在內廷行走。七年十一月，薨，諡曰端。無子，以恭忠親王奕訢子載瀅為後，襲貝勒。坐事，奪爵，歸宗。又以醇賢親王奕枻子載濤為後，襲貝勒，加郡王銜。

Prince Zhongduan Yigou was Emperor Daoguang's eighth son. When Emperor Xianfeng succeeded he was created Prince of Zhong. When Emperor Tongzhi succeeded he was exempted from bowing at banquets and audiences and from signing memorials. In Tongzhi 3 he was given a separate estate but continued to serve in the inner court. In the eleventh month of Tongzhi 7 he died; his posthumous name was Duan. Having no son, Prince Gong Yixin's son Zaiying was adopted as heir and succeeded as beile. Convicted of an offense, he was stripped of his title and returned to his original line. Prince Chun the Worthy Yixuan's son Zaitao was then adopted as heir, succeeded as beile, and granted princely rank of the commandery.

孚敬郡王奕譓，宣宗第九子。文宗即位，封孚郡王。穆宗即位，命免宴見叩拜、奏事書名。同治三年，分府，仍在內廷行走，命管樂部。十一年，授內大臣，加親王銜。德宗即位，復命免宴見叩拜、奏事書名。光緒三年二月，薨，諡曰敬。無子，以愉恪郡王允潖四世孫奕棟子載沛為後，襲貝勒。卒，又以奕瞻子載澍為後，襲貝勒，坐事奪爵歸宗；又以貝勒載瀛子溥伒為後，封貝子。

Prince Fujing Yihui was Emperor Daoguang's ninth son. When Emperor Xianfeng succeeded he was created Prince of Fu. When Emperor Tongzhi succeeded he was exempted from bowing at banquets and audiences and from signing memorials. In Tongzhi 3 he was given a separate estate, continued in the inner court, and put in charge of the Music Bureau. In the eleventh year he was appointed grand minister of the imperial household and granted princely rank. When Emperor Guangxu succeeded he was again exempted from bowing at banquets and audiences and from signing memorials. In the second month of Guangxu 3 he died; his posthumous name was Jing. Having no son, Prince Yu Ke Yunbi's fourth-generation descendant Yidong's son Zaibo was adopted as heir and succeeded as beile. When he died, Yizhan's son Zaishu was adopted as heir and succeeded as beile; convicted of an offense he was stripped of his title and returned to his original line; Beile Zaiying's son Puqi was then adopted as heir and created beizi.

文宗二子：孝欽顯皇后生穆宗，玫貴妃徐佳氏生憫郡王。

Emperor Xianfeng had two sons: Empress Xiaojuan Xian bore Emperor Tongzhi; Concubine Mei of the Xu clan bore the Prince of Min.

憫郡王，生未命名，殤。穆宗即位，追封。

The Prince of Min was born without being given a personal name and died in infancy. When Emperor Tongzhi succeeded he was posthumously enfeoffed.

論曰：莊親王佐太祖建業，將出師，登壠而謀，策定馳而下，黃道周亟稱其驍勇；太祖崩，諸子嗣業，未有成命，禮烈親王擁立太宗，親為扞禦邊圉，夏允彝以為行事何減聖賢。蓋雄才讓德，雖在敵國，不能掩也。睿忠親王手定中原，以致於世祖，求之前史，實罕其倫。徒以執政久，威福自專，其害肅武親王，相傳謂因師還賜宴拉殺之，又或謂還至郊外遇伏死，死處即今葬地。傳聞未敢信，然其慘酷可概見矣。身後蒙謗，僅乃得雪，亦有以取之也。

The commentators observe: Prince Zhuang aided the Taizu emperor in founding the dynasty. As he prepared to march, he climbed a height to lay his plans; once they were set, he galloped down. Huang Daozhou praised his valor without stint; When the Taizu emperor died the princes inherited the enterprise without a settled succession. Prince Lie Daishan raised Hong Taiji to the throne and personally defended the frontier. Xia Yunyi held that his conduct was in no way inferior to that of sages. Talent of such magnitude yielding to virtue—even a hostile realm could not hide it. Prince Rui Dorgon personally secured the Central Plain down to the Shunzhi emperor's reign; searching through earlier history, his like is truly rare. Yet because he held power long and monopolized authority, in the harm he did to Prince Su Hooge—tradition has it that on returning from campaign he was strangled at a banquet given in his honor; others say he was ambushed and killed outside the city, the place of death being his present burial site. The rumors cannot be fully credited, yet they reveal the cruelty of his rule. After death he was slandered and only belatedly vindicated—yet he had brought much of this upon himself.

聖祖遇諸宗人厚，遺詔猶以禮親王、饒餘親王子孫安全，拳拳在念。然當用兵時，諸王貝勒為帥，小違律必議罰，且不得以功掩。義以行法，仁以睦親，固不相悖也。雍正中，允禩、允禟之獄，世宗後亦悔之。怡賢親王特馴謹，渥加寵榮，示非寡恩。誠以尺布鬥粟，相逼笮過甚，恂勤郡王嘗握兵柄，非母弟亦豈得幸生耶？時去開國未遠，以尚武為家法，其失則獷。

The Kangxi emperor treated the imperial clansmen with generosity; even in his deathbed testament he gave anxious thought to the safety of the descendants of Princes Li and Raoyu. Yet in time of war, when princes and beiles served as commanders, even slight breaches of military law were subject to punishment—and merit could not cover the offense. Righteousness in enforcing the law and benevolence in nurturing kin are not at all incompatible. In the Yongzheng reign the cases of Yunsi and Yuntang—the Yongzheng emperor came to regret them afterward. Prince Yixian was especially docile and cautious and received lavish favor—showing that the emperor was not devoid of grace. Indeed, when brothers press each other as with 'a foot of cloth, a peck of grain,' the pressure can be excessive. Prince Xunqin Yinti once held military power—had he not been the Yongzheng emperor's uterine younger brother, could he have hoped to survive? The age was not far removed from the founding; martial prowess was the family code—its failing was harshness.

太宗屢諭諸子弟當讀書，愨厚公承其教，彬彬有東丹王之風。高宗諸子多擅文學，尤以成哲親王為最，詞章書翰，無愧古人。恭忠親王繼以起，綢繆宮府，定亂綏疆，罷不生懟，用不辭勞，有純臣之度焉。醇賢親王尊為本生親，乾乾翼翼，靡間初終，預絕治平、嘉靖之議，載在方策，彰彰邁前代遠甚。迨時移勢易，天方降割，乃以肺腑之親，寄腹心之重，漠然不知陰雨之已至，一發而不可復收。天歟人歟，亡也忽諸，尤足為後來之深鑑矣！

The Taizong emperor repeatedly admonished the princes to study; Duke Kehou embraced his teaching and had the refined bearing of the Prince of Dongdan. Emperor Gaozong's sons were widely versed in letters, Prince Cheng Zhi Yongrong foremost among them—his poetry and calligraphy did not shame the ancients. Prince Gong Yixin rose in his turn, tending palace and government with meticulous care, quelling disorder and pacifying the realm—never resentful when dismissed, never shirking when employed—he had the bearing of a loyal minister through and through. Prince Chun the Worthy, honored as the emperor's biological kin, was diligent and cautious without break from first to last, forestalling in advance the Zhiping and Jiajing controversies—recorded in the official annals, his example far outshone anything in earlier ages. But when times shifted and Heaven began to afflict the dynasty, flesh-and-blood kin were entrusted with the weight of the realm—yet remained oblivious that the storm had already gathered; once loosed, the catastrophe could not be recalled. Was it Heaven's decree, or human failing? The dynasty vanished almost overnight—a lesson that those who come after would do well to heed.

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