Volume 224 Biographies 11: Zhang Huangyan, Zhang Mingzhen, Wang Yideng, Zheng Chenggong son: Jin, Jin son: Ke Shuang, Li Dingguo

張煌言，字玄箸，浙江鄞縣人。明崇禎十五年舉人。時以兵事急，令兼試射，煌言三發皆中。慷慨好論兵事。順治二年，師定江寧，煌言與裏人錢肅樂、沈宸荃、馮元颺等合謀奉魯王以海。煌言迎於天台，授行人。至紹興，稱「監國」，授翰林院修撰。入典制誥，出領軍旅。三年，師潰。歸與父母妻子決，從王次石浦，與黃斌卿軍相犄角，加右僉都御史。

Zhang Huangyan, whose style was Xuanzhu, came from Yin County in Zhejiang. He qualified as a provincial graduate in the fifteenth year of the Chongzhen reign. With war pressing, candidates were also tested in archery; Huangyan fired three arrows and hit the mark every time. He was passionate and loved to talk of military strategy. In the second year of Shunzhi, after the Qing army took Jiangning, Huangyan plotted with his neighbors Qian Sule, Shen Chenquan, Feng Yuanyang, and others to set up Prince Lu Zhu Yihai as ruler. Huangyan welcomed the prince at Tiantai and was made Bearer of Dispatches. At Shaoxing the prince took the title "Regent of the State," and Huangyan was appointed Hanlin compiler. In court he drafted state documents; in the field he led the troops. In the third year their forces were shattered. He went home to take leave of his parents, wife, and children, then followed the prince to Shipu, where his forces and Huang Binqing's held a mutual defensive line; he was promoted to Right Vice Censor-in-Chief.

魯王諸將，張名振最強。四年，江南提督吳勝兆請降，煌言勸名振援勝兆，遂監其軍以行。至崇明，颶作，舟覆，煌言被執。七日，有導之出者，走間道復還入海。經黃岩，追者圍而射之，以數騎突出，自是益習騎射。集義旅屯上虞、平岡。諸山寨多出劫掠，獨煌言與?王翊履畝勸輸，戢所部毋擾民。六年，覲王於健跳。七年，名振奉王居舟山，召煌言入。乃以平岡兵授劉翼明、陳天樞，率親軍赴之，加兵部侍郎。八年，聞父訃，浙江提督田雄書招降，卻之。師攻滃洲，名振奉王侵吳淞，冀相牽制。俄，師破舟山，乃奉王入金門，依鄭成功。成功用唐王隆武號，事魯王但月上豚、米，修寓公之敬。煌言嘗謂成功曰：「招討始終為唐，真純臣也！」成功亦曰：「侍郎始終為魯，與吾豈異趨哉？」故與成功所事不同，而其交能固，王亦賴以安居。九年，監名振軍，經舟山至崇明，進次金山。十年，復至崇明，師與戰，敗績。十一年，又自吳淞入江，逼鎮江，登金山，望祭明太祖陵。烽火達江寧，俄，退次崇明。再入江，略瓜洲、儀真，薄燕子磯，尋還屯臨門，皆與名振俱。十二年，成功遣其將陳六禦與名振取舟山，台州守將馬信約降，煌言以沙船五百迎之。名振中毒卒，遺言以所部屬煌言。

Of Prince Lu's commanders, Zhang Mingzhen was the most powerful. In the fourth year the Jiangnan military governor Wu Sheng Zhao offered to defect; Huangyan persuaded Mingzhen to support him and went along to oversee the expedition. Off Chongming a typhoon struck, the fleet overturned, and Huangyan was taken prisoner. On the seventh day a guide helped him escape; he took a back trail and made his way back to sea. Near Huangyan pursuers hemmed him in and shot at him; he broke through with a handful of riders and afterward trained harder in horsemanship and archery. He rallied loyalist volunteers and stationed them at Shangyu and Pinggang. Most rebel camps lived by raiding, but Huangyan and Wang Yideng alone walked the fields to collect taxes in grain and kept their troops from molesting civilians. In the sixth year he went to Jiantiao to pay court to the prince. In the seventh year Mingzhen settled the prince on Zhoushan and called Huangyan in. He left the Pinggang force with Liu Yiming and Chen Tianqu, marched in with his personal guard, and was made Vice Minister of War. In the eighth year word came of his father's death; Zhejiang military governor Tian Xiong wrote urging him to surrender, and he declined. When the Qing army attacked Yuzhou, Mingzhen led the prince in a strike on Wusong, hoping to tie down the enemy. Before long the Qing took Zhoushan; they brought the prince to Jinmen and placed themselves under Zheng Chenggong. Chenggong kept the Longwu era of the Tang Prince, while toward Prince Lu he sent only monthly rations of pork and rice, treating him as an honored guest in exile. Huangyan once told Chenggong, "You have stood by the Tang from beginning to end — a minister of pure loyalty!" Chenggong replied, "And you have stood by Lu from beginning to end — are we not marching toward the same goal?" Though they served different princes, their bond held, and the prince too could live in security because of it. In the ninth year he oversaw Mingzhen's forces, sailed via Zhoushan to Chongming, and moved up to Jinshan. In the tenth year they returned to Chongming; the Qing army met them in battle and they suffered a defeat. In the eleventh year they entered the Yangtze again from Wusong, threatened Zhenjiang, climbed Jinshan Hill, and offered sacrifice in sight of the tomb of the Ming founder. Alarm fires blazed as far as Jiangning; before long they fell back to Chongming. They entered the river once more, harried Guazhou and Yizhen, drew near Yanziji, and soon withdrew to Linmen — always alongside Mingzhen. In the twelfth year Chenggong sent Chen Liuyu with Mingzhen to retake Zhoushan; Ma Xin, the Taizhou commander, agreed to defect, and Huangyan welcomed them with five hundred sand junks. Mingzhen died of poisoning and in his final words left his troops to Huangyan.

十三年，師再破舟山，煌言移軍秦川，王去「監國」號，通表桂王。十四年，桂王使至，授煌言兵部侍郎、翰林院學士。兩江總督郎廷佐書招煌言，煌言以書報，略曰：「來書揣摩利鈍，指畫興衰，庸夫聽之，或為變色，貞士則不然。所爭者天經地義，所圖者國恤家仇，所期待者豪傑事功。聖賢學問，故每氈雪自甘，膽薪深厲，而卒以成事。僕于將略原非所長，祗以讀書知大義。左袒一呼，甲盾山立，濟則賴君靈，不濟則全臣節。憑陵風濤，縱橫鋒鏑，今逾一紀矣，豈復以浮詞曲說動其心哉？來書溫慎，故報數行。若斬使焚書，適足見吾意之不廣，亦所不為也。」

In the thirteenth year the Qing retook Zhoushan; Huangyan shifted his forces to Qinchuan, the prince abandoned the title "Regent of the State," and opened relations with the Gui Prince. In the fourteenth year the Gui Prince's envoy arrived and made Huangyan Vice Minister of War and Hanlin academician. Liangjiang governor-general Lang Tingzuo wrote to recruit him; Huangyan answered in part: "You weigh profit and loss and chart rise and fall; a timid man might waver at such words, but not a man of constancy. We fight for righteousness itself, we strive for the nation's sorrow and our clans' blood-debt, and we look to the deeds of great men. The sages endured felt in the snow and slept on brushwood tasting gall — and in the end they prevailed. I have no gift for strategy; I know only the great duty books teach. One call to arms and armor stacks like a hill; if we win, it will be by your blessing — if we lose, we keep our loyalty intact. For more than twelve years I have ridden the storms and crossed blades — do you think smooth talk can sway me now? Your tone was courteous, so I answer briefly. To kill your messenger and burn your letter would only show me petty — and I will not do that either. End of quotation.

十五年，與成功會師將入江，次羊山，遇颶，引還。十六年，成功復大舉，煌言與俱，次崇明。煌言曰：「崇明，江、海門戶。宜先定營於此，庶進退有所據。」成功不從。師防江，金、焦兩山間橫鐵索，隔江置大砲，煌言以十七舟翦江而渡。成功破瓜洲，欲取鎮江，慮江寧援至，煌言曰：「舟師先搗觀音門，南京自不暇出援。」成功以屬煌言，煌言所將人不及萬，舟不滿百，即率以西。降儀真，進次六合，聞成功拔鎮江，煌言致書，言當先撫定夾江郡縣，以陸師趨南京，成功復不從。煌言進薄觀音門，遣別將以輕舟數十直上攻蕪湖，分兵掠江浦。成功水師至，會蕪湖已降，趣煌言往撫，部勒諸軍，分道略地，移檄諸郡縣。於是太平、甯國、池州、徽州、廣德及諸屬縣皆請降，得府四、州三、縣二十四。煌言所過，秋毫無犯，經郡縣，入謁孔子廟，坐明倫堂，進長吏，考察黜陟，略如巡按行部故事，遠近回應。

In the fifteenth year he united with Chenggong for a Yangtze campaign, lay at Yangshan, was struck by a typhoon, and turned back. In the sixteenth year Chenggong launched another major offensive; Huangyan accompanied him and halted at Chongming. Huangyan said, "Chongming is the gateway between river and sea. We should secure a base here first, so advance and retreat have something to rest on." Chenggong would not listen. The Qing lined the river with iron chains between Jin and Jiao hills and heavy guns on the far bank; Huangyan forced the crossing with seventeen boats. Chenggong took Guazhou and aimed at Zhenjiang, fearing relief from Jiangning; Huangyan urged, "Send the fleet first against Guanyin Gate — Nanjing will be too busy to help." Chenggong gave him the task; with fewer than ten thousand men and under a hundred ships Huangyan marched west at once. Yizhen submitted; he moved on to Liuhe; when he heard Chenggong had taken Zhenjiang he wrote urging him to secure the river counties first and march on Nanjing by land — again Chenggong refused. Huangyan closed on Guanyin Gate, sent a lieutenant with dozens of light craft straight upriver against Wuhu, and detached men to raid Jiangpu. Chenggong's fleet came up; Wuhu had already fallen; he pressed Huangyan to pacify the region, marshal the armies, send columns to seize ground, and proclaim his authority to every county. Taiping, Ningguo, Chizhou, Huizhou, Guangde, and their dependencies all offered submission; he held four prefectures, three sub-prefectures, and twenty-four counties. Wherever Huangyan went his men took nothing; in each county he visited the Confucius temple, sat in the Hall of Bright Doctrine, summoned the magistrates, and judged who should stay or go — much like a touring inspector — and the country answered from far and near.

方如徽州受降，聞成功敗，還蕪湖收兵，冀聯合瓜洲、鎮江軍為守計，既，聞成功並棄瓜洲、鎮江入海，煌言兵遂潰。南江總督郎廷佐發舟師斷煌言東下道，書招煌言。煌言拒不應，率餘兵道繁昌，謀入鄱陽湖。次銅陵，師自湖廣至，煌言與戰而敗，撫殘兵僅數百，退次無為，焚舟登陸。自銅城道霍山、英山，度東溪嶺，追騎至，從者盡散。煌言突圍出，變服夜行，至高滸埠，有父老識之，匿於家數日，導使出間道，渡江走建德、祁門亂山間，痁作，力疾行，至休寧，得舟下嚴州。復山行，經東陽、義烏至天台達海，收集舊部，成功分兵益之，屯長亭鄉，築塘捍潮，辟田以贍軍。使桂王告敗，桂王敕慰問，加兵部尚書。十七年，移軍臨門。十八年，廷議徙海上居民絕接濟，煌言無所得餉，開屯南田自給。

He was on his way to Huizhou to accept surrender when word came that Chenggong had lost; he fell back to Wuhu to rally his men, hoping to join forces with Guazhou and Zhenjiang; then he learned Chenggong had abandoned both places for the sea, and Huangyan's army broke apart. Lang Tingzuo, governor-general south of the Yangtze, sent ships to block Huangyan's retreat east and wrote urging him to surrender. Huangyan ignored him and led his survivors toward Fanchang, intending to reach Poyang Lake. At Tongling the Qing army came up from Huguang; Huangyan fought and lost, rallied only a few hundred survivors, fell back to Wuwei, burned his ships, and went ashore. From Tongcheng he crossed Huoshan and Yingshan and climbed Dongxi Ridge; pursuers caught up and his companions scattered. Huangyan broke through, disguised himself, and traveled by night; at Gaopu an old man knew him, sheltered him for days, then led him out by a back trail; he crossed the Yangtze and fled through the wild hills of Jiande and Qimen; fever seized him but he pressed on to Xiuning, found a boat, and sailed down to Yanzhou. He went overland again through Dongyang and Yiwu to Tiantai and the coast, rallied his old troops, and Chenggong sent reinforcements; he settled at Changting, built seawalls against the tide, and opened fields to feed his men. His envoy told the Gui Prince of the defeat; the prince sent words of comfort and made him Minister of War. In the seventeenth year he shifted his camp to Linmen. In the eighteenth year the court moved coastal people inland to starve the loyalists of supplies; Huangyan could get no provisions and opened farms on Nantian to feed his men.

成功攻臺灣，煌言移書阻之，不聽。師下雲南，取桂王。煌言遣其客羅綸入臺灣，趣成功出兵，成功以臺灣方定，不能行；遣使入鄖陽山中，說十三家兵，使之擾湖廣，以緩雲南之師。十三家者，郝永忠、劉體純輩，故李自成部將，竄據茅麓山，衰疲不敢出。康熙元年，煌言復移軍沙堤。成功自攻江寧敗還，取臺灣謀建國。魯王在金門，禮數日薄，煌言歲時供億，又慮成功疑，十年不敢入謁。及聞桂王敗亡，上啟魯王，將奉以號召。俄成功卒，煌言還軍臨門，又有議奉魯王監國者，煌言使勸錦，以李亞子錦囊三矢相勖。

When Chenggong attacked Taiwan, Huangyan wrote urging him to reconsider; Chenggong paid no heed. The Qing army marched into Yunnan and took the Gui Prince. Huangyan sent his adviser Luo Lun to Taiwan to press Chenggong to take the field; Chenggong replied that Taiwan was barely pacified and he could not march; instead he sent envoys into the Xiangyang hills to rouse the Thirteen Families and trouble Huguang, hoping to slow the Yunnan campaign. The Thirteen Families were men like Hao Yongzhong and Liu Tichun, once Li Zicheng's generals, now holed up on Maolu Mountain, too weak and fearful to stir. In the first year of Kangxi he shifted his forces again to Shadi. Chenggong, defeated before Jiangning, seized Taiwan and planned to build a kingdom there. Prince Lu lived at Jinmen while courtesy toward him dwindled; Huangyan kept him supplied at the festivals, yet fearing Chenggong's mistrust he did not pay court for ten years. When he learned the Gui Prince was lost, he petitioned Prince Lu to take up the standard of resistance. Soon Chenggong died; Huangyan withdrew to Linmen; some again urged Prince Lu as regent; Huangyan sent an envoy to Zheng Jin, exhorting him with the tale of Li Yazi's brocade pouch and three arrows.

籠島，煌言不可?浙江總督趙廷臣復招煌言，煌言書謝之。煌言孤軍勢日促，或議入。二年，魯王殂，煌言慟曰：「孤臣棲棲海上，與部曲相依不去者，以吾主尚存也。今更何望？」三年，遂散遣其軍，居懸澳。懸澳在海中，荒瘠無人?，南汊港通舟，北倚山，人不能上，煌言結茅而處，從者綸及部曲數人，一侍者、一舟子而已。廷臣與提督張傑謀致煌言，得煌言故部曲，使為僧普陀，伺煌言，知蹤跡，夜半，引兵攀嶺入，執煌言及綸，與部曲葉金、王發，侍者湯冠玉。煌言至杭州，廷臣賓禮之。九月乙未，死於弼教坊，舉目望吳山，歎曰：「好山色！」賦絕命詞，坐而受刃，綸等並死。煌言妻董、子萬祺先被執，羈管杭州，先煌言死。

Trapped on his island he would not submit; Zhejiang governor-general Zhao Tingchen tried again to recruit him, and Huangyan answered with a polite refusal. His lone force grew weaker by the day, and some urged him to defect. In the second year Prince Lu died; Huangyan grieved and said, "I have clung to the sea and kept my men only because our lord still lived. What is left to hope for now?" In the third year he disbanded his troops and withdrew to Xuan'ao. Xuan'ao stood in open sea, bleak and uninhabited; boats could reach it by the southern channel, while steep hills to the north kept men away; Huangyan lived in a thatched hut with only Luo Lun, a few soldiers, one servant, and one boatman. Tingchen and military governor Zhang Jie plotted his capture; they turned a former soldier into a monk at Putuo to spy on him; at midnight troops climbed the ridge, seized Huangyan and Luo Lun, and took Ye Jin, Wang Fa, and the servant Tang Guanyu. At Hangzhou Tingchen treated him with the courtesy due a guest. On the yiwi day of the ninth month he was executed at Bijiao Lane; he looked toward Wu Hill and sighed, "What beautiful hills!" He wrote his last verses, sat upright, and met the sword; Luo Lun and the rest died with him. His wife Lady Dong and his son Wanqi had been taken earlier, held at Hangzhou, and died before he did.

綸，字子木，丹徒諸生。方成功敗還，綸入謁，勸以回帆復取南都，成功不能用，乃從煌言。又有山陰葉振名，字介韜，嘗謁煌言論兵事，煌言薦授翰林院修撰、兵科給事中。既，復上策，欲擒斬成功，奪其兵，圖興復。煌言死，登越王嶺遙祭，為文六千五百餘言。與綸稱「張司馬二客」。

Luo Lun, styled Zimu, was a licentiate of Dantu. After Chenggong's defeat Lun came to him and urged turning back to seize Nanjing again; Chenggong would not listen, and Lun threw in his lot with Huangyan. There was also Ye Zhenming of Shanyin, styled Jietao, who had visited Huangyan to talk of war; Huangyan recommended him for Hanlin compiler and supervising secretary of the military bureau. Later he proposed capturing and killing Chenggong, seizing his army, and restoring the Ming. After Huangyan's death he climbed Prince Yue Ridge to mourn from afar and wrote an elegy of more than sixty-five hundred words. He and Luo Lun were known as "Marshal Zhang's two retainers."

乾隆四十一年，高宗命錄勝朝殉節諸臣，得專諡者二十六；通諡忠烈百十三，煌言與焉；忠節百八；烈湣五百七十六；節湣八百四十三。祀忠義祠：職官四百九十五，士民千七百二十八。諸與煌言並起者，錢肅樂、沈宸荃、馮元颺，明史並有傅。

In the forty-first year of Qianlong the Gaozong ordered a roll of Ming loyalists who died for the cause; twenty-six received individual posthumous titles; one hundred thirteen shared the title Zhonglie, Huangyan among them; one hundred eight received Zhongjie; five hundred seventy-six received Liemin; and eight hundred forty-three received Jiemin. They were honored in the Hall of Loyalty and Righteousness: four hundred ninety-five officials and one thousand seven hundred twenty-eight civilians. Qian Sule, Shen Chenquan, and Feng Yuanyang, who rose with Huangyan, each have biographies in the History of Ming.

張名振，字侯服，應天江寧人。崇禎末，為石浦遊擊。魯王次長垣，率舟師赴之，封定西侯。以所部屯舟山，移南田，迎王居健跳所，與阮進、王朝先共擊黃斌卿。斌卿，莆田人，崇禎末為舟山參將，唐王時封伯。名振奉魯王如舟山，不納。既，以王命進侯。斌卿法嚴急，配民為兵，籍大戶田為官田，先後戕荊本澈、賀君堯。王次健跳，令進告糴，又不應。至是，名振破舟山，沈斌卿於海，迎王居焉。使日本乞師，不應。成功襲破鄭彩，名振因聲彩殺熊汝霖、鄭遵謙罪，擊破其餘兵。俄，又襲殺朝先。師攻舟山，名振與煌言奉王南依成功。成功居王金門，名振屯?頭。成功初見名振不為禮，名振袒背示之，?「赤心報國」四字，深入膚，乃與二萬人，共謀復南京，攻崇明，破鎮江，題詩金山而還。復與成功偕出，師次羊山，颶作，舟多損，惟名振部獨完。再攻崇明，復入鎮江，觀兵儀真，侵吳淞，戰屢勝。順治十二年十二月，卒於軍。或云成功酖之。

Zhang Mingzhen, styled Houfu, came from Jiangning in Yingtian prefecture. In the last years of Chongzhen he served as patrol commander at Shipu. When Prince Lu made Changyuan his base, Mingzhen sailed to join him and was made Marquis of Dingxi. He garrisoned Zhoushan, shifted to Nantian, brought the prince to Jiantiao, and with Ruan Jin and Wang Chaoxian attacked Huang Binqing. Huang Binqing of Putian was Zhoushan's garrison commander in late Chongzhen and was made a marquis under the Tang Prince. Mingzhen brought Prince Lu to Zhoushan, but Binqing refused them entry. Later, on the prince's authority, Binqing was promoted to marquis. Binqing ruled with harsh severity, pressed civilians into service, seized great estates for the state, and killed Jing Benche and He Junyao in turn. When the prince was at Jiantiao, Ruan Jin was sent to buy grain, and again Binqing refused. Then Mingzhen seized Zhoushan, drowned Binqing at sea, and installed the prince on the island. He asked Japan for military aid; they declined. Chenggong routed Zheng Cai; Mingzhen used the murders of Xiong Rulin and Zheng Zunqian as grounds to smash Cai's remaining forces. Soon afterward he ambushed and killed Wang Chaoxian. When the Qing attacked Zhoushan, Mingzhen and Huangyan brought the prince south to Zheng Chenggong. Chenggong housed Prince Lu on Jinmen while Mingzhen camped at Aotou. Chenggong at first treated Mingzhen coldly; Mingzhen stripped to show four characters tattooed deep on his back — "A loyal heart for the state" — and with twenty thousand men they planned to retake Nanjing, struck Chongming, took Zhenjiang, left a poem on Jinshan Hill, and withdrew. He sailed out again with Chenggong; at Yangshan a typhoon wrecked most of the fleet — only Mingzhen's division escaped whole. He attacked Chongming again, re-entered Zhenjiang, paraded before Yizhen, harried Wusong, and won battle after battle. In the twelfth month of Shunzhi twelve he died in the field. Some said Chenggong had poisoned him.

王翊，字完勳，浙江餘姚人。順治四年，起兵下管，奉魯王破上虞。是時蕭山、會稽、台州、奉化民兵並起結山寨，無所得餉，則不免剽掠。翊與煌言皆履畝科稅贍兵。陳天樞者，會稽山寨將也，薦劉翼明佐翊，武勇善戰。東徇奉化，師與遇，引卻。魯王授翊官，累進至兵部尚書。復陷新昌，越餘姚，拔滸山。固山額真金礪、浙江提督田雄合兵攻大嵐山。八年七月，翊走還山，團練執以獻，死定海。天樞與翼明攻陷新昌，視火藥驟焚，急投水，月餘死。翼明善大刀，治兵戒毋犯民，翊敗，死於家。

Wang Yideng, styled Wanjun, came from Yuyao in Zhejiang. In Shunzhi four he raised forces at Xiaguan, upheld Prince Lu, and captured Shangyu. Militia across Xiaoshan, Kuaiji, Taizhou, and Fenghua rose in mountain camps; without pay they turned to raiding. Yideng and Huangyan both collected grain taxes field by field to pay their soldiers. Chen Tianqu, a Kuaiji hill chief, recommended Liu Yiming to aid Yideng — a fierce and capable fighter. He pushed east into Fenghua; the Qing met him and he pulled back. Prince Lu gave him rank after rank until he reached Minister of War. He retook Xinchang, crossed into Yuyao, and seized Hushan. Jin Jin, Prince of Gushan, and Zhejiang military governor Tian Xiong joined forces against Dalang Mountain. In the seventh month of the eighth year Yideng fled into the hills; local militia captured him and he was executed at Dinghai. Tianqu and Yiming took Xinchang; gunpowder exploded as they inspected it; Tianqu leaped into the water and died a month later. Yiming excelled with the long saber and forbade his men to molest civilians; when Yideng fell, he died at home.

肅樂、宸荃諡忠節，翊諡烈湣，斌卿諡節湣。名振不與，而其弟名揚死舟山，諡烈湣。

Sule and Chenquan received the posthumous title Zhongjie; Yideng Liemin; Binqing Jiemin. Mingzhen was omitted, but his brother Mingyang, who died at Zhoushan, received Liemin.

鄭成功，初名森，字大木，福建南安人。父芝龍，明季入海，從顏思齊為盜，思齊死。崇禎初，因巡撫熊文燦請降，授遊擊將軍。以捕海盜劉香、李魁奇，攻紅毛功?，代領其，累擢總兵。

Zheng Chenggong, born Sen and styled Damu, came from Nan'an in Fujian. His father Zhilong took to the sea in the late Ming and followed the pirate Yan Siqi; after Siqi's death in early Chongzhen he surrendered at Grand Coordinator Xiong Wencan's invitation and was made a mobile corps general. For destroying the pirates Liu Xiang and Li Kuiqi, driving the Dutch from Taiwan, and taking over their bases, he rose step by step to regional commander.

芝龍有弟三：芝虎、鴻逵、芝豹。芝虎與劉香搏戰死。鴻逵初以武舉從軍，用芝龍功舉甲科進三秩，授都指揮使。累?掌印千戶。崇禎十四年，成武進士。明制，勳?，授錦衣遷亦至總兵。福王立南京，皆封伯，命鴻逵守瓜洲。順治二年，師下江南，鴻逵兵敗，奉唐王聿鍵入福建，與芝龍共擁立之，皆進侯，封芝豹伯。未幾，又進芝龍平國公、鴻逵定國公。

Zhilong had three brothers: Zhihu, Hongkui, and Zhibao. Zhihu was killed fighting Liu Xiang hand to hand. Hongkui first entered service as a military graduate; on his brother's merit he won top honors in the military exams, advanced three ranks, and became commissioner-in-chief. He rose through the ranks to seal-bearing chiliarch. In Chongzhen fourteen he took the military jinshi degree. Under Ming custom, men of merit entered the Brocade Guard; Qian too reached regional commander. When the Prince of Fu set up court at Nanjing, they were all made marquises and Hongkui was posted to Guazhou. In Shunzhi two the Qing swept Jiangnan; Hongkui was beaten; he brought the Tang Prince Zhu Yujian into Fujian and with Zhilong set him up as ruler; all were promoted to marquis, and Zhibao was made a marquis. Soon Zhilong was made Duke of Pingguo and Hongkui Duke of Dingguo.

芝龍嘗娶日本婦，是生森，入南安學為諸生。芝龍引謁唐王，唐王寵異之，賜姓硃，為更名。尋封忠孝伯。唐王倚芝龍兄弟擁重兵。芝龍族人彩亦封伯，築壇拜彩、鴻逵為將，分道出師，遷延不即行。招撫大學士洪承疇與芝龍同縣，通書問，?鄉里，芝龍挾二心。三年，貝勒博洛師自浙江下福建，芝龍撤仙霞關守兵不為備，唐王坐是敗。博洛師次泉州，書招芝龍，芝龍率所部降，成功諫不聽。芝龍欲以成功見博洛，鴻逵陰縱之入海。四年，博洛師還，以芝龍歸京師，隸漢軍正黃旗，授三等精奇尼哈番。

Zhilong had married a Japanese woman who bore Sen; the boy studied at Nan'an as a licentiate. Zhilong presented him to the Tang Prince, who favored him greatly, granted the imperial Zhu surname, and gave him a new name. He was soon made Earl of Zhongxiao. The Tang Prince relied on the Zhilong brothers and their great armies. Zhilong's kinsman Cai was also made a marquis; they built an altar to commission Cai and Hongkui, but the columns delayed and did not march. Grand Secretary Hong Chengchou, charged with pacification, was Zhilong's townsman; they exchanged letters as old neighbors, and Zhilong wavered in his loyalty. In the third year Prince Bolo invaded Fujian from Zhejiang; Zhilong pulled the Xianxia garrison and made no defense, and the Tang Prince was ruined. Bolo halted at Quanzhou and summoned Zhilong; Zhilong surrendered with his troops; Chenggong pleaded in vain. Zhilong wanted to deliver Chenggong to Bolo; Hongkui secretly let him flee to sea. In the fourth year Bolo withdrew and sent Zhilong to Beijing; he entered the Plain Yellow Banner of the Chinese Eight Banners as a third-rank jingqi niha.

成功謀舉兵，兵寡，如南澳募兵，得數千人。會將吏盟，仍用唐王隆武號，自稱「招討大將軍」。以洪政、陳輝、楊才、張正、余寬、郭新分將所部兵，移軍鼓浪嶼。成功年少，有文武略，拔出諸父兄中，近遠皆屬目，而彩奉魯王以海自中左所改次長垣，進建國公，屯?門。彩弟聯，魯王封為侯，據浯嶼，相與為犄角。成功與彩合兵攻海澄，師赴援，洪政戰死。成功又與鴻逵合兵圍泉州，師赴援，圍解。鴻逵入揭陽，成功頒明年隆武四年大統曆。五年，成功陷同安，進犯泉州。總督陳錦師至，克同安，成功引兵退。六年，成功遣其將施琅等陷漳浦，下雲霄鎮，進次詔安。明桂王稱帝，號肇慶，至是已三年。成功遣所署光祿卿陳士京朝桂王，始改用永曆號，桂王使封成功延平公。魯王次舟山，彩與魯王貳，殺魯王大學士熊汝霖及其將鄭遵謙。七年，成功攻潮州，總兵王邦俊禦戰，成功敗走。攻碣石寨，不克，施琅出降。成功襲?門，擊殺聯，奪其軍，彩出駐沙埕。魯王將張名振討殺汝霖、遵謙罪，擊彩，彩引餘兵走南海，居數年，成功招之還，居?門。卒。

Chenggong planned to rise in arms; his force was small, so he recruited at Nan'ao and raised several thousand men. He swore his officers to the cause, kept the Tang Prince's Longwu era name, and called himself Grand Marshal for Punitive Campaigns. He put Hong Zheng, Chen Hui, Yang Cai, Zhang Zheng, Yu Kuan, and Guo Xin in command of his divisions and shifted to Gulangyu. Young Chenggong had talent in civil and military affairs and outshone his uncles and brothers; all eyes turned to him, while Cai upheld Prince Lu, moved from Zhongzuosuo to Changyuan, was made Duke of Jianguo, and held Xiamen. Cai's brother Lian, made a marquis by Prince Lu, held Wuyu Island, and the two held a mutual line. Chenggong and Cai jointly attacked Haicheng; the Qing relieved it and Hong Zheng was killed. Chenggong and Hongkui besieged Quanzhou; Qing relief broke the siege. Hongkui entered Jieyang while Chenggong proclaimed the calendar for Longwu four. In the fifth year he took Tong'an and pressed Quanzhou. Governor-general Chen Jin retook Tong'an and Chenggong withdrew. In the sixth year he sent Shi Lang and others to seize Zhangpu, take Yunxiao, and advance to Zhao'an. The Gui Prince had declared himself emperor under the Zhaoqing era; three years had passed since then. Chenggong sent Chen Shijing, his director of the imperial clan, to the Gui Prince's court, adopted the Yongli era, and was made Duke of Yanping. Prince Lu was on Zhoushan when Cai turned against him and killed Grand Secretary Xiong Rulin and General Zheng Zunqian. In the seventh year he attacked Chaozhou; regional commander Wang Bangjun beat him off. He failed to take Jieshi stockade, and Shi Lang defected. Chenggong struck Xiamen, killed Lian, and took his army; Cai withdrew to Shacheng. Prince Lu's general Zhang Mingzhen attacked Cai for the murders of Rulin and Zunqian; Cai fled south with his survivors; years later Chenggong recalled him to Xiamen. Cai died.

八年，桂王詔成功援廣州，引師南次平海，使其族叔芝筦守?門。福建巡撫張學聖遣泉州總兵馬得功乘虛入焉，盡攫其家貲以去。成功還，斬芝筦，引兵入漳州。提督楊名高赴援，戰於小盈嶺，名高敗績，進陷漳浦。總督陳錦克舟山，名振進奉魯王南奔，成功使迎居金門。九年，陷海澄，錦赴援，戰于江東橋，錦敗績。左次泉州，成功復取詔安、南靖、平和，遂圍漳州。錦師次鳳凰山，為其奴所殺，以其首奔成功。漳州圍八閱月，固山額真金礪等自浙江來援，與名高兵合，自長泰間道至漳州，擊破成功。成功入海澄城守，金礪等師薄城，成功將王秀奇、郝文興督兵力禦，不能克。

In the eighth year the Gui Prince ordered him to relieve Guangzhou; he marched south to Pinghai and left his uncle Zhiqian to hold Xiamen. Fujian grand coordinator Zhang Xuesheng sent Ma Degong of Quanzhou to strike while Xiamen was undefended and stripped the Zheng household bare. Chenggong came back, executed Zhiqian, and marched into Zhangzhou. Military governor Yang Minggao came to relieve Zhangzhou; at Xiaoying Ridge he was beaten and Chenggong took Zhangpu. Governor-general Chen Jin took Zhoushan; Mingzhen fled south with Prince Lu; Chenggong brought the prince to Jinmen. In the ninth year he took Haicheng; Chen Jin relieved it but was beaten at Jiangdong Bridge. Jin fell back on Quanzhou; Chenggong retook Zhao'an, Nanjing, and Pinghe and besieged Zhangzhou. Chen Jin camped at Fenghuang Mountain; a slave killed him and brought his head to Chenggong. The siege of Zhangzhou lasted eight months; Jin Jin came from Zhejiang, joined Minggao, slipped through Changtai, and broke Chenggong's army. Chenggong withdrew into Haicheng; Jin Jin pressed the walls; Wang Xiuqi and Hao Wenxing held firm and the Qing could not take the city.

上命芝龍書諭成功及鴻逵降，許赦罪授官，成功陽諾，詔金礪等率師還浙江。十年，封芝龍同安侯，而使齎敕封成功海澄公、鴻逵奉化伯，授芝豹左都督。芝龍慮成功不受命，別為書使鴻逵諭意，使至，成功不受命，為書報芝龍。芝豹奉其母詣京師。成功復出掠福建興化諸屬縣。十一年，上再遣使諭成功，授靖海將軍，命率所部分屯漳、潮、惠、泉四府。

The emperor had Zhilong write urging Chenggong and Hongkui to surrender with pardon and rank; Chenggong feigned agreement, and Jin Jin was ordered back to Zhejiang. In the tenth year Zhilong was made Marquis of Tong'an; an envoy brought edicts making Chenggong Duke of Haicheng and Hongkui Earl of Fenghua, and Zhibao was made left censor-in-chief. Fearing Chenggong would refuse, Zhilong wrote separately through Hongkui; when the envoy came, Chenggong declined and answered his father in writing. Zhibao brought their mother to Beijing. Chenggong again raided the counties of Xinghua in Fujian. In the eleventh year the court again sent envoys, made him Pacification General of the Sea, and ordered garrisons in Zhangzhou, Chaozhou, Huizhou, and Quanzhou.

成功初無意受撫，乃改中左所為思明州，設六官理事，分所部為七十二鎮；遙奉桂王，承制封拜，月上魯王豚、米，並厚廩瀘、溪、甯、靖諸王，禮待諸遺臣王忠孝、沈佺期、郭貞一、盧若騰、華若薦、徐孚遠等，置儲賢館以養士。名振進率所部攻崇明，謀深入，成功嫉之，以方有和議，召使還。名振俄遇毒死。成功讬科餉，四出劫掠，蔓及上游。福建巡撫佟國器疏聞，上密敕為備。李定國攻廣東急，使成功趣會師。成功遣其將林察、周瑞率師赴之，遷延不即進。定國敗走，成功又攻漳州，千總劉國軒以城獻，再進，復陷同安。其將甘輝陷仙遊，穴城入，殺掠殆盡。至是和議絕。

Chenggong never meant to submit; he made Zhongzuosuo into Siming prefecture, set up six ministries, and divided his force into seventy-two garrisons; he acknowledged the Gui Prince from afar, enfeoffed and appointed at will, sent Prince Lu monthly rations, supported the Lu, Xi, Ning, and Jing princes, honored remnant ministers such as Wang Zhongxiao, Shen Quanqi, Guo Zhenyi, Lu Ruoteng, Hua Ruojian, and Xu Fuyuan, and founded the Hall for Cherishing Worthies to sustain scholars. Mingzhen led an attack on Chongming with plans to push inland; Chenggong, jealous and citing the peace talks, recalled him. Soon afterward Mingzhen died of poison. Chenggong taxed the countryside and raided in every direction, even reaching the upper Yangtze. Fujian grand coordinator Tong Guoqi reported to the throne; the emperor secretly ordered defenses prepared. Li Dingguo pressed hard in Guangdong and urged Chenggong to hurry and join the campaign. Chenggong sent Lin Cha and Zhou Rui with troops to help, but they lingered and would not move. Dingguo was beaten and fled. Chenggong then struck Zhangzhou; lieutenant Liu Guoxuan surrendered the city, and a further advance retook Tong'an. His general Gan Hui seized Xianyou, broke in through tunnels, and slaughtered and looted almost the entire population. By then the peace negotiations were dead.

上命鄭親王世子濟度為定遠大將軍，率師討成功。十二年，左都御史龔鼎孳請誅芝龍，國器亦發芝龍與成功私書，乃奪芝龍爵，下獄。成功遣其將洪旭、陳六禦攻陷舟山，進取溫、台，聞濟度師且至，隳安平鎮及漳州、惠安、南安、同安諸城，撤兵聚思明。濟度次泉州，檄招降，不納；易為書，成功依違答之。上又令芝龍自獄中以書招成功，謂不降且族誅，成功終不應。十三年，濟度以水師攻?門，成功遣其將林順、陳澤拒戰，颶起，師引還。

The emperor made Prince Zheng's heir Jidu General Who Pacifies the Distant and sent the imperial army to suppress Chenggong. In the twelfth year Gong Dingzi, left censor-in-chief, urged Zhilong's execution; Guoqi also produced his private correspondence with Chenggong, and Zhilong was stripped of his rank and jailed. Chenggong sent Hong Xu and Chen Liuyu to seize Zhoushan and push toward Wenzhou and Taizhou; when he learned Jidu's army was coming, he razed Anping and the Zhangzhou-area cities, pulled back, and massed at Siming. Jidu camped at Quanzhou and called on them to surrender, but they refused. The summons was reworded, and Chenggong answered evasively. The court then had Zhilong write from prison, threatening the extermination of the clan if Chenggong would not submit; Chenggong never answered. In the thirteenth year Jidu attacked Xiamen by sea; Chenggong sent Lin Shun and Chen Ze to meet him, but a typhoon rose and the imperial fleet fell back.

成功以軍儲置海澄，使王秀奇與黃梧、蘇明同守。梧先與明兄茂攻揭陽未克，成功殺茂，並責梧。梧、明並怨成功，俟秀奇出，以海澄降濟度。詔封梧海澄公，駐漳州，盡發鄭氏墓，斬成功所置官。大將軍伊爾德克舟山，擊殺六禦。成功攻陷閩安城牛心塔，使陳斌戍焉。十四年，鴻逵卒。師克閩安，斌降而殺之。成功陷台州。

Chenggong stockpiled supplies at Haicheng and put Wang Xiuqi, Huang Wu, and Su Ming in joint command there. Wu had earlier failed with Ming's brother Mao to take Jieyang; Chenggong killed Mao and blamed Wu as well. Wu and Ming both nursed grievances against Chenggong; when Xiuqi was absent they handed Haicheng over to Jidu. Wu was made Duke of Haicheng and posted to Zhangzhou; the Zheng tombs were desecrated and Chenggong's appointees were put to death. Grand General Irgen captured Zhoushan and killed Chen Liuyu. Chenggong seized the Niuxin Tower at Min'an and left Chen Bin to hold it. In the fourteenth year Hongkui died. The imperial army took Min'an; Chen Bin surrendered and was put to death. Chenggong captured Taizhou.

十五年，謀大舉深入，與其將甘輝、餘新等率水師號十萬，陷樂清，遂破溫州，張煌言來會。將入江，次羊山，遇颶，舟敗，退泊舟山。桂王使進封為王，成功辭，仍稱招討大將軍。十六年五月，成功率輝、新等整軍復出，次崇明，煌言來會，取瓜洲，攻鎮江，使煌言前驅，溯江上。提督管效忠師赴援，戰未合，成功將周全斌以所部陷陣，大雨，騎陷淖，成功兵徒跣擊刺，往來剽疾，效忠師敗績。成功入鎮江，將以違令斬全斌，繼而釋之，使守焉；進攻江寧，煌言次蕪湖，廬、鳳、寧、徽、池、太諸府縣多與通款，騰書成功，謂宜收旁郡縣，以陸師急攻南京。成功狃屢勝，方謁明太祖陵，會將吏置酒，輝諫不聽。崇明總兵梁化鳳赴援，江甯總管喀喀木等合滿、漢兵出戰，襲破新軍，諸軍皆奔潰，遂大敗，生得輝猶數萬，棄瓜洲、鎮江，出海，欲取崇明。江蘇巡撫蔣國柱遣兵赴援，化?殺之。成功收餘鳳亦還師禦之，成功戰復敗，引還。煌言自間道走免。

In the fifteenth year he planned a deep inland campaign; with Gan Hui, Yu Xin, and others he led a fleet said to number one hundred thousand, seized Yueqing and Wenzhou, and Zhang Huangyan joined him. As they were about to enter the Yangtze they stopped at Mount Yang; a typhoon wrecked the fleet and they fell back to Zhoushan. The Gui Prince's envoy came to make him a king; Chenggong refused and kept the title Pacification General-in-Chief. In the fifth month of the sixteenth year Chenggong marched out again with Hui and Xin, camped at Chongming, and was joined by Huangyan; they took Guazhou, assaulted Zhenjiang, and sent Huangyan ahead up the Yangtze. Regional commander Guan Xiaozhong marched to relieve the city; before the armies fully engaged, Zhou Quanbin punched through with his own unit; in pouring rain the cavalry sank in mud while Chenggong's barefoot soldiers stabbed and slashed with startling speed, and Xiaozhong's force was routed. Chenggong entered Zhenjiang, nearly executed Quanbin for insubordination, then spared him and left him to garrison the city. He pushed on toward Jiangning while Huangyan held Wuhu; prefectures and counties across Lu, Feng, Ning, Hui, Chi, and Tai sent overtures; letters poured in urging Chenggong to secure the surrounding districts and storm Nanjing by land. Flush with victory, Chenggong was visiting the tomb of the Ming founder and feasting with his commanders; Hui warned him in vain. Liang Huafeng of Chongming marched to help; Kekemu of Jiangning led combined Manchu and Han forces out, smashed Yu Xin's army, and routed the whole field; Gan Hui was taken alive, but Chenggong still had tens of thousands of men; he abandoned Guazhou and Zhenjiang, fled to sea, and tried to seize Chongming. Jiangsu governor Jiang Guozhu sent reinforcements, and Liang Huafeng cut them down. Chenggong regrouped what was left; Huafeng also turned back to meet him; Chenggong lost again and retreated. Huangyan got away by a back trail.

上遣將軍達素、閩浙總督李率泰分兵出漳州、同安，規取?門。成功使陳鵬守高崎，族兄泰出浯嶼，而與周全斌、陳輝、黃庭次海門。師自漳州薄海門戰，成功將周瑞、陳堯策死之，迫取輝舟，輝焚舟。戰方急，風起，成功督巨艦沖入，泰亦自浯嶼引舟合擊，師大敗，有滿洲兵二百降，夜沈之海。師自同安鄉高崎，鵬約降。其部將陳蟒奮戰，師以鵬已降，不備，亦敗，成功收鵬殺之，引還。十七年，命靖南王耿繼茂移鎮福建，又以羅讬為安南將軍，討成功。十八年，用黃梧議，徙濱海居民入內地，增兵守邊。

The court sent General Daisu and Fujian-Zhejiang governor-general Li Shuaitai to advance from Zhangzhou and Tong'an with divided forces and take Xiamen. Chenggong left Chen Peng at Gaoqi, sent his kinsman Tai out from Wuyu, and himself with Zhou Quanbin, Chen Hui, and Huang Ting took position at Haimen. The imperial army closed from Zhangzhou on Haimen; Zhou Rui and Chen Yaoce were killed; pressed hard, Chen Hui set his ships ablaze. At the height of the fight the wind came up; Chenggong drove his great ships in and Tai swept from Wuyu in concert; the imperial fleet was smashed; two hundred Manchu troops surrendered and were sunk at sea that night. The imperial army moved on Gaoqi from Tong'an, and Peng agreed to defect. His officer Chen Mang fought hard; the imperial army, assuming Peng had already gone over, was caught off guard and beaten again; Chenggong pulled Peng back and had him executed, then withdrew. In the seventeenth year Prince of Pacifying the South Geng Jimaao was shifted to Fujian, and Luo Tuo was made General Who Pacifies Annam to campaign against Chenggong. In the eighteenth year, on Huang Wu's advice, coastal people were relocated inland and frontier garrisons were reinforced.

成功自江南敗還，知進取不易；桂王入緬甸，聲援絕，勢日蹙，乃規取臺灣。臺灣，福建海中島，荷蘭紅毛人居之。芝龍與顏思齊為盜時，嘗屯於此。荷蘭築城二：曰赤嵌、曰王城，其海口曰鹿耳門。荷蘭人恃鹿耳門水淺不可渡，不為備。成功師至，水驟長丈餘，舟大小銜尾徑進，紅毛人棄赤嵌走保王城。成功使謂之曰：「土地我故有，當還我；珍寶恣爾載歸。」圍七閱月，紅毛存者僅百數十，城下，皆遣歸國。成功乃號臺灣為東都，示將迎桂王狩焉。以陳永華為謀主，制法律，定職官，興學校。臺灣周千里，土地饒沃，招漳、泉、惠、潮四府民，辟草萊，興屯聚，令諸將移家實之。水土惡，皆憚行，又以令嚴不敢請，銅山守將郭義、蔡祿入漳州降。是歲，聖祖即位，戮芝龍及諸子世恩、世廕、世默。

Chenggong came back beaten from Jiangnan and saw that further advance would be hard. The Gui Prince had fled into Burma, outside support was gone, and the cause was collapsing; Chenggong then turned to seizing Taiwan. Taiwan was an island off Fujian held by the Dutch. Zhilong and Yan Siqi had once used it as a pirate base. The Dutch had built two forts, Chiqian and the Royal City, with Luermen as the harbor mouth. The Dutch assumed Luermen's shoals were impassable and left them undefended. When Chenggong's force arrived, the tide surged more than ten feet; boats of every size filed in one after another; the Dutch abandoned Chiqian and fell back on the Royal City. Chenggong sent word: "This land was ours to begin with; give it back; Take whatever treasure you like and go." End of quotation. The siege lasted seven months; only a little over a hundred Dutch remained; when the city fell, they were all sent home. Chenggong then called Taiwan the Eastern Capital, signaling that he would receive the Gui Prince there. He made Chen Yonghua his chief adviser, drew up laws, fixed the bureaucracy, and opened schools. Taiwan was a thousand li around and fertile; he drew settlers from Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, Huizhou, and Chaozhou, opened new fields, set up colonies, and ordered his generals to move their families there. The climate was feared and the orders were strict, so few dared refuse; Guo Yi and Cai Lu, the Tongshan garrison commanders, went to Zhangzhou and surrendered. That year the Kangxi Emperor came to the throne and executed Zhilong and his sons Shi'en, Shiyin, and Shimo.

成功既得臺灣，其將陳豹駐南澳，而令子錦居守思明。康熙元年，成功聽周全斌讒，遣擊豹，豹舉軍入廣州降。惡錦與乳媼通，生子，遣泰就殺錦及其母董。會有訛言成功將盡殺諸將留?門者，值全斌自南澳還，執而囚之，擁錦，用芝龍初封，稱平國公，舉兵拒命。成功方病，聞之，狂怒咬指，五月朔，尚據胡?受諸將謁，數日遽卒，年三十九。

After taking Taiwan, Chenggong left Chen Bao at Nan'ao and put his son Jin in charge of Siming. In Kangxi 1 Chenggong believed Zhou Quanbin's accusations and sent men against Chen Bao; Bao took his whole force to Guangzhou and submitted. He hated Jin for sleeping with his wet nurse and begetting a child, and sent Tai to kill Jin and his mother, Lady Dong. Rumor spread that Chenggong meant to slaughter the generals left at Xiamen; Quanbin was seized on his return from Nan'ao; the men rallied to Jin, revived Zhilong's old title Duke of Pacifying the State, and rebelled. Chenggong was already ill; hearing this he raged and bit his finger; on the first of the fifth month he still received his officers from a camp chair, but within days he was dead at thirty-nine.

成功子十，錦其長也，一名經。成功既卒，臺灣諸將奉其幼弟世襲為招討大將軍，使，引兵至臺灣。諸將有欲拒錦立?於錦告喪。錦出全斌使為將，以永華為諮議，馮錫範為侍世襲者，全斌力戰破之，錦乃入，嗣為延平王。世襲走泉州降。二年，錦還思明。泰嘗與臺灣諸將通書，錦得之，遂殺泰。泰弟鳴駿、賡，子糸贊緒亦走泉州降。詔封鳴駿遵義侯、纘緒慕恩伯，世襲、賡皆授左都督。諸將蔡鳴雷、陳輝、楊富、何義先後舉軍降。錦漸弱。

Chenggong had ten sons; Jin was the eldest, also known as Jing. When Chenggong died, the Taiwan commanders made his younger brother Shixi Pacification General-in-Chief, and Tai marched to Taiwan. Some officers wanted to block Jin and put Shixi in power before Jin could announce the death. Jin freed Quanbin and put him in command, made Yonghua counsellor and Feng Xifan Shixi's attendant; Quanbin fought through and broke the opposition; Jin then took power as Prince of Yanping. Shixi fled to Quanzhou and submitted. In the second year Jin went back to Siming. Tai had been corresponding with the Taiwan commanders; Jin got the letters and had him killed. Tai's brothers Mingjun and Geng and his son Zuanxu also fled to Quanzhou and defected. Mingjun was made Marquis of Zunyi and Zuanxu Baron of Mu'en; Shixi and Geng were both given the rank of left commander-in-chief. Generals Cai Minglei, Chen Hui, Yang Fu, and He Yi surrendered one after another with their forces. Jin's position steadily weakened.

耿繼茂、李率泰大發兵規取金、?，出同安；馬得功將降卒，並徵紅毛兵，出泉州；黃梧、施琅出海澄。錦令全斌當得功，遇于金門外烏沙，得功舟三百，紅毛夾板船十四，全斌以二十舟入陣衝擊，紅毛?皆不中，諸舟披靡，得功戰死；而同安、海澄二道兵大勝，直破?門。琅復進克金門、浯嶼，錦退保銅山。三年，錦將杜輝以南澳降。銅山糧垂盡，全斌亦出降，封承恩伯。錦與其將黃廷堅守。繼茂等復以水師出八尺門，廷與諸將翁求多等以三，載其孥盡入臺灣。改東?萬人降，遂拔銅山，焚之，得仗艦無算。錦與永華及洪旭引餘都為東甯國，置天興、萬年二州，仍以永華綜國政。

Geng Jimaao and Li Shuaitai raised large armies to take Jinmen and Xiamen and advanced from Tong'an. Ma Degong led defectors and Dutch auxiliaries out of Quanzhou. Huang Wu and Shi Lang moved out from Haicheng. Jin sent Quanbin against Ma Degong; they met at Wusha outside Jinmen; Degong had three hundred boats and fourteen Dutch men-of-war; Quanbin charged with twenty ships; the Dutch guns missed, the enemy line broke, and Degong was killed. Meanwhile the Tong'an and Haicheng columns won a crushing victory and broke through to Xiamen. Shi Lang then took Jinmen and Wuyu, and Jin withdrew to Tongshan. In the third year Jin's general Du Hui gave up Nan'ao. Tongshan was starving; Quanbin surrendered too and was made Baron of Chengen. Jin and Huang Ting held out. Jimaao again sent the fleet out through Bachi Gate; Huang Ting, Weng Qiuduo, and others surrendered with thirty thousand men. Tongshan was then taken and burned, and the victors seized arms and warships beyond count. Jin, Chen Yonghua, and Hong Xu withdrew with the rest, moved their families to Taiwan, renamed the Eastern Capital the Kingdom of Dongning, set up the Tianxing and Wannian prefectures, and left Yonghua in charge of government.

詔授施琅靖海將軍，周全斌、楊富為副，督水師攻臺灣，阻颶，不得進。四年，廷議罷兵。李率泰請遣知府慕天顏諭降，假卿銜，齎敕往。錦請稱臣入貢如朝鮮，上未之許。六年，徵琅入京師。撤降兵分屯諸省，嚴戍守界，不復以臺灣為意。錦兵亦不出。相安者數年，濱海居民漸復業。

Shi Lang was made Pacification General of the Sea, with Zhou Quanbin and Yang Fu as deputies, to attack Taiwan by sea, but a typhoon stopped them. In the fourth year the court debated calling off the war. Li Shuaitai asked that prefect Mu Tianyan be sent with a temporary ministerial title and an imperial edict to offer terms. Jin offered to submit and pay tribute like Korea; the emperor refused. In the sixth year Shi Lang was recalled to Beijing. Defector troops were posted across the provinces, the frontier was tightened, and Taiwan ceased to be a focus. Jin's forces stayed put as well. Both sides kept the peace for years, and coastal people slowly resumed their lives.

十二年，耿精忠將以福建叛應吳三桂，使約錦為援。十三年，精忠遂反，錦仍稱永歷年號。以永華輔長子克居守，與諸將馮錫范等督諸軍渡海而西，入思明，取同安。錦以族人省英知思明，省英，芝筦子也。集舟航，整部伍，方引軍復出，而精忠與爭泉州。泉州兵內亂，精忠所遣守將潰圍走，迎錦師入，復攻下漳州。精忠遣兵圍潮州，潮州總兵劉進忠降於錦，錦遣其將趙得勝入潮州，擊破精忠兵。

In the twelfth year Geng Jingzhong prepared to rebel in Fujian with Wu Sangui and sent to win Jin as an ally. In the thirteenth year Jingzhong rose; Jin kept the Yongli reign title. He left Yonghua with his eldest son Kezhao to hold Taiwan, and with Feng Xifan and others led the army west across the sea into Siming and took Tong'an. Jin put his kinsman Sheng Ying in charge of Siming; Sheng Ying was Zhima's son. He gathered ships, reformed his ranks, and was marching out again when Jingzhong also moved on Quanzhou. Quanzhou's garrison mutinied; Jingzhong's commander broke out and fled, let Jin's army in, and they took Zhangzhou again. Jingzhong besieged Chaozhou; Liu Jinzhong, the Chaozhou commander, went over to Jin; Jin sent Zhao Desheng into Chaozhou and routed Jingzhong's force.

錦更定軍制，以錫范及參軍陳繩武贊畫諸政，諸將劉國軒、薛進思、何祐、許輝、施福、艾禎祥分領各軍。省英為宣慰使，督各郡錢糧，令人月輸銀五分，曰「毛丁」；船計丈尺輸稅，曰「樑頭」。鹽司分筦鹽場，鹽石值二錢，徵餉四錢；餉司科雜稅給軍。復開互市，英圭黎、暹羅、安南諸國市舶並至，思明井裏?火幾如承平時。

Jin reorganized the army, put Xifan and staff officer Chen Shengwu in charge of planning, and gave Liu Guoxuan, Xue Jinsi, He You, Xu Hui, Shi Fu, and Ai Zhenxiang separate commands. Sheng Ying was appointed Pacification Commissioner to oversee money and grain in every prefecture; each person was taxed five fen of silver monthly, a levy called "Maoding"; Ships were taxed by their length and beam, a levy called "Liangtou." The salt office took charge of the salt fields; though salt was worth two cash per picul, four cash was collected for rations; The commissariat office levied assorted taxes to pay the troops. Border trade resumed; trading vessels from England, Siam, Annam, and elsewhere all put in; the lights of Siming's lanes burned almost as they had in peaceful days.

十四年，精忠使賀年，錦亦報禮，自是復相結。永春民呂花，保所居村曰「馬跳」，不應徵索，使進忠圍之，三月不下，誘花降而殺之。續順公沈瑞屯饒平，進忠攻之，何祐擊破援兵，遂執瑞及其孥歸於臺灣。海澄公黃梧卒，子芳度保漳州。錦自海澄移軍萬松關，祐亦自潮州攻平和，降守將賴升。芳度孤守漳州，圍合，總兵吳淑以城降，芳度死之，其孥皆殉。

In the fourteenth year Jingzhong sent New Year's greetings; Jin sent gifts in return, and the two were allied once more. Lü Hua of Yongchun held his village, called Matiao, and refused exactions; Jin sent Jinzhong to besiege it; three months failed to take it; Hua was tricked into surrender and killed. Shen Rui, Prince of Continuation Shun, was posted at Raoping; Jinzhong attacked him; He You smashed the relief force and carried Rui and his family off to Taiwan. Huang Wu, Duke of Haicheng, died; his son Fangdu kept hold of Zhangzhou. Jin shifted his army from Haicheng to Wansong Pass; You marched from Chaozhou on Pinghe and won over the defender Lai Sheng. Fangdu held Zhangzhou alone; the ring closed; Wu Shu, the garrison commander, surrendered the city; Fangdu died fighting, and his family perished with him.

十五年，康親王傑書下福建，精忠降，克泉州，國軒復圍之，兩月不下。李光地迎師自間道赴援，總兵林賢、黃鎬、樸子威以舟師會，國軒退次長泰，隳同安，稍進屯漳州溪西。師進擊國軒，國軒敗，棄長泰走。錦將許輝以二萬人攻福州，壁烏龍江。康親王遣副都統喇哈達等渡江奮擊，破其壘，逐北四十里。興、泉、汀、漳諸郡盡復，惟海澄未下。十六年，師克海澄，錦復破之，遂圍泉州。錦下教?國軒、淑、祐等功。副都統穆赫林等克泰甯、建甯、寧化、長汀、清流、歸化、連城、上杭、武平、永定，凡十縣。喇哈達等解泉州圍，錦撤兵還思明。十七年，康親王遣知府張仲舉招錦，不納。

In the fifteenth year Prince Kang Jieshu marched into Fujian; Jingzhong surrendered and Quanzhou fell; Guo Xuan besieged it again but could not take it in two months. Li Guangdi brought the Qing army by a back road to the rescue; Lin Xian, Huang Hao, and Pu Ziwei united their fleets; Guo Xuan fell back to Changtai, razed Tong'an, and slowly encamped west of Zhangzhou creek. The Qing army pressed Guo Xuan; he was beaten, abandoned Changtai, and fled. Jin's general Xu Hui marched twenty thousand men on Fuzhou and entrenched at the Wulong River. Prince Kang sent Lahada and other vice commanders across the river; they stormed the camp and chased the enemy forty li north. Xinghua, Quanzhou, Tingzhou, and Zhangzhou were all back in Qing hands; only Haicheng still held out. In the sixteenth year the Qing army took Haicheng; Jin seized it back and laid siege to Quanzhou. Jin issued edicts of commendation for Guo Xuan, Wu Shu, He You, and the rest. Mu Helin and other vice commanders captured Taining, Jianning, Ninghua, Changting, Qingliu, Guihua, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping, and Yongding—ten counties in all. Lahada lifted the siege of Quanzhou; Jin pulled his army back to Siming. In the seventeenth year Prince Kang sent Prefect Zhang Zhongju to win Jin over; Jin refused.

國軒自長泰退據三汊河、玉洲、水頭、鎮門諸寨，屢遣兵攻石瑪、江東橋。錦又遣其將林耀、林英犯泉州，提督段應舉擊破之，獲耀。吳淑又自石瑪登陸，海澄公黃芳世、都統孟安擊破之，沈其舟。上令復徙濱海民如順治十八年例，遷界守邊。穆赫林、黃芳世會師灣腰樹，攻國軒，師敗績。國軒陷平和、漳平，遂復破海澄，段應舉、穆赫林及總兵黃藍死之。藍，梧族，芳度所遣詣京師奏事者也。國軒進圍泉州。詔趣諸軍合擊，將軍喇哈達、賴塔，總督姚啟聖，巡撫吳興祚，提督楊捷，分道並進，賢、鎬、子威以舟師會，克平和、漳平、惠安，復解泉州圍。啟聖與賴塔等逐國軒至長泰，及於蜈蚣山，大破之，斬四千餘級，進克同安，斬錦將林欽。賴塔又破錦兵萬松關，啟聖、捷及副都統吉勒塔布等，與國軒戰于江東橋、於潮溝，國軒屢敗。副都統瑚圖又擊吳淑于石街，盡焚其舟。錦斂兵退保思明。

Guo Xuan fell back from Changtai to camps at Sancha River, Yuzhou, Shuitou, and Zhenmen, and repeatedly struck at Shima and Jiangdong Bridge. Jin again sent Lin Yao and Lin Ying against Quanzhou; Duan Yingju, the grand coordinator, routed them and took Yao prisoner. Wu Shu landed again from Shima; Huang Fangshi, Duke of Haicheng, and Commander Meng An broke him and sent his boats to the bottom. The emperor ordered coastal people relocated inland as in Shunzhi 18, shifting the frontier to tighten the border. Mu Helin and Huang Fangshi joined forces at Wanyao Tree and attacked Guo Xuan; the Qing army was badly beaten. Guo Xuan took Pinghe and Zhangping, then retook Haicheng; Duan Yingju, Mu Helin, and Huang Lan, a garrison commander, were killed. Huang Lan was Huang Wu's kinsman, whom Fangdu had sent to the capital on official business. Guo Xuan pressed the siege of Quanzhou. An edict ordered a combined assault; Lahada, Laita, Yao Qisheng, Wu Xingzuo, and Yang Jie advanced by separate routes; Lin Xian, Huang Hao, and Pu Ziwei brought up the fleet; Pinghe, Zhangping, and Hui'an fell, and the siege of Quanzhou was broken. Qisheng and Laita chased Guo Xuan to Changtai and caught him at Wugong Mountain; more than four thousand heads were taken; Tong'an fell, and Jin's general Lin Qin was killed. Laita broke Jin's force at Wansong Pass; Qisheng, Yang Jie, Jiletabu, and others fought Guo Xuan at Jiangdong Bridge and Chao Gou and beat him again and again. Hutu struck Wu Shu at Shijie and burned every boat he had. Jin gathered his army and fell back to Siming.

詔厚集舟師，規取金、?。十九年，興祚出同安，與啟聖、捷會師，自陸路鄉?門。提督萬正色以水師攻海壇，分兵為六隊前進，自統巨艦繼；又以輕舟繞出左右，發砲毀錦師船十六，兵三千餘入水死，錦將硃天貴引退。正色督兵追擊，斬錦將吳內、林勳。湄洲、南日、平海、崇武諸澳皆下。天貴出降。副都統沃申擊破錦將林英、張志，水陸並進，趨玉洲，國軒走還思明。錦將蘇堪以海澄降。啟聖分遣總兵趙得壽、黃大來從賴塔擊破陳洲、馬洲、灣腰山、觀音山、黃旗諸寨。興祚復與喇哈達等逐錦兵至潯尾，遂克?門、金門，錦還臺灣。二十年，錦卒。

An edict called for a great fleet to take Jinmen and Xiamen. In the nineteenth year Wu Xingzuo left Tong'an, joined Qisheng and Yang Jie, and marched overland on Xiamen. Wan Zhengse, the grand coordinator, attacked Haitan by sea in six columns, following in his flagship; Light craft flanked both sides; cannon fire sank sixteen of Jin's ships and drowned more than three thousand men; Zhu Tiangui, a Jin general, pulled back. Zhengse pressed the pursuit and killed Jin's generals Wu Nei and Lin Xun. Meizhou, Nanri, Pinghai, and Chongwu all fell. Zhu Tiangui surrendered. Woshen routed Jin's generals Lin Ying and Zhang Zhi; land and sea columns advanced on Yuzhou; Guo Xuan fled to Siming. Su Kan, a Jin general, surrendered Haicheng. Qisheng sent Zhao Deshou and Huang Dalai with Laita to storm the camps at Chenzhou, Mazhou, Wanyao Mountain, Guanyin Mountain, and Huangqi. Wu Xingzuo and Lahada drove Jin's troops to Xunwei and took Xiamen and Jinmen; Jin withdrew to Taiwan. In the twentieth year Jin died.

子克（𡒉，為鄭經庶出長子），自錦出師時為居守，永華請於錦，號「監國」。年未冠，明察能治事，顧乳媼子錫範等意不屬，先構罷永華兵，永華鬱鬱死；及錦卒，遂共縊殺克，奉錦次子克塽嗣為延平王。

His son was Kezhao ( Kezhao, Jin's eldest son by a concubine) had stayed behind when Jin marched out; Yonghua asked Jin to style him "Regent of the State." Though still under age, he was sharp and capable; but Feng Xifan, the wet nurse's son, and others looked elsewhere; they first stripped Yonghua of his troops; Yonghua died broken-hearted; When Jin died they strangled Kezhao and put his second son Ke Shuang on the throne as Prince of Yanping.

克塽幼弱，事皆決于錫範。行人傅為霖謀合諸將從中起，事泄，錫範執而殺之，並及續順公沈瑞。詔用施琅為水師提督，與啟聖規取臺灣。二十二年，國軒投書啟聖，復請稱臣入貢視琉球。上趣琅進兵。時國軒以二萬人守澎湖。六月，琅師乘南風發銅山，入八罩嶼，攻澎湖，擊沈錦師船二百，斬將吏三百七十有奇、兵萬餘。國軒以小舟自吼門走臺灣。七月吳啟爵持榜入臺灣諭軍民薙發?，克塽使請降，琅疏聞。上降敕宣撫，克塽上降表，琅遣侍。八月，琅督兵至鹿耳門，水淺不得入，泊十有二日，潮驟長高丈餘，?舟平入。臺灣人鹹驚，謂無異成功初至時也。克塽及國軒、錫范率諸將吏出降，詣京師，上授克塽公爵，隸漢軍正紅旗，國軒、錫范皆伯爵。諸明宗人依鄭氏者，甯靖王術桂自殺，魯王子及他宗室皆徙河南。上以國軒為天津總兵，召對慰勉。眷屬至，賜第京師。克塽請為成功子聰、錦子克舉等?官，上特許之。光緒初，德宗允船政大臣沈葆楨疏請，為成功立祠臺灣。

Ke Shuang was young; Xifan decided everything. Fu Weilin, Bearer of Dispatches, plotted a coup with the generals; the plot leaked; Xifan had him seized and killed, and Shen Rui, Prince of Continuation Shun, died with him. Shi Lang was made grand coordinator of the fleet to plan Taiwan's capture with Qisheng. In the twenty-second year Guo Xuan wrote Qisheng again, offering vassalage and tribute on the Ryukyu model. The emperor ordered Lang to march. Guo Xuan held Penghu with twenty thousand men. In the sixth month Lang's fleet rode the south wind from Tongshan to Bazhao and struck Penghu; two hundred of Jin's ships went down, more than three hundred seventy officers were killed, and over ten thousand soldiers. Guo Xuan fled through Haimen in a small boat to Taiwan. In the seventh month Wu Qijue entered Taiwan with a proclamation ordering the people to shave their heads; Ke Shuang sent to surrender; Lang reported to the throne. The emperor sent a pacification edict; Ke Shuang submitted his surrender; Lang dispatched attendants. In the eighth month Lang reached Lu'ermen but could not enter for the shoals; after twelve days at anchor the tide surged more than a zhang; the whole fleet rode it in. The people of Taiwan were stunned—it was as if Chenggong had arrived again. Ke Shuang, Guo Xuan, and Xifan surrendered with their officers and went to the capital; Ke Shuang was made a duke and enrolled in the Plain Red Banner; Guo Xuan and Xifan were made earls. Ming princes who had thrown in with the Zhengs followed their fate: Prince Ningjing Zhu Shugui took his own life; the Prince of Lu's son and other royals were sent to Henan. Guo Xuan was made garrison commander of Tianjin and summoned for a comforting audience with the emperor. When his family arrived, the court gave him a house in the capital. Ke Shuang asked offices for Chenggong's son Cong, Jin's son Keju, and others; the emperor assented. Early in Guangxu, Emperor Dezong granted Shen Baozhen's request and had a shrine to Chenggong built in Taiwan.

李定國，字鴻遠，陝西延安人。初從張獻忠為亂，與孫可望、劉文秀、艾能奇並為獻忠養子。獻忠入四川，遣諸將分道屠殺，定國為撫南將軍。順治三年，肅親王豪格率師入四川，獻忠死西充，可望與定國等及白文選、馮雙禮率殘眾自重慶而南，四年，破遵義，入貴州。可望令定國襲破臨安，屠其城，盡下迤東諸郡縣，定國等皆自號為王。居年餘，可望用任僎議，自號為國主。

Li Dingguo, styled Hongyuan, came from Yan'an in Shaanxi. He first followed Zhang Xianzhong in revolt; he and Sun Kewang, Liu Wenxiu, and Ai Nengqi were all Xianzhong's adopted sons. When Xianzhong entered Sichuan he sent generals on killing sweeps; Dingguo was made Pacifier of the South. In Shunzhi 3 Prince Su Haoge marched into Sichuan; Xianzhong died at Xichong; Kewang, Dingguo, Bai Wenxuan, and Feng Shuangli led the survivors south from Chongqing; in the fourth year they took Zunyi and entered Guizhou. Kewang sent Dingguo to storm Lin'an and sack it; the southeastern prefectures fell; Dingguo and the rest each proclaimed himself king. After a year Kewang took Ren Fu's advice and styled himself lord of the state.

時能奇已前卒，定國、文秀故儕輩，不相下，而定國尤崛強。六年春，可望密與文秀謀，藉演武聲定國罪，縛而杖之百。已，復相抱哭，令取沙定洲自贖。定國憾可望，念兄事久，未可遽發難，乃率所部攻定洲，定洲降械以歸，剝皮死。定國兵漸強。可望知不可制，乃通使桂王，思得封爵，彈壓諸將。桂王封可望公，尋進為王。定國與文秀亦自侯進公。八年，可望遣使迎桂王。九年，劫遷安隆所。會定南王孔有德師出河池向貴州，可望令定國與馮雙禮將八萬人自黎平出靖州，別遣馬進忠自鎮遠出沅州，兩軍會武岡，圖桂林。文秀亦出兵規取成都。可望言於桂王，進定國西寧王、文秀南康王。

Ai Nengqi was already dead; Dingguo and Wenxiu, old equals, would not bow to each other; Dingguo was the most unyielding. In the spring of the sixth year Kewang secretly colluded with Wenxiu; at a field review he condemned Dingguo, bound him, and gave him a hundred strokes. Then they embraced and wept; Kewang ordered Dingguo to redeem himself by capturing Sha Dingzhou. Dingguo resented Kewang but, bound by years as sworn brothers, would not rebel yet; he marched on Dingzhou; Sha Dingzhou surrendered unarmed and was brought back and flayed alive. Dingguo's army grew stronger. Kewang saw he could not control Dingguo and sent envoys to the Gui prince, seeking a title to hold the generals in check. The Gui prince made Kewang a duke, then a prince. Dingguo and Wenxiu were promoted from marquis to duke. In the eighth year Kewang sent to bring the Gui prince. In the ninth year he moved the court by force to Anlong. When Prince Dingnan Kong Youde marched from Hechi toward Guizhou, Kewang sent Dingguo and Feng Shuangli with eighty thousand men from Liping toward Jingzhou and Ma Jinzhong from Zhenyuan toward Yuanzhou; the two columns were to join at Wugang and take Guilin. Wenxiu also marched to take Chengdu. Kewang persuaded the Gui prince to make Dingguo Prince of Xining and Wenxiu Prince of Nankang.

定國自靖州進陷沅州，再進，陷寶慶，遂破武岡，與雙禮兵合。有德引師還桂林。定國使張勝、郭有銘為前鋒，趨嚴關，而令雙禮與高文貴、靳統武繼其後。有德遣兵逆戰驛湖，敗績，陷全州。定國與王之邦、劉之講、吳子聖、廖魚、卜寧率所部自西延大埠疾馳嚮桂林，勝、有銘已破嚴關。有德率師出戰，定國軍中象陣略退，斬馭象者以徇，所部戰甚力，驅象突陣，有德敗績，退保桂林。定國晝夜環攻，城陷，有德自殺。定國分兵徇廣西諸郡縣，梧州、柳州皆下，又遣白文選攻陷辰州。大將軍敬謹親王尼堪率師南征，次湘潭。馬進忠引退，師從之，次衡州。定國赴援，兩軍同時至，戰衡州城下，定國敗走。敬謹親王自率精騎追之，遇伏，沒於陣。定國收兵屯武岡。

Dingguo marched from Jingzhou and took Yuanzhou, then Baoqing, then Wugang, and joined Feng Shuangli. Youde marched back to Guilin. Dingguo sent Zhang Sheng and Guo Youming ahead toward Yanguan and Feng Shuangli, Gao Wengui, and Jin Tongwu after. Youde sent troops to Yihu and was beaten; Quanzhou fell. Dingguo raced from Xiyan Dabu toward Guilin with Wang Zhibang, Liu Zhijiang, Wu Zisheng, Liao Yu, and Bu Ning; Sheng and Youming had already forced Yanguan. Youde marched out to fight; Dingguo's elephant line wavered; he beheaded the mahouts as an example; his men fought furiously and drove the elephants through the enemy line; Youde was beaten back to Guilin. Dingguo besieged the city without rest; it fell; Youde took his own life. Dingguo sent columns through Guangxi; Wuzhou and Liuzhou fell; he sent Bai Wenxuan to take Chenzhou. Grand General Prince Jingjin Niken marched south and stopped at Xiangtan. Ma Jinzhong fell back; the Qing army followed to Hengzhou. Dingguo hurried to help; both armies reached Hengzhou together; they fought below the walls; Dingguo was beaten and fled. Prince Jingjin himself led crack horsemen in pursuit, ran into an ambush, and was killed in the fight. Dingguo pulled his forces together and held Wugang.

定國轉戰廣西、湖廣，下數十城，兵屢勝，可望益嫉之，次沅州，召定國計事，將以衡州敗為定國罪而殺之。定國察其意，辭不赴。十年，率進忠等犯永州。大將軍、貝勒屯齊率師自衡州赴之，未至，定國度龍虎關復入廣西，次柳州。可望會雙禮追定國，自靖州進次寶慶。貝勒屯齊遣兵自永州要擊，可望敗走，還貴陽。定國自柳州道懷集，攻肇慶。師自廣州赴援，戰四會河口，定國兵敗，移軍破長樂，行略高、雷、廉三府，悉屬於定國。

Dingguo fought across Guangxi and Huguang, capturing dozens of towns in a run of victories. Kewang's jealousy sharpened. At Yuanzhou he summoned Dingguo under pretense of consultation, planning to charge him with the Hengzhou defeat and put him to death. Dingguo saw through the scheme and refused to come. In the tenth year he marched on Yongzhou with Jin Zhong and others. Great General Prince Tunqi marched from Hengzhou to intercept him, but before he arrived Dingguo had crossed Longhu Pass back into Guangxi and halted at Liuzhou. Kewang and Shuangli gave chase from Jingzhou and pitched camp at Baoqing. Prince Tunqi sent a force from Yongzhou to cut them off; Kewang was beaten and fled back to Guiyang. From Liuzhou Dingguo passed through Huaiji and struck at Zhaoqing. Qing forces marched from Guangzhou to relieve the city and fought at the Si River estuary. Dingguo was defeated, but he wheeled away, took Changle, and swept through the prefectures of Gao, Lei, and Lian until all three lay in his hands.

桂王在安隆，馬吉翔為政，遙奉可望指。可望謀自帝甚急，王懼，與大學士吳貞毓謀密遣林青陽敕定國統兵入衛，定國感泣，議奉迎，青陽密使報王。王復遣周官鑄屏翰親臣金印賜之，定國拜受命。十一年，事為吉翔聞，啟可望，可望怒，遣其將鄭國按治，殺貞毓、青陽及諸與謀者凡十八人，獨官走免。定國發兵陷高明，進圍新城。平南王尚可喜、靖南王耿繼茂赴援，次三水，將軍珠瑪喇以師會，戰於珊洲，定國兵敗，退保新會。師進擊之，定國敗走。十二年，師進次興業，再進次橫州江上。定國戰屢敗，乃道賓州走南寧。可喜等撫定高、雷、廉三府及廣西橫州。十三年，師進攻南寧，定國戰復敗，將道安隆入雲南。可望詗知之，遣白文選移桂王貴陽。文選心不直可望，因密告王曰：「姑遲行，候西府。」西府謂定國也。定國至，文選與共奉王自安南入雲南。文秀自四川還軍，可望令與諸將王尚禮、王自奇守雲南，亦不直可望，遂與沐天波迓王入居可望廨，進定國晉王，並封文秀、文選皆王，尚禮等公。令文選還貴陽喻意，可望奪文選兵，置之軍中。定國令靳統武收吉翔，將殺之，吉翔哀統武為言于定國，召入謁，叩頭，諂定國，定國薦於王，使入閣，復用事。

The Yongli Emperor held court at Anlong while Ma Jixiang ran affairs, taking his cues from Kewang at a distance. Kewang's bid for the throne turned frantic. The emperor in alarm plotted with Grand Secretary Wu Zhenyu to send Lin Qingyang secretly with orders for Dingguo to march in and protect the court. Dingguo wept and pledged to escort the sovereign north. Qingyang sent secret word back to the court. The emperor also sent Zhou Guan to cast and bestow a golden seal naming Dingguo a pillar of the throne; Dingguo bowed and accepted the charge. In the eleventh year Jixiang heard of the plot and informed Kewang. Enraged, Kewang sent his general Zheng Guo to root it out. Zhenyu, Qingyang, and every co-conspirator—eighteen in all—were killed; only Zhou Guan fled and survived. Dingguo marched out, captured Gaoming, and pushed on to besiege Xincheng. Princes Shang Kexi and Geng Jimao hurried to relieve the city, halting at Sanshui. General Zhumaraha brought up the Qing army to join them. At Shanzhou Dingguo was beaten and withdrew to defend Xinhui. The Qing army pressed on; Dingguo broke and ran. In the twelfth year the Qing army halted at Xingye, then moved on again to the river line at Hengzhou. After a string of defeats Dingguo retreated through Binzhou to Nanning. Kexi and his allies settled the prefectures of Gao, Lei, and Lian and brought Hengzhou in Guangxi back under control. In the thirteenth year the Qing army pushed on Nanning. Dingguo lost again and prepared to withdraw through Anlong into Yunnan. Kewang learned of the move through spies and ordered Bai Wenxuan to transfer the emperor to Guiyang. Wenxuan had no loyalty to Kewang. He secretly told the emperor, "Do not move yet—wait for the Western Headquarters." The Western Headquarters meant Dingguo. When Dingguo arrived, Wenxuan joined him in escorting the emperor from Annan into Yunnan. Wenxiu came back from Sichuan with his troops. Kewang had ordered him, Wang Shangli, and Wang Ziqi to hold Yunnan, but Wenxiu too had turned against him. With Mu Tianbo he welcomed the emperor into Kewang's old headquarters, raised Dingguo to Prince of Jin, enfeoffed Wenxiu and Wenxuan as princes, and Shangli and the rest as dukes. Wenxuan was sent back to Guiyang to carry Dingguo's terms. Kewang seized his troops and kept him under guard in camp. Dingguo ordered Jin Tongwu to arrest Jixiang and was set to execute him. Jixiang begged Tongwu to intercede, was brought in, kowtowed, and poured on flattery until Dingguo recommended him to the emperor. Jixiang reentered the Secretariat and again held power.

十四年，可望舉兵反攻定國，起文選為將，留雙禮守貴陽。定國與文秀率師禦之，遇於三岔河。兩軍夾河而陣，文選棄其軍奔定國，可望遣張勝、馬寶自尋甸間道襲雲南，而自將當定國，戰方合，其將馬維興先奔，兵盡潰，可望走還貴陽。定國遣文秀追可望，引軍還雲南，遇勝於渾水塘，獲而殺之，寶降定國。可望至貴陽，雙禮言追兵且至，可望乃詣經略洪承疇降。雙禮盡取其子女玉帛，從文秀歸雲南，桂王進雙禮王、維興等公。

In the fourteenth year Kewang turned his army on Dingguo, put Wenxuan back in command, and left Shuangli to hold Guiyang. Dingguo and Wenxiu marched out to meet him at Sanhe River. The two armies faced off across the river. Wenxuan deserted his command and ran to Dingguo. Kewang sent Zhang Sheng and Ma Bao by a back road from Xundian to raid Yunnan while he himself blocked Dingguo. The fight had barely begun when Ma Weixing broke first; the whole army unraveled and Kewang fled back to Guiyang. Dingguo sent Wenxiu after Kewang and marched back toward Yunnan. At Hunshuitang they caught Zhang Sheng and killed him; Ma Bao surrendered. Kewang reached Guiyang. Shuangli warned that pursuers were close, and Kewang went to Regional Commander Hong Chengchou and submitted. Shuangli stripped him of his family, jewels, and goods and returned to Yunnan with Wenxiu. The emperor raised Shuangli to princely rank and Weixing and the others to dukes.

十五年，大將軍羅讬自湖南，吳三桂自四川，將軍卓布泰自廣西，三道入貴州。文秀病卒。定國使劉正國、楊武守三坡、紅關諸隘，禦三桂，馬進忠守貴州。會王自奇、關有才貳于定國，據永昌舉兵，定國自將擊之。羅讬師自鎮遠入，定國不及援，卓布泰亦盡下南丹、那地、獨山諸州，兩軍會貴陽，進忠遁去。三桂師後入，至三坡，正國拒戰，大敗，自水西奔還雲南。師次開州，武迎戰倒流水，亦敗，遂取遵義。王拜定國招討大元帥，賜黃鉞，?謀禦敵。三桂亦入貴陽，大將軍信郡王多尼至軍，會師平越，戒期入雲南。定國與雙禮扼公背，圖復貴州，文選守七星關。三桂師自遵義趨天生橋，出水西，克烏撒，文選棄關走霑益。卓布泰兵次盤江，自下流宵濟，遂入安隆，定國將吳子聖拒戰，敗走。定國以全軍據雙河口，卓布泰師進破象陣，迭戰羅炎、涼水井，定國兵潰，妻子俱散失，諸將竄走不相顧。定國收兵還雲南，奉桂王走永昌。

In the fifteenth year three Qing columns marched into Guizhou: Great General Luotuo from Hunan, Wu Sangui from Sichuan, and General Zhuobutai from Guangxi. Wenxiu died of illness. Dingguo posted Liu Zhengguo and Yang Wu at Sanpo, Hongguan, and the other passes to block Wu Sangui, and left Ma Jinzhong to hold Guizhou. At the same time Wang Ziqi and Guan Youcai turned against Dingguo, seized Yongchang, and rebelled. Dingguo marched against them in person. Luotuo's column entered from Zhenyuan before Dingguo could help. Zhuobutai overran Nandan, Nadi, Dushan, and the rest. The two Qing armies met at Guiyang and Jinzhong fled. Wu Sangui came up later to Sanpo. Zhengguo resisted and was crushed, fleeing back to Yunnan through Shuixi. The Qing army halted at Kaizhou. Yang Wu fought them at Daoliushui and was beaten too, and Zunyi fell. The emperor named Dingguo Grand Marshal for Punitive Campaigns, gave him the yellow battle-axe of command, and charged him to plan the defense. Wu Sangui entered Guiyang as well. Great General Prince Xinjun Duoni joined the campaign; the armies united at Pingyue and fixed a date to invade Yunnan. Dingguo and Shuangli blocked Chicken Rooster Ridge, hoping to retake Guizhou, while Wenxuan held Qixing Pass. Wu Sangui raced from Zunyi toward Tiansheng Bridge, broke out through Shuixi, and took Wusa. Wenxuan abandoned the pass and fled to Zhanyi. Zhuobutai halted at the Pan River and crossed by night from downstream, then pushed into Anlong. Wu Zisheng tried to stop him, was beaten, and fled. Dingguo massed his whole force at Shuanghekou. Zhuobutai broke his elephant line and fought through Luoyan and Liangshuijing in succession. Dingguo's army fell apart; his wife and children were lost in the rout, and his generals fled without a thought for one another. Dingguo regrouped, withdrew to Yunnan, and escorted the emperor in flight to Yongchang.

十六年春，師自普安入雲南會城。定國使靳統武護桂王走騰越，文選自霑益追及定國，定國使斷後，屯玉龍關。師從之，文選戰而敗，自右甸走木邦，師遂克永昌，渡潞江，陟磨盤山。定國使其將竇民望、高文貴、王璽為三伏以待。師半度，以?發其伏，伏起力戰，自卯至午短兵接，死者如堵牆。民望彈穿脅，猶持刀潰圍出，乃死。璽亦死於陣。定國坐山巔督戰，飛?墮其前，土坌起撲面，遂奔，退走騰越。未至，馬吉翔以桂王走南甸。統武還從定國，雙禮渡金沙江走建昌，其部將執以出降。

In the spring of the sixteenth year the Qing army entered the Yunnan capital from Pu'an. Dingguo sent Jin Tongwu to escort the emperor toward Tengyue. Wenxuan caught up from Zhanyi and was left to cover the retreat at Yulong Pass. The Qing army pursued. Wenxuan fought, lost, and withdrew from Youdian into Mohang. The invaders took Yongchang, crossed the Lu River, and climbed Moganshan. Dingguo posted three ambushes under Dou Minwang, Gao Wengui, and Wang Xi. When the Qing column was half across, cannon fire sprung the trap. The hidden troops surged up and fought hand to hand from dawn till midday; the dead heaped up like a rampart. A bullet tore through Minwang's side, yet he cut his way out of the ring with a blade in hand before he fell. Xi too was killed in the fight. Dingguo directed the fight from the ridge until a cannonball struck near him, dust flying into his face. He broke and withdrew toward Tengyue. Before he got there, Ma Jixiang had already fled with the emperor to Nandian. Tongwu rejoined Dingguo. Shuangli fled across the Jinsha toward Jianchang, but his own officers seized him and surrendered him.

王，與定國意?桂王入緬甸，定國次孟艮，如木邦，從文選謀，分屯邊境。文選將入異。定國乃移駐猛緬，收殘部，勢稍振。未幾，復移駐孟連。賀九儀招文秀將張國用、趙得勝歸定國。孟艮酋懼定國兼?，攻定國，定國擊破之，遂據其地。號召諸土司起兵，元江土司那嵩應定國，三桂討焉，嵩自焚死。三桂使招九儀，定國執而殺之。國用、得勝皆鞅鞅不為用，定國坐是終不競。十七年，文選自木邦攻阿瓦，求出桂王，不克，引兵會定國孟艮。十八年，合兵復攻阿瓦，定國上三十餘疏迎桂王，為吉翔所阻，不得達。文選使密啟王，得報書。與緬人戰，定國軍稍?，文選引兵橫擊之，緬人大敗，退城守，然終不肯出桂王。復議以舟師攻之，造船，為緬人所焚，乃移兵次洞鄔，國用、得勝挾文選北走，定國還孟艮。文選至耿馬，遇定國將吳三省，方得定國妻子，將歸諸定國，乃合軍駐錫箔，憑江為險。三桂與將軍愛星阿會木邦，倍道深入，文選降。師薄阿瓦，緬人執王歸於我師。

The court and Dingguo agreed to send the emperor into Burma. Dingguo halted at Menggen, moved on Mohang, and by Wenxuan's counsel scattered pickets along the frontier. Wenxuan prepared to cross into Burma. Dingguo then moved to Mengmian, rallied the remnants, and his force began to recover. Soon he shifted again to Menglian. He Jiuyi drew Wenxiu's generals Zhang Guoyong and Zhao Desheng back to Dingguo's side. The chief of Menggen, fearing annexation, attacked Dingguo and was crushed. Dingguo then held the territory himself. He called the native chiefs to arms. Nasong of Yuanjiang answered him, but Wu Sangui marched against him and Nasong burned himself alive. Wu Sangui tried to win Jiuyi over; Dingguo arrested and executed him. Guoyong and Desheng sulked and would not commit fully, and for that reason Dingguo never regained real strength. In the seventeenth year Wenxuan marched from Mohang against Ava to recover the emperor, failed, and withdrew to join Dingguo at Menggen. In the eighteenth year they attacked Ava again together. Dingguo sent more than thirty memorials pleading to bring the emperor out, but Jixiang blocked every one. Wenxuan got a secret message through to the emperor and received an answer. In the fighting with the Burmese Dingguo's line wavered until Wenxuan swung his troops across and smashed them. The Burmese fled behind their walls, but still would not surrender the emperor. They planned a river assault, built boats, and watched the Burmese burn them. The army moved to Dongwu; Guoyong and Desheng then seized Wenxuan and fled north, while Dingguo withdrew to Menggen. At Gengma Wenxuan met Wu Sansheng, who had recovered Dingguo's wife and children and was bringing them back. They united at Xibo and made the river their rampart. Wu Sangui and General Ai Xing'a united at Mohang, pushed deep by forced marches, and Wenxuan surrendered. The Qing army closed on Ava; the Burmese handed the emperor over to them.

定國自景線走猛臘，遣將入車裏、暹羅諸國乞師，皆不應；伺邊上求王消息。康熙元年，聞王凶問，號慟祈死。六月壬子，其生日也，病作，誡其子及靳統武曰：「任死荒徼，毋降！」乙丑，定國卒。統武尋亦卒。嗣興乃與文秀子震率所部出降。

Dingguo withdrew from Jingxian to Mengla and sent envoys to Cheli, Siam, and other kingdoms begging for aid; none would help; he kept watch along the border for word of the emperor. In the first year of Kangxi he learned that the emperor was dead; he wailed in grief and prayed to die. On renzi day in the sixth month—his birthday—he fell ill and told his son and Jin Tongwu, "Better to die on this wild frontier than submit!" On yichou day Dingguo died. Tongwu died soon after. Sixing and Wenxiu's son Zhen then led their remaining troops out to surrender.

論曰：當鼎革之際，勝國遣臣舉兵圖興復，時勢既去，不可為而為，蓋鮮有濟者。徒以忠義鬱結，深入于人心，陵谷可得更，精誠不可得沫。煌言勢窮兵散，終不肯為逭死之計。成功大舉不克，退求自保，存先代正朔。定國以降將受命敗軍後，崎嶇險阻，百折而不撓，比之擴廓帖木兒、陳友定輩，何多讓焉。即用明史例，次於開國?雄之列。既表先代遺忠，並以見其倔強山海間，遠至三十餘年，近亦十餘年。開創艱難，卒能定於一，非偶然也。

The historian writes: In the chaos of dynastic change, loyalists of the fallen Ming took up arms to restore the throne. Fortune had already turned; few who pressed on against that tide ever prevailed. Yet loyalty and righteousness had sunk deep into the people's hearts. Mountains and valleys may shift, but such devotion cannot be washed away. Huangyan, though ruined and alone, would not even contemplate saving his own life. Chenggong, after his great expedition failed, withdrew to hold on and keep the old calendar alive. Dingguo was a turncoat general who took command after defeat, yet he endured a hundred setbacks on brutal roads without bending. Compared with Kulai Temür or Chen Youding, he has little to yield. Following the Ming History's precedent, he is ranked among the founding heroes. The record honors the old dynasty's loyalists and shows how stubbornly they held out in the hills and along the coast—some for more than thirty years, others for a decade or more. That the Qing founding was hard won yet ended in unity was no accident.

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