Volume 234 Biographies 21: Kong Youde, Geng Zhongming, Shang Kexi, Shen Zhixiang, Zu Dashou

孔有德，遼東人。太祖克遼東，與鄉人耿仲明奔皮島，明總兵毛文龍錄置部下，善遇之。袁崇煥殺文龍，分其兵屬副將陳繼盛等。有德與仲明走依登州巡撫孫元化為步兵左營參將。

Kong Youde was from Liaodong. After Nurhaci conquered Liaodong, Youde fled with his fellow townsman Geng Zhongming to Pidao Island, where the Ming regional commander Mao Wenlong took them into his ranks and treated them generously. Yuan Chonghuan executed Mao Wenlong and reassigned his forces to deputy commanders including Chen Jisheng. Youde and Zhongming then took refuge with Sun Yuanhua, the Dengzhou surveillance commissioner, and were appointed regimental colonels of his Left Infantry Battalion.

天聰五年，太宗伐明，圍大凌河城。元化遣有德以八百騎赴援，次吳橋，大雨雪，眾無所得食，則出行掠。李九成者，亦文龍步將，與有德同歸元化，元化使齎銀市馬塞上，銀盡耗，懼罪。其子應元在有德軍，九成還就應元，咻有德謀為變。所部陳繼功、李尚友、曹得功等五十餘人，糾眾數千，掠臨邑，凌商河，殘齊東，圍德平，破新城，恣焚殺甚酷。元化及山東巡撫餘大成皆力主撫，檄所過郡縣毋邀擊，有德因偽請降。明年正月，率眾迳至登州，仲明與都司陳光福及杜承功、曹德純、吳進興等十五人為內應，夕舉火，導有德入自東門，城遂陷。元化自剄不殊，有德等以元化故有恩，縱使航海去。旅順副將陳有時、廣祿島副將毛承祿亦叛應有德，勢益張。有德自號都元帥，鑄印置官屬，九成為副元帥，仲明、有時、承祿、光福為總兵官，應元為副將，四出攻掠。明以徐從治為山東巡撫，謝璉為登萊巡撫，並駐萊州。有德等進陷黃縣、平度，遂攻萊州，從治中砲死城上。有德复偽請降，誘璉出，殺之。莊烈帝命侍郎硃大典督師討有德，援平度，斬有時，至昌邑，有德逆戰，大敗，复黃縣。有德等退保登州。

In the fifth year of the Tiancong reign, the Taizong marched against the Ming and laid siege to Dalinghe. Sun Yuanhua dispatched Youde with eight hundred horsemen to relieve the siege, but at Wuqiao a fierce blizzard struck and the troops had no food, so they turned to raiding the countryside. Li Jiucheng, another of Mao Wenlong's infantry officers, had come over to Sun Yuanhua together with Youde. Yuanhua had sent him north with silver to buy horses on the frontier, but he squandered the funds and feared being punished. His son Yingyuan was serving in Youde's army; Jiucheng rejoined him there and goaded Youde into plotting rebellion. With Chen Jigong, Li Shangyou, Cao Degong, and more than fifty other officers, they rallied several thousand men, plundered Linyi, swept through Shanghe, laid waste to eastern Qi, besieged Dezhou, took Xincheng, and indulged in burning and slaughter on a terrible scale. Sun Yuanhua and the Shandong surveillance commissioner Yu Dacheng both insisted on appeasement, ordering every county along the rebels' path not to attack them, and Youde took advantage of this to feign submission. The next year, in the first month, he marched straight on Dengzhou. Zhongming and fifteen others, including the battalion commander Chen Guangfu, Du Chenggong, Cao Dechun, and Wu Jinxing, served as collaborators within the walls; that night they lit signal fires and admitted Youde through the east gate, and the city was taken. Sun Yuanhua tried to cut his own throat but survived; remembering the kindness he had once shown them, Youde and his men let him escape by sea. The Lüshun deputy commander Chen Youshi and the Guanglu Island deputy commander Mao Chenglu also rose in revolt to join him, and his power swelled further. Youde proclaimed himself commander-in-chief, cast official seals, and set up a staff: Jiucheng as his deputy, Zhongming, Youshi, Chenglu, and Guangfu as regional commanders, and Yingyuan as deputy commander, then sent them out on raids in every direction. The Ming court appointed Xu Congzhi surveillance commissioner of Shandong and Xie Lian surveillance commissioner of Deng and Lai, and both men took up headquarters at Laizhou. Youde's forces next took Huangxian and Pingdu and then laid siege to Laizhou, where Xu Congzhi was killed on the ramparts by a cannon shot. Youde again pretended to submit, drew Xie Lian out of the city, and had him killed. The Chongzhen Emperor ordered the vice minister Zhu Dagian to take command against Youde. Dagian relieved Pingdu, executed Chen Youshi, and advanced to Changyi, where Youde gave battle and was routed; Huangxian was recovered. Youde and his followers fell back to defend Dengzhou.

登州城東西南皆距山，北臨海，城北復有水城通海舶。大典督諸軍築長圍困之，九成出戰死，明師攻益急；有德乃謀來降，以子女玉帛出海，仲明單舸殿，經旅順，明總兵黃龍以水師邀擊，擒承祿、光福，殲應元，斬級千餘。有德等退屯雙島龍安塘，食盡，遣所置游擊張文煥、都司楊謹、千總李政明以男婦百人泛海至蓋州。蓋州戍將石國柱、雅什塔護使謁上，具言有德等舉兵始末，且請降。上諭範文程、羅什、剛林預策安置。有德等復遣所置副將曹紹中、劉承祖等奉疏，言將自鎮江登陸，上命貝勒濟爾哈朗、阿濟格、杜度帥師迓之。朝鮮發兵助明師，要有德等鴨綠江口。濟爾哈朗等兵至江岸，嚴陣相對，敵師不敢逼。有德等舟數百，載將士、槍砲、輜重及其孥畢登，三貝勒為設宴，上使副將金玉和傳諭慰勞。

Dengzhou was ringed by mountains on three sides and faced the sea to the north; north of the main city stood a water citadel linked to the harbor for seagoing ships. Dagian oversaw the construction of a long encirclement around the city. Jiucheng sallied forth, was killed in battle, and the Ming assault grew fiercer still; Youde then resolved to defect to the Qing. He sent his family, treasure, and goods out to sea, with Zhongming's lone boat bringing up the rear. Off Lüshun the Ming commander Huang Long intercepted them with his fleet, capturing Chenglu and Guangfu, wiping out Yingyuan, and taking more than a thousand heads. Youde's party fell back to Long'antang on the Shuang Islands, and when provisions ran out they sent Zhang Wenhuan, Yang Jin, and Li Zhengming—officers they had appointed—with a hundred men and women by sea to Gaizhou. The Gaizhou garrison commanders Shi Guozhu and Yashta sent envoys to the throne with a full account of how Youde had raised his rebellion and a request to accept his surrender. The Emperor ordered Fan Wencheng, Luo Shi, and Ganglin to work out arrangements for receiving them. Youde sent his deputies Cao Shaozhong and Liu Chengzu with a memorial saying they would land at Zhenjiang, and the Emperor dispatched the princes Jirhalang, Ajige, and Du with an army to welcome them. Korea mobilized troops to help the Ming and intercepted Youde's force at the mouth of the Yalu. Jirhalang's force reached the riverbank and formed a solid battle line; the enemy troops did not dare close in. Several hundred boats brought Youde's soldiers, guns, supplies, and families ashore. The three princes gave them a banquet, and the Emperor sent Deputy Commander Jin Yuhe with words of welcome and encouragement.

七年六月，有德、仲明入謁，上率諸貝勒出德盛門十里至渾河岸，為設宴，親舉金卮酌酒飲之，賜蟒袍、貂裘、撒袋、鞍馬，有德、仲明亦上金銀及金玉諸器、採段、衣服。越二日，復召入宮賜宴，授有德都元師、仲明總兵官，賜敕印，即從所署置也。命率所部駐東京，號令、鼓吹、儀衛皆如舊，惟刑人、出兵當以聞。有德等怨黃龍，必欲報之。會聞龍發水師逐賊鴨綠江，旅順無備，上命貝勒岳託、德格類帥師襲之，以有德率為導。龍數戰皆敗，遂自殺，克其城。有德等兵入佔官吏富民廨宅，多收俘獲。岳託、德格類聞於上，上置不問。有德墜馬傷手，與仲明留遼陽，詔慰之曰：「都元帥遠道從戎，良亦勞苦。行間諸事，實獲朕心。招撫山民，尤大有裨益。不謂勞頓之身，又遭銜橛之失。佇聞痊可，用慰朕懷。」別敕令旗纛用皁色，並誡軍士以時演習槍砲、弓矢；馬以牌，甲胄以帶，皆書滿洲字為識別。有德、仲明旋入朝，上誡毋餽遺貝勒大臣。八年，朝元日，命有德、仲明與八和碩貝勒同列第一班，遣官為營第，疏辭不允。

In the sixth month of the seventh year, Youde and Zhongming were received in audience. The Emperor led the princes ten li beyond the Desheng Gate to the Hun River, where he hosted a feast and personally raised a golden cup to toast them, granting python robes, sable furs, quivers, saddles, and horses; in return they presented gold, silver, jade vessels, brocades, and garments. Two days later he summoned them to another palace feast and confirmed Youde as commander-in-chief and Zhongming as regional commander, granting them imperial patents and seals for the very ranks they had already claimed for themselves. They were ordered to station their troops in Liaodong, keeping their old signals, music, and guard formations, but they had to report before carrying out executions or deploying troops. Youde and his men nursed a bitter grudge against Huang Long and were bent on revenge. Learning that Huang Long had taken his fleet up the Yalu in pursuit of rebels and left Lüshun unguarded, the Emperor ordered the princes Yuetuo and Degge to strike the port, with Youde's men as guides. Huang Long lost battle after battle and finally took his own life; the city fell. Youde's troops seized the homes of officials and the wealthy and took a great many captives. Yuetuo and Degge reported the looting to the throne, but the Emperor let the matter pass. Youde fell from his horse and hurt his hand; he and Zhongming stayed behind at Liaoyang. An edict of consolation read: "Commander-in-Chief, you have marched far to take the field—no doubt the hardship has been great. Your conduct on campaign has truly pleased me. Your work pacifying the mountain folk has been especially valuable. I did not think that a body already worn down would suffer yet another fall from the saddle. I await news of your recovery, which will set my mind at ease. A separate edict ordered black banners and standards and instructed the troops to drill regularly with firearms, bows, and arrows; horses were to carry plaques and armor belts inscribed in Manchu script for identification. Youde and Zhongming soon returned to court, and the Emperor warned them not to offer gifts to the princes and senior ministers. In the eighth year, at the New Year's audience, Youde and Zhongming were placed in the first rank alongside the eight princely beile. Officials were sent to build them residences, but their written refusals were overruled.

有德、仲明軍駐遼陽，官吏經其地，必躬迎款宴。上复誡諭之，謂：「爾等即朕子弟，款接諸臣理有未當。今後非貝勒，毋更迎宴。爾等偕至者如有困窮，當加愛養。爾等或遣使詣盛京，當令使者告禮部，禮部與館餼。不然，爾等新附，親知尚少，使來無居無食，不重困乎？」及尚可喜來降，上遇之亞有德、仲明。命更定旗制，以白鑲皁，號有德、仲明軍為天祐兵，可喜軍為天助兵。國語謂漢軍「烏真超哈」，有德等自將所部不相屬。八月，從上伐明，自大同入邊，有德遣所部黑成功、佟延以八十人擊敗明兵代州城東，獲馬二十。九年，有德等為部將請敕，上命自給札。鮑承先疏論當令吏部給劄付，上不允。有德等仍錄所部副將以下請敕，上曰：「爾等初來歸，朕許爾等黜陟部將。今復給敕，是背前言。朕非謂爾等無功不當畀敕書也，慮失信耳。」因賜有德、仲明、可喜人緞一、貂皮六十，副將以下白金有差。有德以新附者日眾，偕仲明輸糧佐餉，上卻之。

With Youde and Zhongming's army stationed at Liaoyang, every official who passed through was met in person and entertained at a feast. The Emperor admonished them again: "You are like my own sons; it is not proper for you to feast every official who passes by. From now on, do not hold welcoming banquets unless the visitor is a prince. If any of your followers are in want, you should look after them. If you send envoys to Mukden, have them report to the Board of Rites, which will provide lodging and rations. Otherwise, as newcomers with few friends at court, your envoys may arrive with nowhere to stay and nothing to eat—would that not add to their hardship?" When Shang Kexi defected, the Emperor received him with honors only slightly below those given Youde and Zhongming. He reorganized their banners to white bordered in black, naming Youde and Zhongming's force the Tianyou Army and Kexi's the Tianzhu Army. In Manchu the Chinese forces were called ujen cooha; Youde and the others each led their own troops without being subordinated to one another. In the eighth month he joined the Emperor's campaign against the Ming, entering through Datong. Youde sent Hei Chenggong and Tong Yan with eighty men to rout Ming forces east of Daizhou and seize twenty horses. In the ninth year Youde and his colleagues asked that their subordinate commanders receive imperial patents; the Emperor told them to issue the commissions themselves. Bao Chengxian argued in a memorial that the Board of Personnel should issue the patents, but the Emperor refused. Youde and the others again submitted lists of their deputies and subordinates for patents. The Emperor said: "When you first defected, I granted you authority to appoint and dismiss your own officers. To issue patents now would contradict what I said then. I do not mean that you lack merit and deserve no patents—I am concerned about breaking my word." He then granted Youde, Zhongming, and Kexi each one bolt of figured silk and sixty sable pelts, with varying amounts of silver for their deputies and subordinates. As more men defected to their ranks each day, Youde and Zhongming offered grain to help feed the army, but the Emperor declined.

崇德元年夏四月，上受寬溫仁聖皇帝尊號，有德從諸貝勒奉寶以進，封恭順王。十二月，上自將伐朝鮮，命有德等從貝勒杜度護輜重繼後。二年二月，既下江華島，命有德等從貝子碩託以水師取皮島。師還，有言其部眾違法妄行者，上命申嚴約束，毋蹈故轍。三年，從攻錦州，有德等以砲攻下戚家堡、石家堡及錦州城西台，降大福堡；又以砲攻下大台一，俘男婦三百七十九，盡戮其男子；又以砲攻五里河台，台隅圮，明守將李計友、李惟觀乃率其眾出降，皆籍為民，勿殺。四年，從攻松山，以砲擊城東隅台，台上藥發，自燔，殲其餘眾，又降道旁台二。上至松山，使有德等以砲攻其南郛。有德當郭門，仲明居右，馬光遠佐之；可喜居左，石廷柱佐之。自夜漏下至翌日晡，城堞盡毀。明守將金國鳳即夜繕治，守甚固，有德議穴地攻之，不克。六年，率兵更番圍錦州，破明師杏山。七年，松山、錦州相繼下。時析烏真超哈為八旗，有德等請以所部隸焉，乃分屬正紅旗。八年，從取中後所、前屯衛。

In the fourth month of summer in the first year of Chongde, when the Emperor took the title Broad Clemency, Benevolence, and Sagacity, Youde joined the princes in presenting the imperial seal and was enfeoffed as Prince Gongshun. In the twelfth month the Emperor led the campaign against Korea in person and ordered Youde and his men to follow Prince Du in guarding the supply train. In the second month of the second year, after Jianghua Island fell, he ordered Youde to join Prince Suotuo's fleet in taking Pidao. After the army returned, reports accused his men of lawless conduct. The Emperor ordered stricter discipline and warned them not to repeat their old abuses. In the third year he joined the siege of Jinzhou. Youde's artillery took Qi Family Fort, Shi Family Fort, and the western platform of Jinzhou, and Dafu Fort surrendered; their guns then brought down another major platform, capturing 379 people and executing all the men; cannon fire then breached a corner of the Wulihe platform, and the Ming commanders Li Jiyou and Li Weiguan led their men out to surrender; all were registered as civilians and spared. In the fourth year he joined the siege of Songshan. Cannon fire struck the southeast platform; stored powder exploded and the garrison was wiped out, and two roadside platforms also surrendered. When the Emperor reached Songshan, he ordered Youde's artillery to bombard the southern outer wall. Youde took position before the outer gate, Zhongming on the right with Ma Guangyuan as his second; Kexi held the left with Shi Tingzhu as his second. From the first watch of the night until the following afternoon, the parapets were battered to rubble. The Ming commander Jin Guofeng repaired the walls overnight, and the defense held firm. Youde proposed mining the walls but failed to break through. In the sixth year he led rotating detachments in the siege of Jinzhou and routed the Ming force at Xingshan. In the seventh year Songshan and Jinzhou fell one after the other. The Chinese forces were then reorganized into the Eight Banners; Youde and his colleagues asked to have their troops incorporated and were assigned to the Plain Red Banner. In the eighth year he joined the capture of Zhonghousuo and Qiantunwei.

順治元年，從睿親王多爾袞入關，追擊李自成至慶都。九月，上至京師，賜有德等貂蟒朝衣。十月，上御皇極門大宴，复賜鞍馬。旋命有德從定國大將軍豫親王多鐸西討李自成。二年，陝西既定，移師下江南，克揚州，取明南京，攻江陰，有德皆有勞。八月，師還，賜繡朝衣一襲、馬二、黃金百、白金萬。命還鎮遼陽，簡士馬待徵發。

In the first year of Shunzhi he marched through the Pass with Prince Regent Dorgon and pursued Li Zicheng as far as Qingdu. In the ninth month the Emperor reached Beijing and granted Youde and his colleagues sable-trimmed python court robes. In the tenth month the Emperor hosted a great feast at the Huangji Gate and again granted saddles and horses. He then ordered Youde to join Prince Dodo, the Pacifier of the State, in the western campaign against Li Zicheng. In the second year, once Shaanxi was secured, the army turned south into Jiangnan, took Yangzhou, captured the Ming southern capital, and assaulted Jiangyin; Youde distinguished himself in each operation. When the army returned in the eighth month, he received an embroidered court robe, two horses, a hundred taels of gold, and ten thousand taels of silver. He was ordered back to Liaoyang to refit his troops and await the next campaign.

三年五月，諭兵部召有德等率所部會京師。八月，授有德平南大將軍，率仲明、可喜及續順公沈志祥、右翼固山額真金礪、左翼梅勒額真屯泰率師南征，策自湖廣下江西贛南入廣東，諭諸將悉受有德節制。是時明桂王稱號，湖廣總督何騰蛟駐湘陰，諸將李赤心、黃朝宣、劉承胤、袁宗第、王進才、馬進忠等分屯湖南北，號「十三鎮」，大抵自成餘黨及左良玉舊部。

In the fifth month of the third year he ordered the Board of War to summon Youde and his colleagues with their troops to the capital. In the eighth month Youde was named Pacifier of the South and commander-in-chief of the southern expedition, leading Zhongming, Kexi, Prince Shen Zhixiang, the banner commander Jin Li, and Tun Tai. The plan was to advance from Huguang through southern Jiangxi and Gan into Guangdong, and every general was placed under Youde's command. The Ming Prince of Gui had by then proclaimed himself emperor. Governor-General He Tengjiao held Xiangyin, while Li Chixin, Huang Chaoxuan, Liu Chengyin, Yuan Zongdi, Wang Jincai, Ma Jinzhong, and other commanders held positions across Hunan under the name "Thirteen Garrisons"—mostly Li Zicheng's remnants and Zuo Liangyu's former troops.

四年春，有德師至，進才自長沙走湖北，騰蛟亦棄湘陰單騎奔衡州。有德遣梅勒額真卓羅、藍拜等躡進才，與所部水師遇，擊敗之。有德進次湘潭，朝宣以十三萬人屯燕子窩。有德率藍拜等將水師，可喜及卓羅等將陸師，分道併入，破明將徐松節。朝宣走衡州，有德以師從之，獲朝宣。有德令仲明、金礪、卓羅等將水師還詣長沙，明將楊國棟以二千人屯天津湖，巴牙喇甲喇章京張國柱、札薩藍等與戰，國棟自牛皮灘遁去。有德令金礪留駐衡州，復與仲明及卓羅等率師越熊飛嶺克祁陽，遂破寶慶，擊殺明魯王世子乾生，總兵黃晉、李茂功、吳興等。時明桂王居武岡，倚承胤為守。有德夜發寶慶，前隊梅勒章京黑成功等敗敵，焚木城，奪門入，明桂王走靖州，轉徙入桂林，承胤出降。

In the spring of the fourth year Youde's army arrived. Wang Jincai fled from Changsha into Hubei, and He Tengjiao abandoned Xiangyin and rode alone to Hengzhou. Youde sent Zhuoluo, Lanbai, and other officers in pursuit of Jincai, defeated his fleet in battle, and drove him off. Youde advanced to Xiangtan, where Huang Chaoxuan had massed 130,000 men at Yanziwowo. Youde led the fleet under Lanbai while Kexi and Zhuoluo led the land columns; advancing by land and water together, they routed the Ming general Xu Songjie. Chaoxuan fled toward Hengzhou, but Youde pursued and took him prisoner. Youde sent Zhongming, Jin Li, and Zhuoluo with the fleet back toward Changsha. The Ming general Yang Guodong held Tianjin Lake with two thousand men until Zhang Guozhu and Zhasalan attacked him and drove him off from Niupitan. Youde left Jin Li at Hengzhou and marched with Zhongming and Zhuoluo over Xiongfei Ridge to take Qiyang and then Baoxing, killing the Ming Prince of Lu's heir Qiansheng and the commanders Huang Jin, Li Maogong, and Wu Xing. The Ming Prince of Gui was then at Wugang, depending on Liu Chengyin for his defense. Youde marched by night from Baoxing. Hei Chenggong's vanguard routed the defenders, burned the wooden stockade, and stormed the gate. The Prince of Gui fled to Jingzhou and then to Guilin, while Chengyin surrendered.

有德始自長沙下祁陽也，聞郝搖旗圍桂陽，令可喜及藍拜等別將兵赴援；郝搖旗部卒千四百人屯翔鳳鋪，令巴牙喇纛章京線國安、固山大蘇朗等擊破之，搖旗引去。至是國安等遂趨靖州，追明桂王。明總兵蕭曠、姚有性以萬二千人守靖州，國安師薄城，奪門入，獲曠、有性等，又破明侍郎蓋光英軍。藍拜略黔陽，進攻沅州，明將張宣弼以三萬人出戰，我兵奮擊，遂克其城。自出師至此，凡獲明宗室桂王子爾珠等二十七人，降明將自承胤以下四十七人，偏裨二千餘人、馬步兵六萬八千有奇。捷聞，賜有德黃金二百五十兩，仲明、可喜各二百，志祥百，將士賚白金有差。

When Youde first marched from Changsha toward Qiyang, he learned that Hao Yaoqi was besieging Guiyang and detached Kexi and Lanbai with a relief force; Hao Yaoqi had fourteen hundred men at Xiangfengpu until Xian Guo'an, Sulang, and other banner officers routed them and Yaoqi pulled back. Guo'an then marched on Jingzhou in pursuit of the Ming Prince of Gui. The Ming commanders Xiao Kuang and Yao Youxing defended Jingzhou with twelve thousand men, but Guo'an stormed the gates, took both commanders prisoner, and broke Gai Guangying's force as well. Lanbai swept through Qianyang and besieged Yuanzhou. Zhang Xuanbi marched out with thirty thousand men, but our troops drove them back and captured the city. Since the campaign began they had taken twenty-seven members of the Ming imperial house, including the Prince of Gui's son Erzhu; received the surrender of forty-seven Ming generals from Liu Chengyin on down; more than two thousand field officers; and over sixty-eight thousand foot and horse. On report of the victory, the court granted Youde two hundred fifty taels of gold, Zhongming and Kexi two hundred each, Zhixiang one hundred, and distributed silver rewards among the troops according to rank.

五年春，復進克辰州，湖南諸郡縣悉定。又旁取貴州黎平府、廣西全州，招降銅仁、全州、興安、灌陽苗峒二百九十有奇，复獲明宗室榮王子鬆等四十餘人，及所置總兵以下諸將吏甚眾。上命有德班師，至京師，宴勞，賜黑狐、紫貂、冠服、採帛、鞍馬、黃金二百、白金二千。

That spring of the fifth year they took Chenzhou and brought every prefecture and county in Hunan under control. They also seized Liping in Guizhou and Quanzhou in Guangxi, brought over nearly three hundred Miao stockades across Tongren, Quanzhou, Xing'an, and Guanyang, captured more than forty Ming princes including Prince of Rong's son Song, and took a great host of Ming-appointed commanders and officials. The emperor recalled Youde to the capital, where he was banqueted and given black-fox and purple-sable furs, court dress, silks, horses and tack, two hundred taels of gold, and two thousand of silver.

六年五月，改封有德定南王，授金冊金印，令將舊兵三千一百、新增兵萬六千九百，合為二萬人，徵廣西，設隨徵總兵官一、左右翼總兵官各一，以授馬蛟麟、線國安、曹得先。同時仲明、可喜各將萬人徵廣東，但設左右翼，制閷於有德。自有德師還，湖南諸郡縣復為赤心、進才、宗第等侵據，上命鄭親王濟爾哈朗為定遠大將軍，帥師討之，克長沙、寶慶、衡州諸府，獲騰蛟；而進忠猶據武岡，與曹志建、鄭思愛、劉祿、胡光榮、林國瑞、黃順祖、向文明等為寇靖、永、郴諸州，窺寶慶。

In the fifth month of the sixth year Youde was made Prince of Dingnan with patent and seal of gold and given twenty thousand men—three thousand one hundred veterans plus sixteen thousand nine hundred new recruits—to conquer Guangxi. Ma Jiaolin became expeditionary commander, with Xian Guo'an and Cao Dexian as wing commanders. Zhongming and Kexi meanwhile each took ten thousand men into Guangdong, though their forces had only left and right wings and remained under Youde's restraint. Once Youde withdrew, Chixin, Jincai, Zongdi, and others reoccupied Hunan's prefectures and counties. Prince Zheng Jirhalang was made Grand General Pacifying the Distance and sent to crush them; he recovered Changsha, Baoxing, Hengzhou, and the rest, and took He Tengjiao prisoner; Ma Jinzhen still held Wugang, however, and with Cao Zhijian, Zheng Si'ai, Liu Lu, Hu Guangrong, Lin Guorui, Huang Shunzu, and Xiang Wenming he harried Jingzhou, Yongzhou, and Chenzhou while threatening Baoxing.

十月，有德師至衡州，遣副將董英、何進勝擊思愛，戰於燕子窩，擒斬之；進克永州，擊走明將胡一青。七年春，復進破龍虎關，殲志建，遂攻武岡，陣獲祿、光榮等。進忠負創走，克其城，並下靖州。復進戰興寧，獲順祖、國瑞，招文明等以五萬人降。師入廣西境，克全州。十二月，遂拔桂林，明桂王走南寧，留守大學士瞿式耜死之，斬靖江王以下四百七十三人，降將吏一百四十七人。桂林、平樂諸屬縣皆下。

In the tenth month Youde reached Hengzhou and sent Dong Ying and He Jinsheng against Zheng Si'ai; at Yanzhiwo they captured and beheaded him; They then took Yongzhou and drove off the Ming general Hu Yiqing. In the spring of the seventh year they broke through Longhu Pass, destroyed Cao Zhijian, and stormed Wugang, taking Liu Lu, Hu Guangrong, and others in battle. Ma Jinzhen escaped wounded; the city fell, and Jingzhou submitted as well. At Xingning they captured Huang Shunzu and Lin Guorui and brought Xiang Wenming and fifty thousand men over to surrender. The army crossed into Guangxi and seized Quanzhou. In the twelfth month they took Guilin. The Prince of Gui fled to Nanning while Qu Shisi died defending the city. Four hundred seventy-three people, from the Prince of Jingjiang down, were put to death, and one hundred forty-seven Ming officers surrendered. Every county under Guilin and Pingle came over.

八年春正月，有德奏移籓屬駐桂林，遣蛟麟、國安取梧州、柳州，略旁近諸州縣。有德進駐賓陽，復遣國安等分三道進取，定思恩、慶遠，明將陳邦傅以潯州來降。明桂王走廣南，南寧亦下。

In the first month of the eighth year Youde asked to move his household and fief troops to Guilin and sent Jiaolin and Guo'an to seize Wuzhou and Liuzhou and pacify the surrounding districts. Youde established himself at Binyang and sent Guo'an in three columns against Si'en and Qingyuan; the Ming commander Chen Bangfu surrendered Xunzhou. The Prince of Gui fled into Guangnan, and Nanning fell as well.

九年四月，有德疏言：「臣荷先帝節錄微勞，錫以王爵。恭遇聖主當陽，兩粵八閩未入版圖，臣謬辱廷推，駐防閩海。同時有固辭粵西之役者，蓋以其地最荒僻，民少山多，百蠻雜處，諸孽環集，底定難預期也。臣自念受恩至渥，必遠闢岩疆，始敢伸首丘夙原，故毅然以粵西為請。受命以來，道過湖南，伏莽蔓延，六郡拮据，一載咸與掃除。乃進徵粵西，仰藉威靈，所向克捷。賊黨或竄或降，雖土司瑤、伶、俍、僮，古稱叛順靡常者，亦漸次招徠，受我戎索，粵西底定。臣生長北方，與南荒煙瘴不習。解衣自視，刀箭瘢痕，宛如刻劃。風雨之夕，骨痛痰湧，一昏幾絕。臣年邁子幼，乞恩敕能臣受代，俾臣得早覲天顏，優游終老。」疏入，得旨：「覽王奏，悉知功苦。但南疆未盡寧謐，還須少留，以俟大康。」

In the fourth month of the ninth year Youde submitted a memorial: "The late emperor honored my small services with a princely title. Under Your Majesty's enlightened rule the Two Guang and Eight Min still lie outside the empire, yet the court mistakenly chose me to guard the Fujian coast. Some urged me to refuse the western Guang campaign, saying the land was the wildest in the realm—thinly peopled, thick with mountains, thronged with barbarians and rebels, impossible to pacify on any timetable. I felt the debt of imperial favor too great to refuse; only by pushing the frontier far outward could I hope one day to die at home—so I asked for western Guang without hesitation. Since taking command I passed through Hunan, where bandits ran wild and six prefectures were in straits; within a year we cleared them all. Then we marched into western Guang and, borne by Your Majesty's majesty, won wherever we struck. Rebels scattered or submitted; even the Yao, Ling, Lang, and Zhuang chieftains—long reckoned fickle in loyalty—were gradually brought in under our military rule, and western Guang was pacified. I was raised in the north and never learned to endure the fevers of the southern frontier. When I strip and look at my body, the marks of blade and arrow might have been cut into the flesh with a knife. On stormy nights my bones ache and my chest fills with phlegm until I nearly faint dead away. I am old, my heir still a child; I beg that a worthy successor be appointed so I may return soon to see Your Majesty's face and end my days in peace." The memorial was answered: "We have read the Prince's report and know well your labors. But the south is not yet fully quiet; you must stay awhile until all is secure."

五月，有德率輕兵出河池，向貴州，留師柳州為後援。是時張獻忠將孫可望降於明，窺伺楚、粵，有德請敕剿撫。將軍續順公沈永忠駐沅州，扼門戶。時國安擢廣西提督，馬雄為左翼總兵，全節為右翼總兵，分守南寧、慶遠、梧州。未幾，明將李定國、馮雙禮自黎平出靖州，馬進忠自鎮遠出沅州，會於武岡。永忠使乞援，有德遣兵赴之，至全州。永忠已棄寶慶，退保湘潭，有德因還桂林。七月，定國自西延大埠取間道疾驅擊破全州軍，薄桂林，驅象攻城。城兵寡，定國晝夜環攻，有德躬守陴，矢中額，仍指揮擊敵。敵奪城北山俯攻，有德令其孥以火殉，遂自經，妻白氏、李氏皆死於火。事聞，諡有德武壯。十一年六月，有德女四貞以其喪還京師，上命親王以下、阿思哈尼哈番以上，漢官尚書以下、三品官以上，郊迎，賜白金四千，官為營葬，立碑紀績。尋復命建祠，祀春秋，以白氏、李氏配。

In the fifth month Youde took a light column from Hechi toward Guizhou, leaving a garrison at Liuzhou in support. Sun Kewang, once a lieutenant of Zhang Xianzhong, had now submitted to the Ming and was probing Hunan and Guangdong; Youde asked the throne for orders to subdue him. General Xushun Gong Shen Yongzhong held Yuanzhou and blocked the passes. Guo'an was made Guangxi provincial commander; Ma Xiong took the left wing and Quan Jie the right, guarding Nanning, Qingyuan, and Wuzhou between them. Soon Li Dingguo and Feng Shuangli marched from Liping on Jingzhou while Ma Jinzhen came out of Zhenyuan toward Yuanzhou; the two columns met at Wugang. Yongzhong sent for help; Youde marched to his relief and reached Quanzhou. But Yongzhong had already given up Baoxing and fallen back on Xiangtan, so Youde turned back to Guilin. In the seventh month Li Dingguo swung through Xiyan Dabu by a back road, smashed the garrison at Quanzhou, closed on Guilin, and sent war elephants against the walls. The city was thinly manned, and Dingguo pressed the siege without pause. Youde fought on the walls himself; though an arrow struck his forehead, he still commanded the defense. When the enemy took the hill north of the city and rained attacks down on the walls, Youde had his family burn themselves alive, then hanged himself; his wives, the Ladies Bai and Li, died in the fire. On report of his death he was given the posthumous title Wuzhuang. In the sixth month of the eleventh year Youde's daughter Sizhen brought his coffin to the capital. Princes, ashan i hafan, and Han officials down to vice grand secretary and up from third rank were ordered to meet them outside the walls. She received four thousand taels of silver; the court arranged the funeral and set up a stele to his deeds. A shrine was soon ordered for him with spring and autumn offerings, and the Ladies Bai and Li were enshrined at his side.

有德子廷訓，為定國所掠，越六年，乃殺之。及我師克桂林，隨徵總兵李茹春求得遺骼，以其死事狀上聞，命予卹。四貞至京師，賜白金萬，視和碩格格食俸，旋嫁有德部將孫龍子延齡，延齡叛應吳三桂，自有傳。國安、雄皆附延齡為亂，附見延齡傳。

Youde's son Tingxun was taken by Li Dingguo and, six years later, put to death. When our forces recaptured Guilin, the expeditionary commander Li Ruchun recovered his bones and reported how he had died; the court granted posthumous honors. Sizhen received ten thousand taels of silver at the capital, was granted a princess's stipend, and soon married Sun Yanling, son of Youde's officer Sun Long. Yanling later joined Wu Sangui's rebellion and has a separate biography. Guo'an and Ma Xiong likewise followed Yanling into rebellion; see the biography of Sun Yanling.

節，廣寧人。在明官參將。從有德降，授甲喇額真。有德既克桂林，以節為右翼總兵。克慶遠，使節戍焉。降宜山、河池、思恩、荔浦諸縣。順治九年七月，有德遣兵援寶慶，令節移屯梧州；聞定國兵且至，復令節移屯平樂。節方至柳州，定國已破桂林，柳州副將鄭元勳等叛降定國，謀襲節。節間道走梧州，與國安、雄合軍。定國來攻，我師戰而敗，節負重傷潰圍出，乘舟至肇慶。可喜遣水師助節，乃還定梧州、藤縣、潯州。十年正月，復平樂。馬雄守梧州，而與國安共擊破明將陳經猷、王應龍，遂克桂林。明將胡一青、龍韜、楊振威以數万人屯陽朔、永福間，節屢戰破之。敘功，加都督，進三等精奇尼哈番。移屯武宣，平象州，獲明將韋文有、羅天舜。

Quan Jie was a native of Guangning. In Ming service he had been a regimental vice commander. He surrendered with Youde and was made a jalan ejen. Once Guilin fell, Youde appointed him right-wing regional commander. After Qingyuan was captured he was left to hold it. He brought over Yishan, Hechi, Si'en, Lipu, and the other counties. In the seventh month of Shunzhi 9, Youde sent reinforcements toward Baoxing and ordered Jie to shift his camp to Wuzhou; but when word came that Li Dingguo was approaching, Jie was told to fall back on Pingle. Jie had barely reached Liuzhou when Dingguo took Guilin; Zheng Yuanxun and other Liuzhou deputies defected to Dingguo and plotted to cut him off. Jie escaped by a back road to Wuzhou and united with Guo'an and Ma Xiong. When Dingguo attacked, our troops were beaten; Jie was badly wounded, fought his way out, and sailed down to Zhaoqing. Kexi sent his fleet to help him, and together they recovered Wuzhou, Teng County, and Xunzhou. In the first month of the tenth year they retook Pingle. Ma Xiong held Wuzhou while he and Guo'an routed Chen Jingyou and Wang Yinglong and recaptured Guilin. Hu Yiqing, Long Tao, and Yang Zhenwei had tens of thousands of men between Yangshuo and Yongfu; Jie beat them again and again. For his services he was raised to regional commander and given third-class jingkini hafan rank. He shifted to Wuxuan, subdued Xiangzhou, and took the Ming commanders Wei Wenyou and Luo Tianshun.

十二年，移屯荔浦。時明宗室盛濃、盛添，明將李茂先、龔瑞屯富川，糾土寇王心、蔣乾相等及瑤、僮為亂，跨湖南、貴州界，依山結寨，為可望、定國聲援。節與國安等迭遣兵擊之，獲盛濃、盛添，諸瑤、僮百九十二寨皆下。十五年，上命國安徵貴州，奏請令節移屯柳州。十六年，复督兵討茂先、瑞，戰融縣，獲茂先；戰懷遠，瑞降。康熙元年，改右翼總兵為左江鎮總兵，即以命節。七年七月，卒，贈太子少保。

In the twelfth year he moved his camp to Lipu. The Ming princes Sheng Nong and Sheng Tian, with Li Maoxian and Gong Rui, held Fuchuan and stirred up local bandits Wang Xin and Jiang Ganxiang and Yao and Zhuang raiders along the Hunan-Guizhou frontier, building hill forts to support Sun Kewang and Li Dingguo. Jie and Guo'an sent columns against them in rotation, captured Sheng Nong and Sheng Tian, and brought in all one hundred ninety-two Yao and Zhuang strongholds. In the fifteenth year Guo'an was sent into Guizhou and asked that Jie be shifted to Liuzhou. In the sixteenth year he marched again against Li Maoxian and Gong Rui; at Rong County he took Maoxian; at Huaiyuan, Gong Rui surrendered. In Kangxi 1 the right-wing post became commander of the Zuojiang garrison, and Jie was given the appointment. He died in the seventh month of Kangxi 7 and was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

方定國破桂林也，節妻溫氏率妾婢自經，子成忠，年十一，被掠去。及洪承疇定貴州，得之降將趙三才所。至是，襲三等精奇尼哈番。

When Li Dingguo took Guilin, Jie's wife Lady Wen hanged herself with the concubines and maids; their son Chengzong, only eleven, was carried off. When Hong Chengchou pacified Guizhou, the boy was found among the followers of the surrendered general Zhao Sancai. He then inherited his father's third-class jingkini hafan rank.

從有德降者，又有李尚友、徐元勳、胡璉、曹紹中、孟應春，皆受世職梅勒章京，分隸正黃、鑲黃二旗。

Others who surrendered with Youde included Li Shangyou, Xu Yuanxun, Hu Lian, Cao Shaozhong, and Meng Yingchun; each received a hereditary meiren gusa ejen title and was placed in the Plain Yellow or Bordered Yellow Banner.

耿仲明，字云台，遼東人。初事明總兵毛文龍，文龍死，走登州依巡撫孫元化，皆與孔有德俱，元化以仲明為中軍參將。時總兵黃龍鎮皮島，所部有李梅者，仲明黨也，通洋。事覺，龍系之獄。仲明弟都司仲裕在龍軍，率部卒假索餉名，圍龍廨，擁之至演武場，折股去耳鼻，將殺之，諸將為救免。龍乃執殺仲裕，疏請罪仲明。元化劾龍蝕餉致兵譁。明莊烈帝命充為事官，而覈仲明主使狀。會有德已叛，還攻登州，仲明遂糾諸將同籍遼東者為內應。城陷，推有德為帥，受署置，稱總兵官。天津裨將孫應龍自誇與仲明兄弟善，能令縛有德以降。巡撫鄭宗周使將二千人自海道往。仲明偽為有德首，紿之開水城，延使入，猝斬之，殲其眾，得巨艦，以為舟師。明師攻登州急，天聰七年五月，從有德來降，上禮遇優異，授以總兵官，號其兵曰天祐兵。語並詳有德傳。

Geng Zhongming, courtesy name Yuntai, came from Liaodong. He first served the Ming commander Mao Wenlong; after Wenlong's death he fled to Dengzhou under Sun Yuanhua, always alongside Kong Youde, and Yuanhua made him a vice commander in the central army. Regional commander Huang Long then held Pidao Island; one of his men, Li Mei, a follower of Zhongming, was dealing with foreigners. When the traffic was exposed, Long threw him in prison. Zhongming's brother Zhongyu, a battalion commander in Long's force, mustered troops on the pretext of demanding back pay, surrounded Long's yamen, dragged him to the parade ground, broke his thigh, cut off his ears and nose, and would have killed him had other officers not intervened. Long had Zhongyu arrested and executed, then memorialized the throne to punish Zhongming. Sun Yuanhua in turn impeached Long for embezzling rations and provoking the mutiny. Emperor Sizong stripped Long of rank and confirmed Zhongming as the instigator. By then Youde had rebelled and was marching back on Dengzhou; Zhongming rallied fellow Liaodong officers inside the walls as collaborators. When the city fell they made Youde their leader, took formal commissions, and called themselves regional commanders. Sun Yinglong, a lieutenant from Tianjin, boasted that he was close to the Zhongming brothers and could have Youde bound and brought over. Surveillance commissioner Zheng Zongzhou sent him with two thousand men by sea. Zhongming displayed a false head as Youde's, tricked them into opening the water gate, lured the envoy inside, and cut him down; he destroyed the whole force, seized large ships, and built a fleet from them. As Ming armies tightened the siege of Dengzhou, he crossed to the Qing with Youde in the fifth month of Tiancong 7. The throne received him with great honor, made him regional commander, and called his men the Tianyou Army. The full story is told in the biography of Kong Youde.

仲明侵漁所部，所部愬於有德。有德因劾仲明，仲明引咎，請以所部赴愬者移屬有德。上敕獎有德，令善撫之；亦諭仲明善撫部下，毋念舊惡。即日並召入宮賜宴。越數日，又使賜羊酒，且諭之曰：「朕聞諸漢官從爾等教場角射，設筵饗爾等，意爾等必欲相酬報。爾等去家遠，可即以此羊酒藉教場為答宴也。」旋命與有德同駐遼陽。崇德元年，封仲明懷順王。上屢出師伐明，討朝鮮，仲明皆從。七年八月，命隸正黃旗。九月，所部甲喇額真石明雄訐仲明匿所獲松山、杏山人戶；有逃人被法，仲明為收葬設祭；复妄殺無辜：鞫實，罰仲明白金千兩。八年十一月，甲喇額真宋國輔、潘孝及明雄謀殺仲明，仲明以聞，鞫實，斬國輔等，籍其家畀仲明。順治初，從睿親王多爾袞入關，復從豫親王多鐸西討李自成，移師定江南。三年，有德為平南大將軍，帥師南征，仲明等以所部從。與明將楊國棟戰於牛皮灘，大破之；克衡州、祁陽、武岡諸郡縣；獲明將郭肇基。皆仲明功也。六年，改封靖南王，賜金冊金印。

Zhongming preyed on his own men until they appealed to Youde for redress. Youde thereupon brought charges against Zhongming; Zhongming acknowledged his fault and asked that the men who had petitioned Youde for relief be reassigned to Youde. The throne commended Youde by edict and told him to treat the men kindly; He likewise admonished Zhongming to care for his troops and let bygones be bygones. That very day both men were called to the palace and feasted. A few days later he sent them sheep and wine again with this message: "I am told that Han officials have been joining you on the drill field for archery matches and hosting feasts for you—I expect you would wish to return the courtesy. You are far from your homes; take this sheep and wine and hold your return feast on the drill ground." He then ordered them to be garrisoned together at Liaoyang. In Chongde 1, Zhongming received the title Prince Huaishun. On every campaign against the Ming and every expedition into Korea, Zhongming marched with the emperor. In the eighth month of year seven he was assigned to the Plain Yellow Banner. In the ninth month Shi Mingxiong, jalan ejen under Zhongming's command, charged him with hiding households seized at Songshan and Xingshan; When a runaway bondservant was put to death, Zhongming buried him and offered rites on his behalf; He also killed the innocent without cause; once the case was proved, Zhongming was fined a thousand taels of silver. In the eleventh month of year eight, jalan ejen Song Guofu, Pan Xiao, and Mingxiong conspired to assassinate Zhongming; Zhongming reported the plot; when guilt was established, Guofu and his accomplices were executed and their estates forfeited to Zhongming. Early in Shunzhi he entered the pass with Prince Regent Dorgon, then marched west with Prince Yu Dodo against Li Zicheng before turning to secure Jiangnan. In Shunzhi 3, Youde was appointed Pacification General of the South and marched south; Zhongming and his fellows followed with their troops. At Niupi Shoals he met the Ming general Yang Guodong and shattered his force; He took Hengzhou, Qiyang, Wugang, and the surrounding counties; The Ming general Guo Zhaoji was taken prisoner. These were all Zhongming's feats. In Shunzhi 6 his title was changed to Prince Jingnan, with a golden patent and seal to match.

仲明自降後，屢出征伐，恆與有德俱，未嘗獨將。是歲始與有德分道出師，有德徵廣西，仲明與尚可喜徵廣東。仲明將舊兵二千五百、新增兵七千五百，合為萬人，以徐得功為左翼總兵，連得成為右翼總兵。師既行，刑部奏論仲明部下梅勒章京陳紹宗等縱部卒匿逃人，罪當死。上因諭仲明，察隨徵將士攜逃人以往者，械歸毋隱。仲明察得三百餘人械歸，上疏請罪，吏議當奪爵，上命寬之，紹宗等亦貸死。仲明未聞命，十一月次吉安，自經死。

Since his surrender Zhongming had fought in one campaign after another, always at Youde's side, and never as sole commander. That year he and Youde parted ways for the first time—Youde into Guangxi, Zhongming with Shang Kexi into Guangdong. Zhongming had twenty-five hundred veteran troops and seventy-five hundred new levies—ten thousand men in all—with Xu Degong as Left Wing Commander and Lian Decheng as Right Wing Commander. After the army set out, the Board of Punishments reported that meiren janggin Chen Shaozong and others under Zhongming had let their troops harbor runaway bondservants, a crime punishable by death. The throne then ordered Zhongming to find every soldier who had taken a runaway bondservant on campaign, send them back in irons, and hide nothing. Zhongming discovered more than three hundred and sent them back in chains, then submitted a memorial accepting blame; the ministry recommended stripping his title, but the emperor showed mercy, and Shaozong and his fellows were also reprieved from execution. Word had not yet reached Zhongming when, in the eleventh month, halted at Ji'an, he took his own life by hanging.

子繼茂，順治初授世職昂邦章京。仲明死，繼茂在軍中，代領其眾，請襲爵，睿親王方攝政，持不可。繼茂從可喜俱南，定廣東諸郡縣。語見可喜傳。八年，世祖親政，繼茂嗣為王。九年，李定國陷桂林，孔有德死事。上聞報，命定遠大將軍敬謹親王尼堪自湖南移師赴之，敕可喜、繼茂俟尼堪至，合軍進攻，而繼茂先已與可喜遣兵赴援，复梧州及旁近諸郡。十年，潮州總兵郝尚久據城叛，繼茂與靖南將軍喀喀木、總兵吳六奇合軍討之，圍城踰月，城將王立功為內應，樹雲梯以登，尚久入井死，餘賊盡殲。潮州及饒平、揭陽、澄海、普寧諸縣悉平。十一年二月，命內翰林秘書院學士郎廷佐齎敕慰勞，賜白金三千，分賚將士。是歲李定國徇高、雷、廉三府，進犯新會。繼茂、可喜與靖南將軍珠瑪喇合軍進擊，再戰皆捷。定國還據南寧，復出攻橫州，繼茂自梧州帥師赴之，解橫州圍。進攻南寧，定國走安隆，獲明將李先芳，斬裨將杜紀等。十三年，賜敕紀功，增籓俸歲千金。

His son Geng Jimao received the hereditary rank of angban janggin early in Shunzhi. When Zhongming died Jimao was in the field and assumed command of his troops; he petitioned to inherit the princely title, but Prince Regent Dorgon, then ruling as regent, would not allow it. Jimao marched south with Kexi and subdued the prefectures and counties of Guangdong. The details appear in the biography of Shang Kexi. In Shunzhi 8, once the Shunzhi Emperor took personal rule, Jimao inherited the title. In Shunzhi 9, Li Dingguo took Guilin and Kong Youde fell in battle. When word arrived, the throne ordered Prince Jingjin Nikhan, Pacification General of the Far Reaches, to shift his forces from Hunan, instructing Kexi and Jimao to join him for a combined attack—but Jimao and Kexi had already dispatched relief troops and retaken Wuzhou and the surrounding districts. In Shunzhi 10, Chaozhou commander Hao Shangjiu rebelled and held the city; Jimao, Pacifier of the South Kakemu, and Wu Liuqi joined forces against him. After more than a month of siege, garrison commander Wang Ligong opened the gates from within; scaling ladders took the walls; Shangjiu threw himself into a well; every rebel left was killed. Chaozhou and the counties of Raoping, Jieyang, Chenghai, and Puning were fully restored to order. In the second month of Shunzhi 11, Lang Tingzuo of the Inner Secretariat was sent with an edict of commendation, three thousand taels of silver, and orders to share the reward among the troops. That same year Li Dingguo swept through Gaozhou, Leizhou, and Lianzhou and pressed against Xinhui. Jimao, Kexi, and Pacifier of the South Zhumala combined their armies and attacked; both engagements ended in victory. Dingguo fell back on Nanning, then sallied again against Hengzhou; Jimao marched from Wuzhou and broke the siege. Pressing on to Nanning, they drove Dingguo to Anlong, took the Ming general Li Xianfang, and executed lieutenant Du Ji and others. In Shunzhi 13 an edict commended his achievements and added a thousand taels to his annual princely allowance.

初，繼茂與可喜攻下廣州，怒其民力守，盡殲其丁壯。即城中駐兵牧馬。營靖南、平南二籓府，東西相望，繼茂尤汰侈，廣徵材木，採石高要七星岩，工役無藝；复創設市井私稅：民咸苦之。廣東左布政使胡章自山東赴官，途中上疏，言：「臣聞靖南王耿繼茂、平南王尚可喜所部將士，掠辱士紳婦女，佔居布政使官廨，並擅署置官吏。臣思古封建之制，天子使吏治其國而納其貢稅焉，不得暴彼民也。二王以功受封，宜仰體聖明憂民至意，以安百姓，乃所為如是，臣安敢畏威緘默？乞敕二王還官廨，釋俘虜。」繼茂奏辯，可喜亦有疏自白，章坐誣論絞，上命貸死奪官。逾年，高要知縣楊雍建內遷給事中，疏陳廣東濫役、私稅諸大害，謂：「一省不堪兩籓，請量移他省。」朝議令繼茂移鎮桂林，未行。十六年三月，上命移四川。十七年七月，改命移福建。

When Jimao and Kexi first took Guangzhou, enraged by its stubborn defense, they slaughtered every man of fighting age. They quartered troops in the city and grazed horses within its walls. They raised the Jingnan and Pingnan princely estates facing each other across the city; Jimao was the more lavish of the two, requisitioning timber far and wide and quarrying the Seven Star Crags at Gaoyao until the corvée had no end; They imposed new levies on market trade as well, and the people groaned under the burden. Hu Zhang, Left administration commissioner of Guangdong, memorialized from the road as he traveled from Shandong to his post: "I hear that troops under Prince Jingnan Geng Jimao and Prince Pingnan Shang Kexi have robbed and abused the women of local gentry, seized the commissioner's yamen, and usurped the right to appoint officials. Under the ancient feudal order, the Son of Heaven appointed officers to govern a realm and collect its tribute—not to brutalize its people. These princes were enfeoffed for their deeds and should embody Your Majesty's care for the people—yet this is how they behave. How can I stay silent for fear of their power? I beg Your Majesty to command both princes to vacate the yamen and free their captives." Jimao answered with a memorial of his own, and Kexi submitted a defense; Zhang was found guilty of false accusation and sentenced to death by strangulation, but the emperor commuted the sentence and stripped him of office. The next year Yang Yongjian, magistrate of Gaoyao, was promoted to supervising secretary and memorialized on the abuses of corvée and illicit taxation in Guangdong: "One province cannot support two princely establishments—let one be moved elsewhere." The court decided Jimao should transfer his garrison to Guilin, but he had not yet moved. In the third month of year sixteen he was ordered to move to Sichuan. In the seventh month of year seventeen the order was changed to Fujian.

時明將鄭成功據金門，窺伺閩、浙，繼茂既移鎮，與總督李率泰協謀征剿。康熙元年，成功死，子錦代領其軍。上命繼茂相機剿撫，繼茂疏報：「自順治十八年訖元年，招降將吏二百九十、兵四千三百三十四、家口四百六十七。」其後成功弟世襲、兄子纘緒及所置都督鄭賡先後出降，復得將吏七百有奇、兵七千六百有奇。二年十月，繼茂與率泰督兵渡海克廈門，水師提督施琅以荷蘭夾板船來會，乘勝取浯嶼、金門二島。錦與其將周全斌等走銅山，復入犯雲霄、陸鼇諸衛，總兵王進功與戰，大破之。三年三月，繼茂復與率泰及海澄公黃梧合軍，自八尺門出海克銅山，錦以數十舟走台灣。捷聞，上嘉其功，復增歲俸千金。十年正月，疏陳疾劇，乞以長子精忠代治籓政，上允其請。五月，卒，諡忠敏。精忠嗣為王，別有傳。

Zheng Chenggong held Kinmen and eyed Fujian and Zhejiang; after Jimao took up his new post, he and Governor-General Li Shuaitai joined in planning campaigns of suppression and pacification. In Kangxi 1, Chenggong died and his son Jing took command of his forces. The throne ordered Jimao to suppress or win over the enemy as circumstances allowed; Jimao reported: "From Shunzhi 18 through Kangxi 1, I have received the surrender of 290 officers and officials, 4,334 soldiers, and 467 dependents." Later Chenggong's brother Shixi, his nephew Zuanxu, and the governor Zheng Geng surrendered in turn, yielding more than seven hundred officers and officials and more than seven thousand six hundred troops. In the tenth month of Kangxi 2, Jimao and Shuaitai crossed the sea and took Xiamen; Naval Commander Shi Lang joined them with Dutch decked ships, and in the pursuit they seized Wuyu and Kinmen. Jing and his general Zhou Quanbin fled to Tongshan, then raided Yunxiao, Lu'ao, and neighboring garrisons; regional commander Wang Jingong met them in battle and crushed them. In the third month of Kangxi 3, Jimao again joined Shuaitai and Duke of Haicheng Huang Wu, sailed from Bachimen, and took Tongshan; Jing escaped to Taiwan with a few dozen vessels. On news of the victory the throne commended his service and added another thousand taels to his yearly allowance. In the first month of Kangxi 10 he reported that his illness was grave and asked that his eldest son Jingzhong govern the princely domain in his place; the emperor agreed. He died in the fifth month and was posthumously titled Zhongmin. Jingzhong inherited the title; his story is told in a separate biography.

昭忠，繼茂次子；聚忠，繼茂第三子。順治間先後入侍世祖，授昭忠一等精奇尼哈番，以貝子蘇布圖女妻焉。昭忠例得多羅額駙，進秩視和碩額駙；聚忠尚柔嘉公主，為和碩額駙：同加太子少保，旋又同進太子太保。康熙十三年，精忠叛，昭忠、聚忠率子姓請死，系於家待命，逾年貰其罪，复秩如故。十四年，命聚忠齎敕招精忠，精忠拒不納。十五年，精忠降，授昭忠鎮平將軍，駐福州，代精忠治籓政。籓下參領徐鴻弼等訐精忠降後尚蓄逆謀，昭忠具以聞，並劾助逆曾養性等十餘人。上以精忠在軍，未即發。十七年，命昭忠以其祖父之喪還葬蓋平。十九年，召精忠詣京師，昭忠、聚忠疏劾精忠背恩為亂，違母周氏訓，蹙迫以死，誣祖仲明與吳三桂在山海關時先有成約，請予顯戮。尋命聚忠詣福州，議徙籓兵。聚忠疏陳籓兵當盡徙，稱旨，命以精忠家屬還京師。精忠既誅，昭忠、聚忠疏陳家屬眾多，艱於養贍，請如漢軍例，披甲食糧。下部議，編五佐領，隸漢軍正黃旗。二十五年，昭忠卒，諡勤僖。二十六年，聚忠卒，諡愨敏。

Zhaozhong was Jimao's second son; Juzhong was Jimao's third son. During Shunzhi both entered court to serve the Shunzhi Emperor; Zhaozhong received a first-class jinggni hafan and married Prince Suobutu's daughter. Zhaozhong was by precedent made duoluo efuo and promoted to the standing of heshuo efuo; Juzhong married Princess Roujia and became heshuo efuo; both were made Junior Guardians of the Heir Apparent and soon advanced together to Grand Guardian. In Kangxi 13, when Jingzhong rebelled, Zhaozhong and Juzhong brought their sons and kin to offer their lives, were confined at home awaiting judgment; after a year their crimes were pardoned and their ranks restored. In Kangxi 14, Juzhong was sent with an edict summoning Jingzhong; Jingzhong refused to heed it. In Kangxi 15, after Jingzhong surrendered, Zhaozhong was made Pacification General of Zhenping, stationed at Fuzhou to govern the princely domain in his brother's place. Princely deputy Xu Hongbi and others charged that Jingzhong still nursed treason after his surrender; Zhaozhong reported this in full and impeached more than ten collaborators including Zeng Yangxing. Because Jingzhong was still in the field, the emperor held off acting immediately. In Kangxi 17, Zhaozhong was ordered to convey his grandfather's remains home for burial at Gaiping. In Kangxi 19, Jingzhong was called to the capital; Zhaozhong and Juzhong memorialized accusing him of ingratitude and rebellion, defying his mother Lady Zhou until she died, and fabricating a story that his grandfather Zhongming had struck a prior pact with Wu Sangui at Shanhaiguan; they asked that he be executed in public. Soon after, Juzhong was sent to Fuzhou to discuss moving the princely troops. Juzhong memorialized that all princely troops should be relocated; the emperor approved, and ordered Jingzhong's family sent back to the capital. After Jingzhong's execution, Zhaozhong and Juzhong reported that their households were too large to maintain and asked, under Han Banner precedent, to serve in arms and draw rations. The ministries deliberated and organized five zuoling companies under the Han Plain Yellow Banner. In Kangxi 25, Zhaozhong died and was posthumously titled Qinxi. In Kangxi 26, Juzhong died and was posthumously titled Minmin.

尚可喜，遼東人。父學禮，明東江游擊，戰歿樓子山。明莊烈帝崇禎三年，擢副總兵黃龍為東江總兵官，駐皮島，可喜隸部下。皮島兵亂，龍不能制，可喜率兵斬亂者，事乃定。後二年，孔有德等叛明，陷登州，旅順副將陳有時、廣鹿島副將毛承祿皆往從之。龍遣可喜及金聲桓等撫定諸島。有德黨高成友者據旅順，斷關、寧、天津援師，龍令游擊李維鸞偕可喜等擊走之，即移軍駐其地。旋以可喜為廣鹿島副將。明年秋七月，有德等從我師攻旅順，龍兵敗，自殺，部將尚可義戰死，蓋可喜兄弟行也。明以沈世奎代龍為總兵，部校王庭瑞、袁安邦等構可喜，誣以罪。世奎檄可喜詣皮島，可喜诇得其情，遂還據廣鹿島。

Shang Kexi was a native of Liaodong. His father Xueli had been a Ming guerrilla commander in the Dongjiang command and was killed fighting at Louzishan. In Chongzhen 3 of the Ming, vice commander Huang Long was promoted to Dongjiang regional commander and stationed at Pidao Island; Kexi served in his command. When Pidao troops mutinied and Long could not quell them, Kexi led men who cut down the ringleaders and restored order. Two years later Kong Youde and others rebelled against the Ming and took Dengzhou; Lüshun deputy Chen Youshi and Guanglu Island deputy Mao Chenglu both joined them. Long dispatched Kexi, Jin Shenghuan, and others to pacify the outlying islands. Youde's follower Gao Chengyou seized Lüshun and blocked relief from Shanhaiguan, Ningyuan, and Tianjin; Long sent guerrilla commander Li Weiluan with Kexi to drive him out, then shifted his garrison to Lüshun. Soon after, Kexi was appointed deputy commander of Guanglu Island. The next year, in the seventh month, Youde and others joined the Qing attack on Lüshun; Long's force was broken and he took his own life; his deputy Shang Keyi—Kexi's half-brother—fell in battle. The Ming appointed Shen Shikui regional commander in Long's place; staff officers Wang Tingrui, Yuan Anbang, and others plotted against Kexi and trumped up charges. Shikui summoned Kexi to Pidao; Kexi sent scouts, learned of the plot, and withdrew to hold Guanglu Island.

天聰七年十月，遣部校盧可用、金玉奎謁上乞降。上報使，賜以貂皮，並令車爾格等偵可喜踪跡。八年正月，可喜舉兵略定長山、石城二島，行且至，上命諸貝勒集滿、漢、蒙古諸臣諭曰：「廣鹿島尚副將攜民來歸，非以我國衣食有餘也，承天眷佑，彼自來附。八家貝勒已出粟四千石，凡積粟之家，當量出佐餉，仍予以值。」二月，命貝勒多爾袞、薩哈廉往迓。三月，可喜至海州，上降敕慰勞。攻旅順時，獲可喜戚屬二十七人，至是，命歸諸可喜。四月，可喜入朝，上迎十里外，拜天畢，禦黃幄，可喜遙行五拜禮，進至上前再拜，抱上膝以見，所部將士以次羅拜，可喜跪進贐。上與宴，賜蟒衣、鞓帶、帽鞾、玄狐裘、雕鞍、馬、駝、羊，命諸貝勒以次設宴。旋授可喜總兵官，賜敕印，可用、玉奎皆為甲喇章京，號其軍曰天助兵，命駐海州。

In the tenth month of Tiancong 7 he sent staff officers Lu Keyong and Jin Yuqui to the throne to offer surrender. The emperor received the envoys, granted them sable furs, and ordered Celge and others to follow Kexi's movements. In the first month of Tiancong 8, Kexi mustered troops and secured Changshan and Shicheng; as he was nearing arrival, the emperor gathered the beile and Manchu, Han, and Mongol officials and said: "Deputy Commander Shang of Guanglu Island is bringing his people to us—not because our stores overflow, but because Heaven favors us and they come of their own will. The Eight Princes have already donated four thousand shi of grain; every household with stores should give a fair share toward the supply effort—and will be paid for what they give. In the second month the emperor ordered the beile Dorgon and Sahaliyan to go out and welcome them. In the third month Kexi arrived at Haizhou, and the emperor sent down an edict to comfort and reward him. During the attack on Lüshun, twenty-seven of Kexi's kinsmen had been taken captive; now the emperor ordered them all returned to him. In the fourth month Kexi came to court. The emperor met him ten li outside the city; after the rite of worshipping Heaven, he took his seat in the yellow tent. Kexi performed the five bows from a distance, then advanced and bowed again before the throne; he was raised to the emperor's knee to be received in audience. The officers and soldiers under his command bowed in turn, and Kexi knelt to present tribute gifts. The emperor feasted with him and granted python robes, sashes, hats and boots, black fox furs, carved saddles, horses, camels, and sheep, and ordered the beile to hold banquets in turn. Soon after, Kexi was appointed regional commander and given an edict and seal. Keyong and Yuqui were both made jalan commanders, his force was styled the Heaven-aided Army, and he was ordered to garrison Haizhou.

尋從伐明，自宣化入邊，略代州。崇德元年四月，封智順王。十二月，從伐朝鮮。二年，朝鮮降。從貝勒碩託帥師克皮島，斬世奎，師還，賚蟒服、黃白金。可喜家僮訐可喜私得人戶、金帛、牲畜，法司以奏。上曰：「此豈王自得，必散於眾兵耳。其勿問。」三年，從伐明，攻錦州，屢攻下台堡，更番駐牧，敵至輒擊敗之。七年，錦州下，賜所俘及降戶。可喜與有德等疏請以所部屬烏真超哈，分隸鑲藍旗。八年，從伐明，取中後所、前屯衛諸城。

Before long he joined the campaign against the Ming, crossed the border from Xuanhua, and raided Daizhou. In the fourth month of Chongde 1 he was enfeoffed as Prince Zhishun. In the twelfth month he joined the campaign against Korea. In the second year Korea submitted. Under Beile Shuoto he led troops to take Pidao Island and beheaded Shikui; on the army's return he was rewarded with python robes and yellow and white silver. One of Kexi's household servants accused him of privately taking households, gold and silk, and livestock; the judicial authorities reported the matter. The emperor said, "Surely the prince did not keep these for himself—they must have been distributed among the troops. Let the matter drop. In the third year he joined the campaign against the Ming, attacked Jinzhou, repeatedly stormed Xintai Fort, rotated camps for pasturing, and routed the enemy whenever they appeared. In the seventh year Jinzhou fell, and he was granted captives and surrendered households. Kexi, Youde, and others memorialized asking that their forces be placed under the Ujen Cooha and distributed into the Bordered Blue Banner. In the eighth year he joined the campaign against the Ming and captured Zhonghousuo, Qiantunwei, and other cities.

順治元年，從入關，擊李自成，追至慶都，斬自成將谷可成等。十月，命從英親王阿濟格西討自成，出邊自榆林趨綏德，二年二月，師次米脂。自成兄子錦猶據延安，用可喜議，令諸軍分道進，錦走，克其城。會豫親王多鐸已破潼關，定西安，上命可喜從英親王追擊自成，分兵克鄖陽、荊州、襄陽諸郡，降自成將王光恩、苗時化等。復與英親王合軍下九江，聞自成竄死九宮山，乃班師，賜可喜繡朝衣一襲、馬二，還鎮海州。

In Shunzhi 1 he followed the Qing entry through the pass, attacked Li Zicheng, pursued him to Qingdu, and beheaded Zicheng's generals Gu Kecheng and others. In the tenth month he was ordered to follow Prince Ying Ajige on the western expedition against Zicheng; the army crossed the frontier from Yulin and pressed toward Suide, and in the second month of the second year halted at Mizhi. Li Jin, Zicheng's nephew, still held Yan'an; following Kexi's plan, the armies advanced by separate routes, Jin fled, and the city was taken. By then Prince Yu Dodo had already broken Tong Pass and secured Xi'an; the emperor ordered Kexi to follow Prince Ying in pursuing Zicheng. Detaching troops, he took the prefectures of Yunyang, Jingzhou, and Xiangyang and received the surrender of Zicheng's generals Wang Guang'en, Miao Shihua, and others. He rejoined Prince Ying's army and marched down on Jiujiang; when word came that Zicheng had died in hiding on Jiugong Mountain, the army withdrew. Kexi was granted one embroidered court robe and two horses, and returned to garrison Haizhou.

三年八月，授有德為平南大將軍，徵湖廣，命可喜率所部兵偕行。師次湘潭，明將黃朝宣以十三萬人屯燕子窩，可喜與梅勒章京卓羅等自陸路進擊，敗明將徐松節，遂逐斬朝宣。既，聞郝搖旗攻桂陽急，可喜與梅勒章京藍拜帥師赴援。郝搖旗以千四百人屯翔鳳鋪，巴牙喇纛章京線國安等與戰，郝搖旗敗走，桂陽圍解。湖南既定，師還，與有德等同賜冠服、金幣、鞍馬。

In the eighth month of the third year Youde was appointed Grand General Who Pacifies the South to campaign in Huguang, and Kexi was ordered to lead his troops and march with him. The army halted at Xiangtan, where the Ming general Huang Chaoxuan had encamped at Yanzwo with one hundred thirty thousand men. Kexi and the meile commander Zhuoluo and others advanced overland, defeated the Ming general Xu Songjie, and then pursued and killed Chaoxuan. Afterward, hearing that Hao Yaoqi's assault on Guiyang had grown desperate, Kexi and the meile commander Lanbai led troops to its relief. Hao Yaoqi encamped at Xiangfengpu with fourteen hundred men; the bayara banner commander Xian Guo'an and others gave battle, Hao Yaoqi was routed and fled, and the siege of Guiyang was lifted. Once Hunan was secured the army returned, and Kexi, together with Youde and the others, was granted court dress, gold, saddles, and horses.

六年五月，改封平南王，賜金冊金印。旋命率舊兵二千三百、新增兵七千七百，合萬人，與耿仲明同徵廣東，以許爾顯為左翼總兵官，班志富為右翼總兵官。仲明所部匿逃人，事發，因諭有德等檢校軍中得逃人悉送京師，仲明懼罪自裁。吏議可喜亦坐奪爵，上命納白金四千以贖。時明桂王駐肇慶，兩廣尚為明守。是歲除夕，可喜潛兵襲南雄，城兵三千出西門迎戰，擊敗之，立雲梯以登。明守將江起龍棄城走，斬其部將楊杰、董洪信、鄭國林等三十餘人、兵六千有奇。

In the fifth month of the sixth year he was re-enfeoffed as Prince of Pacifying the South and granted a golden patent and golden seal. Soon after he was ordered to lead twenty-three hundred veteran troops and seventy-seven hundred newly added men—ten thousand in all—and campaign in Guangdong together with Geng Zhongming, with Xu Erxian as left-wing regional commander and Ban Zhifu as right-wing regional commander. Zhongming's command had been hiding fugitives; when the affair came to light, the emperor ordered Youde and the others to search the ranks and send every fugitive found to the capital. Zhongming, fearing punishment, took his own life. The officials recommended that Kexi likewise be stripped of his title; the emperor ordered him to pay four thousand taels of white silver in redemption. At that time the Ming Prince of Gui held Zhaoqing, and the two Guang provinces were still defended for the Ming. On New Year's Eve that year Kexi sent troops in a surprise attack on Nanxiong; three thousand garrison troops came out the west gate to fight, were defeated, and he raised scaling ladders to take the walls. The Ming defending general Jiang Qilong abandoned the city and fled; more than thirty of his officers, including Yang Jie, Dong Hongxin, and Zheng Guolin, were beheaded, along with more than six thousand troops.

七年正月，進克韶州。明守將羅成耀聞南雄破，已先遁，明桂王走梧州。復進下英德、清遠、從化諸縣，明將吳六奇等迎降。二月，師薄廣州。廣州城三面臨水，李成棟之叛，於城西築兩翼，令附城外為砲台，水環其下。成棟死信豐，子元胤、建捷代將，元胤留肇慶，建捷守廣州。可喜令攻城，阻水不能進，乃鑿深壕，築堅壘，為長圍困之。建捷拒戰甚力，暑雨鬱蒸，我師弓矢皆解膠，久相持不下。元胤與明將陳邦傅等分道援廣州，邦傅與杜永和等以萬餘人自清遠赴戰，可喜擊敗之，獲裨將魏廷相等，明水師總兵梁標相來降，得戰船百五十助攻；复招潮州守將郝尚久、惠州守將黃應傑，皆以其城降，遣將士戍焉。圍合十閱月，永和部將范承恩助守廣州，約內應，決砲台下水，可喜令諸軍皆舍騎藉薪行淖中以濟，遂得砲台；據城西樓堞發砲擊城西北隅，城圮，師畢登，克廣州，俘承恩等，斬六千餘級，逐餘眾迫海濱，溺死者甚眾。明將宋裕昆自肇慶率所部來降。八年春，可喜遣爾顯等收肇慶，並下羅定，部將徐成功克高州。梁標相叛，遣兵討平之。

In the first month of the seventh year he advanced and took Shaozhou. The Ming defending general Luo Chengyao, learning that Nanxiong had fallen, had already fled; the Ming Prince of Gui withdrew to Wuzhou. He pressed on to take the counties of Yingde, Qingyuan, and Conghua, where the Ming generals Wu Liuqi and others came forward to surrender. In the second month the army closed on Guangzhou. Guangzhou faced water on three sides; after Li Chengdong's rebellion, two outworks were built west of the city with batteries attached to the outer walls, water lapping beneath them. Chengdong died at Xinfeng; his sons Yuanyin and Jianjie took command in his place—Yuanyin stayed at Zhaoqing while Jianjie held Guangzhou. Kexi ordered an assault on the city, but water blocked the advance; he therefore dug deep trenches, built strong fortifications, and settled into a long siege. Jianjie resisted fiercely; in the humid summer rains the glue on our bows and arrows failed, and after a long stalemate the city still held. Yuanyin and the Ming generals Chen Bangfu and others marched to relieve Guangzhou by separate routes; Bangfu and Du Yonghe and others brought more than ten thousand men from Qingyuan to fight, and Kexi defeated them and captured the deputy general Wei Tingxiang and others. The Ming naval commander Liang Biaoxiang surrendered, yielding one hundred fifty war junks to assist the assault; He also won over the Chaozhou defending general Hao Shangjiu and the Huizhou defending general Huang Yingjie, both of whom surrendered their cities, which he then garrisoned with troops. The siege had lasted ten months when Yonghe's deputy Fan Chengen, who was helping defend Guangzhou, agreed to an inside collusion and drained the water beneath the batteries; Kexi ordered his men to dismount, lay down bundles of firewood, and cross the mire on foot, and thus took the batteries; From the western battlements they opened fire on the northwest corner of the wall; the wall gave way, the troops poured in, and Guangzhou fell. Chengen and others were captured, more than six thousand were slain, and the survivors were driven to the shore, where very many drowned. The Ming general Song Yukun marched from Zhaoqing with his command and surrendered. In the spring of the eighth year Kexi sent Erxian and others to recover Zhaoqing and take Luoding as well; his deputy Xu Chenggong captured Gaozhou. Liang Biaoxiang rebelled; Kexi sent troops to suppress and pacify him.

九年春正月，可喜與耿繼茂帥師南下，降明將蔡奎，遂入廉州，遣部將呂應學等攻克欽州，戰於靈山，獲元胤及明將袁勝、周朝，陣斬明益陽王、明將上官星拱。師將下雷、瓊，永和及明西平王縛明將李明忠以降。於是高、雷、廉、瓊四府皆定。七月，李定國陷桂林，有德死之。梧州、南寧、平樂、潯州、橫州皆復為明，東略化州、吳川。可喜遣兵與有德部將提督線國安，總兵馬雄、全節，合軍以進，廣西諸郡縣以次收復。十年八月，可喜別遣兵克化州、吳川。

In the first month of the ninth year Kexi and Geng Jimao led troops south, accepted the surrender of the Ming general Cai Kui, and entered Lianzhou; they sent the deputy Lü Yingxue and others to take Qinzhou, and at Lingshan captured Yuanyin and the Ming generals Yuan Sheng and Zhou Chao, slaying in battle the Ming Prince of Yiyang and the Ming general Shangguan Xinggong. As the army was about to move on Lei and Qiong, Yonghe and the Ming Prince of Xiping bound the Ming general Li Mingzhong and came over. Thereupon the four prefectures of Gao, Lei, Lian, and Qiong were all secured. In the seventh month Li Dingguo took Guilin, and Youde was killed. Wuzhou, Nanning, Pingle, Xunzhou, and Hengzhou all fell back to the Ming, which then pushed east toward Huazhou and Wuchuan. Kexi sent troops to join Youde's former deputies—the provincial military governor Xian Guo'an and the regional commanders Ma Xiong and Quan Jie—and the combined force advanced, recovering the prefectures and counties of Guangxi one by one. In the eighth month of the tenth year Kexi separately sent troops to retake Huazhou and Wuchuan.

十一年冬，定國以萬餘人侵廣東，擾高、雷、廉三府境，深入陷高明，分兵攻肇慶，圍新會，可喜與繼茂疏請發禁旅為援。上已先命珠瑪喇為靖南將軍，帥師援廣東。可喜等師次三水，遣兵援肇慶，破定國兵於四會河口，待珠瑪喇師至合軍擊定國，戰於珊洲，斬定國裨將一，俘十餘人，馘百五十餘，進薄新會。定國與其將吳子聖阻山而軍，馬步兵分屯嶺隘，可喜麾兵急擊，奪徑以登，斬獲甚眾。定國走，新會圍解。可喜與繼茂督軍攻高明，定國遣兵禦戰，獲其將武君禧等三十餘人，斬三百餘級，得馬騾、軍械無算。可喜遣梅勒章京畢力克圖等逐定國，戰於興業，定國敗走；复及於橫州江，殲馬步兵甚眾，獲象二。定國渡江焚橋引去，廣東高、雷、廉三府，廣西橫州諸州縣悉平。十三年四月，又克揭陽、晉寧、澂海三縣。閏五月，賜敕紀功，增歲俸千兩，並賚貂裘、鞍馬。自是明桂王徙雲南，定國等不復侵廣東，數歲無兵事。可喜與繼茂並開府廣州，所部頗放恣為民害，自左布政胡章以論可喜等得罪，無復言者。

In the winter of the eleventh year Dingguo invaded Guangdong with more than ten thousand men, raiding Gao, Lei, and Lian, penetrating deep to take Gaoming, detaching forces to strike Zhaoqing and besiege Xinhui; Kexi and Jimao memorialized asking that imperial guards be sent to their aid. The emperor had already appointed Zhumarha Pacifying-the-South General and ordered him to lead troops to relieve Guangdong. Kexi and the others halted at Sanshui, sent troops to relieve Zhaoqing, and defeated Dingguo's force at the mouth of the Sihe River; when Zhumarha's army arrived they joined battle with Dingguo at Shanzhou, beheaded one of his deputies, captured more than ten men, took more than one hundred fifty heads, and pressed close to Xinhui. Dingguo and his general Wu Zisheng held the mountains and encamped, with cavalry and infantry posted at the passes; Kexi drove his men in a swift assault, seized the path and climbed up, and killed and captured in great numbers. Dingguo fled, and the siege of Xinhui was lifted. Kexi and Jimao personally directed the attack on Gaoming; Dingguo sent troops to resist, but they captured his generals Wu Junxi and more than thirty others, slew more than three hundred men, and seized horses, mules, and arms beyond count. Kexi sent the meile commander Biliketu and others in pursuit of Dingguo; they fought at Xingye and routed him; They caught up with him again on the Hengzhou River, destroyed a great part of his cavalry and infantry, and captured two elephants. Dingguo crossed the river, burned the bridge, and withdrew; Gao, Lei, and Lian in Guangdong and the prefectures and counties around Hengzhou in Guangxi were all pacified. In the fourth month of the thirteenth year they also took the three counties of Jieyang, Jinning, and Chenghai. In the intercalary fifth month an edict recorded his merits, his annual stipend was raised by one thousand taels, and he was also granted sable furs, saddles, and horses. From then on the Ming Prince of Gui withdrew to Yunnan, Dingguo and his allies no longer raided Guangdong, and for several years the province knew no war. Kexi and Jimao both established their headquarters at Guangzhou; their troops grew quite lawless and preyed on the people, and after the left provincial administrator Hu Zhang was punished for criticizing them, no one dared speak out again.

十七年，移繼茂福建，可喜專鎮廣東。廣東初定，又以令徙瀕海居民，民失業去為盜。有鄧耀者據龍門，入掠雷陽；又有蕭國隆，與其徒洪彪、周祥、方泰、陳期新等分據恩平、開平、陽江、陽春諸山寨，掠廣州諸屬縣，並及肇慶。可喜先後遣兵討之，耀走死，斬彪、祥、泰、期新及其徒千五百人，國隆投水死。又有周玉，故戶，自號恢粵將軍，繒船數百，三帆八棹，衝浪若飛，習水戰。鄭成功兵至，輒助剽掠。康熙二年，可喜遣兵討之，獲玉，焚其舟。四年，碣石總兵蘇利叛，可喜遣潮州總兵許龍以舟師進擊，利出降。玉餘黨譚琳高竄據東涌海島，蜑戶黃明初等濟以米糧。可喜遣部將佟養謨擊琳高，舒雲護等捕明初，皆就誅。

In the seventeenth year Jimao was transferred to Fujian, leaving Kexi as sole garrison commander of Guangdong. When Guangdong was first pacified, the order relocating coastal inhabitants also drove many from their livelihoods into banditry. One Deng Yao seized Longmen and raided Leiyang; There was also Xiao Guolong, who with his followers Hong Biao, Zhou Xiang, Fang Tai, Chen Qixin, and others held separate mountain strongholds in Enping, Kaiping, Yangjiang, and Yangchun, plundering Guangzhou's subordinate counties and even Zhaoqing. Kexi sent troops against them in succession; Yao fled to his death; Biao, Xiang, Tai, Qixin, and fifteen hundred of their followers were beheaded; Guolong drowned himself. There was also Zhou Yu, once a boat-dweller, who styled himself General Who Restores Guangdong; he commanded several hundred silken-sailed craft with three sails and eight oars that cut the waves like flight, and he was adept at naval combat. Whenever Zheng Chenggong's forces appeared, he joined them in raiding. In Kangxi 2 Kexi sent troops against him, captured Yu, and burned his fleet. In the fourth year the Jieshi regional commander Su Li rebelled; Kexi sent the Chaozhou regional commander Xu Long with a naval force against him, and Li came out and surrendered. Yu's remaining followers, led by Tan Lingao, fled to hold the Dongyong sea islets, where the boat-dweller Huang Mingchu and others supplied them with grain. Kexi sent the deputy Tong Yangmo against Lingao; Shuyunhu and others captured Mingchu, and all were put to death.

初，可喜遣長子之信入侍。十年十一月，疏言有疾，請令還廣東暫領軍事，上允其請。十二年二月，遣侍衛古德、米哈納使廣東勞軍，齎御用貂帽，團龍天馬裘、藍蟒狐腋袍各一襲，束帶一圍，賜可喜。三月，可喜疏乞歸老海城，諭曰：「王自航海歸誠效力，累朝鎮守粵東，宣勞歲久。覽奏，年已七十，欲歸老遼東，恭謹能知大體，朕深嘉悅。」下議政王大臣及戶、兵二部集議，議盡撤所部移駐海城。於是吳三桂、耿精忠相繼上章乞撤籓，上皆允其請，分遣朝臣料量籓兵移徙，具舟役芻糗，戶部尚書梁清標如廣東。十一月，三桂反，命罷撤平南、靖南二籓，召清標還。

Earlier Kexi had sent his eldest son Zhixin to attend at court. In the eleventh month of the tenth year he memorialized that he was ill and asked that Zhixin be allowed to return to Guangdong temporarily to take command; the emperor granted the request. In the second month of the twelfth year he sent the bodyguards Gude and Mihana to Guangdong to comfort the troops, bearing for Kexi an imperial sable cap, one dragon-roundel heavenly-horse fur coat, one blue python fox-fur robe, and a sash and girdle set. In the third month Kexi memorialized asking to retire to Haicheng; the emperor replied, "You came by sea to submit and have served loyally, guarding eastern Guang through successive reigns for many years. Reading your memorial, you are already seventy and wish to retire to Liaodong; your reverence and good sense show you understand the larger interest, and We are deeply pleased. The matter was referred to the regent princes and ministers and the Boards of Revenue and War for joint deliberation; they recommended withdrawing his entire command and relocating the garrison to Haicheng. Thereupon Wu Sangui and Geng Jingzhong in turn memorialized asking to withdraw their feudatories; the emperor granted every request, dispatching court officials to survey and arrange the transfer of feudal troops and provide boats, labor, and fodder; the Minister of Revenue Liang Qingbiao went to Guangdong. In the eleventh month Sangui rebelled; the emperor ordered the withdrawal of the Pacifying-the-South and Jingnan feudatories halted and recalled Qingbiao.

十三年，精忠及定南王孔有德壻孫延齡反應三桂。三月，可喜疏言：「延齡檄並舉三籓，精忠复叛，臣與精忠為婚姻，不能不踧踖於中。臣叨忝王爵，年已七十餘，雖至愚豈肯向逆賊求富貴乎？惟知矢志捐軀，保固嶺南，以表臣始終之誠。」上溫旨嘉獎，並命與總督金光祖同心合力籌戰守。四月，潮州總兵劉進忠叛應三桂，可喜遣次子都統之孝帥師討之。疏言：「諸子中惟之孝端慎寬厚，可繼臣職。」上即命之孝襲王爵，之孝辭。可喜复疏言：「三桂遣兵二萬人屯黃沙河，若與延齡兵合，勢益猖獗，請遣將合軍進討。」上授副都統根特平寇將軍，自江西帥師赴廣東，與可喜合軍進討，並命兵部以各道進兵狀移告可喜。五月，上敕獎可喜忠貞，並諭與光祖等策討延齡。十月，可喜討平廣州土寇李三、官七。上命廣東督、撫、提、鎮俱聽可喜節制，遴補將吏，調遣兵馬，均得便宜從事。根特自長沙下廣西，卒於軍，上复授安親王岳樂為定遠平寇大將軍，率禁旅赴廣東。三桂、精忠方連兵寇江西，安親王師至，轉戰不能遽達。十二月，復命鎮南將軍尼雅翰率所部協守廣東。

In the thirteenth year Jingzhong and Sun Yanling, Kong Youde's grandson by marriage and heir to the Pacifying-the-South title, rose in response to Sangui. In the third month Kexi memorialized: "Yanling's proclamation has raised all three feudatories together; Jingzhong has rebelled again; I am bound to Jingzhong by marriage and cannot but feel deeply torn within. Your subject undeservedly holds a princely title and is already past seventy; however dull I may be, how could I seek wealth and rank from rebel bandits? I know only to pledge my life and hold firm the lands south of the ranges, to prove my loyalty from first to last. The emperor answered with a warm edict of praise and ordered him to join Governor-General Jin Guangzu in united planning for war and defense. In the fourth month the Chaozhou regional commander Liu Jinzhong rebelled in support of Sangui; Kexi sent his second son, the dutong Zhixiao, to lead troops against him. He memorialized: "Among my sons only Zhixiao is upright, prudent, and generous and can succeed to my post. The emperor at once ordered Zhixiao to inherit the princely title; Zhixiao declined. Kexi memorialized again: "Sangui has sent twenty thousand troops to encamp at Huangsha River; if they join Yanling's force their power will grow even more dangerous; I beg that generals be sent to unite our armies and advance in suppression. The emperor appointed the vice dutong Gentu Pacifying-Rebels General; from Jiangxi he led troops to Guangdong, joined Kexi's army in the advance, and ordered the Board of War to notify Kexi of troop movements on each route. In the fifth month the emperor issued an edict praising Kexi's loyalty and steadfastness, and instructed him to join Guangzu and the others in planning the suppression of Yanling. In the tenth month Kexi crushed the Guangzhou bandits Li San and Guan Qi. The throne placed the governor-general, governor, provincial commander, and regional commanders of Guangdong under Kexi's authority, granting him full discretion to appoint officers, move troops, and act as the situation demanded. Gent had marched from Changsha into Guangxi when he died in camp; the emperor then named Prince An Yuele Grand General for Pacifying the Far Reaches and Suppressing Bandits and sent him with the imperial guard to Guangdong. Sangui and Jingzhong were already operating together against Jiangxi, and though Prince An's army fought its way forward, it could not reach Guangdong in time. In the twelfth month he ordered General Who Guards the South Niyahan and his troops to help hold Guangdong.

十四年正月，進封可喜平南親王，以之孝襲爵，並授平南大將軍。廣東當寇衝，盜賊並起，博羅、河源、長寧、增城、從化諸縣先後告警，可喜輒分兵剿定。總兵張星耀等戰樂昌，俘斬千餘；副將李印香等戰碣石、白沙湖諸處，毀敵舟百餘：皆下部敘功。鄭錦自台灣以兵攻海澄，進圍漳州，可喜疏聞，復請發重兵策應。尼雅翰亦言：「可喜年衰，臣才短，設有警，慮不支。」上命前鋒統領覺羅舒恕自江西帥師援廣東，旋代尼雅翰為鎮南將軍。

In the first month of Kangxi 14, Kexi was raised to Prince of Pingnan; Zhixiao inherited the title and was made Grand General of Pingnan as well. Guangdong stood in the path of the rebels, and bandits erupted on every side. Boluo, Heyuan, Changning, Zengcheng, Conghua, and other counties raised the alarm one after another; Kexi repeatedly detached troops to hunt them down. Regional Commander Zhang Xingyao fought at Lechang and took more than a thousand heads; Deputy Commander Li Yinxiang fought at Jieshi, Baishahu, and elsewhere and destroyed more than a hundred enemy vessels—all their deeds were reported to the ministry for commendation. Zheng Jing sent forces from Taiwan against Haicheng and pressed on to besiege Zhangzhou; Kexi reported the crisis and again asked for substantial reinforcements. Niyahan also warned: "Kexi is old and my own abilities are limited; if trouble comes, I doubt we can stand firm." The emperor ordered Vanguard Commander Aisin Gioro Shuhu to march from Jiangxi to reinforce Guangdong, and shortly afterward made him General Who Guards the South in Niyahan's place.

先是，之孝討進忠，复程鄉、大埔諸縣，遂克潮州。鄭錦遣其將劉國軒以萬人赴之，勢复張。之孝退保惠州，叛將祖澤清引延齡將馬雄、三桂將王宏勳等入高州，並陷雷、廉二郡。可喜疏言：「廣東十郡已失其四，將軍舒恕、總督金光祖退保肇慶，事勢危急，請敕安親王赴廣東辦賊。」上方責安親王定江西即下長沙取三桂，揚威大將軍簡親王喇布自江寧移師屯南昌，遂命簡親王發兵應可喜。師未至，十五年正月，錦攻陷漳州，三桂兵逼肇慶。可喜初請以長子之信襲爵，繼惡之信酗酒嗜殺，請更授次子之孝。之信陰通三桂，三桂兵日迫。之孝與進忠相持，上敕還廣州，不時至，二月，之信發兵圍可喜第，叛。可喜臥疾不能制，憤甚，自經，左右救之甦，疾益甚，十月卒。可喜疾亟，猶服太宗所賜朝衣，遺令葬海城。十六年，之信降，上敕部卹可喜，諡曰敬。及之信既誅，二十年五月，之孝乞迎可喜喪歸葬。九月，喪至，遣大臣覺羅塔達、學士庫勒納、侍衛敦柱至丁字沽親奠，諭曰：「王素矢忠貞，若人人盡能如王，天下安得有事？每念王懷誠事主，至老彌篤，朕甚悼焉！」可喜諸子，之信自有傳。

Earlier Zhixiao had fought Jinzhong, retaken Chengxiang, Dapu, and other counties, and finally seized Chaozhou. Zheng Jing dispatched his general Liu Guoxuan with ten thousand men, and rebel power surged again. Zhixiao fell back to Huizhou while the rebel Zu Zeqing ushered Yanling's commander Ma Xiong and Sangui's general Wang Hongxun into Gaozhou; together they also overran the Lei and Lian prefectures. Kexi wrote in alarm: "Four of Guangdong's ten prefectures are gone; General Shuhu and Governor-General Jin Guangzu have retreated to Zhaoqing; the crisis is grave—I beg that Prince An be sent to Guangdong to suppress the rebels." The emperor was then urging Prince An to settle Jiangxi and march from Changsha against Sangui; Grand General Who Displays Might Prince Jian Labu had shifted his forces from Jiangning to Nanchang, and he now ordered Prince Jian to send troops to Kexi's aid. Before relief arrived, in the first month of Kangxi 15 Zheng Jing took Zhangzhou and Sangui's army closed on Zhaoqing. Kexi had first asked that his eldest son Zhixin succeed him, but later, revolted by Zhixin's drunkenness and bloodlust, he petitioned to pass the title to his second son Zhixiao instead. Zhixin was secretly in league with Sangui, and Sangui's army drew nearer every day. Zhixiao remained locked in combat with Jinzhong while the emperor ordered him back to Guangzhou, but he failed to arrive in time; in the second month Zhixin mustered troops, besieged Kexi's residence, and rose in rebellion. Kexi was bedridden and powerless to stop him; in fury he tried to hang himself, was revived by his attendants, but grew only sicker, and died in the tenth month. Even at death's door Kexi still wore the court robe Taizu had given him, and left orders to be buried at Haicheng. In Kangxi 16, after Zhixin surrendered, the emperor ordered the ministry to honor Kexi posthumously with the title Jing. Once Zhixin had been put to death, in the fifth month of Kangxi 20 Zhixiao asked permission to bring Kexi's remains home for burial. In the ninth month, when the coffin arrived, he sent Aisin Gioro Tada, Academician Kule'na, and Guard Dunzhu to Dingzigu to offer sacrifice in person, saying: "The Prince was ever loyal and steadfast; had all men been like him, the realm would never have known such turmoil. Whenever I think how faithfully he served, growing only more devoted with age, my grief is profound!" Of Kexi's sons, Zhixin is treated in a separate biography.

之孝初授可喜籓下都統，襲平南親王。授平南大將軍，帥師討劉進忠。上敕還廣州，未聞命，之信叛，脅之孝罷惠州軍，之孝還廣州侍可喜疾，及可喜卒，從之信居廣州。之信降，遣之孝還京師，上命以內大臣入直，秩視一品，食正一品俸。之孝請自效，授宣義將軍，駐南昌，募兵詣簡親王軍聽調遣，擊吳三桂軍吉安、贛州間，降其將林興隆、王國贊等；進次汀州，复擊破其將楊一豹、江機。江西定，召還京師，留所募兵編入綠旗營。之信誅，上貸之孝毋連坐，以內大臣入直如故。二十二年，奏乞守陵，議政大臣等劾削職。三十五年正月，卒。

Zhixiao was first made banner commander in Kexi's fief, then inherited the title Prince of Pingnan. He was made Grand General of Pingnan and marched against Liu Jinzhong. The emperor ordered him back to Guangzhou, but before word reached him Zhixin rebelled and compelled Zhixiao to abandon the Huizhou campaign; Zhixiao returned to Guangzhou to nurse Kexi, and after Kexi's death remained there under Zhixin. When Zhixin surrendered, Zhixiao was sent to the capital; the emperor kept him on palace duty as an inner minister with first-rank standing and first-rank pay. Zhixiao volunteered for active service and was made General of Declared Righteousness at Nanchang; he raised troops, joined Prince Jian's command, fought Sangui's forces between Ji'an and Ganzhou, and won over generals Lin Xinglong and Wang Guozan; Pressing on to Tingzhou, he routed Sangui's generals Yang Yibao and Jiang Ji. Once Jiangxi was settled he was recalled to the capital, and the troops he had raised were folded into the Green Standard army. After Zhixin's execution the emperor exempted Zhixiao from collective punishment and left him at palace duty as before. In Kangxi 22 he asked to be assigned tomb-guard duty; the deliberating princes and ministers censured him and removed him from office. He died in the first month of Kangxi 35.

之隆，可喜第七子。官至領侍衛內大臣。聖祖既誅之信，命有司還可喜海城田宅，置佐領二，以其一為可喜守墓，從之隆請也。

Zhilong was Kexi's seventh son. He rose to Chief Guard and Inner Minister. After the Kangxi Emperor executed Zhixin, he ordered Kexi's Haicheng lands and residence restored, created two company commands, and set one to guard Kexi's tomb at Zhilong's request.

沈志祥，遼東人。毛文龍所部有沈世奎者，本市儈，倚女為文龍妾，橫行島中。累遷副總兵。及黃龍敗沒，明以世奎代龍為總兵官，鎮東江。時旅順已破，尚可喜又以廣鹿島降，世奎勢孤甚。後三年，太宗伐朝鮮，因移師克皮島，世奎戰敗，率舟師走，我師從之，副總兵金日觀戰死。登萊總兵陳洪範來援，不敢進，世奎亦戰死，志祥其從子也，時官副將，收潰兵保石城島，欲得世奎敕印，監軍者靳弗予，遂自稱總兵，明發兵討之。

Shen Zhixiang was from Liaodong. Mao Wenlong's forces included one Shen Shikui, a petty trader who had traded on his daughter's place as Wenlong's concubine to lord it over the island. He rose by stages to deputy regional commander. After Huang Long's defeat and death the Ming made Shikui regional commander in his stead and posted him at Dongjiang. Lüshun had already fallen, and Shang Kexi had surrendered from Guanglu Island; Shikui was utterly isolated. Three years later Taizu invaded Korea, then turned to take Pidao; Shikui was routed at sea and fled, our forces in pursuit, and Deputy Regional Commander Jin Riguan fell in battle. Deng-Lai Regional Commander Chen Hongfan came to his aid but would not advance; Shikui too died fighting. Zhixiang, his grand-nephew, was then a deputy commander; he gathered the broken troops on Shicheng Island, sought Shikui's commission and seal, was refused by the supervising officer, declared himself regional commander, and was attacked by Ming forces.

崇德二年九月，太宗遣使齎書招志祥。三年二月，志祥遣所部將吳朝佐、金光裕詣盛京上疏請降，時上方出獵奎屯布喇克，留守諸王與宴，使貝勒杜度等轉粟迓志祥。志祥自黃石島至安山城，杜度等令駐沙河堡待命。從志祥降者，副將九、參將八、游擊十八、都司三十一、守備三十、千總四十、諸生二、軍民二千五百有奇。上獵還，命學士胡球、承政馬福塔等勞志祥，且令於鐵嶺、撫順自擇屯軍所。志祥言原駐撫順，畀以車騎，令率所攜軍民往。至，復為具屋宇，庀服物，俾得安處。七月，上聞志祥所攜軍民有亡去者，遣學士羅碩等諭其眾曰：「爾曹航海來歸，以朕能育爾曹也。朕不能育爾曹，任爾曹亡去未晚。爾曹初至，朕適出獵，故未及加恩，爾曹何去之速也！朕蒙天眷，朝鮮已平，蒙古、瓦爾喀諸部皆附，惟明僅存。倘天复垂佑，以明畀我，爾曹將安之？爾曹雖逃，為諸邊邏卒所得，不免於殺戮，朕心實所不忍。今後毋更逃，有貧不能自給者，朕為撫育之。」志祥入謁上，上御崇政殿受朝，授志祥總兵官，賚蟒衣，涼帽，玲瓏鞓帶，貂、猞猁猻、狐、豹裘各一襲，撒袋、弓、矢、雕鞍、甲、冑、駝、馬。初宴禮部，再宴宮中，命諸貝勒各與宴；及還鎮，遣官送五里外，复賜宴。四年正月，封續順公。九月，授志祥兄子永忠及所部許天寵等二十八人世職。

In the ninth month of Chongde 2, Taizu sent envoys with a letter summoning Zhixiang. In the second month of Chongde 3, Zhixiang sent his generals Wu Chaozuo and Jin Guangyu to Mukden with a surrender petition; the emperor was hunting at Kuitunbulake, so the princes left in charge entertained the envoys and ordered Beile Dudu and others to ferry grain to receive Zhixiang. Zhixiang came from Huangshi Island to Anshan, where Dudu and his fellows bade him camp at Shahe Fort and wait. Those who came over with Zhixiang included nine deputy commanders, eight regimental commanders, eighteen battalion commanders, thirty-one company officers, thirty garrison commanders, forty platoon leaders, two literati, and more than twenty-five hundred soldiers and civilians. On returning from the hunt the emperor sent Academician Hu Qiu, Chancellor Ma Futa, and others to receive Zhixiang and allowed him to choose a garrison site at Tieling or Fushun. Zhixiang said he had once been posted at Fushun; he was given transport and ordered to lead his people there. On arrival they were again given houses and clothing so they could settle in comfort. In the seventh month, learning that some of Zhixiang's people had run off, the emperor sent Academician Luo Shuo to tell them: "You crossed the sea to submit because you believed I would care for you. If I cannot keep you, you may leave whenever you wish. You had only just arrived when I was away hunting and had not yet had time to show you favor—why flee so hastily! Heaven has favored me: Korea is pacified, the Mongols and Warka have all submitted, and only the Ming still stands. If Heaven should again grant me the Ming, where then will you turn? Even if you run, frontier patrols on every border will catch you and you will not escape death—I cannot bear to think of it. Do not flee again; any who are too poor to live, I will provide for." Zhixiang was received in audience at the Chongzheng Hall, appointed regional commander, and given python robes, summer caps, an ornamental belt, furs of sable, lynx-cat, fox, and leopard, quiver, bow, arrows, carved saddle, armor, helmet, camels, and horses. He was first feasted at the Board of Rites, then again in the palace, and each beile was told to host him in turn; On returning to his command officials escorted him five li from the city, and he was feasted once more. In the first month of Chongde 4 he was made Duke of Xushun. In the ninth month hereditary offices were granted to Zhixiang's nephew Yongzhong and twenty-eight others under his command, including Xu Tianchong.

六年十月，命率所部助圍錦州。七年，師還，分賜俘獲。旋與孔有德等合疏請以所部屬烏真超哈，志祥隸正白旗。順治元年，從入關，逐李自成，至慶都。上至京師，賜志祥等貂蟒朝衣。十月，上御皇極門宴凱旋諸王大臣，志祥與焉，复賜鞍馬。三年，授孔有德平南大將軍，徵湖廣，志祥率所部從。五年，湖南定，賜志祥黃金百、白金二千。尋卒，無子。

In the tenth month of Tiancong 6 he was ordered to bring his troops to the siege of Jinzhou. In Tiancong 7 the army returned and booty was divided among the troops. Soon he and Kong Youde jointly petitioned to have their forces incorporated into the Eight Banners; Zhixiang was enrolled in the Plain White Banner. In Shunzhi 1 he marched through the pass, pursued Li Zicheng, and reached Qingdu. When the emperor entered Beijing he granted Zhixiang and his fellows sable-trimmed python court robes. In the tenth month the emperor feasted the returning princes and ministers at the Huangji Gate; Zhixiang was present and received saddles and horses as well. In Shunzhi 3 Kong Youde was made Grand General of Pingnan for the Huguang campaign, and Zhixiang followed with his troops. In Shunzhi 5, after Hunan was settled, Zhixiang received one hundred taels of gold and two thousand of silver. He died soon after, leaving no son.

永忠，其兄子也，襲爵。五月，有德及耿仲明、尚可喜復分道出師徵兩廣，亦命永忠率部將總兵官許天寵、郝效忠等徇湖南。六年，效忠遣參將馬如松將兵禦孫可望，戰於托口，俘其將李應元等。八年，天寵及阿達哈哈番張彥宏、護軍統領宋文科等擊敗明師，獲明將席世賢等一百七人，降牛萬才等二百五十六人、兵一萬八千有奇。可望等攻陷沅州，效忠遣守備吳進功等分屯要隘為備，复親將兵攻下黎平，屯四鄉所。可望诇我兵寡，驟以兵至，效忠力戰，馬蹶被執，不屈，死。效忠，遼東人。明副將，屬左良玉軍。良玉死，從其子夢庚來降，隸漢軍正白旗，授三等阿達哈哈番。至是，永忠以死事狀聞，上命予卹。

Yongzhong, his nephew, inherited the title. In the fifth month Youde, Geng Jingzhong, and Shang Kexi again marched by separate routes against the Two Guangs, and Yongzhong was also ordered to lead regional commanders Xu Tianchong, Hao Xiaozhong, and others through Hunan. In Shunzhi 6, Xiaozhong sent Regimental Commander Ma Rusong against Sun Kewang; at Tuokou they captured his general Li Yingyuan and others. In Shunzhi 8, Tianchong with adaha hafan Zhang Yanhong, Guard Commander Song Wencai, and others routed Ming troops, took Ming generals including Xi Shixian—one hundred seven in all—and won over Niu Wancai and two hundred fifty-six officers plus more than eighteen thousand soldiers. Kewang took Yuanzhou; Xiaozhong posted Garrison Commander Wu Jingong at vital passes, then led the assault on Liping himself and encamped at Sixiang Post. Kewang, finding our forces thin, struck suddenly; Xiaozhong fought hard, his horse fell, and he was taken; he refused to yield and was killed. Xiaozhong was from Liaodong. He had been a Ming deputy commander in Zuo Liangyu's army. After Liangyu's death he came over with Liangyu's son Menggeng, entered the Chinese Plain White Banner, and received third-rank adaha hafan. Yongzhong reported his death in battle, and the emperor ordered posthumous honors.

永忠退保湘潭，敕令激勵將士，相度險要，以同心並力，堅守疆土，毋輕戰，毋退縮。旋聞桂林陷，孔有德戰死，复敕令留屯寶慶，與總兵柯永盛合軍固守。十年二月，授永忠剿撫湖南將軍，鎮湖南。十一年，孫可望兵入湖南，沅、靖、武岡諸州皆陷，進攻辰、永。永忠還軍長沙。給事中魏裔介劾：「永忠手握重兵，望風宵遁，乞亟賜罷斥，毋俾誤及封疆。」十二年，議政王大臣議永忠喪師失地罪，當斬，來降有功，免死奪爵，上從其議。十七年，復命永忠為掛印將軍，鎮廣東。康熙初，命駐潮州。旋卒。

Yongzhong fell back to Xiangtan; the throne ordered him to hearten his men, study the terrain, stand together, hold the frontier, neither fight rashly nor retreat. Word then came that Guilin had fallen and Kong Youde had died in battle; he was ordered to hold Baoqing and join Regional Commander Ke Yongsheng in a united defense. In the second month of Shunzhi 10 he was made General for Suppression and Pacification of Hunan and posted there. In Shunzhi 11, Kewang invaded Hunan; Yuan, Jing, Wugang, and other prefectures fell, and he pressed on against Chen and Yong. Yongzhong pulled his army back to Changsha. Supervising Secretary Wei Yijie impeached him: "Yongzhong commands a great army yet fled at the first alarm by night; I beg he be removed at once before the frontier is ruined by his failure." In Shunzhi 12 the deliberating princes and ministers judged Yongzhong guilty of abandoning troops and territory—a capital offense—but because his earlier surrender had earned merit recommended death be commuted to loss of title; the emperor agreed. In Shunzhi 17 he was again made a commissioned general and posted to Guangdong. Early in Kangxi he was ordered to Chaozhou. He died soon after.

瑞，永忠子。方永忠之黜也，以從弟永興襲爵。永興卒，以瑞襲爵。時瑞方八歲，所部副都統鄧廣明駐潮州如故。十三年，潮州總兵官劉進忠叛應三桂，瑞部兵與巷戰三日，進忠引鄭錦兵入城，執瑞、廣明，驅將卒家屬二千餘人徙福建，置諸漳浦。十六年，复執瑞送台灣。康親王杰書師定福建，疏言：「瑞所部及其孥無所統屬，應令有地得以總集。」上命副都統張夢吉、宋文科統其眾駐潮州，同將軍賴塔等協守，當給俸餉，令督餉侍郎達都視舊例從厚。夢吉等尋疏請送孥留京師，傑書又請以所部分隸督、撫、提、鎮，而處其孥於山西諸省。聖祖諭謂：「瑞及所部官兵素懷忠義，特以眾寡不敵，為賊所脅。」令駐潮州如故。

Rui was Yongzhong's son. When Yongzhong was stripped of rank, his younger brother Yongxing inherited the title. After Yongxing's death Rui inherited the title. Rui was then only eight; Deputy Banner Commander Deng Guangming continued to hold Chaozhou as before. In the thirteenth year, Chaozhou garrison commander Liu Jinzhong rebelled in support of Wu Sangui. Rui's troops fought house-to-house for three days before Jinzhong brought Zheng Jing's army into the city, seized Rui and Deng Guangming, and deported more than two thousand officers' and soldiers' families to Fujian, settling them at Zhangpu. In the sixteenth year, Rui was seized again and sent to Taiwan. After Prince Kang Jieshu's forces pacified Fujian, he memorialized the throne: "Rui's troops and their families have no commander; they should be assigned territory where they can be assembled." The Emperor ordered Deputy Commanders Zhang Mengji and Song Wénke to take charge of the force and garrison Chaozhou, defending jointly with General Laita and others. They were to receive pay and rations, and the Emperor instructed Paymaster Vice Minister Dadu to be more generous than usual. Soon afterward Mengji and the others asked that the families be sent to remain in the capital. Jieshu also proposed dividing the troops among the governor-general, governor, provincial commander, and regional garrisons, while resettling their families in Shanxi and neighboring provinces. The Kangxi Emperor declared: "Rui and his officers and soldiers have always been loyal and righteous; they submitted to the rebels only because they were hopelessly outnumbered." He ordered them to remain garrisoned at Chaozhou as before.

錦得瑞，爵以侯。瑞不原附錦，謀待我師至為內應。二十年十一月，錦將硃友以瑞謀告錦，錦遂幽瑞，瑞及妻鄭皆自殺，錦盡殺其拏。台灣平，聖祖聞瑞死事狀，下廷臣議，求其族，以瑞從侄沈熊昭襲爵。

Once Zheng Jing had Rui in his hands, he enfeoffed him as a marquis. Rui refused to serve Zheng Jing and plotted to act as an inside collaborator once our army arrived. In the eleventh month of the twentieth year, Zheng Jing's general Zhu You exposed Rui's plot to Zheng Jing. Zheng Jing then imprisoned Rui; Rui and his wife, Lady Zheng, both took their own lives, and Zheng Jing executed their entire family. After Taiwan was pacified, the Kangxi Emperor learned how Rui had died, ordered the court to deliberate, traced his lineage, and had his cousin Shen Xiongzhang inherit the title.

祖大壽，字复宇，遼東人。仕明為靖東營游擊。經略熊廷弼奏獎忠勤諸將，大壽與焉。天啟初，廣寧巡撫王化貞以為中軍游擊。廣寧破，大壽走覺華島。大學士孫承宗出督師，以大壽佐參將金冠守島。承宗用參政道袁崇煥議，城寧遠，令為高廣，大壽董其役。方竟，太祖師至，穴地而攻，大壽佐城守，發巨砲傷數百人。太祖攻不下，偏師略覺華島，斬冠，殪士卒萬餘。太宗即位，伐明，略寧遠，崇煥令大壽將精兵四千人繞出我師後，總兵滿桂、尤世威等以兵來赴，戰寧遠城下。會溽暑，我師移攻錦州，不克，遂引還。明人謂之寧錦大捷。

Zu Dashou, styled Fuyu, was from Liaodong. Under the Ming he served as a regimental colonel in the Eastern Pacification Battalion. When Grand Secretary Xiong Tingbi memorialized to reward loyal and diligent commanders, Dashou was included. Early in the Tianqi reign, Guangning governor Wang Huazhen made him a regimental colonel of the central army. When Guangning was lost, Dashou fled to Juehua Island. When Grand Secretary Sun Chengzong took field command, he had Dashou assist Vice Commander Jin Guan in holding the island. Sun Chengzong adopted Censor Yuan Chonghuan's proposal to fortify Ningyuan, ordering the walls built high and wide; Dashou supervised the work. Just as the work was finished, Taizu's army arrived and attacked by mining under the walls. Dashou helped defend the city and fired heavy cannon, wounding several hundred men. Taizu failed to take the city. A detached force overran Juehua Island, beheaded Jin Guan, and slaughtered more than ten thousand troops. After Taizong came to the throne, he marched against the Ming and advanced on Ningyuan. Chonghuan ordered Dashou to lead four thousand elite troops around behind our army, while Commander-in-Chief Man Gui, You Shiwei, and others marched to the rescue. The two sides fought below the walls of Ningyuan. The season turned stiflingly hot. Our army shifted the attack to Jinzhou, failed to take it, and withdrew. The Ming hailed this as the Great Victory at Ning-Jin.

明莊烈帝立，用崇煥督師，擢大壽前鋒總兵，掛征遼前鋒將軍印，駐錦州。太宗嘗與大壽書，議遣使吊明熹宗之喪，且賀新君，大壽答書拒之。越二年，太宗伐明，薄明都。崇煥率大壽入衛，莊烈帝召見平台，慰勞，令列營城東南拒戰。崇煥中太宗間，朝臣复論其「引敵脅和」，莊烈帝意移，復召入詰責，縛下獄。大壽在側股栗，懼並誅，出，又聞滿桂為武經略，統寧遠將卒，不肯受節制，遂帥所部東走，毀山海關出，遠近大震。莊烈帝取崇煥獄中書招之，孫承宗亦使撫慰，密令上章自列，請立功贖崇煥罪。大壽如其言，莊烈帝優旨答之。明年春，我師克永平等四城，太宗聞大壽族人居永平三十里村，命往收之，得大壽兄子一、子二及其戚屬，授宅居之，以兵監焉。師出塞，貝勒阿敏等護諸將戍四城。承宗令大壽與山西總兵馬世龍、山東總兵楊紹基會師率副將祖大樂、祖可法、張弘謨、劉天祿、曹恭誠、孟等攻灤州，灤州下，遂逼永平，阿敏等棄四城引兵還。大壽复駐錦州。

When the Chongzhen Emperor ascended the Ming throne, Yuan Chonghuan was made supervising commander. Dashou was promoted to vanguard regional commander, given the seal of Vanguard General for the Liaodong Expedition, and stationed at Jinzhou. Taizong once wrote to Dashou proposing to send envoys to mourn the late Ming Emperor Tianqi and congratulate the new ruler. Dashou replied by letter and refused. Two years later Taizong marched against the Ming and drew near the capital. Chonghuan led Dashou to the capital's defense. The Chongzhen Emperor received them at the platform, expressed sympathy and encouragement, and ordered their camps deployed southeast of the city to meet the enemy. Yuan Chonghuan fell into Taizong's trap. Court officials again accused him of "leading the enemy to the capital to force a peace." The Chongzhen Emperor's suspicions deepened; he summoned Chonghuan back, interrogated and rebuked him, then had him bound and thrown into prison. Dashou stood by, trembling with fear that he would be executed along with Chonghuan. After leaving the audience he also learned that Man Gui had been made Military Commissioner and now commanded the Ningyuan forces but would not accept Dashou's authority. Dashou then led his troops east in flight, broke through Shanhaiguan, and threw the whole region into alarm. The Chongzhen Emperor used a letter written by Chonghuan in prison to summon Dashou back. Sun Chengzong also sent envoys to reassure him and secretly instructed him to submit a memorial clearing his name and offering to redeem Chonghuan's guilt through meritorious service. Dashou did as he was told, and the Chongzhen Emperor answered with a gracious edict. The next spring our army took Yongping and three other cities. Taizong learned that Dashou's kinsmen lived in a village thirty li from Yongping and ordered them brought in. They captured one nephew, two sons, and other relatives of Dashou, gave them houses to live in, and posted guards over them. When the army withdrew beyond the frontier, Prince Amin and others protected the generals left to garrison the four cities. Sun Chengzong ordered Dashou to unite with Shanxi regional commander Ma Shilong and Shandong regional commander Yang Shaoji, and together lead vice commanders Zu Dale, Zu Kefa, Zhang Hongmo, Liu Tianlu, Cao Gongcheng, Meng Qiao, and others against Luanzhou. Luanzhou fell, and they then pressed toward Yongping. Amin and the others abandoned the four cities and withdrew. Dashou returned to garrison Jinzhou.

又明年七月，大壽督兵城大凌河。太宗策及其工未竟攻之，自將渡遼河，出廣寧大道，貝勒德格類等率偏師出義州。八月，師至城下，上曰：「攻城慮多傷士卒，不若為長圍困之。城兵出，我則與戰；援師至，我則迎擊。」乃分命諸貝勒諸將環城而軍：冷格里當城北迤西，達爾哈當城北迤東，阿巴泰在其後；覺羅色勒當城正南，莽古爾泰、德格類在其後；篇古當城南迤西，濟爾哈朗在其後；武納格當城南迤東，喀克篤禮當城東迤北，多鐸在其後；伊爾登當城東迤南，多爾袞在其後；和碩圖當城西迤北，代善在其後；鄂本兌當城正西，葉臣當城西迤南，岳託在其後。諸蒙古貝勒各率所部彌其隙。佟養性率烏真超哈載砲跨錦州大道而營，諸將各就分地，周城為壕，深廣各丈許。壕外為牆，高丈許，施睥睨；距牆內五丈又為壕，廣五尺，深七尺五寸。營外又各為壕，深廣皆五尺。上陟城南岡，顧謂降將麻登雲、黑雲龍曰：「明善射精兵盡在此城。關內兵強弱，朕所素悉。」登雲對曰：「此城之兵，猶槍之有鋒，鋒挫柄存，亦復何濟？」上命射書城中，招蒙古兵出降。諸將攻撫城外諸台堡，以次悉下；城兵出樵採，輒為我軍擒馘。圍合十餘日，上以書諭大壽，言原與明媾和，大壽置不報。

In the seventh month of the next year, Dashou supervised troops in building up Dalinghe. Taizong judged that the fortifications were still unfinished and attacked. He personally led troops across the Liao River along the Guangning main road, while Prince Degé Lei and others led a detached force out from Yizhou. In the eighth month the army reached the city. The Emperor said: "Storming the walls will cost too many lives. Better to lay a long siege and starve them out. If the garrison sallies forth, we fight them; if relief arrives, we meet and strike it." He then assigned the princes and generals to ring the city with their forces: Lenggerri took the northwest, Dalhar the northeast, with Abatai in support; Jalara Sele took the due south, with Manggültai and Degé Lei behind him; Fanggiya took the southwest, with Jirhalang in support; Wunage took the southeast, Kakdunggi the northeast of the east face, with Dorgon in support; Irden took the southeast of the east face, with Dorgon in support; Heshuotu took the northwest of the west face, with Daishan in support; Ebenchu took due west, Yehen the southwest of the west face, with Yoto in support. The Mongol princes each led their contingents to fill the gaps. Tong Yangxing led the Ujnchen gunners to camp astride the Jinzhou road. Each commander took his assigned sector and dug a moat around the city, about a zhang deep and wide. Outside the moat they raised walls about a zhang high, with fighting parapets; five zhang inside the wall they dug a second moat, five chi wide and seven chi five cun deep. Outside each camp they dug additional moats, each five chi deep and wide. The Emperor climbed the hill south of the city and, turning to the surrendered generals Ma Dengyun and Hei Yunlong, said: "All the Ming's best archers and crack troops are in this fortress. I know the strength and weakness of the armies inside the Pass very well." Dengyun answered: "The troops in this city are like the point of a spear. Break the point and the shaft is useless—what good is it then?" The Emperor ordered letters shot into the city calling on the Mongol troops to surrender. The generals attacked and reduced the outlying towers and forts one after another; whenever garrison troops came out for firewood, our forces captured and beheaded them. After more than ten days of siege, the Emperor wrote to Dashou saying he had originally wished to make peace with the Ming. Dashou ignored the letter and made no reply.

明援師自松山至，阿山、勞薩、圖魯什擊敗之；自錦州至，貝勒阿濟格等擊敗之。九月，遼東巡撫邱禾嘉，總兵官吳襄、鍾緯，合軍七千人赴援，上親率貝勒多鐸及圖魯什等以巴牙喇兵二百渡小凌河，乘銳擊破之。圍合已月餘，上度大壽必期援師至，出城兵夾攻，乃令廝卒去城十里所，發砲樹幟，驟馬揚塵，若為援兵自錦州至者，而親率巴牙喇兵入山為伏。大壽果以城兵出攻城西南隅台，篇古、葉臣及蒙古諸貝勒督所部禦戰，上親率巴牙喇兵自山上騰躍下。大壽知墜計，急收兵入城，死傷百餘人。自是閉城不復出。越數日，明監軍道張春及襄、緯等合馬步兵四萬來援，渡小凌河，為嚴陣徐進，上與貝勒代善等以二萬人御之。上率兩翼騎兵直入敵營，發矢射明軍。明軍發槍砲，上督騎兵縱橫馳突，矢雨集，明軍遂敗。襄先奔，佟養性屯敵營東發砲。黑雲起天際，風從西來，明軍縱火，勢甚熾，將逼我陣，忽驟雨，反風向明軍，明軍益亂。右翼兵入春營，逐北三十餘裡，獲春及副將張弘謨、楊華徵、薛大湖，參將薑新等三十三人，斬副將張吉甫、滿庫、王之敬，襄等皆遁走。

Ming relief coming from Songshan was defeated by Ašan, Laosa, and Turgut; relief coming from Jinzhou was defeated by Prince Ajige and others. In the ninth month, Liaodong governor Qiu Hejia and regional commanders Wu Xiang and Zhong Wei united seven thousand men to relieve the city. The Emperor personally led Prince Dorgon, Turgut, and two hundred bayara guards across the Xiao Ling River and, striking at full force, routed them. The siege had lasted more than a month. The Emperor judged that Dashou would wait for relief and then sally out in a pincer attack. He therefore sent servants ten li from the city to fire cannon, raise banners, and gallop horses to kick up dust as if relief were arriving from Jinzhou, while he personally led bayara guards into the hills to lie in wait. Dashou did send garrison troops to attack the tower at the southwest corner. Fanggiya, Yehen, and the Mongol princes directed their men in the defense while the Emperor personally led bayara guards charging down from the hills. Dashou saw he had walked into a trap and hurriedly pulled his men back into the city, leaving more than a hundred dead and wounded. After that the gates stayed shut and no one sallied forth again. Several days later, Ming surveillance commissioner Zhang Chun, Wu Xiang, Zhong Wei, and others united forty thousand horse and foot to relieve the city. They crossed the Xiao Ling River and advanced in tight formation. The Emperor and Prince Daishan met them with twenty thousand men. The Emperor led the cavalry of both wings straight into the enemy camp, loosing arrows at the Ming lines. The Ming opened fire with muskets and cannon. The Emperor drove the cavalry in repeated charges back and forth; arrows fell like rain, and the Ming army broke. Wu Xiang was the first to flee. Tong Yangxing camped east of the enemy position and opened fire with cannon. Black clouds gathered on the horizon and a wind blew from the west. The Ming set fires that burned fiercely and nearly reached our lines, but then a sudden downpour came and the wind shifted back toward the Ming camp, throwing them into still greater disorder. Right-wing troops broke into Zhang Chun's camp and pursued the rout for more than thirty li, capturing Zhang Chun and vice commanders Zhang Hongmo, Yang Huazheng, Xue Dahu, Colonel Jiang Xin, and thirty-three others. Vice commanders Zhang Jifu, Manku, and Wang Zhijing were beheaded. Wu Xiang and the rest escaped.

十月，上復使招大壽，並命弘謨等各以己意為書勸降，大壽率將吏見使者城外，曰：「我寧死於此，不能降也！」上復與大壽書諭降，許以不殺。旋有王世龍者，越城出降，言城中糧竭，商賈諸雜役多死，存者人相食，馬斃殆盡。參將王景又以於子章台降。我師克傍城諸堡，收糗糧，葺壕壘。大壽欲突圍，不得出。上復遣姜新招大壽，大壽見新於城外，遣游擊韓棟與新偕還，棟怵我師嚴整，歸以白大壽，大壽始決降。遂令其子可法出質，要石廷柱往議，上遣庫爾纏、龍什、寧完我與廷柱偕。廷柱度壕見大壽，大壽曰：「人安得不死？今不能忠於國，亦欲全身保妻子耳。我妻子在錦州，上將以何策俾我得與妻子相見耶？」上复令廷柱與達海往諭，即令大壽為計。大壽遣其中軍副將施大勇來，言降後欲率從者詐逃入錦州，伺隙以城獻。是時大凌河諸將皆原降，獨副將何可剛不從，大壽乃令掖以出城殺之。大壽使以誓書至，上率諸貝勒誓曰：「明朝總兵官祖大壽，副將劉天祿、張存仁、祖澤洪、祖澤潤、祖可法、曹恭誠、韓大勳、孫定遼、裴國珍、陳邦選、李雲、鄧長春、劉毓英、竇承武，參將游擊吳良輔、高光輝、劉士英、盛忠、祖澤遠、胡弘先、祖克勇、祖邦武、施大勇、夏得勝、李一忠、劉良臣、張可範、蕭永祚、韓棟、段學孔、張廉、吳泰成、方一元、塗應乾、陳變武、方獻可、劉武元、楊名世等，今以大凌河城降。凡此將吏兵民罔或誅夷，將吏兵民亦罔或詐虞。有違此盟，天必譴之！」誓畢，上使龍什告大壽，大壽即日出謁，上與語良久，定取錦州策，以御服黑狐帽、貂裘、金玲瓏鞓帶、緞鞾、雕鞍、白馬賜之。

In the tenth month the Emperor again sent envoys to summon Dashou to surrender and also ordered Hongmo and the others each to write in their own words urging him to yield. Dashou led his officers out to meet the envoys and declared: "I would rather die here than surrender!" The Emperor wrote again urging surrender and promised that Dashou would not be put to death. Soon afterward a man named Wang Shilong climbed over the wall and surrendered, reporting that the city was out of grain, most of the merchants and laborers had died, the survivors were eating one another, and nearly all the horses had perished. Colonel Wang Jingyou also surrendered at Yuzizhang Tower. Our army took the neighboring forts, gathered provisions, and repaired the trenches and ramparts. Dashou tried to break out but could not. The Emperor sent Jiang Xin again to summon Dashou. Dashou met Xin outside the city and sent Colonel Han Dong back with him. Dong was impressed by the strict order of our army and reported this to Dashou on his return. Dashou then resolved to surrender. He sent his son Kefa out as a hostage and asked that Shi Tingzhu come to negotiate. The Emperor dispatched Kuerchan, Longshi, and Ning Wanwo to accompany Tingzhu. Tingzhu crossed the moat and met Dashou. Dashou said: "How can a man avoid death? I can no longer be loyal to the state; I only want to save my own life and protect my wife and children. My wife and children are in Jinzhou. What plan will Your Majesty devise so that I can see them again?" The Emperor again sent Tingzhu and Dahai to instruct him and told Dashou to work out a plan. Dashou sent his central army vice commander Shi Dayong to say that after surrendering he wished to lead his followers in a feigned escape into Jinzhou and wait for a chance to hand over the city. By then all the Dalinghe commanders were willing to surrender except Vice Commander He Kegang. Dashou had men help him out of the city and kill him. Dashou sent over the oath document. The Emperor led the princes in swearing: "The Ming regional commander Zu Dashou, vice commanders Liu Tianlu, Zhang Cunren, Zu Zehong, Zu Zerun, Zu Kefa, Cao Gongcheng, Han Daxun, Sun Dingliao, Pei Guozhen, Chen Bangxuan, Li Yun, Deng Changchun, Liu Yuying, Dou Chengwu, and the colonels and regimental colonels Wu Liangfu, Gao Guanghui, Liu Shiying, Sheng Zhong, Zu Zeyuan, Hu Hongxian, Zu Keyong, Zu Bangwu, Shi Dayong, Xia Desheng, Li Yizhong, Liu Liangchen, Zhang Kefan, Xiao Yongzuo, Han Dong, Duan Xuekong, Zhang Lian, Wu Taicheng, Fang Yiyuan, Tu Yingqian, Chen Bianwu, Fang Xianke, Liu Wuyuan, Yang Mingshi, and others now surrender Dalinghe city. None of these officers, soldiers, or civilians shall be put to death, and none shall be deceived. Whoever breaks this oath, Heaven will punish!" When the oath was finished, the Emperor had Longshi notify Dashou. Dashou came out the same day to pay his respects. The Emperor spoke with him at length, settled on the plan to take Jinzhou, and gave him an imperial black fox-fur cap, sable robe, gold-inlaid belt, satin boots, carved saddle, and white horse.

次日，命貝勒阿巴泰等將四千人為漢裝，從大壽取錦州，會大霧，不果行。又次日為十一月朔，大壽以從子澤遠及從者二十六人入錦州，石廷柱、庫爾纏送之，夜渡小凌河，徒步去。上令大凌河將吏兵民薙發，斂軍中餘粟分賚之。方大凌河築城時，軍士、工役、商賈都三萬餘人，至是僅存萬一千六百八十二人，馬三十有二。後數日，大壽自錦州傳語諸裨將：「前日行倉猝，從者少。撫按防禦嚴，客軍眾，未得即舉事。」又遣使以告上，上報以書，誡毋忘前約。命隳大凌河城，引師還，至瀋陽，命達海傳諭慰諸降將，大壽諸子孫賜宅以居，厚撫之。用貝勒岳託議，將以雪遼東、永平多殺謗也。

The next day he ordered Prince Abatai and others to lead four thousand men in Han dress to follow Dashou against Jinzhou, but heavy fog intervened and the move was abandoned. On the first day of the eleventh month, the day after that, Dashou entered Jinzhou with his nephew Zeyuan and twenty-six followers. Shi Tingzhu and Kuerchan escorted him; they crossed the Xiao Ling River by night and went on foot. The Emperor ordered the Dalinghe officers, soldiers, and civilians to adopt the queue. He gathered the army's remaining grain and distributed it among them. When fortification of Dalinghe began, soldiers, laborers, and merchants together numbered more than thirty thousand. By this point only 11,682 people remained, with thirty-two horses. Several days later Dashou sent word from Jinzhou to his subordinate commanders: "The other day I moved too hastily and took too few men. The governor and provincial officials' defenses are tight, outside troops are numerous, and I have not yet been able to act." He also sent a messenger to inform the Emperor, who answered by letter urging him not to forget their earlier agreement. He ordered Dalinghe demolished, withdrew the army, and on reaching Mukden had Dahai convey words of reassurance to the surrendered generals. Dashou's sons and grandsons were given houses and treated generously. Following Prince Yoto's advice, this was intended to refute accusations of excessive slaughter in Liaodong and Yongping.

大壽初入錦州，詭言突圍出，遼東巡撫邱禾嘉知其納款狀，密聞於朝。莊烈帝欲羈縻之，因為用，置勿問；惟以蒙古將桑噶爾塞等赴援，戰不力，敗又先奔，令大壽誅之。桑噶爾塞等將執大壽來降，大壽與之盟乃定。莊烈帝召大壽入朝，使三至，辭不往。上自大凌河師還，略宣府，克旅順。居二年，遣阿山、譚泰、圖爾格先後徇錦州。又明年，上使貝勒多鐸帥師攻錦州，多鐸令阿山、石廷柱、圖賴、吳拜、郎球、察哈喇等以四百人前驅。大壽令副將劉應選、穆祿、吳三桂，參將桑噶爾塞、張國忠、王命世、支明顯將二千七百人出禦，松山城守副將劉成功、趙國志率八百人來會。阿山等與遇大凌河西，多鐸引後軍自山下，塵起蔽天，應選等軍潰，殲五百人，獲游擊曹得功等，得馬二百餘、甲胄無算。多鐸旋引軍還。

When Dashou first entered Jinzhou he falsely claimed to have broken through the siege. Liaodong governor Qiu Hejia knew he had surrendered and secretly reported the fact to the court. Emperor Zhuanglie wanted to win Dashou over and keep him bound to the court, so he kept him in service and let the matter drop. He did, however, order Dashou to execute the Mongol general Sangarsai and his fellows, who had marched to their relief but fought feebly and were the first to run when the battle turned. Sangarsai and the others had been on the point of seizing Dashou and defecting; Dashou made a pact with them, and only then was the crisis resolved. Emperor Zhuanglie summoned Dashou to court three times, but each time Dashou refused to come. The Emperor withdrew from Dalinghe, raided Xuanfu, and took Lüshun. Two years on, he sent Arsan, Tantai, and Turgene in turn to scout Jinzhou. The next year the Emperor put beile Dodo in command of an assault on Jinzhou. Dodo sent Arsan, Shi Tingzhu, Tulai, Wubai, Langqiu, Chahala, and others ahead with four hundred men. Dashou sent out twenty-seven hundred men under deputy generals Liu Yingxuan, Mulu, and Wu Sangui and brigade generals Sangarsai, Zhang Guozhong, Wang Mingshi, and Zhi Mingxian to meet them. Liu Chenggong and Zhao Guozhi, the Songshan garrison deputies, joined with eight hundred more. Arsan's force met them west of the Daling River. Dodo brought the rear army down from the hills in a cloud of dust that blotted out the sky. Yingxuan's troops broke; five hundred were killed, brigadier Cao Degong and others were taken prisoner, and more than two hundred horses plus armor beyond count were seized. Dodo soon pulled his army back.

又明年，改元崇德，行封賞，授澤潤三等昂邦章京，澤洪、可法一等梅勒章京，予世襲敕書。設都察院、六部，滿、漢、蒙古各置承政。漢承政皆授諸降將：可法、張存仁都察院，澤洪吏部，韓大勳戶部，姜新禮部，澤潤兵部，李雲刑部，裴國珍工部。二年，更定部院官制，但置滿承政。諸降將改授左右參政，並以鄧長春代大勳，陳邦選代新。是時上北撫喀爾喀，南定朝鮮，敕大壽使密陳進兵策，大壽不報。

The following year the era name was changed to Chongde and rewards were handed out. Zerun received third-rank angbang janggin, Zehong and Kefa first-rank mele jianggin, and hereditary patents were issued. The Censorate and Six Ministries were set up, each with Manchu, Han, and Mongol chief ministers. Han chief ministers were drawn from the surrendered generals: Kefa and Zhang Cunren for the Censorate; Zehong for Civil Appointments; Han Daxun for Revenue; Jiang Xin for Rites; Zerun for War; Li Yun for Punishments; and Pei Guozhen for Works. In the second year the ministry and court system was reorganized, and only Manchu chief ministers were kept. The surrendered generals were made left and right vice-ministers instead, with Deng Changchun taking Daxun's place and Chen Bangxuan taking Xin's. The Emperor was then pacifying the Khalkha in the north and settling Korea in the south. He ordered Dashou to send secret plans for an advance, but Dashou never answered.

三年十月，上自將伐明，率鄭親王濟爾哈朗、豫親王多鐸出寧遠、錦州大道；睿親王多爾袞為左翼，自青山關入；貝勒岳託為右翼，自牆子嶺入。大壽方屯中後所，以兵襲多鐸，土默特之眾先奔，多鐸師敗績。次日，與濟爾哈朗合兵出，大壽斂兵不復戰。上親率師至中後所，使諭大壽曰：「自大凌河別後，今已數載。朕不憚辛苦而來，冀與將軍相見。至於去留，終不相強。曩則釋之，今乃誘而留之，何以取信於天下乎？將軍雖屢與我兵相角，為將固應爾，朕絕不以此介意。將軍勿自疑！」次日，又縱俘齎敕往曰：「曩大凌河釋汝，朕之諸臣每謂朕昧於知人。今將軍宜出城相見，若懷疑懼，朕與將軍可各將親信一二人於中途面語。朕欲相見者，蓋為朕解嘲，亦使將軍子侄及大凌河諸將吏謂將軍能踐言也。」大壽終不敢出。石廷柱、馬光遠、孔有德等攻克旁近諸台堡，上乃命還師。左右翼深入，師大捷。

In the tenth month of the third year the Emperor led the campaign against the Ming in person, marching Prince Cheng Jirhalang and Prince Yu Dodo out along the Ningyuan–Jinzhou road; Prince Rui Dorgon took the left wing in through Qingshan Pass; Beile Yuetuo took the right wing in through Qiangzi Ridge. Dashou was encamped at Zhonghou Fort and struck at Dodo with his troops. The Tumed soldiers broke first, and Dodo's army was beaten. The next day he joined Jirhalang and marched out, but Dashou pulled his men back and would not fight again. The Emperor came in person to Zhonghou Fort and sent a message to Dashou: "It has been several years since we parted at Dalinghe. I have come through no small trouble in the hope of seeing you, General. Whether you stay or go, I will not compel you in the end. Before I set you free; now I would entice you and keep you here—how could that win the world's trust? You have fought my armies again and again, but that is what a general is supposed to do, and I do not hold it against you. Do not doubt yourself, General!" The next day he sent a captured man back with an edict: "When I freed you at Dalinghe, my ministers kept saying I did not know men. Now you should come out and meet me. If you are afraid, you and I can each bring one or two trusted men and talk halfway between us. I want this meeting partly to answer my critics and partly so your sons, nephews, and the Dalinghe officers will see that you keep your word." Dashou still did not dare come out. Shi Tingzhu, Ma Guangyuan, Kong Youde, and others took the nearby forts and platforms, and the Emperor then ordered a withdrawal. The left and right wings pushed deep into Ming territory and won a great victory.

四年二月，上復自將伐明，以武英郡王阿濟格為前鋒，親督軍圍松山，分兵攻連山、塔山、杏山。明莊烈帝方召大壽入援，大壽甫行，我師至，乃還守寧遠。時澤遠守杏山，大壽遣部將三、兵九百自水道赴援，半入城。我噶布什賢兵躡其後，縱擊，得舟一，殺五十人。上遣使至錦州諭大壽妻，令以利害導大壽來降。大壽選蒙、漢兵各三百，授祖克勇及副將楊震、徐昌永等取道邊外趨錦州，至烏欣河口；阿爾薩蘭以滿、蒙兵一百六十戍焉，與戰，獲震，斬級八十四，得馬百五十。克勇等依山為寨，上親督巴牙喇兵破其寨，斬昌永，獲克勇，斬級三百十一，得馬四百十一。我兵攻松山，不克，會左右翼師還，上命罷攻還盛京。大壽復入錦州。是歲屢出師略錦州、寧遠、松山、杏山，皆未竟攻，得俘獲即引退。

In the second month of the fourth year the Emperor again led a campaign against the Ming in person. He made Prince Wu of Ying Ajige vanguard, directed the siege of Songshan himself, and detached forces to attack Lianshan, Tashan, and Xingshan. Ming's Emperor Zhuanglie had just called Dashou to the rescue. Dashou had hardly marched when our army arrived, so he turned back to defend Ningyuan. Zeyuan was then defending Xingshan. Dashou sent three officers and nine hundred men by water to reinforce him; half reached the city. Our kibushan scouts closed on their rear and attacked, seizing one boat and killing fifty men. The Emperor sent an envoy to Jinzhou to speak with Dashou's wife and have her persuade him to surrender by laying out the stakes. Dashou picked three hundred Mongol and three hundred Han troops and put Zuke Yong and deputy generals Yang Zhen and Xu Changyong in command to march by an outer route toward Jinzhou as far as the Wuxin River mouth; Arsalang held the place with one hundred sixty Manchu and Mongol troops. In the fighting Yang Zhen was captured, eighty-four heads were taken, and one hundred fifty horses were seized. Zuke Yong and the rest fortified a hill camp. The Emperor personally led bayara troops against it, killed Xu Changyong, captured Zuke Yong, took three hundred eleven heads, and seized four hundred eleven horses. Our forces assaulted Songshan without success. When the left and right wings returned, the Emperor broke off the attack and withdrew to Mukden. Dashou went back into Jinzhou. That year troops were sent out again and again against Jinzhou, Ningyuan, Songshan, and Xingshan. No assault was pushed to the end; each time they took prisoners and booty and pulled back.

五年三月，命鄭親王濟爾哈朗、貝勒多鐸率師屯田義州。五月，上幸義州視師，蒙古蘇班岱等牧杏山城西，使請降，上命濟爾哈朗等率巴牙喇兵千五百人往迓。大壽偵我師寡，令游擊戴明與松山總兵吳三桂、杏山總兵劉周智合兵七千人邀擊，濟爾哈朗引退以致敵，還擊，大敗之。上親閱錦州城，攻城東五里台、城北晾馬台，皆下，刈其禾而還。上命多爾袞、濟爾哈朗等將兵更番攻錦州。六年三月，濟爾哈朗令諸軍環城而營，大壽令蒙古守陴。邏卒至城下，蒙古兵自城上呼與語曰：「我城中積粟可支二三年，爾曹為長圍，豈遂足困我乎？」邏卒曰：「我師圍不解，自二三年至四五年，爾曹復何取食？」蒙古兵聞之皆懼。貝勒諾木齊等遂遣使約降，啟郭東門納我師。及期，大壽聞變，以兵出子城，蒙古兵與戰，我師逼城外，蒙古兵垂繩，援以登，吹角夾攻，大壽退保子城。我師入其郛，得裨將十餘及蒙、漢民男婦五千三百六十七人。明援兵自杏山至，濟爾哈朗為二伏，敗明兵，斬級一百七十，俘四千三百七十四人，得馬百十六、甲七十六。

In the third month of the fifth year he ordered Prince Cheng Jirhalang and beile Dodo to garrison Yizhou and open military farms. In the fifth month the Emperor went to Yizhou to review the army. Subandai and other Mongols were pasturing west of Xingshan and asked to surrender. The Emperor sent Jirhalang with fifteen hundred bayara troops to receive them. Dashou, finding our force small, sent brigadier Dai Ming with Songshan commander Wu Sangui and Xingshan commander Liu Zhouzhi—seven thousand men in all—to ambush them. Jirhalang feigned retreat to lure them on, then wheeled about and routed them. The Emperor inspected Jinzhou in person, took the Wuli Platform five li east of the city and the Liangma Platform north of the city, reaped their grain, and withdrew. The Emperor ordered Dorgon, Jirhalang, and the others to rotate command of the assault on Jinzhou. In the third month of the sixth year Jirhalang had the armies camp in a circle around the city. Dashou assigned Mongols to hold the walls. A border scout came to the foot of the wall. Mongol soldiers on the ramparts shouted down to him: "Our stored grain can last two or three years. You sit in a long siege—do you really think that will break us?" The scout replied: "If our siege is not raised, in two or three years—or four or five—where will you find food?" The Mongol soldiers were all frightened when they heard this. Beile Nomuci and the others then sent envoys to negotiate surrender and agreed to open the eastern outer gate to our troops. When the day arrived Dashou learned of the plot and marched out of the inner citadel with his troops. The Mongols fought him while our army pressed up outside the wall. The Mongols lowered ropes and hauled our men onto the ramparts; horns sounded and they struck from both sides. Dashou fell back to the inner citadel. Our troops entered the outer city and took more than ten subordinate commanders plus five thousand three hundred sixty-seven Mongol and Han men and women. Ming relief came from Xingshan. Jirhalang set two ambushes, routed the Ming force, took one hundred seventy heads, captured four thousand three hundred seventy-four men, and seized one hundred sixteen horses and seventy-six suits of armor.

五月，洪承疇督軍來援。六月，多爾袞番代。上遣學士羅碩以澤潤等書招大壽。七月，上自將破明師，降承疇。語見承疇傳。大壽弟總兵大樂，游擊大名、大成從承疇軍，被獲，上命釋大成，縱之入錦州。大壽使詣軍，言得見大樂，當降；既令相見，大壽再使請盟。濟爾哈朗怒曰：「城旦夕可下，安用盟為？」趣攻之。大壽乃遣澤遠及其中軍葛勳詣我師引罪。翌日，大壽率將吏出降，即日諸固山額真率兵入城，實崇德七年三月初八日也。上聞捷，使濟爾哈朗、多爾袞慰諭大壽，並令招杏山、塔山二城降，濟爾哈朗、多爾袞帥師駐焉。

In the fifth month Hong Chengchou marched in with a relief army. In the sixth month Dorgon relieved him in rotation. The Emperor sent Academician Luo Shuo with letters from Zerun and the others to call on Dashou to surrender. In the seventh month the Emperor led the army in person, broke the Ming force, and accepted Chengchou's surrender. That story is told in Hong Chengchou's biography. Dashou's brother, commander Dale, and the brigadiers Daming and Dacheng had been with Chengchou's army and were taken prisoner. The Emperor ordered Dacheng freed and sent him into Jinzhou. Dashou sent a messenger to the camp saying that if he could see Dale he would surrender; Once the meeting was granted, Dashou sent again to ask for a sworn pact. Jirhalang said in anger: "The city will fall any day now—what use is a covenant? Press the assault at once. Dashou then sent Zeyuan and his chief of staff Ge Xun to our camp to plead guilty. The next day Dashou came out with his officers and surrendered. That same day the banner generals led troops into the city—the eighth day of the third month in the seventh year of Chongde. On news of the victory the Emperor sent Jirhalang and Dorgon to reassure Dashou and ordered them to induce Xingshan and Tashan to surrender. Jirhalang and Dorgon camped there with their armies.

阿濟格、阿達禮等以大壽等還，上御崇政殿召見，大壽謝死罪，上曰：「爾背我為爾主，為爾妻子宗族耳。朕嘗語內院諸臣，謂祖大壽必不能死，後且復降，然朕決不加誅。往事已畢，自後能竭力事朕則善矣。」又諭澤遠曰：「爾不復來歸，視大壽耳。曩朕蒞視杏山，爾明知為朕，而特舉砲，豈非背恩，爾舉砲能傷幾人耶？朕見人過，即為明言，不復省念。大壽且無責，爾復何誅？爾年方少壯，努力戰陣可已。」澤遠感激泣下。六月，烏真超哈分設八旗，以澤潤為正黃旗固山額真，可法、澤洪、國珍、澤遠為正黃、正紅、鑲藍、鑲白諸旗梅勒額真。大凌河諸降將初但領部院，至是始以典軍。大壽隸正黃旗，命仍為總兵，上遇之厚，賜賚優渥。存仁上言：「大壽悔盟負約，勢窮來歸。即欲生之，待以不殺足矣，勿宜復任使。」降將顧用極且謂其反覆，慮蹈大凌河故轍。上方欲寵大壽諷明諸邊將，使大壽書招明寧遠總兵吳三桂，三桂，大壽甥也，答書不從。大壽因疏請發兵取中後所，收三桂家族。

When Ajige, Adali, and the others brought Dashou back, the Emperor received him in audience at Chongzheng Hall. Dashou begged forgiveness for his treason. The Emperor said: "You broke with me for your sovereign, for your wife, children, and clan. I once told the Inner Court that Zu Dashou would never die for it—that he would surrender again—and I was resolved not to execute him. What is past is past. Hereafter, if you serve me with all your strength, that is enough." He also told Zeyuan: "If you will not return, look at Dashou. When I came to inspect Xingshan you knew perfectly well it was I, yet you fired on me anyway—is that not a betrayal? How many men could your guns have killed? When I see someone's fault I say so plainly and do not dwell on it. Dashou is not even reproached—why should you be punished? You are still young and strong. Fight hard on the field and that is enough." Zeyuan wept with gratitude. In the sixth month the ujen cooha was split into Eight Banners. Zerun became banner general of the Plain Yellow Banner; Kefa, Zehong, Guozhen, and Zeyuan became deputy banner generals of the Plain Yellow, Plain Red, Bordered Blue, and Bordered White Banners. The Dalinghe surrendered generals had until then held only civil posts; only now were they given military command. Dashou was enrolled in the Plain Yellow Banner and kept on as regional commander. The Emperor treated him warmly and heaped rewards on him. Cunren memorialized: "Dashou broke his oath and came back only because he was trapped. If you mean to let him live, not killing him is enough; he ought not be given office again." The surrendered general Gu Yongji also called him untrustworthy and warned that he might repeat the Dalinghe pattern. The Emperor was then trying to honor Dashou as a lesson to Ming's frontier generals. He had Dashou write to the Ningyuan commander Wu Sangui—his nephew—but Sangui answered by letter and refused. Dashou then asked in a memorial that troops be sent to take Zhonghou Fort and seize Sangui's family.

八年十月，濟爾哈朗帥師伐明，克中前所，並取前屯衛、中後所。明年，世祖定鼎京師，大壽從入關。子澤溥在明官左都督，至是亦降。十三年，大壽卒。

In the tenth month of the eighth year Jirhalang marched against the Ming, took Zhongqian Fort, and also captured Qiantun Guard and Zhonghou Fort. The next year, when the Shizu Emperor made Beijing the capital, Dashou followed him through the Pass. His son Zepu had been Left Censor-in-Chief under the Ming and now surrendered as well. In the thirteenth year Dashou died.

大壽初未有子，撫從子澤潤為後。其後舉三子，澤溥、澤洪、澤清。澤清叛應吳三桂，語見三桂傳。

Dashou had no son at first and adopted his nephew Zerun as heir. He later fathered three sons: Zepu, Zehong, and Zeqing. Zeqing joined Wu Sangui's rebellion; that story is told in Sangui's biography.

澤潤初授三等昂邦章京。順治中，以從征叛將薑瓖，並遇恩詔，進一等精奇尼哈番又一拖沙喇哈番。從阿爾津帥師鎮湖南，卒於軍。乾隆初，定封二等子兼一云騎尉。

Zerun was first made third-rank angbang janggin. Under Shunzhi, for campaigning against the rebel Jiang Xiang and benefiting from an amnesty edict, he rose to first-rank jingqini hafan with an additional tosahala hafan. He followed Arjin to garrison Hunan and died on campaign. Early in Qianlong his rank was fixed as second-rank viscount with one yunqi wei.

澤溥初降，授一等侍衛。累遷福建總督。乞休，卒。

When Zepu first surrendered he was made a first-rank bodyguard. He rose in stages to governor-general of Fujian. He asked to retire from office and died.

澤洪分隸鑲黃旗。順治元年，改參政為侍郎，澤洪仍任吏部。入關追擊李自成，斬其將陳永福；克太原，复擊敗叛將賀珍、姜瓖。敘功，並遇恩詔，累進一等精奇尼哈番，兼授內弘文院學士。以疾解任，卒。

Zehong was placed in the Bordered Yellow Banner. In Shunzhi 1 the post of canzheng became vice president, and Zehong continued at the Board of Civil Appointments. After entering the pass he pursued Li Zicheng and killed his general Chen Yongfu; He captured Taiyuan and again routed the rebel generals He Zhen and Jiang Xiang. For his services, and with the benefit of an amnesty edict, he rose to first-class jingkini hafan and was made an academician of the Inner Hongwen Academy. He resigned on grounds of illness and died.

子良璧，襲爵，授參領，兼佐領。從裕親王福全徵噶爾丹，擢西安副都統；復從撫遠大將軍費揚古出西路討噶爾丹，駐翁吉督餉。噶爾丹從子丹濟拉襲翁吉，良璧擊之，敗走。遷福州將軍，署福州總督。卒。乾隆初，定封一等男兼一云騎尉。

His son Liangbi inherited the rank and was appointed company and platoon commander. He joined Prince Yu Fuchuan against Galdan and was promoted deputy lieutenant-general at Xi'an; He again served under Pacification General Feiyanggu on the western expedition against Galdan, stationed at Wengji to oversee supplies. Galdan's son Danjila struck at Wengji; Liangbi repulsed him and put him to flight. He was made general at Fuzhou and served as acting governor-general. He died. Early in the Qianlong reign his rank was fixed as baron of the first rank with an additional cloud cavalry commandant.

可法，大壽養子。初質於我師。及降，授副將，隸正黃旗。順治初，從入關，擊走李自成，命以右都督充河南衛輝總兵。自成兵掠濟源、懷慶，總兵金玉和戰死，可法赴援力戰，自成兵乃引去。進都督，充鎮守湖廣總兵，駐武昌。以疾解任，卒，諡順僖。

Kefa was an adopted son of Dashou. He had first been held as a hostage in our camp. After the surrender he was made deputy commander and assigned to the Plain Yellow Banner. Early in Shunzhi he entered the pass, drove off Li Zicheng, and was appointed regional commander of Weihui in Henan with the rank of Right Regional Commander. When Zicheng's men raided Jiyuan and Huaqing, regional commander Jin Yuhe was killed in battle; Kefa marched to their relief, fought hard, and Zicheng's troops withdrew. He was promoted to regional commander and made garrison commander of Huguang, with headquarters at Wuchang. He resigned on grounds of illness and died; he was posthumously titled Shunxi.

澤遠，順治間，積功，並遇恩詔，授世職一等阿達哈哈番。累遷湖廣總督，加太子太保。京察左遷。尋卒。

Zeyuan, in the Shunzhi period, earned merit, benefited from an amnesty edict, and received the hereditary rank of first-class adaha hafan. He rose to governor-general of Huguang and was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the capital evaluation he was demoted. He died soon after.

論曰：有德、仲明，毛文龍部曲；可喜，東江偏將；志祥又文龍部曲之餘也。文龍不死，諸人者非明邊將之良歟？大壽大凌河既敗，錦州复守，相持至十年。明兵能力援，殘疆可盡守也。太宗撫有德等，恩紀周至，終收績效。其於大壽，不惟不加罪，並謂其「能久守者，讀書明理之效」。推誠以得人，節善以勵眾，其諸為興王之度也歟！

The historian remarks: Youde and Zhongming were men of Mao Wenlong's command; Kexi was a deputy commander in the Dongjiang force; Zhixiang, too, came from the remnants of Wenlong's following. Had Wenlong lived, might not these men have been among the Ming's best frontier commanders? After Dashou's defeat at Dalinghe, Jinzhou was defended anew and the standoff lasted a full decade. Had the Ming been able to relieve it in strength, the remnant frontier might all have been held. The Taizong won over Youde and his fellows with thorough kindness and discipline, and in the end gained their service. Toward Dashou he not only withheld punishment but praised him, saying that "only learning and moral clarity could explain such a long defense." To win loyalty through sincerity and to temper favor so as to encourage the many—are these not the marks of a founder of empire!

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