1
釋加奴<sub>子</sub>李滿住李滿住<sub>孫</sub>完者禿猛哥不花<sub>子</sub>撒滿哈失里
Shi Jianu — Li Manzhu (son) — Wanzhetu (Li Manzhu's grandson) — Mengge Buhua — Samanhashili (son).
2
猛哥帖木兒猛哥帖木兒<sub>弟</sub>凡察<sub>子</sub>董山董山<sub>子</sub>脫羅脫羅<sub>子</sub>脫原保凡察<sub>子</sub>不花禿
Mengge Timur — Fancha (younger brother) — Dongshan (son) — Tuoluo (Dongshan's son) — Tuoyuanbao (Tuoluo's son) — Buhuatou (Fancha's son).
3
王杲王兀堂}}
Wang Gao; Wang Wutang.
4
阿哈出，遼東邊外女眞頭人。 太祖以建州衞起兵。 建州設衞，始永樂元年十一月辛丑，初爲指揮使者，阿哈出也，明賜姓名李誠善，所屬授千百戶、鎭撫，賜誥印、冠服、鈔幣有差。 三年十月，阿哈出朝於明。 六年三月，忽的河、法胡河、卓兒河、海剌河諸女眞頭人哈喇等朝於明，以其地屬建州衞，哈喇等授千百戶。 七年七月，阿哈出朝於明。
A Ha Chu was a Jurchen chieftain living beyond Liaodong's eastern frontier. The founding emperor rose in arms through the Jianzhou Guard. Jianzhou was made a guard in the eleventh month of Yongle 1 (1403); its first commander was A Ha Chu, whom the Ming ennobled as Li Chengshan. His followers received ranks as centurions, millenarians, and garrison commissioners, along with graded gifts of patents, seals, court dress, and paper money. In the tenth month of Yongle 3, A Ha Chu came to court. In the third month of Yongle 6, Jurchen leaders along the Hudie, Fahu, Zhuo'er, and Haila rivers—including Hala—paid court to the Ming. Their lands were annexed to Jianzhou, and they were given centurion and millenarian commissions. In the seventh month of Yongle 7, A Ha Chu again came to court.
5
阿哈出子二：釋加奴、猛哥不花。 八年，成祖親征出塞，釋加奴率所屬從戰有功。 八月乙卯，以釋加奴爲都指揮僉事，賜姓名李顯忠，所屬昝卜賜姓名張志義，阿剌失賜姓名李從善，可捏賜姓名郭以誠，皆爲正千戶。 九年九月，釋加奴舉猛哥不花爲毛憐衛指揮使。 初，永樂三年設毛憐衞，以頭人巴兒遜爲指揮使； 至是從釋加奴請，以命其弟。 十年，釋加奴等歲祲乏食，遼東都指揮巫凱以聞，成祖命發粟賑之。
A Ha Chu had two sons, Shi Jianu and Mengge Buhua. In Yongle 8 the Yongle Emperor led a personal campaign beyond the frontier; Shi Jianu brought his men and distinguished himself in battle. On the yimao day of the eighth month Shi Jianu was promoted to assistant regional commander and given the Chinese name Li Xianzhong. His followers Zanbu, Alashi, and Kenie received the names Zhang Zhiyi, Li Congshan, and Guo Yicheng and were all appointed senior centurions. In the ninth month of Yongle 9, Shi Jianu nominated his brother Mengge Buhua to command the Maolian Guard. The Maolian Guard had been founded in Yongle 3, with the chieftain Ba'ersun as its first commander; but now, at Shi Jianu's request, the command was transferred to his younger brother. In Yongle 10 famine left Shi Jianu and his people short of food. Liaodong commander Wu Kai reported the distress, and the Yongle Emperor ordered grain relief.
6
猛哥帖木兒者，亦女眞頭人，其弟曰凡察，與阿哈出父子並起，明析置建州左衞處之，以爲指揮使。 十一年十月，與釋加奴、猛哥不花同朝於明。 十四年，釋加奴、猛哥不花朝於明，爲所屬乞官。 十五年二月，猛哥不花朝於明。 十二月，釋加奴上言：「顏春頭人月兒速哥率其孥來歸，請屬於建州。」 釋加奴、猛哥不花、猛哥帖木兒屢爲所屬乞官。 十八年閏正月，成祖命無功不得乞官，賜敕戒諭之。 十九年十月，猛哥不花朝於明。 二十年正月，成祖親征出塞，猛哥不花率子弟及所屬從，賜弓矢、裘、馬。 二十二年三月，成祖復親征出塞，猛哥不花使所屬指揮僉事王吉從，成祖嘉賚之。 七月，成祖崩。
Mengge Timur was another Jurchen chieftain; his younger brother was Fancha. Rising alongside A Ha Chu's line, they were given their own Left Jianzhou Guard, with Mengge Timur as commander. In the tenth month of Yongle 11 he came to court with Shi Jianu and Mengge Buhua. In Yongle 14, Shi Jianu and Mengge Buhua came to court to seek commissions for their followers. In the second month of Yongle 15, Mengge Buhua came to court. In the twelfth month Shi Jianu memorialized: "The Yanchun chieftain Yue'ersuge has brought his family to submit; please attach them to Jianzhou." Shi Jianu, Mengge Buhua, and Mengge Timur kept petitioning for offices for their men. In the intercalary first month of Yongle 18 the Yongle Emperor ruled that offices could not be sought without merit, and sent an edict of warning. In the tenth month of Yongle 19, Mengge Buhua came to court. In the first month of Yongle 20, on another personal campaign beyond the frontier, Mengge Buhua followed with his kin and troops and received bows, furs, and horses as gifts. In the third month of Yongle 22, on yet another imperial campaign, Mengge Buhua sent his assistant commander Wang Ji; the emperor commended and rewarded him. In the seventh month the Yongle Emperor died.
7
宣德元年正月，猛哥不花、猛哥帖木兒朝於明。 是月壬子，進猛哥帖木兒爲都督僉事。 釋加奴已前卒，三月辛丑，以其子李滿住爲都督僉事。 九月丁巳，進猛哥不花爲中軍都督同知，仍掌毛憐衞。 二年二月，猛哥不花使貢馬，旋卒。 四月，命餼其孥。
In the first month of Xuande 1, Mengge Buhua and Mengge Timur came to court. That month, on a renzi day, Mengge Timur was promoted to assistant regional commissioner. Shi Jianu had died earlier; on the xinchou day of the third month his son Li Manzhu was appointed assistant regional commissioner. On the dingsi day of the ninth month Mengge Buhua was made vice commissioner of the Central Military Commission while retaining command of the Maolian Guard. In the second month of Xuande 2 he sent horses as tribute and soon afterward died. In the fourth month the court ordered provisions for his family.
8
猛哥不花子二：撒滿哈失里、官保奴。 撒滿哈失里蒙其祖阿哈出賜姓爲李氏，四年三月壬子，明以爲都督僉事。 五年三月，官保奴朝於明。 四月，李滿住上言求市於朝鮮，朝鮮不納，宣宗敕諭聽於遼東境上通市。 六年正月，釋加奴妻唐氏朝於明。 二月，撒滿哈失里朝於明。 七年二月，猛哥帖木兒使其弟凡察朝於明； 三月壬戌，明以爲都指揮僉事。
Mengge Buhua left two sons, Samanhashili and Guanbaonu. Samanhashili bore the Li surname granted to his grandfather A Ha Chu; on a renzi day in the third month of Xuande 4 the Ming appointed him assistant regional commissioner. In the third month of Xuande 5, Guanbaonu came to court. In the fourth month Li Manzhu asked permission to trade with Korea; when Korea refused, the Xuande Emperor directed that markets be opened on the Liaodong frontier instead. In the first month of Xuande 6, Shi Jianu's widow Lady Tang came to court. In the second month Samanhashili came to court. In the second month of Xuande 7, Mengge Timur sent his brother Fancha to court; and on a renxu day in the third month the Ming appointed him assistant regional commander.
9
八年二月庚戌，進猛哥帖木兒爲右都督，凡察都指揮使。 六月，撒滿哈失里朝於明。 是年，七姓野人木答忽等糾阿速江等衞頭人弗答哈等掠建州衛，殺左衞都督猛哥帖木兒及其子阿古，凡察告難於明。 會明使都指揮裴俊如斡木河，中途遇寇，凡察以所屬赴援，有功。 九年二月癸酉，進凡察都督僉事，掌衞事，敕諭木答忽等還所掠人、馬、貲財，且赦其罪。 是月，撒滿哈失里母金阿納失里朝於明。
On the gengxu day of the second month of Xuande 8, Mengge Timur was promoted to right regional commander and Fancha to regional commander. In the sixth month Samanhashili came to court. That year the Seven-clan wild Jurchens under Mudahu, with chiefs such as Fudaha of the Asujiang guard, raided Jianzhou and killed Left Guard commander Mengge Timur and his son Agu. Fancha reported the calamity to the Ming court. When Ming envoy Pei Jun was traveling to the Wumu River and met raiders on the way, Fancha brought his men to aid him and won merit. On a guiyou day in the second month of Xuande 9, Fancha was made assistant regional commissioner and put in charge of the guard. An edict commanded Mudahu and his allies to return captives, horses, and plunder and granted them pardon. That month Samanhashili's mother Jin'anashili came to court.
10
宣德十年正月，宣宗崩。 是月，李滿住、撒滿哈失里上言忽剌溫境內野人那列禿等掠所屬那顏寨，敕諭那列禿等還所掠人、馬、貲財，並以責弗答哈等。 四月，撒滿哈失里朝於明。 正統元年閏六月，李滿住使其子古納哈等朝於明，還遼東逃人，明英宗嘉其效誠，賜採緞、冠服； 並上章言忽剌溫野人相侵，乞徙居遼陽婆猪江，英宗命遼東總兵官巫凱計議安置，毋弛邊備，毋失夷情。 二年正月，凡察使所屬指揮同知李伍哈朝於明，上章言：「居鄰朝鮮，爲所困； 欲還建州，又爲所阻：乞朝命。」 英宗賜敕撫諭。 五月，撒滿哈失里朝於明，自陳原留京師自効。
In the first month of Xuande 10 the Xuande Emperor died. That month Li Manzhu and Samanhashili reported that Hurka tribesmen led by Nalietu had raided the Nayanzhai settlement. An edict ordered the return of captives and loot and rebuked Fudaha and his associates as well. In the fourth month Samanhashili came to court. In the intercalary sixth month of Zhengtong 1, Li Manzhu sent his son Gunaha and others to court, returning Liaodong fugitives. Emperor Yingzong commended their loyalty and gave figured silks and court robes; they also petitioned that Hurka raiders were pressing them and asked to move to the Pozhu River in Liaoyang. Yingzong told supreme commander Wu Kai to plan the resettlement without weakening the frontier or alienating the tribes. In the first month of Zhengtong 2, Fancha sent his commander Li Wuha to court with a memorial: "We live beside Korea and suffer their pressure; we wish to return to Jianzhou but are blocked again—we beg the court's command." Yingzong replied with a comforting edict. In the fifth month Samanhashili came to court and volunteered to stay in the capital in imperial service.
11
前，撒滿哈失里已進都督同知，英宗命仍掌毛憐衞事，賜敕遣之。 是時，李滿住掌建州衞，凡察掌建州左衞，與撒滿哈失里並奉職貢惟謹。 而故建州左衞都督猛哥帖木兒死七姓野人之難，子阿古殉焉，諸子董山、綽顏依凡察以居。 是年十一月，以董山爲本衞指揮使。 三年正月，凡察朝於明。 是月壬子，英宗賜以敕曰：「往者猛哥帖木兒死七姓野人之難，失其印，宣德間，別鑄印畀凡察。 董山上言舊印故在，而凡察復請留新印。 一衞二印無故事。 敕至，爾等協同署事，遣使上舊印。」 凡察、董山爭衞印自此始。 六月，李滿住使所屬指揮趙歹因哈上章，言：「自徙居婆猪江，屢爲朝鮮侵掠。 今復徙居竈突山東南渾河上，爲朝廷守邊圉，罔敢或違。」 別疏又言：「毛憐衞印爲指揮阿里所匿，請別鑄印畀撒滿哈失里。」 英宗不許，命撒滿哈失里奏事，附李滿住以達。
Samanhashili had already been promoted to vice regional commissioner; Yingzong ordered him to keep charge of the Maolian Guard, gave him an edict, and sent him home. At this time Li Manzhu held Jianzhou, Fancha held Left Jianzhou, and Samanhashili held Maolian; all three punctiliously performed duty and tribute. The former Left Jianzhou commander Mengge Timur had perished in the Seven-clan raid; his son Agu died with him, and his sons Dongshan and Chuoyan now lived under Fancha's care. In the eleventh month of that year Dongshan was appointed commander of the guard. In the first month of Zhengtong 3, Fancha came to court. That month, on a renzi day, Yingzong issued an edict: "When Mengge Timur fell in the Seven-clan disaster his seal was lost; in the Xuande era a new seal was cast for Fancha. Dongshan reported that the old seal still survived, while Fancha again asked to keep the new one. There is no precedent for two seals in one guard. When this edict arrives, administer affairs jointly and send the old seal up to the court. From this point Fancha and Dongshan began their struggle over the guard seal. In the sixth month Li Manzhu sent his commander Zhao Daiyinha with a memorial: "Since our move to the Pozhu River we have suffered repeated Korean raids. We now move again to the Hun River southeast of Zaotu Mountain to guard the frontier for the throne and would not dream of defying your will." A separate petition added: "Commander Ali has hidden the Maolian seal—please cast a new one for Samanhashili." Yingzong refused and directed Samanhashili to route his petitions through Li Manzhu.
12
四年四月，李滿住上言：「都督凡察、指揮童倉爲朝鮮所誘，叛去。」 童倉即董山，譯音異也。 英宗敕朝鮮國王李祹問狀，祹疏自明非誘。 英宗命凡察、童倉即居鏡城，復敕祹撫諭之。 五年四月，英宗以李滿住與福餘衞韃靼相侵盜，敕遼東總兵曹義備邊。 九月，朝鮮國王李祹上言凡察、童倉復逃還建州。 總兵曹義亦疏陳：「凡察等去鏡城，率叛軍馬哈剌等四十家至蘇子河，乏食。」 英宗敕義使編置三土河及婆猪江迤西冬古河兩界間，仍依李滿住以居，發粟賑之； 貰逃軍馬哈剌等，命還伍。 復諭祹使歸其種人留朝鮮境者。 是時，凡察以都督、董山以指揮同領建州左衞，其徙居鏡城復還。 六年正月戊午，進董山爲都督僉事。
In the fourth month of Zhengtong 4, Li Manzhu reported that regional commander Fancha and commander Tong Cang had been lured by Korea and had defected. Tong Cang and Dongshan are the same man; only the transcription differs. Yingzong ordered King Li Xiang of Korea to investigate; Li Xiang's memorial denied any enticement. Yingzong ordered Fancha and Tong Cang to stay in Gyeongseong and told Li Xiang to treat them well. In the fourth month of Zhengtong 5, with Li Manzhu and the Fuyu Guard Tatars raiding each other, Yingzong ordered supreme commander Cao Yi to ready the frontier. In the ninth month King Li Xiang reported that Fancha and Tong Cang had fled back to Jianzhou. Supreme commander Cao Yi also reported: "Fancha and his party left Gyeongseong with the deserter Mahala and forty households, reached the Suzi River, and are short of food." Yingzong told Yi to resettle them between the Santu and Donggu rivers west of the Pozhu River, still under Li Manzhu's authority, and to issue grain relief; Mahala and the other deserters were pardoned and ordered back to their ranks. Li Xiang was also told to send back any of their people still in Korea. Fancha now held the rank of regional commander and Dongshan that of commander, jointly leading Left Jianzhou after their sojourn in Gyeongseong and return. On the wuwu day of the first month of Zhengtong 6, Dongshan was promoted to assistant regional commissioner.
13
二月，朝鮮國王李祹上言：「凡察舊居鏡城阿木河，其兄猛哥帖木兒，臣祖授以萬戶，創公廨，與婢僕、衣糧、鞍馬，臣父又授以上將軍。 及死七姓野人之難，其子阿古殉焉，屋宇、貲產焚掠殆盡。 臣撫卹凡察，如先臣撫卹其兄。 近歲徙居東良，後乃潛逃，與李滿住同處。 此時臣不及知，安有追殺？ 或有留者，非懷土不去，則同類開諭而還，非臣阻之也。 李滿住昔居婆猪江，在臣國邊境。 鹽米醯醬隨其所索，時時給與。 後引忽剌溫劫掠臣邊不已。 今凡察與同惡，謀與忽剌溫等來侵。 請飭凡察等遄返舊居，庶小國邊民獲免寇盜。」 英宗敕祹謹爲備。 會凡察上言不敢爲非，敕遼東總兵曹義遣使諭之，並廉其情偽。
In the second month King Li Xiang memorialized: "Fancha once lived on the Amu River at Gyeongseong. His brother Mengge Timur received from my grandfather the rank of myriarch, a government compound, servants, provisions, and horses; my father later made him Senior General. When he died in the Seven-clan disaster his son Agu perished with him, and their houses and goods were nearly all burned and looted. I supported Fancha as my forebears had supported his brother. In recent years he moved to Dongliang, then slipped away and now lives with Li Manzhu. I learned of it only afterward—how could I have pursued and killed them? If any stayed behind, it was from attachment to the land or persuasion by their kin—not because I blocked their return. Li Manzhu once lived on the Pozhu River along our border. We supplied salt, grain, vinegar, and sauce whenever they asked. Later he brought Hurka raiders to harry our frontier again and again. Now Fancha joins his malice and plots with the Hurka to invade us. Please order Fancha and his party to return at once to their old homes, so our border people may be spared raids. Yingzong told Li Xiang to stand ready on his guard. When Fancha memorialized that he would not misbehave, Yingzong ordered supreme commander Cao Yi to send envoys to warn him and ascertain the truth.
14
凡察、董山爭衞印數年而不決。 七年二月甲辰，英宗用總兵官曹義議，析置建州右衞，凡察、董山皆進都督同知，董山以舊印掌左衞，凡察以新印掌右衞，敕分領所屬，守法安業，毋事爭鬭。 董山、凡察及李滿住各爲所屬乞官，皆許之。 自是，歲有干請。 久次，乞進秩； 物故，乞襲職，以爲常。 撒滿哈失里朝於明。 三月丁丑，進右都督，別鑄毛憐衞印畀之。 五月，英宗以凡察等屢言朝鮮留其部眾，使錦衣衞指揮僉事吳良齎敕往勘。 凡察所索童哈阿里等，居朝鮮久，受職事，守丘墓，皆自陳不願還，而以十人還李滿住。 八年十月，李滿住使報兀良哈將入寇，英宗命僉都御史王翱勒兵爲備。 九年正月，李滿住等上言指揮郎克苦等還自朝鮮，乞賑，英宗命發粟賑之。 十二月，董山、凡察朝於明。 十年正月，撒滿哈失里朝於明。 十一年二月，以董山弟綽顏爲副千戶。 十二年正月，進李滿住爲都督同知。 六月，以聞瓦剌將寇邊，敕建州三衞李滿住、董山、凡察等使爲備。 十三年正月，復敕戒李滿住等毋為北虜誘。 十二月，董山、凡察朝於明。 十四年，凡察妻朶兒眞索朝於明，進皇太后塔納珠二顆，賚以紵絲表裏。 既而額森入寇，建州三衞亦屢犯邊。 景泰中，王翱巡撫遠東，使招諭，復叩關。
Fancha and Dongshan's fight over the guard seal dragged on unresolved for years. On a jiachen day in the second month of Zhengtong 7, Yingzong followed Cao Yi's advice and split off Right Jianzhou. Fancha and Dongshan were both promoted to vice regional commissioner: Dongshan kept the old seal for Left Jianzhou, Fancha the new seal for Right Jianzhou. They were told to divide their followers, keep the peace, and cease fighting. Dongshan, Fancha, and Li Manzhu all petitioned for commissions for their men, and all were approved. From then on they petitioned every year. After long stays at court they sought promotion; When a man died, his heirs petitioned to inherit his post, and this became routine. Samanhashili came to court. On a dingchou day in the third month he was promoted to right regional commander and given a newly cast Maolian seal. In the fifth month, after Fancha and others repeatedly complained that Korea was holding their people, Yingzong sent Jinyi Guard officer Wu Liang with an edict to investigate. Those Fancha wanted—men such as Tongha Ali—had lived in Korea for years, held offices there, and tended graves; they all said they would not return, and only ten men were sent back to Li Manzhu. In the tenth month of Zhengtong 8, an envoy from Li Manzhu warned that the Uriankhai were preparing to raid. Yingzong ordered Vice Censor-in-Chief Wang Ao to mobilize troops on the frontier. In the first month of Zhengtong 9, Li Manzhu and others reported that Commander Langkeku and his party had come back from Korea and needed relief. Yingzong ordered grain distributed to them. In the twelfth month Dongshan and Fancha came to court. In the first month of Zhengtong 10, Samanhashili came to court. In the second month of Zhengtong 11, Dongshan's brother Chuoyan was appointed deputy chiliarch. In the first month of Zhengtong 12, Li Manzhu was promoted to vice regional commissioner. In the sixth month, after word that the Oirats would strike the frontier, the court ordered Li Manzhu, Dongshan, Fancha, and the other Jianzhou Three Guard leaders to ready their defenses. In the first month of Zhengtong 13, the court again warned Li Manzhu and his fellows not to let the northern enemies draw them in. In the twelfth month Dongshan and Fancha again came to court. In Zhengtong 14, Fancha's wife Duorerzhen Suo came to court, offered the empress dowager two tanazhu pearls, and received lined ramie robes in return. Soon afterward Esen launched his invasion, and the Jianzhou Three Guards raided the frontier again and again. In the Jingtai years Wang Ao, as grand coordinator of the far northeast, sent men to win them back, and they resumed coming to the frontier gates.
15
天順二年正月，李滿住朝於明。 二月，進董山右都督。 時董山陰附朝鮮，朝鮮授以中樞密使。 巡撫遼東都御史程信詗得其制書以聞，英宗使詰朝鮮及董山，皆慴服，貢馬謝。 五年十二月，朝鮮國王李瑈上言：「建州眾夜至義州江，殺並江收禾民，掠男婦、牛馬。」 下兵部議，以爲朝鮮嘗誘殺毛憐衞都督郎卜兒哈，致寇乃自取，置勿問。 八年春正月，英宗崩。
In the first month of Tianshun 2, Li Manzhu came to court. In the second month Dongshan was promoted to right regional commander. Meanwhile Dongshan had been dealing secretly with Korea, which had made him a Central Secretariat commissioner. Liaodong grand coordinator Cheng Xin investigated, seized Dongshan's Korean commission, and reported it. Yingzong summoned Korea and Dongshan to account; both submitted in fear and sent horses in apology. In the twelfth month of Tianshun 5, King Li Rui of Korea reported: "Jianzhou raiders came by night to the Yizhou River, killed farmers gathering the harvest along the banks, and seized men, women, cattle, and horses." The Ministry of War reviewed the complaint and ruled that Korea had once lured and killed Maolian commander Langboerha, so these raids were of its own making; no action was taken. In the first month of spring in Tianshun 8, Yingzong died.
16
成化元年正月，董山朝於明，自陳防邊有勞，乞進秩。 憲宗不許，賜以採緞。 十月，整飭邊備。 左都御史李秉上言：「建州、毛憐、海西諸部落入貢，邊臣驗方物，貂必純黑，馬必肥大，否則拒不納。 今諸部落結福餘三衞屢犯邊，貢使至，使者不宜過持擇，召邊釁。」 憲宗命從之。 二年十一月，秉上言：「毛憐諸衞犯邊，官兵擊破之。」 十二月，復入犯，總兵武安侯鄭宏戰敗。
In the first month of Chenghua 1, Dongshan came to court, claimed credit for frontier defense, and asked for promotion. Xianzong refused the promotion and gave him figured satin instead. In the tenth month the court reorganized frontier defenses. Left Censor-in-Chief Li Bing reported: "When Jianzhou, Maolian, and Haixi tribes bring tribute, frontier officials inspect the goods—sables must be jet black and horses stout, or the gifts are rejected. Now those tribes have allied with the Fuyu Three Guards in repeated raids. When tribute missions arrive, officials should not be so exacting—that only invites trouble on the frontier." Xianzong approved the recommendation. In the eleventh month of Chenghua 2, Li Bing reported: "Maolian guards had raided the frontier and government troops had beaten them back." In the twelfth month they struck again, and supreme commander Zheng Hong, Marquis of Wu'an, was defeated.
17
三年正月，秉上言：「董山歸所掠邊人，請贖俘。」 憲宗敕獎董山，因戒責建州、毛憐諸衞，旋使錦衣衞署都督僉事武忠將命撫諭。 是月，海西、建州諸衞復入鴉鶻關，都指揮鄧佐禦諸雙嶺，中伏死，副總兵施英不能救。 三月，復入連山關，掠開原、撫順，窺鐵嶺、寧遠、廣寧。 及忠至，董山等受撫。 四月，偕李古納哈等朝於明，憲宗使集闕下，宣詔赦其罪，董山等頓首聽命。
In the first month of Chenghua 3, Li Bing reported: "Dongshan has returned the frontier people he took and asks to ransom his prisoners. Xianzong praised Dongshan in an edict, rebuked the Jianzhou and Maolian guards, and soon dispatched Jinyi Guard officer Wu Zhong to pacify them. That month Haixi and Jianzhou forces again broke through Yahuguan. Regional commander Deng Zuo met them at Shuangling, was ambushed and killed, and deputy commander Shi Ying could not save him. In the third month they broke through Lianshan Pass again, raided Kaiyuan and Fushun, and probed toward Tieling, Ningyuan, and Guangning. Once Wu Zhong arrived, Dongshan and his party submitted to pacification. In the fourth month Dongshan came to court with Li Gunaha and others. Xianzong assembled them below the palace, proclaimed a pardon, and they kowtowed in submission.
18
五月己丑，復以左都御史李秉提督軍務，武靖伯趙輔佩靖虜將軍印，充總兵官，發兵討建州，而董山等留京師，會賜宴，其從者語嫚，奪庖人銅牌，事聞，有詔切責； 既而，予馬值、賚綵幣如故事。 董山、李古納哈乞蟒衣、玉帶、金頂帽、銀酒器，憲宗命增賜衣、帽，人一具。 董山又言指揮可昆等五人有勞，乞賜，憲宗命賜衣，人一襲。 董山等辭歸，鴻臚寺通事署丞王忠奏：「董山等罵坐不敬，貪求無厭，揚言歸且復叛，請遣官防送。」 憲宗命禮部遣行人護行，復賜敕戒諭。 董山等既行，憲宗復用禮部主事高岡議，命趙輔縶董山塞上。 輔留董山等廣寧，令遣使戒所屬毋更盜邊。 七月庚申，輔召董山等聽宣敕，未畢，董山等爲嫚語，袖出刃刺譯者，吏士格鬭，殺董山等二十六人。 憲宗命發兵益秉、輔東征，敕安撫毛憐、海西諸衞，示專討建州。 九月，分道出師：左軍渡渾河，越石門，至分水嶺； 右軍度鴉鶻關，踰鳳凰城、摩天嶺，至婆猪江； 中軍下撫順，經薄刀山，過五嶺，渡蘇子河，至虎城。 攻破張打必納、戴咬納、朗家、嘹哈諸寨，四戰皆捷。 十月，師還。 秉上疏請增兵戍遼陽，於鳳凰山、鴉鶻關、撫順、奉集、通遠諸路，度地築城堡，選將吏習邊事者鎭開原，憲宗悉從之。
On a jichou day in the fifth month Li Bing was again put in charge of military affairs, Zhao Fu was given the Pacify-Barbarians seal as supreme commander, and an expedition was launched against Jianzhou. Dongshan and his party stayed in the capital; at a court feast their followers were insolent and seized a cook's bronze tally. When word reached the throne, Xianzong rebuked them sharply; they were then given horse compensation and silks as usual. Dongshan and Li Gunaha asked for python robes, jade belts, gold-topped caps, and silver wine sets. Xianzong added robes and caps—one set for each man. Dongshan also said that Commander Kokun and four others had served well and deserved rewards. Xianzong gave each of the five a robe. As Dongshan and his party prepared to leave, Honglu Temple clerk Wang Zhong reported: "Dongshan and his men insulted their hosts at the feast, demanded gifts without end, and boasted they would rebel again once home. I ask that officials escort them under guard. Xianzong ordered the Ministry of Rites to send an escort and issued another admonishing edict. After Dongshan and his party had left, Xianzong took up a proposal from Ministry of Rites clerk Gao Gang and ordered Zhao Fu to seize Dongshan on the frontier. Zhao Fu held Dongshan and his men at Guangning and told them to send word to their followers not to raid the frontier again. On a gengshen day in the seventh month Zhao Fu summoned Dongshan and his party to hear an edict. Before the reading ended they grew abusive, pulled hidden blades, and stabbed the interpreter. In the brawl that followed Dongshan and twenty-six of his men were killed. Xianzong reinforced Li Bing and Zhao Fu for the eastern campaign, pacified the Maolian and Haixi guards by edict, and made clear that only Jianzhou was the target. In the ninth month the army advanced in three columns: the left wing crossed the Hun River, passed Shimen, and reached the Watershed Ridge; the right wing went through Yahuguan, crossed Fenghuangcheng and Motian Ridge, and reached the Pozhu River; The center column marched down on Fushun, crossed Boqian Mountain and the Five Ridges, forded the Suzi River, and came to Hucheng. They overran the stockades at Zhangdabina, Daiyaona, Langjia, and Liaoha, winning every one of four engagements. In the tenth month the army withdrew. Bing submitted a memorial asking for more troops in Liaoyang, forts built at key points from Fenghuangshan to Tongyuan, and seasoned frontier officers posted at Kaiyuan; Xianzong agreed to everything.
19
四年正月，朝鮮國王李瑈上言，遣中樞府知事康純等將兵征建州，渡鴨綠、潑猪<ref>疑同“婆猪江”</ref>二江，破兀獮府諸寨，擒李滿住及其子古納哈等，多所俘馘，使獻俘。
In the first month of the fourth year King Li Rui of Korea reported that he had sent Kang Chun and other officials with an army against Jianzhou. They crossed the Yalu and Poju rivers, overran the Wunai stockades, seized Li Manzhu, Gunaha, and many others, and forwarded prisoners for presentation at court.
20
自阿哈出始領建州衞，傳其子釋加奴及孫李滿住。 析左衛，猛哥帖木兒領之，死，而弟凡察代。 既復傳其子董山； 析右衛，移凡察領之。 其入邊爲亂，董山爲之渠。 明既殺董山，朝鮮亦破李滿住，其子古納哈同死，他子都喜亦的哈，後不著。 凡察正統後不復見，當已前死。 其子不花禿不與董山之亂，獨全。 他子阿哈答嘗朝於明，爭賜幣不及例。 五年六月，建州左衞都指揮佟那和劄等上章，爲董山子脫羅等、李古納哈子完者禿乞官。 兵部請進止，憲宗命授脫羅都指揮同知、完者禿都指揮僉事。 自是，凡從董山爲亂者，其子姓降一等，仍襲職。
Ahaochu was the first to head the Jianzhou Guard; the line passed to his son Shijianu and then to his grandson Li Manzhu. When the left guard was carved out, Mengge Temür took command; after his death his younger brother Fancha replaced him. The post then passed to his son Dongshan. The right guard was split off and Fancha was moved to command it. When they crossed the frontier to make war, Dongshan led them. After the Ming killed Dongshan, Korea crushed Li Manzhu; Gunaha died with his father, and another son, Duxiyedih, drops from the record thereafter. Fancha never appears again after the Zhengtong era and had presumably died before then. His son Buhuatou took no part in Dongshan's revolt and alone came through unscathed. Another son, Ahada, once came to the Ming court and quarreled over his gifts, claiming they fell short of precedent. In the sixth month of the fifth year Tongnaheza, regional commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard, and others petitioned for offices for Tuoluo, son of Dongshan, and Wanzhetu, son of Li Gunaha. The Ministry of War asked for a decision; Xianzong appointed Tuoluo assistant regional commander and Wanzhetu regional vice-commander. Henceforth the descendants of everyone who had joined Dongshan's revolt were lowered one rank but still permitted to inherit their posts.
21
六年正月，建州三衞頭人沙加保等三百餘人朝於明，憲宗敕示威德，俾復奉朝貢。 居數年，太監汪直擅政，欲以邊功自重，巡撫遼東右副都御史陳鉞阿直意。 十三年十二月，上章言建州三衞爲邊患，請聲罪致討。 十四年六月，命兵部侍郎馬文升及鉞會議招撫，文升上言：「建州左、右二衞掌印都指揮脫羅、卜花禿等一百九十五人，建州衞掌印都指揮完者禿等二十七人，先后應命。」 宣敕撫慰，遺還。 卜花禿即不花禿，凡察子也。 九年十二月、十一年正月，再入朝，至是同受招撫。
In the first month of the sixth year over three hundred Jianzhou leaders led by Shajiabao came to court; Xianzong's edict showed both power and mercy and bade them resume tribute. Some years later the eunuch Wang Zhi dominated the government and sought to magnify himself with border victories; Chen Yue, grand coordinator of Liaodong, flattered his designs. In the twelfth month of the thirteenth year he memorialized that the three Jianzhou guards were ravaging the frontier and asked leave to proclaim their crimes and attack. In the sixth month of the fourteenth year Ma Wensheng, vice minister of war, and Chen Yue were told to discuss pacification. Wensheng reported that 195 seal-holders of the left and right guards, including Tuoluo and Bohuatou, and 27 of the central guard, including Wanzhetu, had already come when summoned. An edict of reassurance was read aloud and they were sent home. The Bohuatou named in the memorial is Buhuatou, Fancha's son. They had come to court again in the twelfth month of the ninth year and the first month of the eleventh; now at last they were all brought under the same pacification.
22
尋復命直詣遼東處置邊務，直至邊，鉞復請用兵。 十五年十月，命直監督軍務，撫寧侯朱永佩靖虜將印充總兵官，鉞參贊軍務，討建州三衞，並敕朝鮮國王李娎<ref>“娎”，折下女，讀xiào。 </ref>發兵夾擊。 十一月，永等分道出撫順關，建州人拒守，縱擊破之，有所俘馘。 師還，永等受上賞。 十六年六月，建州復寇邊。 巡按遼東御史強珍疏論鉞等啟釁冒功，下吏議。 汪直憾珍，劾珍欺罔，逮治，謫戍。 鉞尋罷去。 十八年，直亦得罪，建州三衞奉朝貢如故。
Zhi was soon sent back to Liaodong to handle frontier affairs; once he arrived, Chen Yue again pressed for war. In the tenth month of the fifteenth year Wang Zhi was put in charge of the campaign; Zhu Yong, Marquis of Funing, bore the Pacification-of-Barbarians seal as commander-in-chief with Chen Yue as his deputy, to strike the three Jianzhou guards; the court also ordered King Li Xiao of Korea to march out and attack from the other side. In the eleventh month Yong's columns issued from Fushun Pass; the Jianzhou tribesmen stood their ground but were overrun in a charge, with captives and heads taken. The army withdrew and Yong and his colleagues were richly rewarded. In the sixth month of the sixteenth year Jianzhou raided the frontier again. The touring censor Qiang Zhen accused Chen Yue and his allies of provoking the border war and stealing credit; the matter was handed to the judiciary. Wang Zhi, nursing a grudge, impeached Zhen for fraud, had him arrested, and sent him into exile on the frontier. Chen Yue was soon removed from office. In the eighteenth year Wang Zhi too was ruined, yet the three Jianzhou guards resumed tribute as of old.
23
弘治初，脫羅、完者禿皆進都督。 孝宗之世，脫羅三朝，完者禿五朝，明賜完者禿大帽、金帶。 正德元年，脫羅卒，以其子脫原保襲都督僉事。 二年四月，卜花禿卒，賜祭。 武宗之世，脫原保三朝。
At the opening of the Hongzhi era both Tuoluo and Wanzhetu were promoted to regional commander. Under Xiaozong, Tuoluo presented himself at court three times and Wanzhetu five; the Ming gave Wanzhetu a state cap and gold belt. In the first year of Zhengde Tuoluo died and his son Tuoyuanbao succeeded him as vice regional commander. In the fourth month of the second year Bohuatou died and the court sent funeral offerings. Under Wuzong, Tuoyuanbao came to court three times.
24
嘉靖閒，建州衞都督方巾，左衞都督章成、古魯哥，右衞都督阿剌哈、眞哥、騰力革輩，見於明實錄，皆不知其世。 蓋自李滿住死，復傳其孫完者禿。 阿哈出之後，可紀者四世。 其別子猛哥不花領毛憐衞，傳子撒滿哈失里<ref>“撒滿哈失里”，中華書局版此處作“撒滿答失里”，誤。 </ref>，後不著。 董山死，傳其子脫羅及孫脫原保。 猛哥帖木兒之後，可紀者三世。 其弟凡察傳子不花禿，後不著。 迨嘉靖季年，王杲強，而阿哈出、猛哥帖木兒之族不復見。
In the Jiajing era the Veritable Records mention regional commanders such as Fangjin of the central guard, Zhang Cheng and Guluge of the left, and Alaha, Zhenge, and Tenglige of the right—but their lineages are nowhere traced. After Li Manzhu's death the line evidently passed to his grandson Wanzhetu. Four generations after Ahaochu can be traced in the record. A son by another wife, Mengge Buhua, headed the Maolian Guard and passed it to Samanhashili ; after that the line vanishes from the text. When Dongshan died the post went to his son Tuoluo and then to his grandson Tuoyuanbao. Three generations after Mengge Temür can be traced. Fancha, his younger brother, passed the line to Buhuatou, who then drops from the record. By the late Jiajing reign Wang Gao had grown formidable, and the houses of Ahaochu and Mengge Temür had disappeared from view.
25
王杲，不知其種族。 生而黠慧，通番、漢語言文字，尤精日者術。 嘉靖間，爲建州右衞都指揮使，屢盜邊。 三十六年十月，窺撫順，殺守備彭文洙，遂益恣掠東州、會安、一堵牆諸堡無虛歲。 四十一年五月，副總兵黑春帥師深入，王杲誘致春，設伏媳婦山，生得春，磔之，遂犯遼陽，劫孤山，略撫順、湯站，前後殺指揮王國柱、陳其孚、戴冕、王重爵、楊五美，把總溫欒、于欒、王守廉、田耕、劉一鳴等，凡數十輩。 當事議絕貢市，發兵剿，尋又請貸，杲不爲悛。 隆慶末，建州哈哈納等三十人款塞請降，邊吏納焉。 王杲走開原索之，勿予，乃勒千餘騎犯清河。 游擊將軍曹簠伏道左，突起，斬五級，王杲遁走。
Of Wang Gao's tribal origin nothing is known. He was clever from childhood, fluent in tribal tongues and written Chinese, and above all a master of calendrical arts. In the Jiajing era he held the post of regional commander of the Jianzhou Right Guard and raided the frontier again and again. In the tenth month of his thirty-sixth year he probed Fushun and killed Garrison Commander Peng Wenzhu; from then on he raided Dongzhou, Huian, Yiduqiang, and neighboring forts nearly every year. In the fifth month of the forty-first year Vice Regional Commander Hei Chun marched deep into the hills; Wang Gao drew him in, ambushed him at Bride Hill, took him alive, and executed him by dismemberment. He then struck Liaoyang, looted Gushan, and overran Fushun and Tangzhan, killing Commanders Wang Guozhu, Chen Qifu, Dai Mian, Wang Chongjue, and Yang Wumei and Platoon Leaders Wen Luan, Yu Luan, Wang Shoulian, Tian Geng, Liu Yiming, and dozens besides. The court debated ending the tribute trade and dispatching punitive columns, then wavered and pleaded for clemency—but Gao showed no remorse. Late in the Longqing reign thirty Jianzhou tribesmen led by Hahana presented themselves at the pass to surrender, and the border officials took them in. Wang Gao rode to Kaiyuan to demand their return; when the garrison refused, he gathered a thousand horsemen and struck Qinghe. Mobile Commander Cao Dai lay in ambush beside the road, sprang up, and took five heads; Wang Gao fled.
26
故事，當開市，守備坐聽事，諸部酋長以次序立堂上，奉土產，乃驗馬； 馬即羸且跛，竝予善值，饜其欲乃已。 王杲尤桀驁，攫酒飲，至醉，使酒箕踞罵坐。 六年，守備賈汝翼初上，爲亢厲，抑諸酋長立階下，諸酋長爭非故事，盡階進一等。 汝翼怒，抵几叱之，視戲下箠不下者十餘人，驗馬必肥壯。 王杲鞅鞅引去，椎牛約諸部，殺掠塞上。 是時，哈達王台方強，諸部奉約束，邊將檄使諭王杲。 王杲訟言汝翼摧抑狀，巡撫遼東都御史張學顏以聞，下兵部議，令遼東鎭撫宣諭，示以恩威。 於是王台以千騎入建州寨，令王杲歸所掠人馬，盟於撫順關下而罷。 學顏復以聞，賚王台銀幣。
By custom, when the frontier market opened the garrison commander presided from the hall while chiefs of the various tribes lined the dais in turn, offered native goods, and only then submitted their horses for inspection; Even scrawny, lame beasts fetched top prices; the traders did not leave until every demand was satisfied. Wang Gao was the worst of them—seizing wine, drinking himself blind, then sprawling drunk upon the dais to revile the officials. In the sixth year the new garrison commander Jia Ruyi took a harsh line and forced the chiefs down to the steps; they protested that this broke custom and crowded one step higher. Ruyi slammed the table and berated them; more than a dozen who refused to descend he treated with contempt, and he would accept only fat, sturdy horses. Wang Gao stalked off in a fury, sacrificed an ox to rally the tribes, and launched raids along the frontier. Wang Tai of Hada now held the tribes in check, and the border command sent envoys to warn Wang Gao. Wang Gao petitioned over Ruyi's humiliations; Grand Coordinator Zhang Xueyan reported the affair to court; the Ministry of War ordered the Liaodong command to lecture him with both carrot and stick. Wang Tai then rode a thousand men into the Jianzhou camps, forced Wang Gao to return captives and livestock, and sealed the peace beneath Fushun Pass. Xueyan memorialized again and the court rewarded Wang Tai with silver and silks.
27
萬曆二年七月，建州奈兒禿等四人款寨請降，來力紅追亡至塞上，守備裴承祖勿予，追者縱騎掠行夜者五人以去。 承祖檄召來力紅令還所掠，亦勿予。 是時王杲方入貢，馬二百匹、方物三十馱，休傳舍。 承祖度王杲必不能棄輜重而修怨於我，乃率三百騎走來力紅寨，諸部圍之，未敢動。 王杲聞耗驚，馳歸，與來力紅入謁承祖，而諸部圍益眾。 王杲曰：「將軍幸毋畏，倉卒聞將軍至，皆匍匐願望見。」 承祖知其詐，呼左右急兵之，擊殺數十人，諸部皆前鬭，殺傷相當。 來力紅執承祖及把總劉承奕、百戶劉仲文，殺之。 於是學顏奏絕王杲貢市。 邊將復檄王台使捕王杲及來力紅。 王台送王杲所掠塞上士卒，及其種人殺漢官者。
In the seventh month of Wanli 2 four Jianzhou men led by Naierdu asked to surrender at the stockade; Lailihong pursued fugitives to the border; Commander Pei Chengzu refused to hand them over, and the pursuers swept up five night travelers. Chengzu summoned Lailihong by dispatch to return the captives; again Pei refused. Wang Gao was then at court with tribute—two hundred horses and thirty loads of gifts—lodged at the courier station. Pei reckoned Wang Gao would not abandon his tribute train to feud with the Ming, led three hundred horse to Lailihong's camp, and found the tribes encircling him yet hesitant to strike. Alarmed by the news, Wang Gao galloped back with Lailihong to greet Pei, even as more tribes closed the ring. Wang Gao said, "General, have no fear—these men heard you were coming and prostrated themselves in haste, eager only to see you. Pei saw through the ruse, ordered his men to attack at once, and killed dozens; the tribes closed in and the casualties mounted on both sides. Lailihong seized Pei, Platoon Leader Liu Chengyi, and Company Chief Liu Zhongwen, and put them to death. Xueyan then memorialized to terminate Wang Gao's tribute trade. The frontier command again ordered Wang Tai to seize Wang Gao and Lailihong. Wang Tai delivered soldiers Wang Gao had taken from the garrisons and tribesmen who had killed Ming officers.
28
王杲以貢市絕，部眾坐困，遂糾土默特、泰寧諸部，圖大舉犯遼、瀋。 總兵李成梁屯瀋陽分部諸將：楊騰駐鄧良屯，王維屏駐馬根單，曹簠馳大衝挑戰。 王杲以諸部三千騎入五味子衝，明軍四面起，諸部兵悉走保王杲寨。 王杲寨阻險，城堅塹深，謂明軍不能攻。 成梁計諸部方聚處，可坐縛。 十月，勒諸軍具礮石<ref>“礮”，同“砲”。 </ref>、火器疾走圍王杲寨，斧其栅數重。 王杲拒守，成梁益揮諸將冒矢石陷堅先登。 王杲以三百人登臺射明軍，明軍縱火，屋廬、芻茭悉焚，烟蔽天，諸部大潰。 明軍縱擊，得一千一百四級。 往時剖承祖腹及殺承奕者皆就馘，王杲遁走。 明軍車騎六萬，殺掠人畜殆盡。
Cut off from trade, Wang Gao's followers languished; he gathered the Tümed, Taining, and other tribes for a major strike at Liaodong and Shenyang. Regional Commander Li Chengliang held Shenyang and fanned out his officers—Yang Teng at Dengliangtun, Wang Weiping at Magendan, Cao Dai riding to Dachong to offer battle. Wang Gao led three thousand horse into Wuzichen Pass; Ming columns rose on every side and the tribes fell back to his stockade. His fortress stood in rugged terrain behind stout walls and deep ditches, and he judged the Ming army could not take it. Chengliang reckoned that with the tribes massed in one place he could take them without a prolonged siege. In the tenth month he ordered his troops to ready cannon stones and firearms, rushed to encircle Wang Gao's stockade, and hewed through several rings of palisades. Wang Gao held out; Chengliang drove his generals through arrow and shot to breach the walls and lead the ascent. Wang Gao manned a tower with three hundred archers; the Ming torched the houses and fodder stacks until smoke blotted the sky and the tribes broke in rout. The Ming pressed the pursuit and claimed 1,104 enemy heads. Those who had disemboweled Pei and slain Liu Chengyi were beheaded in turn; Wang Gao escaped. Sixty thousand Ming horse and cart swept the region, slaughtering men and beasts nearly to extinction.
29
三年二月，王杲復出，謀集餘眾犯邊，復爲明軍所圍。 王杲以蟒褂、紅甲授所親阿哈納，陽爲王杲突圍走，明軍追之。 王杲以故得脫，走重古路，將往依泰寧衞速把亥。 明軍購王杲急，王杲不敢北走，假道於王台。 邊吏檄捕送。 七月，王台率子虎兒罕赤縛王杲以獻，檻車致闕下，磔於市。 王杲嘗以日者術自推出亡不即死，竟不驗。 妻孥二十七人爲王台所得，其子阿台脫去。 阿台妻，清景祖女孫也。
In the second month of the third year Wang Gao reappeared, mustering survivors for another border raid, only to be encircled again. He dressed his trusted follower Ahana in his python robe and crimson armor, sent him out as a decoy, and the Ming gave chase. Thus he slipped free, fled toward Chonggulu, and meant to seek refuge with Subahei of the Taining Guard. With the Ming offering a rich bounty, Wang Gao dared not flee north and instead begged passage through Wang Tai's territory. The frontier command issued orders for his capture and delivery. In the seventh month Wang Tai and his son Hutuerhanchi bound Wang Gao and sent him in a prison cart to the capital, where he was executed by dismemberment in the marketplace. Wang Gao had once read the calendars and persuaded himself that flight would not bring swift death—the prophecy failed him. Wang Tai took twenty-seven wives and children; only his son Atai got away. Atai's wife was a granddaughter of the Qing founding lord Jingzu.
30
王台卒，阿台思報怨，因誘葉赫楊吉砮等侵虎兒罕赤。 總督吳兌遣守備霍九皋諭阿台，不聽。 李成梁率師禦之曹子谷、大梨樹佃，大破之，斬一千五百六十三級。 四年<ref>按阿台於萬曆四年尚依萬子虎兒罕，應不能擅出兵盜邊。 查勘其他文獻，此時應爲萬曆十一年。 </ref>春正月，阿台復盜邊，自靜遠堡九臺入，既又自榆林堡入至渾河，既又自長勇堡入薄渾河東岸，又糾土蠻謀分掠廣寧、開原、遼河。 阿台居古勒寨，其黨毛憐衞頭人阿海居莽子寨，兩寨相與爲犄角。 成梁使裨將胡鸞備河東，孫守廉備河西，親帥師自撫順王剛台出寨，攻古勒寨，寨陡峻，三面壁立，壕塹甚設。 成梁麾諸軍火攻兩晝夜，射阿台，殪。 別將秦得倚已先破莽子寨，殺阿海，斬二千二百二十二級。 清景祖、顯祖皆及於難。 語詳太祖紀。
After Wang Tai's death Atai sought revenge and incited Yang Jinu of Yehe and others to attack Hutuerhanchi. Grand Coordinator Wu Dui sent Commander Huo Jiugao to reason with Atai, but he refused to listen. Li Chengliang met them at Caozigu and Dalishutian, shattered their force, and took 1,563 heads. "The fourth year" [Editorial note: In Wanli 4 Atai still depended on Hutuerhanchi and could hardly have raided on his own authority; cross-checking other sources shows the date should be Wanli 11.] In the first month of spring Atai raided again—from Jiutai at Jingyuan Fort, then from Yulin Fort to the Hun River, then from Changyong Fort along the east bank of the Hun—and enlisted the Tumen for a split assault on Guangning, Kaiyuan, and the Liaoyang frontier. Atai held Gule Stockade while his ally Ah Hai of the Maolian Guard held Mangzi Stockade; the two camps supported each other like horns on a beast. Chengliang posted Adjutant Hu Luan on the east bank of the river and Sun Shoulian on the west, then marched from Wanggangtai at Fushun to assault Gule Stockade—a fortress steep on three cliff faces with deep moats and ditches. Chengliang ordered two days and nights of fire assault, shot Atai, and killed him. Adjutant Qin Deyi had already stormed Mangzi Stockade, killed Ah Hai, and taken 2,222 heads. Both the Qing founding lords Jingzu and Xianzu were caught up in the disaster. The full story is told in the Annals of Taizu.
31
同時又有王兀堂，亦不知其種族，所居寨距靉陽二百五十里，靉陽故通市。 王兀堂初起，奉約束惟謹。 萬曆三年，李成梁策徙孤山、險山諸堡，拓境數百里，斷諸部窺塞道。 王杲既擒，張學顏行邊，王兀堂率諸部酋環跪馬前，謂徙堡塞道，不便行獵，請得納質子，通市易鹽、布。 學顏以請，神宗許之。 開原、撫順、清河、靉陽、寬奠通布市自此始。
About the same time there arose Wang Wutang—another man of unknown tribe whose stockade stood two hundred fifty li from Aiyang, a town that had long traded with the frontier. At first Wang Wutang kept the peace punctiliously. In Wanli 3 Li Chengliang relocated the Gushan and Xianshan garrisons, pushed the frontier forward by hundreds of li, and blocked the tribes' routes toward the passes. After Wang Gao's capture Zhang Xueyan toured the frontier; Wang Wutang and his chiefs knelt in a ring about his horse, protesting that the relocated forts blocked hunting routes and asking leave to send hostages and reopen trade in salt and cloth. Xueyan memorialized the request and Shenzong approved. From that point cloth markets opened at Kaiyuan, Fushun, Qinghe, Aiyang, and Kuandian.
32
當是時，東方諸部落，自撫順、開原而北屬海西，王台制之； 自清河而南抵鴨綠江屬建州，王兀堂制之：頗守法。 已，漸竊掠東州、會安堡。 七年七月，開市寬奠，參將徐國輔縱其弟若僕減直強鬻參，毆種人以回易至者幾斃，諸部皆忿，數掠寬奠、永奠、新奠諸堡。 他酋佟馬兒等牧松子嶺，闌入林剛谷。 巡撫都御史周詠等劾國輔，罷之，諭王兀堂戢諸部。 八年三月，王兀堂及他酋趙鎖羅骨等，以六百騎犯靉陽及黃關嶺，指揮王宗義戰死。 四月，又以千騎自永奠堡入，成梁帥師擊敗之，斬七百五十級，俘一百六十人。 十一月，復自寬奠堡入，副總兵姚大節帥師擊敗之，斬六十七級，俘十一人。 王兀堂自是遂不振，不復通於明。
At that time the eastern tribes from Fushun and Kaiyuan northward fell under Haixi and answered to Wang Tai; from Qinghe south to the Yalu belonged to Jianzhou and to Wang Wutang, who for a time kept the peace. Before long he began raiding Dongzhou and Huian Fort. In the seventh month of the seventh year, when Kuandian market opened, Brigade Commander Xu Guofu let his brother or servant undersell ginseng by force and beat tribesmen who came to trade nearly to death; the tribes grew furious and raided Kuandian, Yongdian, and Xindian again and again. Other chiefs such as Tong Ma'er grazed at Songziling and strayed into Lingang Valley. Grand Coordinator Zhou Yong impeached Guofu and removed him from office, then ordered Wang Wutang to rein in his tribes. In the third month of the eighth year Wang Wutang and chiefs including Zhao Suoluogu struck Aiyang and Huangguan Pass with six hundred horse; Commander Wang Zongyi fell in battle. In the fourth month another thousand horse entered from Yongdian Fort; Chengliang routed them, took 750 heads, and captured 160 men. In the eleventh month they entered again from Kuandian Fort; Vice Regional Commander Yao Dajie defeated them, took 67 heads, and captured 11 men. From then on Wang Wutang never recovered his strength and ceased all dealings with the Ming.
33
當隆慶之世，下逮萬曆初，建州諸衞以都督奉朝貢者，建州衞則有納答哈、納木章，左衞則有大疼克、八汗馬、哈塔台，右衞則有八當哈、來留住、松塔； 而王杲自指揮使遷何秩，不可考見。 王兀堂幷不著其官，然皆強盛爲大酋。 自王杲就擒後五年而王兀堂敗，又後三年而阿台死，太祖兵起。
From the Longqing era into early Wanli, the Jianzhou guards who came to court as regional commanders included Nadaha and Namuzhang of the central guard, Dategke, Bahamma, and Hatatai of the left, and Badangha, Liuliuzhu, and Songta of the right; but what office Wang Gao held before his promotion from commandant cannot be traced in the record. Wang Wutang's rank goes unrecorded, yet both men stood among the most powerful chiefs of their day. Five years after Wang Gao's capture Wang Wutang fell; three years after Atai's death the Taizu took up arms.
34
論曰：建州之為衛始，自阿哈出枝幹互生，左右析置。 自永樂至嘉靖一百五十餘年，而阿哈出之世絕。 王杲乘之起，父子弄兵十餘年乃滅。 其在於清，猶爽鳩、季荝之於齊，所謂因國是也。 或謂猛哥帖木兒名近肇祖諱，子若孫亦相同。 然清先代遘亂，幼子範察得脫，數傳至肇祖，始克復仇，而猛哥帖木兒乃被戕於野人，安所謂復仇？ 若以範察當凡察，凡察又猛哥帖木兒親弟也，不得為數傳之祖。 清自述其宗系，而明乃得之於簡書。 春秋之義，名從主人，非得當時紀載如元秘史者，固未可以臆斷也。 隆慶、萬曆間，建州諸部長未有名近興祖諱者。 太祖兵起，明人所論述但及景、顯二祖，亦未有謂為董山裔者。 信以傳信，疑以傳疑，今取太祖未起兵前建州三衛事可考見者著於篇，以阿哈出、王杲為之綱，而其子弟及同時並起者附焉。
The commentator writes: The Jianzhou guards arose when Ahaochu's line divided into branches, the left and right guards being split off. More than a century and a half passed from Yongle to Jiajing before Ahaochu's line died out. Wang Gao seized the moment to rise; father and son waged war for more than a decade before they were destroyed. In Qing terms he played the part of Shuangjiu and Jili in Qi—the classic case of seizing upon an existing polity. Some hold that Mengge Temür's name resembled the taboo of the Founding Ancestor and that his sons and grandsons bore the same likeness. Yet the early Qing house suffered calamity; the young son Fancha alone escaped; only after several generations did the Founding Ancestor exact revenge—whereas Mengge Temür was slain by wild tribesmen; what revenge is that? If one identifies Fancha with Fan Cha, Fan Cha was Mengge Temür's own younger brother and cannot stand as an ancestor several generations removed. The Qing tells its own genealogy; the Ming learned of it only from scattered documents. As the Spring and Autumn tradition holds, names belong to their owners; without a contemporary record like the Yuan Secret History, speculation will not do. During the Longqing and Wanli reigns no Jianzhou chief bore a name resembling the taboo of the Rising Ancestor. When the Taizu took up arms, Ming writers spoke only of the Jing and Xian ancestors; none called him a descendant of Dongshan. What is certain we record as certain, what is doubtful as doubtful; here we set down what can be verified of the three Jianzhou guards before the Taizu took up arms, with Ahaochu and Wang Gao as the main threads and their kin and contemporaries treated in turn.